Oomycetes
Phytophthora
Saprolegnia
Pythium
Aphanomyces
Phytophthora infestans
Fungi
Peronospora
Plants
Plant Immunity
Genome
Gene Transfer, Horizontal
Host-Parasite Interactions
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Molecular Sequence Data
Cellulose
Amino Acid Sequence
Plant Leaves
A Saprolegnia parasitica challenge system for rainbow trout: assessment of Pyceze as an anti-fungal agent for both fish and ova. (1/276)
A reproducible Saprolegnia parasitica spore delivery system was developed and demonstrated to be effective in providing a sustained spore challenge for up to 10 d. Treatment of rainbow trout with slow-release intraperitoneal implants containing cortisol resulted in chronically elevated blood cortisol levels and rendered the fish susceptible to infection by S. parasitica when exposed to the spore challenge. Sham-implanted fish were not susceptible to infection. Bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitro-propane-1,3-diol), formulated as Pyceze, was effective in protecting predisposed fish from infection by S. parasitica when administered as a daily bath/flush treatment at concentrations of 15 mg l-1 and greater. Pyceze was also demonstrated to protect fertilised rainbow trout ova from S. parasitica challenge when administered as a daily bath/flush treatment at concentrations of between 30 and 100 mg l-1. Pyceze appears to qualify as a safe and effective replacement for malachite green and formalin in the prevention of fungal infections in the aquaculture environment. (+info)Salicylic acid induction-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis express PR-2 and PR-5 and accumulate high levels of camalexin after pathogen inoculation. (2/276)
In Arabidopsis, systemic acquired resistance against pathogens has been associated with the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and the expression of the pathogenesis-related proteins PR-1, PR-2, and PR-5. We report here the isolation of two nonallelic mutants impaired in the pathway leading to SA biosynthesis. These SA induction-deficient (sid) mutants do not accumulate SA after pathogen inoculation and are more susceptible to both virulent and avirulent forms of Pseudomonas syringae and Peronospora parasitica. However, sid mutants are not as susceptible to these pathogens as are transgenic plants expressing the nahG gene encoding an SA hydroxylase that degrades SA to catechol. In contrast to NahG plants, only the expression of PR-1 is strongly reduced in sid mutants, whereas PR-2 and PR-5 are still expressed after pathogen attack. Furthermore, the accumulation of the phytoalexin camalexin is normal. These results indicate that SA-independent compensation pathways that do not operate in NahG plants are active in sid mutants. One of the mutants is allelic to eds5 (for enhanced disease susceptibility), whereas the other mutant has not been described previously. (+info)Genetic and physical mapping of the RPP13 locus, in Arabidopsis, responsible for specific recognition of several Peronospora parasitica (downy mildew) isolates. (3/276)
Fifteen isolates of the biotrophic oomycete Peronospora parasitica (downy mildew) were obtained from a population of Arabidopsis thaliana plants that established naturally in a garden the previous year. They exhibited phenotypic variation in a set of 12 Arabidopsis accessions that suggested that the parasite population consisted of at least six pathotypes. One isolate, Maks9, elicited an interaction phenotype of flecking necrosis and no sporulation (FN) in the Arabidopsis accession Nd-1, and more extensive pitting necrosis with no sporulation (PN) in the accession Ws-2. RPP13 was designated as the locus for a single dominant resistance gene associated with the resistance in Nd-1 and mapped to an interval of approximately 60 kb on a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contig on the lower arm of chromosome 3. This locus is approximately 6 cM telomeric to RPP1, which was previously described as the locus for the PN interaction with five Peronospora isolates, including resistance to Maks9 in Ws-2. New Peronospora isolates were obtained from four other geographically distinct populations of P. parasitica. Four isolates were characterized that elicited an FN phenotype in Nd-1 and mapped resistance to the RPP13 locus. This suggests that the RPP13 locus contains either a single gene capable of multiple isolate recognition or a group of tightly linked genes. Further analysis suggests that the RPP11 gene in the accession Rld-0 may be allelic to RPP13 but results in a different recognition capability. (+info)The nucleotide sequence and genome organization of Sclerophthora macrospora virus B. (4/276)
Sclerophthora macrospora Virus B (SmV B) found in S. macrospora, the pathogenic fungus responsible for downy mildew in gramineous plants, is a small icosahedral, monopartite virus containing a positive-strand ssRNA genome. In the present study, the complete nucleotide sequence of the SmV B genome was determined. The viral genome consists of 5533 nucleotides and has two large open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes a putative polyprotein containing the motifs of chymotrypsin-related serine protease and RNA-directed RNA polymerase. ORF2 encodes a capsid protein. The deduced amino acid sequence shows some similarity to those of certain positive-strand RNA viruses, but the genome organization is characteristic and distinct from those of other known fungal RNA viruses. These results suggest that SmV B should be classified into a new group of mycoviruses. (+info)Oocydin A, a chlorinated macrocyclic lactone with potent anti-oomycete activity from Serratia marcescens. (5/276)
A unique chlorinated macrocyclic lactone, termed oocydin A, was isolated from a strain of Serratia marcescens growing as an epiphyte on Rhyncholacis pedicillata, an aquatic plant native to the Carrao river of the Venezuelan-Guyanan region of South America. The lactone has a molecular mass of 470 Da, and contains one atom of chlorine, a carboxyl group and a tetrahydrofuran ring internal to a larger macrocyclic ring. MICs of approximately 0.03 microg ml(-1) were noted for oocydin A against such phytopathogenic oomycetes as Pythium ultimum, Phytophthora parasitica, Phytophthora cinnamomi and Phytophthora citrophora. With regard to the true fungi, oocydin A had either minimal or no effect against certain Fungi Imperfecti (including several pathogens of humans), two ascomycetes and a basidiomycete. Oocydin A may have potential as an antimycotic in agricultural applications and especially for crop protection. (+info)Is a fully established arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis required for a bioprotection of Pisum sativum roots against Aphanomyces euteiches? (6/276)
Bioprotection of pea roots against Aphanomyces euteiches by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus G. mosseae was demonstrated to depend on a fully established symbiosis. This was related with induction of mycorrrhiza-related chitinolytic enzymes. Possible mechanisms implicated in bioprotection are discussed. (+info)Members of the Arabidopsis HRT/RPP8 family of resistance genes confer resistance to both viral and oomycete pathogens. (7/276)
Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) inoculation onto TCV-resistant Arabidopsis leads to a hypersensitive response (HR) controlled by the dominant gene HRT. HRT is a member of the class of resistance (R) genes that contain a leucine zipper, a nucleotide binding site, and leucine-rich repeats. The chromosomal position of HRT and its homology to resistance gene RPP8 and two RPP8 homologs indicate that unequal crossing over and gene conversion may have contributed to HRT evolution. RPP8 confers resistance to an oomycete pathogen, Peronospora parasitica. Despite very strong similarities within the HRT/RPP8 family, HRT and RPP8 are specific for the respective pathogens they detect. Hence, the HRT/RPP8 family provides molecular evidence that sequence changes between closely related members of multigene families can generate novel specificities for radically different pathogens. Transgenic plants expressing HRT developed an HR but generally remained susceptible to TCV because of a second gene, RRT, that regulates resistance to TCV. However, several transgenic plants that overexpressed HRT produced micro-HRs or no HR when inoculated with TCV and were resistant to infection. Expression of the TCV coat protein gene in seedlings containing HRT resulted in massive necrosis and death, indicating that the avirulence factor detected by the HRT-encoded protein is the TCV coat protein. (+info)Production and characterization of two monoclonal antibodies specific for Plasmopara halstedii. (8/276)
Sunflower downy mildew, caused by the fungus Plasmopara halstedii, is a potentially devastating disease. We produced two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) (12C9 and 18E2) by immunizing mice with a partially purified extract of P. halstedii race 1. Both MAbs detected in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) all races of P. halstedii present in France. No cross-reactions were observed with Plasmopara viticola or with other fungi commonly associated with sunflowers. Both MAbs recognized the same three fungal antigens with molecular masses of 68, 140, and 192 kDa. However, the epitopes on the fungal antigens were distinct and repetitive. Seed homogenates from infected plants were incubated in wells coated with MAb 18E2. This resulted in the trapping of P. halstedii antigens that were identified with biotinylated MAb 12C9. No reactions were seen with seed homogenates from healthy plants. Thus, our results suggest that these MAbs might be used to develop a sandwich ELISA detection system for P. halstedii in infected seeds. (+info)Oomycetes, also known as water molds or downy mildews, are a group of primarily aquatic, filamentous microorganisms. They were once classified as fungi due to their similar morphology and ecological roles, but they are now known to be more closely related to brown algae and diatoms.
Oomycetes have cell walls made of cellulose and unique osmotically active compounds called cell wall glycoproteins. They reproduce both sexually and asexually, producing structures such as zoospores that can swim through water to find new hosts. Oomycetes are parasites or saprophytes, feeding on other organisms or dead organic matter.
Some oomycetes are important plant pathogens, causing diseases such as potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) and sudden oak death (Phytophthora ramorum). They can cause significant damage to crops and natural ecosystems, making them a focus of study in plant pathology.
"Phytophthora" is not a medical term, but rather a genus of microorganisms known as oomycetes, which are commonly referred to as water molds. These organisms are not true fungi, but they have a similar lifestyle and can cause diseases in plants. Some species of Phytophthora are responsible for significant crop losses and are considered important plant pathogens.
In a medical context, the term "phytophthora" is not used, and it would be more appropriate to refer to specific diseases caused by these organisms using their common or scientific names. For example, Phytophthora infestans is the causative agent of late blight, a serious disease of potatoes and tomatoes.
Saprolegnia is a genus of oomycetes, which are fungus-like organisms. They are commonly known as water molds and are often found in aquatic environments. Saprolegnia species are saprophytic, meaning they live off dead or decaying organic matter. However, some species can also be parasitic and cause diseases in fish, amphibians, and other aquatic organisms. The disease caused by Saprolegnia is called saprolegniasis. It is characterized by the growth of cotton-like, white to grayish fungal masses on the skin, gills, or fins of infected animals. This can lead to damage of the tissue, loss of scales, and open sores, which can make the animal more susceptible to other infections. Saprolegnia species reproduce by producing spores that are released into the water and can be spread by currents or water movement.
Pythium is a genus of microscopic, aquatic fungus-like organisms called oomycetes. They are commonly referred to as water molds and can be found in various environments such as soil, freshwater, and marine habitats. Some species of Pythium are known to cause plant diseases, while others can infect animals, including humans, causing a variety of conditions primarily related to the eye and skin.
In human medicine, Pythium insidiosum is the most relevant species, as it can cause a rare but severe infection called pythiosis. This infection typically affects the eyes (keratopythiosis) or the gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal pythiosis). The infection occurs through direct contact with contaminated water or soil, and it is more prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions.
Pythium insidiosum produces filamentous structures called hyphae that can invade and damage tissues, leading to the formation of granulomatous lesions. The infection can be difficult to diagnose and treat due to its rarity and the limited number of effective antifungal agents available. Surgical intervention and immunotherapy are often necessary in addition to medical treatment for successful management.
Algal proteins are a type of protein that are derived from algae, which are simple, plant-like organisms that live in water. These proteins can be extracted and isolated from the algae through various processing methods and can then be used as a source of nutrition for both humans and animals.
Algal proteins are considered to be a complete protein source because they contain all of the essential amino acids that the body cannot produce on its own. They are also rich in other nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Some species of algae, such as spirulina and chlorella, have particularly high protein contents, making them a popular choice for use in dietary supplements and functional foods.
In addition to their nutritional benefits, algal proteins are also being studied for their potential therapeutic uses. For example, some research suggests that they may have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-boosting properties. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential health benefits and to determine the optimal dosages and methods of use.
Aphanomyces is a genus of fungi-like oomycetes that are widely distributed in various environments, including soil and water. These organisms are known to cause diseases in plants, particularly in crops such as rice, corn, and legumes. The most well-known species is Aphanomyces euteiches, which causes a serious disease in peas and other legumes called "root rot." This disease can lead to significant yield losses in affected crops.
It's worth noting that while Aphanomyces species are often referred to as water molds, they are not true fungi but rather stramenopiles, which are more closely related to brown algae and diatoms. Nonetheless, they share many characteristics with fungi and are commonly studied in mycology, the branch of biology that deals with fungi.
I'm not a medical expert, but I can provide you with some information about algal DNA.
Algal DNA refers to the genetic material found in algae, which are simple, photosynthetic organisms that live in various aquatic environments. The DNA of algae is similar to that of other living organisms, as it carries the genetic instructions necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of these single-celled or multicellular life forms.
Algal DNA can be found in different types of algae, including:
1. Chlorophyta (green algae)
2. Rhodophyta (red algae)
3. Phaeophyceae (brown algae)
4. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae or cyanoprokaryotes, which are actually bacteria with photosynthetic capabilities)
These different groups of algae have unique characteristics and ecological roles in their environments. Studying the DNA of algae can help researchers understand their evolutionary relationships, genetic diversity, and potential applications in various fields such as biotechnology, bioenergy, and environmental science.
"Phytophthora infestans" is a specific species of oomycete, which is a type of microorganism that resembles fungi but is actually more closely related to algae. It is a plant pathogen, meaning it causes disease in plants. This particular species is notorious for causing the potato late blight, which was responsible for the Great Famine in Ireland during the mid-19th century.
The term "Phytophthora infestans" can be broken down into its components: "Phytophthora" comes from the Greek words "phyton" (plant) and "phtheros" (destroyer), indicating its destructive nature towards plants. "Infestans" is a Latin word meaning 'inhabiting' or 'infesting'.
This pathogen thrives in cool, moist conditions and spreads rapidly through the air in the form of spores. It infects leaves, stems, and tubers of potato plants, leading to extensive damage and yield loss. The disease manifests as large, dark lesions on foliage that can quickly cover the entire plant, and a rotting, slimy decay in tubers.
Effective management strategies include use of resistant potato varieties, crop rotation, fungicide applications, and proper irrigation management to avoid prolonged leaf wetness.
Fungi, in the context of medical definitions, are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The study of fungi is known as mycology.
Fungi can exist as unicellular organisms or as multicellular filamentous structures called hyphae. They are heterotrophs, which means they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by living as parasites on other organisms. Some fungi can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants, known as mycoses. These infections range from superficial, localized skin infections to systemic, life-threatening invasive diseases.
Examples of fungal infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (dermatophytosis), candidiasis (yeast infection), histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the potential for drug resistance.
"Petroselinum" is the genus name for a group of plants that include several types of parsley. The most common variety is often used as a herb in cooking and is known as "Petroselinum crispum." It is native to the Mediterranean region and is now grown worldwide. Parsley has a bright, fresh flavor and is often used as a garnish or added to recipes for additional flavor. In addition to its use as a culinary herb, parsley has also been used in traditional medicine for its potential diuretic and digestive properties. However, it's important to note that the scientific evidence supporting these uses is limited, and more research is needed before any firm conclusions can be drawn.
A plant disease is a disorder that affects the normal growth and development of plants, caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or nematodes, as well as environmental factors like nutrient deficiencies, extreme temperatures, or physical damage. These diseases can cause various symptoms, including discoloration, wilting, stunted growth, necrosis, and reduced yield or productivity, which can have significant economic and ecological impacts.
"Peronospora" is a genus of oomycetes, which are organisms that were once classified as fungi but are now known to be more closely related to brown algae and diatoms. These microorganisms are commonly known as downy mildews and can cause significant damage to crops and plants.
Peronospora species are obligate parasites, meaning they require a living host to complete their life cycle. They infect plant tissues through the production of spores that are disseminated by wind or water. Once inside the plant, the spores germinate and produce feeding structures called haustoria that penetrate the plant cells and absorb nutrients.
Peronospora infections can cause a range of symptoms in plants, including leaf spots, stem lesions, and stunted growth. In severe cases, the entire plant may be killed. Some Peronospora species are also known to produce toxins that can further damage the plant.
In medical terms, Peronospora infections are not typically considered a direct threat to human health. However, they can have significant economic impacts on agriculture and food production, which can indirectly affect human health by reducing the availability and increasing the cost of fresh produce. Additionally, some Peronospora species are known to infect medical plants, which could potentially lead to contamination of medical products.
I apologize for any confusion, but "plants" is not a term that has a medical definition. The term "plants" refers to a large and diverse group of organisms that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, which is the process of converting sunlight into chemical energy. Plants are typically characterized by having cells with cell walls containing cellulose, chloroplasts containing the pigment chlorophyll, and the ability to synthesize their own food through photosynthesis.
In a medical or biological context, you might be thinking of "plant-based" or "phytomedicine," which refer to the use of plants or plant extracts as a form of medicine or treatment. Phytomedicines have been used for thousands of years in many traditional systems of medicine, and some plant-derived compounds have been found to have therapeutic benefits in modern medicine as well. However, "plants" itself does not have a medical definition.
"Plant immunity" refers to the complex defense mechanisms that plants have evolved to protect themselves from pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and nematodes. Plants do not have an adaptive immune system like humans, so they rely on their innate immune responses to detect and respond to pathogen invasion.
Plant immunity can be broadly categorized into two types: PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity) and ETI (Effector-triggered immunity). PTI is activated when the plant recognizes conserved microbial patterns, known as PAMPs (Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns), through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) located on the cell surface. This recognition triggers a series of defense responses, such as the production of reactive oxygen species, the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and the expression of defense genes.
ETI is activated when the plant recognizes effector proteins produced by pathogens to suppress PTI. Effector recognition typically occurs through resistance (R) proteins that can directly or indirectly recognize effectors, leading to the activation of stronger defense responses, such as the hypersensitive response (HR), which involves localized programmed cell death to limit pathogen spread.
Overall, plant immunity is a complex and dynamic process involving multiple layers of defense mechanisms that help plants protect themselves from pathogens and maintain their health and productivity.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.
A genome is the complete set of genetic material (DNA, or in some viruses, RNA) present in a single cell of an organism. It includes all of the genes, both coding and noncoding, as well as other regulatory elements that together determine the unique characteristics of that organism. The human genome, for example, contains approximately 3 billion base pairs and about 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes.
The term "genome" was first coined by Hans Winkler in 1920, derived from the word "gene" and the suffix "-ome," which refers to a complete set of something. The study of genomes is known as genomics.
Understanding the genome can provide valuable insights into the genetic basis of diseases, evolution, and other biological processes. With advancements in sequencing technologies, it has become possible to determine the entire genomic sequence of many organisms, including humans, and use this information for various applications such as personalized medicine, gene therapy, and biotechnology.
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), also known as lateral gene transfer, is the movement of genetic material between organisms in a manner other than from parent to offspring (vertical gene transfer). In horizontal gene transfer, an organism can take up genetic material directly from its environment and incorporate it into its own genome. This process is common in bacteria and archaea, but has also been observed in eukaryotes including plants and animals.
Horizontal gene transfer can occur through several mechanisms, including:
1. Transformation: the uptake of free DNA from the environment by a cell.
2. Transduction: the transfer of genetic material between cells by a virus (bacteriophage).
3. Conjugation: the direct transfer of genetic material between two cells in physical contact, often facilitated by a conjugative plasmid or other mobile genetic element.
Horizontal gene transfer can play an important role in the evolution and adaptation of organisms, allowing them to acquire new traits and functions rapidly. It is also of concern in the context of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and antibiotic resistance, as it can facilitate the spread of genes that confer resistance or other undesirable traits.
Host-parasite interactions refer to the relationship between a parasitic organism (the parasite) and its host, which can be an animal, plant, or human body. The parasite lives on or inside the host and derives nutrients from it, often causing harm in the process. This interaction can range from relatively benign to severe, depending on various factors such as the species of the parasite, the immune response of the host, and the duration of infection.
The host-parasite relationship is often categorized based on the degree of harm caused to the host. Parasites that cause little to no harm are called commensals, while those that cause significant damage or disease are called parasitic pathogens. Some parasites can even manipulate their hosts' behavior and physiology to enhance their own survival and reproduction, leading to complex interactions between the two organisms.
Understanding host-parasite interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat parasitic infections, as well as for understanding the ecological relationships between different species in natural ecosystems.
Host-pathogen interactions refer to the complex and dynamic relationship between a living organism (the host) and a disease-causing agent (the pathogen). This interaction can involve various molecular, cellular, and physiological processes that occur between the two entities. The outcome of this interaction can determine whether the host will develop an infection or not, as well as the severity and duration of the illness.
During host-pathogen interactions, the pathogen may release virulence factors that allow it to evade the host's immune system, colonize tissues, and obtain nutrients for its survival and replication. The host, in turn, may mount an immune response to recognize and eliminate the pathogen, which can involve various mechanisms such as inflammation, phagocytosis, and the production of antimicrobial agents.
Understanding the intricacies of host-pathogen interactions is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat infectious diseases. This knowledge can help identify new targets for therapeutic interventions, inform vaccine design, and guide public health policies to control the spread of infectious agents.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Cellulose is a complex carbohydrate that is the main structural component of the cell walls of green plants, many algae, and some fungi. It is a polysaccharide consisting of long chains of beta-glucose molecules linked together by beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Cellulose is insoluble in water and most organic solvents, and it is resistant to digestion by humans and non-ruminant animals due to the lack of cellulase enzymes in their digestive systems. However, ruminants such as cows and sheep can digest cellulose with the help of microbes in their rumen that produce cellulase.
Cellulose has many industrial applications, including the production of paper, textiles, and building materials. It is also used as a source of dietary fiber in human food and animal feed. Cellulose-based materials are being explored for use in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and drug delivery due to their biocompatibility and mechanical properties.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.
Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.
Virulence, in the context of medicine and microbiology, refers to the degree or severity of damage or harm that a pathogen (like a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parasite) can cause to its host. It is often associated with the ability of the pathogen to invade and damage host tissues, evade or suppress the host's immune response, replicate within the host, and spread between hosts.
Virulence factors are the specific components or mechanisms that contribute to a pathogen's virulence, such as toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and capsules. These factors enable the pathogen to establish an infection, cause tissue damage, and facilitate its transmission between hosts. The overall virulence of a pathogen can be influenced by various factors, including host susceptibility, environmental conditions, and the specific strain or species of the pathogen.
Oomycete
List of Oomycetes of South Africa
Pythium irregulare
Pythium aphanidermatum
Achlya bisexualis
Globisporangium sylvaticum
Pythium porphyrae
Glossary of phytopathology
Ced-3
Phytophthora medicaginis
Saprolegnia
Taxonomy of Protista
Stramenopile
Zoid
Glossary of mycology
List of durian diseases and pests
Hyphochytriomycetes
Oogamy
Pustula
Hoek, Mann and Jahns system
Oospore
Albuginaceae
List of poinsettia diseases
Biological life cycle
Propamocarb
Pythium
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
Phytophthora infestans
Sclerophthora macrospora
Ribonuclease H
Oomycete - Wikipedia
Identification and characterisation of chitin and cellulose synthases in oomycetes | KTH
Notes on Some Oomycetes from the Vicinity of Mountain Lake, Giles County, Virginia :: Journal of the NC Academy of Science
Diversity and evolution of chitin synthases in oomycetes - Mendeley Data
The eukaryotic microbes referred to as oomycetes are normal inhabitants of - A high-throughput screen identifies miRNA...
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PYIR 13453 Protein Info - Oomycete Gene Order Browser
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Diseases of Blueberry
EUR-Lex - 32022L2438 - EN - EUR-Lex
Publications | The School of Biological Sciences | The University of Aberdeen
Plants | Free Full-Text | Inhibitory Activity of Shrimp Waste Extracts on Fungal and Oomycete Plant Pathogens
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Evidence for small RNAs homologous to effector-encoding genes and transposable elements in the oomycete Phytophthora infestans.
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Criteria & Submission Instructions
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Labyrinthulomycetes - Wikispecies
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Pathogens11
- Oomycetes occupy both saprophytic and pathogenic lifestyles, and include some of the most notorious pathogens of plants, causing devastating diseases such as late blight of potato and sudden oak death. (wikipedia.org)
- The oomycetes are also often referred to as water molds (or water moulds), although the water-preferring nature which led to that name is not true of most species, which are terrestrial pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
- Many oomycetes are devastating pathogens of plants and animals, globally causing significant economic los-ses in the agriculture and aquaculture industries, and posing considerable environmental damage to natural ecosystems. (kth.se)
- Given the vast threat that pathogenic oomycetes pose, uncovering the details of CW biosynthesis and regulation in these pathogens may re-veal new opportunities for disease control. (kth.se)
- The eukaryotic microbes referred to as oomycetes are normal inhabitants of aquatic and terrestrial environments you need to include saprophytes and pathogens. (sciencepop.org)
- Launch Oomycetes are most widely known for their place pathogens but likewise incorporate saprophytes and colonizers of pests vertebrates and microbes. (sciencepop.org)
- Just how do the genes that oomycetes make use of to infect hosts evaluate to people of pathogens in various other taxa? (sciencepop.org)
- In this study we performed comprehensive comparative analysis of P450s in 13 newly explored oomycete pathogens. (cut.ac.za)
- Emerging fungal and oomycete pathogens infect staple calorie crops and economically important commodity crops, thereby posing a significant risk to global food security. (planthro.org)
- Yet gaining knowledge on the structure and evolution of genomes of oomycete pathogens is crucial to understanding the mechanisms underlying adaptation to their environment and to proposing efficient disease control strategies. (figshare.com)
- Oomycete pathogens that belong to the genus Phytophthora cause devastating diseases in solanaceous crops such as pepper, potato, and tobacco, resulting in crop production losses worldwide. (koreamed.org)
Phytophthora6
- Suitable gene candidates were identified, and their products analysed, as illustrated by the oomycete-wide discovery and phylogenetic analysis of the chitin synthase gene family (paper I), and the identification of the cellulose synthase genes in Saprolegnia parasitica (paper II) and Phytophthora capsici (paper III). (kth.se)
- Evidence for small RNAs homologous to effector-encoding genes and transposable elements in the oomycete Phytophthora infestans. (scilifelab.se)
- Phytophthora infestans is the oomycete pathogen responsible for the devastating late blight disease on potato and tomato. (scilifelab.se)
- The wild tomato species Solanum chilense is divided in geographically and genetically distinct populations that show signs of defense gene selection and differential phenotypes when challenged with several phytopathogens, including the oomycete causal agent of late blight Phytophthora infestans. (authorea.com)
- A de novo assembly of the genome of Phytophthora parasitica, an important oomycete plant pathogen, led to the identification of several families of tandemly repeated sequences varying in size, copy number, and sequence conservation. (figshare.com)
- Incidentally, Phytophthora infestans , the cause of late blight of potato and tomato , is also an oomycete, and naturally related to the downy mildews. (awaytogarden.com)
Pathogen2
- The latter highlights the monophyly of E. dicksonii worldwide and confirms the basal position of this pathogen within the oomycete lineage (Peronosporomycotina). (elsevierpure.com)
- Thus, we present here a qPCR assay suitable for the detection and quantification of the intracellular oomycete pathogen Eurychasma dicksonii in its ectocarpalean and laminarialean brown algal hosts. (uhi.ac.uk)
Oomycota2
- The Oomycetes (/ˌoʊ.əˈmaɪsiːts/), or Oomycota, form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms within the Stramenopiles. (wikipedia.org)
- Straminipila, phylum Oomycota, class Oomycetes) (1). (cdc.gov)
Pythium3
- One oomycete, the mycoparasite Pythium oligandrum, is used for biocontrol, attacking plant pathogenic fungi. (wikipedia.org)
- Caused by Pythium insidiosum , an oomycete. (cdc.gov)
- Single nucleotide polymorphism-based multiplex PCR for identification and genotyping of the oomycete Pythium insidiosum from humans, animals and the environment. (cdc.gov)
Fungi and oomycetes3
- However, molecular and phylogenetic studies revealed significant differences between fungi and oomycetes which means the latter are now grouped with the stramenopiles (which include some types of algae). (wikipedia.org)
- Abiotic and biotic environmental factors influence physiological characteristics of cryophilic fungi and oomycetes. (karstenia.fi)
- Our work mapped the taxonomic distribution of protein sequences in the AA7 family and revealed a striking high proportion of sequences encoded by major plant pathogenic fungi and Oomycetes," said Maher Abou Hachem, Professor of Biotechnology and Biomedicine at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU). (lu.se)
Fungal1
- and bacterial, fungal, and oomycete polygalacturonases. (hindawi.com)
Genomes4
- Perform oomycete genomes possess features that help oomycetes evolve to survive environmental adjustments or defeat initiatives to regulate them? (sciencepop.org)
- Oomycete genomes are approximated to range in proportions from a minimal around 37 Mb such as the situations of and spp. (sciencepop.org)
- Interspecific distinctions are largely due to family members extension and/or gene reduction which somewhat relate with the novel partitioning of oomycete genomes into gene-dense and gene-sparse locations. (sciencepop.org)
- Research revealed that oomycetes belonging to different orders contain distinct P450 families and subfamilies in their genomes. (cut.ac.za)
Chitin1
- For instance, the cell walls of oomycetes are composed of cellulose rather than chitin and generally do not have septations. (wikipedia.org)
Genome2
- Genome sequences are actually available for many oomycetes and so are precious for resolving long-standing problems about their biology and progression. (sciencepop.org)
- Despite their potential impact on the architecture and evolution of the genome, satellite DNAs have not been investigated in oomycetes due to the paucity of genomic data and the difficulty of assembling highly conserved satellite arrays. (figshare.com)
Organism2
- Although the cell wall (CW) is critical for the viability and morphogenesis of the organism it surrounds, our knowledge of oomycete CW architecture and biosynthetic enzymes is limited. (kth.se)
- Fungi cause problems like powdery mildew, an organism known as an oomycete causes potato blight whilst various viruses cause damage to a large range of crops. (educationquizzes.com)
Fungus1
- fungus"), referring to the large round oogonia, structures containing the female gametes, that are characteristic of the oomycetes. (wikipedia.org)
Basal1
- The name "water mold" refers to their earlier classification as fungi and their preference for conditions of high humidity and running surface water, which is characteristic for the basal taxa of the oomycetes. (wikipedia.org)
Plasmopara1
- lo tèrme Plasmopara se decompausa [1] en plasmo- (representant plasmode « estructura de mai d'un nuclèus », del latin plasma- « forma, figura » + sufixe -ode « semblable ») e -para forma femenina en latin scientific de -pare . (wikipedia.org)
Evolutionary2
- Rebastinib Oomycetes had been misclassified as before last area Rebastinib of the 20th century but are actually accepted to truly have a distinctive evolutionary history also to participate in the kingdom superkingdom connected by an ancestral endosymbiosis of the photosynthetic alga (44). (sciencepop.org)
- Evolutionary analysis and sequence homology data revealed P450 family blooms in oomycetes. (cut.ac.za)
Characteristics1
- This relationship is supported by a number of observed differences between the characteristics of oomycetes and fungi. (wikipedia.org)
Organic1
- From the a huge selection of known oomycetes those impacting agriculture and organic ecosystems will be the most examined. (sciencepop.org)
Late1
- an oomycete that causes late blight in potatoes. (canada.ca)
Categories1
- Oomycetes outwardly resemble fungi since both display hyphal development and heterotrophic absorptive diet and they have a home in very similar ecological niche categories. (sciencepop.org)
Host1
- Oomycete P450 patterns suggested host influence in shaping their P450 content. (cut.ac.za)
Study1
- This study identified a pathogenic oomycete. (koreamed.org)
Families1
- Among these, nine P450 families and 31 P450 subfamilies were newly found in oomycetes. (cut.ac.za)
Anti-oomycete7
- They also demonstrate that the enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis represent promising targets for anti-oomycete drugs, even when the corresponding polysaccharides, such as chitin, occur in small amounts in the cell wall. (kth.se)
- The anti-oomycete potential of the resinous exudate, as well as the main compounds, was tested in vitro against Saprolegnia parasitica and Saprolegnia australis . (biomedcentral.com)
- The resinous exudate showed a strong anti-oomycete activity. (biomedcentral.com)
- These findings strongly suggest that E. illinita is a potential biomass that could be used as a natural anti-oomycete product. (biomedcentral.com)
- Little information is available in the literature on anti-oomycete activity of natural products against Saprolegnia sp. (biomedcentral.com)
- Herein, we report the isolation, structural elucidation, and anti-oomycete activity of compounds 1 - 6 . (biomedcentral.com)
- Danforth Center investigators have identified novel peptides that exhibit broad-spectrum antifungal and anti-oomycete and anti-bacterial activity at low concentrations. (danforthcenter.org)
Genus3
- A new genus of saprolegniaceous oomycete " by Daniel P. Molloy, Sally L. Glockling et al. (csbsju.edu)
- The oomycete genus Aquastella is described to accommodate two new species of parasites of rotifers observed in Brooktrout Lake, New York State, USA. (csbsju.edu)
- The genus Saprolegnia belongs to the group of heterotrophs known as oomycetes, commonly called water molds, which are saprophytes or parasites targeting a wide range of hosts [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Effectors3
- Several common mechanisms underlying oomycete virulence, including protein toxins and cell-entering effectors, have emerged from comparing oomycetes with different genome characteristics, parasitic lifestyles, and host ranges. (nih.gov)
- How do oomycete effectors interfere with plant life? (nih.gov)
- These phylogenetic affinities were further supported by the identification of canonical oomycete effectors in the L. giganteum transcriptome, and suggested, mirroring the endophytic abilities demonstrated in entomopathogenic fungi, that L. giganteum may have similarly retained capacities to establish interactions with plant tissues. (peerj.com)
Pathogenic oomycetes2
- Zoospores of plant pathogenic oomycetes exhibit distinct swimming speeds and patterns Under natural conditions. (elsevierpure.com)
- 2021. Secreted pectin monooxygenases drive plant infection by pathogenic oomycetes . (hutton.ac.uk)
Species2
- Three rotifer species - Keratella taurocephala , Polyarthra vulgaris , and Ploesoma truncatum - were infected, and this is the first report of oomycete infection in these species. (csbsju.edu)
- Therefore, we used video microscopy to investigate swimming patterns of five oomycete species in response to changes in potassium homeostasis. (elsevierpure.com)
Cellulose3
- For instance, the cell walls of oomycetes are composed of cellulose rather than chitin and generally do not have septations. (wikipedia.org)
- Altogether, our data provide key information on the fundamental mechanisms of chitin and cellulose biosynthesis in oomycetes and the biochemical properties of the enzymes involved. (kth.se)
- This is a special group of 'fungi', cell walls of Oomycetes are built from cellulose instead of chitin. (syngentaornamentals.co.uk)
Infection2
- Large amounts of these compounds accumulate after oomycete infection. (aquahoy.com)
- The oomycete Lagenisma coscinodisci hijacks host alkaloid synthesis during infection of a marine diatom. (aquahoy.com)
Genomic1
- Understanding the mechanisms underlying oomycete virulence and the genomic processes by which those mechanisms rapidly evolve is essential to developing effective long-term control measures for oomycete diseases. (nih.gov)
Saprolegnia2
- The oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica is a fungus-like microorganism responsible for the fish disease saprolegniosis, which leads to important economic losses in aquaculture. (kth.se)
- Fish are also susceptible to fungus-like oomycetes including Branchiomyces which affects the gills of various fishes and Saprolegnia which attacks damaged tissue. (allrefer.com)
Eukaryotes1
- Our taxon co-occurrence analysis revealed a potential association between viruses of the Megaviridae family and eukaryotes related to oomycetes. (nature.com)
Fungus1
- fungus"), referring to the large round oogonia, structures containing the female gametes, that are characteristic of the oomycetes. (wikipedia.org)
Diseases1
- Egg fungi - oomycetes - are known to cause many dangerous diseases in plants and animals. (aquahoy.com)
Bacterial1
- Bioassays that attempt to define the role of individual etiologic agents such as fungi (oomycetes) or putative Pfiesteria toxin(s) should recognize this multiplicity of factors and should include appropriate quality control measures for water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrogenous wastes, etc.) as well as bacterial and other contaminants that may confound bioassay results and their interpretation. (nih.gov)
Ecosystems1
- Some oomycetes play beneficial roles by cycling nutrients in ecosystems. (oomyceteworld.net)
Soil1
- Here, the oomycetes in rhizosphere soil and root endospheres from eight locations with a history of poor alfalfa establishment were identified by amplicon sequence analysis. (usda.gov)
Molecular1
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Parásitos, Universidad de los Andes, Carrera 1 # 18-10, Edificio M-301, Bogotá DC, Colombia. (unboundmedicine.com)
Conserved house1
- Oomycete genomes display a strongly bipartite organization in which conserved housekeeping genes are concentrated in syntenic gene-rich blocks, whereas virulence genes are dispersed into highly dynamic, repeat-rich regions. (nih.gov)
Rarely1
- The oomycetes rarely have septa (see hypha), and if they do, they are scarce, appearing at the bases of sporangia, and sometimes in older parts of the filaments. (wikipedia.org)
Exhibit1
- Oomycetes were once classified as true fungi since both groups typically exhibit filamentous growth and form spores. (oomyceteworld.net)
Targets1
- As current control strategies are becoming less effective, there is a need for studies on oomycete metabolism to help identify promising and more effective targets for chemical control. (unboundmedicine.com)
Water3
- The name "water mold" refers to their earlier classification as fungi and their preference for conditions of high humidity and running surface water, which is characteristic for the basal taxa of the oomycetes. (wikipedia.org)
- Characterization of oomycetes in irrigation water using high-throughput sequencing of nucleic acids. (oregonstate.edu)
- Oomycetes are found in both fresh and salt water as well as in terrestrial environments. (nih.gov)
Group2
- This is why we generally use a different group of fungicides to combat Oomycetes. (syngentaornamentals.co.uk)
- A fourth group of fungi, the Oomycetes, has long been recognized to be very different from other fungi in both morphology and chemistry. (encyclopedia.com)
Research1
- This web site contains technical resources pertaining to gene transfer (transformation) methods for oomycetes, and information about oomycete research in the Judelson laboratory at the University of California-Riverside. (oomyceteworld.net)
World1
- Welcome to Oomycete World! (oomyceteworld.net)