Oocyte Donation
Oocytes
Embryo Transfer
Fertilization in Vitro
Pregnancy Rate
Pregnancy Outcome
Tissue Donors
Turner Syndrome
Family Planning Policy
Tissue and Organ Procurement
Pregnancy
Cryopreservation
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency
Oocyte Retrieval
Ovulation Induction
Adoption
Infertility
Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular
Attitude
Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic
Reproductive Techniques, Assisted
Public Opinion
Blood Donors
Uterine Hemorrhage
Endometrium
Brain Death
Altruism
Triptorelin Pamoate
Twins
Oogenesis
Pregnancy Complications
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
Luteal Phase
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
Abortion, Spontaneous
Death
Donor Selection
Gift Giving
Xenopus laevis
Progesterone
Meiosis
Presumed Consent
Retrieval, maturation, and fertilization of immature oocytes obtained from unstimulated patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. (1/332)
PURPOSE: Our purpose was to determine whether immature oocytes could be retrieved under local anesthesia, whether these oocytes would mature and fertilize in vitro, and whether adequate endometrium development could be obtained after hormonal supplementation. METHODS: Ovum pick-up was performed under local anesthesia. Immature oocytes were cultured and inseminated. To prepare the endometrium, estradiolvalerate was administered in combination with micronized progesterone. RESULTS: Immature oocytes were obtained in all cases. Fifty-six percent (n = 30) of the oocytes developed into metaphase II (MII) after 48 hr of culture, and another 20% reached the MII stage by 72 hr. Normal fertilization was observed in only 10% of oocytes inseminated. No embryonic development occurred, and therefore embryo transfer was not performed in any of the patients. Endometrial microbiopsy was performed in all subjects and endometrial development was considered sufficient in eight patients. CONCLUSIONS: We collected immature oocytes from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome without general anesthesia. In vitro maturation of these oocytes seemed adequate but fertilization rates were poor. Sufficient endometrial quality was obtained after hormonal substitution. (+info)Preparation of endometrium for egg donation. (2/332)
Nowadays oocyte donation is a well established method of assisted reproduction and offers the unique opportunity to treat patients with various clinical indications, with or without ovarian function, in a novel way. In women with ovarian failure, artificial menstrual cycles are required before proceeding to oocyte donation. Oestrogen may be delivered in the form of oral tablets, transdermal patches in order to bypass the gastrointestinal tract thus avoiding first pass metabolism and by vaginal application. Our regimen is oestradiol valerate given in various concentrations, in order to mimic the regular cyclic fluctuations throughout the cycle. Progesterone may be administered in the form of oral tablets, intravaginal suppositories or rings and i.m. injections. Our results, as of most other groups, strongly support the vaginal route of progesterone administration. In women with retained ovarian function, synchronization of donor-recipient cycle presents a special problem, as there is strong evidence that a temporal window of maximal endometrial receptivity exists. Cryopreservation of donated embryos may be used to overcome the problem, but this approach has the important drawback of embryonic loss occurring after freezing and thawing. The method of choice is the administration of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) to render the patients functionally agonadal in order to circumvent cycle asynchrony between the donor and recipient. (+info)Relaxin secretion by human granulosa cell culture is predictive of in-vitro fertilization-embryo transfer success. (3/332)
We have developed a cell culture system for human luteinizing granulosa cells which supports the timely and dynamic secretion of oestrogen, progesterone and relaxin in patterns that mimic serum concentrations of these hormones during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. There was a wide variation in the amount of relaxin secreted by the cultured cells for the 69 patients studied. As relaxin production was generally maximal by day 10 of culture, comparisons were made at this time point. It was observed that most of the conceptions occurred in patients with higher relaxin secretion in vitro. All cycles with relaxin > 800 pg/ml on day 10 had a term pregnancy while only 13% of cycles with relaxin < 200 pg/ml had term pregnancies. A limited number of cycles from donor/recipient cycles did not show similar results. Steroid concentrations were not predictive of conception. These results demonstrated that in-vitro production of relaxin is predictive of implantation success in in-vitro fertilization (IVF)-embryo transfer cycles. This supports the hypothesis that relaxin may be involved in implantation and that lowered relaxin concentrations may be a partial cause of poor pregnancy rates after IVF. (+info)Turner's syndrome and pregnancies after oocyte donation. (4/332)
A total of 20 clinical pregnancies was achieved among 18 women with Turner's syndrome who were treated in an oocyte donation programme. The oocytes were donated by voluntary unpaid donors. A mean of 1.8 embryos per transfer was given to each recipient by way of 28 fresh and 25 frozen embryo transfers. With fresh and frozen embryos, 13 and seven pregnancies respectively were achieved. The clinical pregnancy rate per fresh embryo transfer was 46%, and the implantation rate 30%, being similar to the corresponding rates among our oocyte recipients with primary ovarian failure in general. The corresponding rates with frozen embryos were 28 and 19%. Of these pregnancies, 40% ended in miscarriage. This high rate may be explained by uterine factors. Six women were hypertensive during pregnancy, a rate comparable with that in other oocyte donation pregnancies. All these women delivered by Caesarean section. Pregnancy and implantation rates after oocyte donation were high in women with Turner's syndrome, but the risk of cardiovascular and other complications is high. Careful assessment before and during follow-up of pregnancy are important. Transfer of only one embryo at a time to avoid the additional complications caused by twin pregnancy is recommended. (+info)Hydrosalpinges adversely affect implantation in donor oocyte cycles. (5/332)
Hydrosalpinges have been associated with poor in-vitro fertilization (IVF) outcome in some, but not all, studies, perhaps through endometrial effects. To determine whether hydrosalpinges affect IVF outcome via endometrial factors alone, we analysed the results of recipients of donor oocytes with hydrosalpinges, thereby controlling for confounding variables, while isolating the intrauterine environment. We retrospectively analysed 110 patients who underwent 121 donor oocyte cycles in a university-based assisted reproduction programme. Thirteen cycles involving recipients (n = 10) with hydrosalpinges were compared to 108 cycles involving recipients (n = 100) without hydrosalpinges. Pregnancy, implantation, miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy rates were compared between women with and without hydrosalpinges. There were no significant differences between the hydrosalpinx and no hydrosalpinx groups with respect to donor age, recipient age, or number or grade of embryos transferred. Patients with a hydrosalpinx had significantly lower embryo implantation rates (7.1 versus 19.3%, P < 0.05) and significantly higher miscarriage (75.0 versus 14.9%, P < 0.05) and ectopic pregnancy rates (33.3 versus 0.0%, P < 0.05) than normal controls. We conclude that the presence of a hydrosalpinx adversely affects early pregnancy events by altering the intrauterine environment. (+info)Social aspects in assisted reproduction. (6/332)
In-vitro fertilization (IVF) and assisted reproductive techniques have become common practice in many countries today, regulated by established legislation, regulations or by committee-set ethical standards. The rapid evolution and progress of these techniques have revealed certain social issues that have to be addressed. The traditional heterosexual couple, nowadays, is not considered by many as the only 'IVF appropriate patient' since deviations from this pattern (single mother, lesbians) have also gained access to these treatments. Genetic material donation, age limitation, selective embryo reduction, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, surrogacy and cloning are interpreted differently in the various countries, as their definition and application are influenced by social factors, religion and law. Financial and emotional stresses are also often described in infertile couples. Information as deduced from the world literature regarding IVF regulation, as well as about the existing religious, cultural and social behaviours towards these new technologies, is presented in this article in relation to the social aspects of assisted reproduction. (+info)Implications of sperm chromosome abnormalities in recurrent miscarriage. (7/332)
PURPOSE: Our purpose was to assess the existence of sperm chromosome abnormalities in recurrent pregnancy loss in an assisted reproduction program. METHODS: In this prospective study, 12 sperm samples from couples undergoing in vitro fertilization with two or more first-trimester spontaneous abortions were analyzed. Diploidy and disomy in decondensed sperm nuclei were assessed for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y using two- and three-color fluorescence in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Sex chromosome disomy in sperm samples from recurrent abortion couples was significantly increased compared to that from internal controls (0.84% vs 0.37%). In a subpopulation of seven couples who underwent oocyte donation, mean frequencies for sex chromosome disomy (1%) were even higher and diploidy (0.43%) was also significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest an implication of sperm chromosome abnormalities in some cases of recurrent pregnancy loss. (+info)Maturation in vitro of human oocytes from unstimulated cycles: selection of the optimal day for ovum retrieval based on follicular size. (8/332)
The potential use of immature oocytes for in-vitro fertilization (IVF) requires the conditions for successful maturation to be defined. This study focused on the day of oocyte retrieval. The selection of a dominant follicle may induce endocrine changes in the remaining cohort that may be detrimental to their subsequent fertilization and embryonic development. Natural cycles in volunteer donors were followed by measurement of serum oestradiol and by vaginal ultrasound, starting on day 3 of the cycle. Cycles were randomly allocated to one of two groups: group 1 (n = 10), in which follicles were aspirated before the leading follicle was 10 mm in diameter; and group 2 (n = 9), in which follicles were aspirated when a dominant follicle was clearly visible with diameter >10 mm. Oocytes were cultured in vitro to metaphase II (MII) stage, donated, and inseminated by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with husband's spermatozoa. Those that became fertilized within 24 h were further co-cultured in autologous endometrial epithelial cells up to the blastocyst stage, and cryopreserved. There was a significantly (P < 0.05) increased rate of oocyte retrieval in group 1 (70.8% of aspirated follicles) compared with group 2 (50.5%). Maturation to MII and fertilization were similar between the groups. However, development to blastocyst stage was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in group 1 embryos (56.5%) compared with group 2 (35.7%). There was a positive correlation (r2 = 0.1978) between the appearance of the cumulus cells and the ability to develop to blastocyst stage when both parameters were analysed in group 1, whereas no such correlation was found in group 2. In conclusion, our data suggest the importance of retrieving immature oocytes before follicular selection, and define the conditions for the first stage in the use of immature oocytes. Further stages must be defined before this technique can be used clinically. (+info)Oocyte donation is a medical procedure in which mature oocytes (or immature oocytes that are matured in the lab) are donated by one woman to another woman for the purpose of assisted reproduction. The recipient woman typically receives hormonal treatments to prepare her uterus for embryo implantation. The donated oocytes are then fertilized with sperm from the recipient's partner or a sperm donor in a laboratory, and the resulting embryos are transferred into the recipient's uterus.
Oocyte donation is often recommended for women who have poor ovarian function or who have a high risk of passing on genetic disorders to their offspring. It is also used in cases where previous attempts at in vitro fertilization (IVF) using the woman's own eggs have been unsuccessful.
The process of oocyte donation involves rigorous screening and evaluation of both the donor and recipient, including medical, psychological, and genetic evaluations, to ensure the safety and success of the procedure. The donor's ovaries are stimulated with hormonal medications to produce multiple mature oocytes, which are then retrieved through a minor surgical procedure.
Overall, oocyte donation is a complex and emotionally charged process that requires careful consideration and counseling for both the donor and recipient. It offers hope for many women who would otherwise be unable to conceive a biological child.
An oocyte, also known as an egg cell or female gamete, is a large specialized cell found in the ovary of female organisms. It contains half the number of chromosomes as a normal diploid cell, as it is the product of meiotic division. Oocytes are surrounded by follicle cells and are responsible for the production of female offspring upon fertilization with sperm. The term "oocyte" specifically refers to the immature egg cell before it reaches full maturity and is ready for fertilization, at which point it is referred to as an ovum or egg.
Embryo transfer is a medical procedure that involves the transfer of an embryo, which is typically created through in vitro fertilization (IVF), into the uterus of a woman with the aim of establishing a pregnancy. The embryo may be created using the intended parent's own sperm and eggs or those from donors. After fertilization and early cell division, the resulting embryo is transferred into the uterus of the recipient mother through a thin catheter that is inserted through the cervix. This procedure is typically performed under ultrasound guidance to ensure proper placement of the embryo. Embryo transfer is a key step in assisted reproductive technology (ART) and is often used as a treatment for infertility.
Fertilization in vitro, also known as in-vitro fertilization (IVF), is a medical procedure where an egg (oocyte) and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish to facilitate fertilization. The fertilized egg (embryo) is then transferred to a uterus with the hope of establishing a successful pregnancy. This procedure is often used when other assisted reproductive technologies have been unsuccessful or are not applicable, such as in cases of blocked fallopian tubes, severe male factor infertility, and unexplained infertility. The process involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo culture, and embryo transfer. In some cases, additional techniques such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) may be used to increase the chances of success.
The pregnancy rate is a measure used in reproductive medicine to determine the frequency or efficiency of conception following certain treatments, interventions, or under specific conditions. It is typically defined as the number of pregnancies per 100 women exposed to the condition being studied over a specified period of time. A pregnancy is confirmed when a woman has a positive result on a pregnancy test or through the detection of a gestational sac on an ultrasound exam.
In clinical trials and research, the pregnancy rate helps healthcare professionals evaluate the effectiveness of various fertility treatments such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intrauterine insemination (IUI), or ovulation induction medications. The pregnancy rate can also be used to assess the impact of lifestyle factors, environmental exposures, or medical conditions on fertility and conception.
It is important to note that pregnancy rates may vary depending on several factors, including age, the cause of infertility, the type and quality of treatment provided, and individual patient characteristics. Therefore, comparing pregnancy rates between different studies should be done cautiously, considering these potential confounding variables.
Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:
1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.
The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.
A tissue donor is an individual who has agreed to allow organs and tissues to be removed from their body after death for the purpose of transplantation to restore the health or save the life of another person. The tissues that can be donated include corneas, heart valves, skin, bone, tendons, ligaments, veins, and cartilage. These tissues can enhance the quality of life for many recipients and are often used in reconstructive surgeries. It is important to note that tissue donation does not interfere with an open casket funeral or other cultural or religious practices related to death and grieving.
Turner Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects females, caused by complete or partial absence of one X chromosome. The typical karyotype is 45,X0 instead of the normal 46,XX in women. This condition leads to distinctive physical features and medical issues in growth, development, and fertility. Characteristic features include short stature, webbed neck, low-set ears, and swelling of the hands and feet. Other potential symptoms can include heart defects, hearing and vision problems, skeletal abnormalities, kidney issues, and learning disabilities. Not all individuals with Turner Syndrome will have every symptom, but most will require medical interventions and monitoring throughout their lives to address various health concerns associated with the condition.
Family planning policy refers to a government's official position or action regarding the use of family planning services, including contraception, fertility awareness, and reproductive health education. The goal of family planning policies is to enable individuals and couples to make informed decisions about whether and when to have children, thus contributing to improved maternal and child health outcomes, reduced unintended pregnancies, and lower abortion rates. Family planning policies may include provisions for the provision of free or subsidized contraceptive methods, sex education in schools, training for healthcare providers, and public awareness campaigns. The specific content and implementation of family planning policies vary widely between countries and are often influenced by cultural, religious, and political factors.
Tissue and organ procurement is the process of obtaining viable tissues and organs from deceased or living donors for the purpose of transplantation, research, or education. This procedure is performed by trained medical professionals in a sterile environment, adhering to strict medical standards and ethical guidelines. The tissues and organs that can be procured include hearts, lungs, livers, kidneys, pancreases, intestines, corneas, skin, bones, tendons, and heart valves. The process involves a thorough medical evaluation of the donor, as well as consent from the donor or their next of kin. After procurement, the tissues and organs are preserved and transported to recipients in need.
Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.
Embryo implantation is the process by which a fertilized egg, or embryo, becomes attached to the wall of the uterus (endometrium) and begins to receive nutrients from the mother's blood supply. This process typically occurs about 6-10 days after fertilization and is a critical step in the establishment of a successful pregnancy.
During implantation, the embryo secretes enzymes that help it to burrow into the endometrium, while the endometrium responds by producing receptors for the embryo's enzymes and increasing blood flow to the area. The embryo then begins to grow and develop, eventually forming the placenta, which will provide nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus throughout pregnancy.
Implantation is a complex process that requires precise timing and coordination between the embryo and the mother's body. Factors such as age, hormonal imbalances, and uterine abnormalities can affect implantation and increase the risk of miscarriage or difficulty becoming pregnant.
Female infertility is a condition characterized by the inability to conceive after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth. The causes of female infertility can be multifactorial and may include issues with ovulation, damage to the fallopian tubes or uterus, endometriosis, hormonal imbalances, age-related factors, and other medical conditions.
Some common causes of female infertility include:
1. Ovulation disorders: Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemia can affect ovulation and lead to infertility.
2. Damage to the fallopian tubes: Pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, or previous surgeries can cause scarring and blockages in the fallopian tubes, preventing the egg and sperm from meeting.
3. Uterine abnormalities: Structural issues with the uterus, such as fibroids, polyps, or congenital defects, can interfere with implantation and pregnancy.
4. Age-related factors: As women age, their fertility declines due to a decrease in the number and quality of eggs.
5. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, celiac disease, and autoimmune disorders, can contribute to infertility.
In some cases, female infertility can be treated with medications, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF). A thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional is necessary to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.
Cryopreservation is a medical procedure that involves the preservation of cells, tissues, or organs by cooling them to very low temperatures, typically below -150°C. This is usually achieved using liquid nitrogen. The low temperature slows down or stops biological activity, including chemical reactions and cellular metabolism, which helps to prevent damage and decay.
The cells, tissues, or organs that are being cryopreserved must be treated with a cryoprotectant solution before cooling to prevent the formation of ice crystals, which can cause significant damage. Once cooled, the samples are stored in specialized containers or tanks until they are needed for use.
Cryopreservation is commonly used in assisted reproductive technologies, such as the preservation of sperm, eggs, and embryos for fertility treatments. It is also used in research, including the storage of cell lines and stem cells, and in clinical settings, such as the preservation of skin grafts and corneas for transplantation.
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI), also known as Premature Ovarian Failure, is a condition characterized by the cessation of ovarian function before the age of 40. This results in decreased estrogen production and loss of fertility. It is often associated with menstrual irregularities or amenorrhea (absence of menstruation). The exact cause can vary, including genetic factors, autoimmune diseases, toxins, and iatrogenic causes such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
Oocyte retrieval is a medical procedure that is performed to obtain mature eggs (oocytes) from the ovaries of a female patient, typically for the purpose of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
During the procedure, which is usually done under sedation or anesthesia, a thin needle is inserted through the vaginal wall and guided into the ovarian follicles using ultrasound imaging. The mature eggs are then gently aspirated from the follicles and collected in a test tube.
Oocyte retrieval is typically performed after several days of hormonal stimulation, which helps to promote the development and maturation of multiple eggs within the ovaries. After the procedure, the eggs are examined for maturity and quality before being fertilized with sperm in the laboratory. The resulting embryos are then transferred to the uterus or frozen for future use.
It's important to note that oocyte retrieval carries some risks, including bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding organs. However, these complications are generally rare and can be minimized with careful monitoring and skilled medical care.
Directed tissue donation is the process by which a person designates a specific individual as the recipient of their donated tissues, such as corneas, heart valves, or skin, after their death. This allows the donor to make a direct and meaningful impact on the life of someone they know or are related to who may be in need of a tissue transplant. It is important to note that the final determination of whether the tissues are suitable for transplantation will be made by medical professionals at the time of donation, taking into account various factors such as the donor's medical history and cause of death. Directed tissue donation can provide comfort and solace to both the donor and their loved ones, knowing that they have been able to help someone in need even after their passing.
Ovulation induction is a medical procedure that involves the stimulation of ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries) in women who have difficulties conceiving due to ovulatory disorders. This is typically achieved through the use of medications such as clomiphene citrate or gonadotropins, which promote the development and maturation of follicles in the ovaries containing eggs. The process is closely monitored through regular ultrasounds and hormone tests to ensure appropriate response and minimize the risk of complications like multiple pregnancies. Ovulation induction may be used as a standalone treatment or in conjunction with other assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF).
Adoption is a legal process in which the rights and responsibilities of being a parent are transferred from one person or couple to another. It permanently gives adoptive parents custody of the child and makes them legally responsible for the child's care and well-being. The birth parents' legal rights and responsibilities are typically terminated as part of the adoption process, although in some cases they may retain certain rights or have ongoing contact with the child. Adoption can involve infants, older children, or siblings, and can be arranged through private agencies, foster care systems, or international channels.
In medical terms, disclosure generally refers to the act of revealing or sharing confidential or sensitive information with another person or entity. This can include disclosing a patient's medical history, diagnosis, treatment plan, or other personal health information to the patient themselves, their family members, or other healthcare providers involved in their care.
Disclosure is an important aspect of informed consent, as patients have the right to know their medical condition and the risks and benefits of various treatment options. Healthcare providers are required to disclose relevant information to their patients in a clear and understandable manner, so that they can make informed decisions about their healthcare.
In some cases, disclosure may also be required by law or professional ethical standards, such as when there is a legal obligation to report certain types of injuries or illnesses, or when there is a concern for patient safety. It is important for healthcare providers to carefully consider the potential risks and benefits of disclosure in each individual case, and to ensure that they are acting in the best interests of their patients while also protecting their privacy and confidentiality.
Infertility is a reproductive health disorder defined as the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse or due to an impairment of a person's capacity to reproduce either as an individual or with their partner. It can be caused by various factors in both men and women, including hormonal imbalances, structural abnormalities, genetic issues, infections, age, lifestyle factors, and others. Infertility can have significant emotional and psychological impacts on individuals and couples experiencing it, and medical intervention may be necessary to help them conceive.
Cardiovascular complications in pregnancy refer to conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, which can arise during pregnancy, childbirth, or after delivery. These complications can be pre-existing or new-onset and can range from mild to severe, potentially threatening the life of both the mother and the fetus. Some examples of cardiovascular complications in pregnancy include:
1. Hypertension disorders: This includes chronic hypertension (high blood pressure before pregnancy), gestational hypertension (high blood pressure that develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy), and preeclampsia/eclampsia (a pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by high blood pressure, proteinuria, and potential organ damage).
2. Cardiomyopathy: A condition in which the heart muscle becomes weakened, leading to an enlarged heart and reduced pumping efficiency. Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a specific type that occurs during pregnancy or in the months following delivery.
3. Arrhythmias: Irregularities in the heart's rhythm, such as tachycardia (rapid heartbeat) or bradycardia (slow heartbeat), can occur during pregnancy and may require medical intervention.
4. Valvular heart disease: Pre-existing valve disorders, like mitral stenosis or aortic insufficiency, can worsen during pregnancy due to increased blood volume and cardiac output. Additionally, new valve issues might develop during pregnancy.
5. Venous thromboembolism (VTE): Pregnancy increases the risk of developing blood clots in the veins, particularly deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).
6. Ischemic heart disease: Although rare, coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndrome can occur during pregnancy, especially in women with risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, or smoking history.
7. Heart failure: Severe cardiac dysfunction leading to fluid accumulation, shortness of breath, and reduced exercise tolerance may develop due to any of the above conditions or other underlying heart diseases.
Early recognition, monitoring, and appropriate management of these cardiovascular complications in pregnancy are crucial for maternal and fetal well-being.
In the context of medical terminology, "attitude" generally refers to the position or posture of a patient's body or a part of it. It can also refer to the mental set or disposition that a person has towards their health, illness, or healthcare providers. However, it is not a term that has a specific medical definition like other medical terminologies do.
For example, in orthopedics, "attitude" may be used to describe the position of a limb or joint during an examination or surgical procedure. In psychology, "attitude" may refer to a person's feelings, beliefs, and behaviors towards a particular object, issue, or idea related to their health.
Therefore, the meaning of "attitude" in medical terminology can vary depending on the context in which it is used.
Multiple pregnancy is a type of gestation where more than one fetus is carried simultaneously in the uterus. The most common forms of multiple pregnancies are twins (two fetuses), triplets (three fetuses), and quadruplets (four fetuses). Multiple pregnancies can occur when a single fertilized egg splits into two or more embryos (monozygotic) or when more than one egg is released and gets fertilized during ovulation (dizygotic). The risk of multiple pregnancies increases with the use of assisted reproductive technologies, such as in vitro fertilization. Multiple pregnancies are associated with higher risks for both the mother and the fetuses, including preterm labor, low birth weight, and other complications.
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) is a specialized form of assisted reproductive technology (ART), specifically used in the context of in vitro fertilization (IVF). It involves the direct injection of a single sperm into the cytoplasm of a mature egg (oocyte) to facilitate fertilization. This technique is often used when there are issues with male infertility, such as low sperm count or poor sperm motility, to increase the chances of successful fertilization. The resulting embryos can then be transferred to the uterus in hopes of achieving a pregnancy.
Assisted reproductive techniques (ART) are medical procedures that involve the handling of human sperm and ova to establish a pregnancy. These techniques are used when other methods of achieving pregnancy have failed or are not available. Examples of ART include in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), and zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT). These procedures may be used to treat infertility, prevent genetic disorders, or to help same-sex couples or single people have children. It is important to note that the use of ART can involve significant physical, emotional, and financial costs, and it may not always result in a successful pregnancy.
Islam is not a medical term. It is a religious term that refers to the monotheistic Abrahamic religion practiced by Muslims, who follow the teachings and guidance of the prophet Muhammad as recorded in the Quran, their holy book. The word "Islam" itself means "submission" in Arabic, reflecting the central tenet of the faith, which is submission to the will of Allah (God).
The practices of Islam include the Five Pillars of Islam, which are: Shahada (faith), Salat (prayer), Zakat (charity), Sawm (fasting during Ramadan), and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in a lifetime for those who are able).
If you have any further questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, please don't hesitate to ask!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "public opinion" is not a term that has a medical definition. Public opinion refers to the collective views, attitudes, and beliefs held by a group or society about a particular issue or topic. It is typically formed through interaction, discussion, and various forms of communication within a community or population. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medicine, I'd be happy to help with those!
A blood donor is a person who voluntarily gives their own blood or blood components to be used for the benefit of another person in need. The blood donation process involves collecting the donor's blood, testing it for infectious diseases, and then storing it until it is needed by a patient. There are several types of blood donations, including:
1. Whole blood donation: This is the most common type of blood donation, where a donor gives one unit (about 450-500 milliliters) of whole blood. The blood is then separated into its components (red cells, plasma, and platelets) for transfusion to patients with different needs.
2. Double red cell donation: In this type of donation, the donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates two units of red cells from the whole blood. The remaining plasma and platelets are returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every 112 days.
3. Platelet donation: A donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates platelets from the whole blood. The red cells and plasma are then returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every seven days, up to 24 times a year.
4. Plasma donation: A donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates plasma from the whole blood. The red cells and platelets are then returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every 28 days, up to 13 times a year.
Blood donors must meet certain eligibility criteria, such as being in good health, aged between 18 and 65 (in some countries, the upper age limit may vary), and weighing over 50 kg (110 lbs). Donors are also required to answer medical questionnaires and undergo a mini-physical examination before each donation. The frequency of blood donations varies depending on the type of donation and the donor's health status.
Uterine hemorrhage, also known as uterine bleeding or gynecological bleeding, is an abnormal loss of blood from the uterus. It can occur in various clinical settings such as menstruation (known as menorrhagia), postpartum period (postpartum hemorrhage), or in non-pregnant women (dysfunctional uterine bleeding). The bleeding may be light to heavy, intermittent or continuous, and can be accompanied by symptoms such as pain, dizziness, or fainting. Uterine hemorrhage is a common gynecological problem that can have various underlying causes, including hormonal imbalances, structural abnormalities, coagulopathies, and malignancies. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing heavy or prolonged uterine bleeding to determine the cause and receive appropriate treatment.
The endometrium is the innermost layer of the uterus, which lines the uterine cavity and has a critical role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. It is composed of glands and blood vessels that undergo cyclic changes under the influence of hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone. During the menstrual cycle, the endometrium thickens in preparation for a potential pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, it will break down and be shed, resulting in menstruation. In contrast, if implantation takes place, the endometrium provides essential nutrients to support the developing embryo and placenta throughout pregnancy.
Brain death is a legal and medical determination that an individual has died because their brain has irreversibly lost all functions necessary for life. It is characterized by the absence of brainstem reflexes, unresponsiveness to stimuli, and the inability to breathe without mechanical support. Brain death is different from a vegetative state or coma, where there may still be some brain activity.
The determination of brain death involves a series of tests and examinations to confirm the absence of brain function. These tests are typically performed by trained medical professionals and may include clinical assessments, imaging studies, and electroencephalograms (EEGs) to confirm the absence of electrical activity in the brain.
Brain death is an important concept in medicine because it allows for the organ donation process to proceed, potentially saving the lives of others. In many jurisdictions, brain death is legally equivalent to cardiopulmonary death, which means that once a person has been declared brain dead, they are considered deceased and their organs can be removed for transplantation.
Altruism is a term used in the medical and psychological fields to describe selfless behavior that is done with the intention of benefiting another person, often at the expense or risk of the person performing the act. Altruistic behaviors can include a wide range of actions, from small acts of kindness to more significant sacrifices, such as donating an organ to save the life of someone else.
Altruism is often motivated by feelings of empathy and compassion for others, and it can have positive effects on both the giver and the recipient. Research has shown that engaging in altruistic behaviors can improve mental health and well-being, reduce stress, and even increase lifespan.
While altruism is often viewed as a positive trait, there is some debate among psychologists and philosophers about whether true altruism exists, or if all acts of kindness are ultimately motivated by self-interest. Nonetheless, the concept of altruism remains an important one in medicine and psychology, as it helps to explain why people sometimes act in ways that put others' needs before their own.
Triptorelin pamoate is a synthetic analogue of the natural hormone gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). It is used in the treatment of various conditions such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, precocious puberty, and prostate cancer.
Triptorelin pamoate works by stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland, which in turn stimulate the production of sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. However, with continued use, it causes downregulation of the pituitary gland, leading to a decrease in the production of FSH and LH, and therefore a reduction in the levels of sex hormones.
The pamoate salt is used to slow down the release of triptorelin, allowing for longer-acting formulations that can be administered monthly or quarterly. The medication is usually given as an injection into a muscle (intramuscularly).
In the field of medicine, twins are defined as two offspring produced by the same pregnancy. They can be either monozygotic (identical) or dizygotic (fraternal). Monozygotic twins develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two separate embryos, resulting in individuals who share identical genetic material. Dizygotic twins, on the other hand, result from the fertilization of two separate eggs by two different sperm cells, leading to siblings who share about 50% of their genetic material, similar to non-twin siblings.
Oogenesis is the biological process of formation and maturation of female gametes, or ova or egg cells, in the ovary. It begins during fetal development and continues throughout a woman's reproductive years. The process involves the division and differentiation of a germ cell (oogonium) into an immature ovum (oocyte), which then undergoes meiotic division to form a mature ovum capable of being fertilized by sperm.
The main steps in oogenesis include:
1. Multiplication phase: The oogonia divide mitotically to increase their number.
2. Growth phase: One of the oogonia becomes primary oocyte and starts to grow, accumulating nutrients and organelles required for future development.
3. First meiotic division: The primary oocyte undergoes an incomplete first meiotic division, resulting in two haploid cells - a secondary oocyte and a smaller cell called the first polar body. This division is arrested in prophase I until puberty.
4. Second meiotic division: At ovulation or just before fertilization, the secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division, producing another small cell, the second polar body, and a mature ovum (egg) with 23 chromosomes.
5. Fertilization: The mature ovum can be fertilized by a sperm, restoring the normal diploid number of chromosomes in the resulting zygote.
Oogenesis is a complex and highly regulated process that involves various hormonal signals and cellular interactions to ensure proper development and maturation of female gametes for successful reproduction.
Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:
1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.
It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) is a medical condition characterized by the enlargement of the ovaries and the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity, which can occur as a complication of fertility treatments that involve the use of medications to stimulate ovulation.
In OHSS, the ovaries become swollen and may contain multiple follicles (small sacs containing eggs) that have developed in response to the hormonal stimulation. This can lead to the release of large amounts of vasoactive substances, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which can cause increased blood flow to the ovaries and fluid leakage from the blood vessels into the abdominal cavity.
Mild cases of OHSS may cause symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea, and diarrhea. More severe cases can lead to more serious complications, including blood clots, kidney failure, and respiratory distress. In extreme cases, hospitalization may be necessary to manage the symptoms of OHSS and prevent further complications.
OHSS is typically managed by monitoring the patient's symptoms and providing supportive care, such as fluid replacement and pain management. In severe cases, medication or surgery may be necessary to drain excess fluid from the abdominal cavity. Preventive measures, such as adjusting the dosage of fertility medications or canceling treatment cycles, may also be taken to reduce the risk of OHSS in high-risk patients.
The birth rate is the number of live births that occur in a population during a specific period, usually calculated as the number of live births per 1,000 people per year. It is an important demographic indicator used to measure the growth or decline of a population over time. A higher birth rate indicates a younger population and faster population growth, while a lower birth rate suggests an older population and slower growth.
The birth rate can be affected by various factors, including socioeconomic conditions, cultural attitudes towards childbearing, access to healthcare services, and government policies related to family planning and reproductive health. It is also influenced by the age structure of the population, as women in their reproductive years (typically ages 15-49) are more likely to give birth.
It's worth noting that while the birth rate is an important indicator of population growth, it does not provide a complete picture of fertility rates or demographic trends. Other measures, such as the total fertility rate (TFR), which estimates the average number of children a woman would have during her reproductive years, are also used to analyze fertility patterns and population dynamics.
Maternal age is a term used to describe the age of a woman at the time she becomes pregnant or gives birth. It is often used in medical and epidemiological contexts to discuss the potential risks, complications, and outcomes associated with pregnancy and childbirth at different stages of a woman's reproductive years.
Advanced maternal age typically refers to women who become pregnant or give birth at 35 years of age or older. This group faces an increased risk for certain chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, and other pregnancy-related complications, including gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and cesarean delivery.
On the other end of the spectrum, adolescent pregnancies (those that occur in women under 20 years old) also come with their own set of potential risks and complications, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and anemia.
It's important to note that while maternal age can influence pregnancy outcomes, many other factors – including genetics, lifestyle choices, and access to quality healthcare – can also play a significant role in determining the health of both mother and baby during pregnancy and childbirth.
A living donor is a person who voluntarily donates an organ or part of an organ to another person while they are still alive. This can include donations such as a kidney, liver lobe, lung, or portion of the pancreas or intestines. The donor and recipient typically undergo medical evaluation and compatibility testing to ensure the best possible outcome for the transplantation procedure. Living donation is regulated by laws and ethical guidelines to ensure that donors are fully informed and making a voluntary decision.
The luteal phase is the second half of the menstrual cycle, starting from ovulation (release of an egg from the ovaries) and lasting until the start of the next menstruation. This phase typically lasts around 12-14 days in a regular 28-day menstrual cycle. During this phase, the remains of the dominant follicle that released the egg transform into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and some estrogen to support the implantation of a fertilized egg and maintain the early stages of pregnancy. If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a drop in hormone levels and the start of a new menstrual cycle.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH), also known as Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH), is a hormonal peptide consisting of 10 amino acids. It is produced and released by the hypothalamus, an area in the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.
GnRH plays a crucial role in regulating reproduction and sexual development through its control of two gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). These gonadotropins, in turn, stimulate the gonads (ovaries or testes) to produce sex steroids and eggs or sperm.
GnRH acts on the anterior pituitary gland by binding to its specific receptors, leading to the release of FSH and LH. The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is under negative feedback control, meaning that when sex steroid levels are high, they inhibit the release of GnRH, which subsequently decreases FSH and LH secretion.
GnRH agonists and antagonists have clinical applications in various medical conditions, such as infertility treatments, precocious puberty, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, prostate cancer, and hormone-responsive breast cancer.
Spontaneous abortion, also known as miscarriage, is the unintentional expulsion of a nonviable fetus from the uterus before the 20th week of gestation. It is a common complication of early pregnancy, with most miscarriages occurring during the first trimester. Spontaneous abortion can have various causes, including chromosomal abnormalities, maternal health conditions, infections, hormonal imbalances, and structural issues of the uterus or cervix. In many cases, the exact cause may remain unknown.
The symptoms of spontaneous abortion can vary but often include vaginal bleeding, which may range from light spotting to heavy bleeding; abdominal pain or cramping; and the passing of tissue or clots from the vagina. While some miscarriages occur suddenly and are immediately noticeable, others may progress slowly over several days or even weeks.
In medical practice, healthcare providers often use specific terminology to describe different stages and types of spontaneous abortion. For example:
* Threatened abortion: Vaginal bleeding during early pregnancy, but the cervix remains closed, and there is no evidence of fetal demise or passing of tissue.
* Inevitable abortion: Vaginal bleeding with an open cervix, indicating that a miscarriage is imminent or already in progress.
* Incomplete abortion: The expulsion of some but not all products of conception from the uterus, requiring medical intervention to remove any remaining tissue.
* Complete abortion: The successful passage of all products of conception from the uterus, often confirmed through an ultrasound or pelvic examination.
* Missed abortion: The death of a fetus in the uterus without any expulsion of the products of conception, which may be discovered during routine prenatal care.
* Septic abortion: A rare and life-threatening complication of spontaneous abortion characterized by infection of the products of conception and the surrounding tissues, requiring prompt medical attention and antibiotic treatment.
Healthcare providers typically monitor patients who experience a spontaneous abortion to ensure that all products of conception have been expelled and that there are no complications, such as infection or excessive bleeding. In some cases, medication or surgical intervention may be necessary to remove any remaining tissue or address other issues related to the miscarriage. Counseling and support services are often available for individuals and couples who experience a spontaneous abortion, as they may face emotional challenges and concerns about future pregnancies.
Death is the cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. It is characterized by the loss of brainstem reflexes, unresponsiveness, and apnea (no breathing). In medical terms, death can be defined as:
1. Cardiopulmonary Death: The irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions.
2. Brain Death: The irreversible loss of all brain function, including the brainstem. This is often used as a definition of death when performing organ donation.
It's important to note that the exact definition of death can vary somewhat based on cultural, religious, and legal perspectives.
Donor selection is the process of evaluating and choosing potential organ, tissue, or stem cell donors based on various medical and non-medical criteria to ensure the safety and efficacy of the transplantation. The goal of donor selection is to identify a compatible donor with minimal risk of rejection and transmission of infectious diseases while also considering ethical and legal considerations.
Medical criteria for donor selection may include:
1. Age: Donors are typically required to be within a certain age range, depending on the type of organ or tissue being donated.
2. Blood type and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing: Compatibility between the donor's and recipient's blood types and HLA markers is crucial to reduce the risk of rejection.
3. Medical history: Donors must undergo a thorough medical evaluation, including a review of their medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests to assess their overall health and identify any potential risks or contraindications for donation.
4. Infectious disease screening: Donors are tested for various infectious diseases, such as HIV, hepatitis B and C, syphilis, and cytomegalovirus (CMV), among others, to ensure they do not transmit infections to the recipient.
5. Tissue typing: For organ transplants, tissue typing is performed to assess the compatibility of the donor's and recipient's major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, which play a significant role in the immune response and rejection risk.
Non-medical criteria for donor selection may include:
1. Consent: Donors must provide informed consent for organ or tissue donation, and their next of kin or legal representative may be involved in the decision-making process for deceased donors.
2. Legal considerations: There are specific laws and regulations governing organ and tissue donation that must be followed, such as age restrictions, geographical proximity between the donor and recipient, and cultural or religious beliefs.
3. Ethical considerations: Donor selection should adhere to ethical principles, such as fairness, respect for autonomy, and non-maleficence, to ensure that the process is transparent, equitable, and free from coercion or exploitation.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Gift Giving" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to the social practice of giving gifts to others, often as a sign of affection, celebration, or appreciation. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!
"Xenopus laevis" is not a medical term itself, but it refers to a specific species of African clawed frog that is often used in scientific research, including biomedical and developmental studies. Therefore, its relevance to medicine comes from its role as a model organism in laboratories.
In a broader sense, Xenopus laevis has contributed significantly to various medical discoveries, such as the understanding of embryonic development, cell cycle regulation, and genetic research. For instance, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1963 to John R. B. Gurdon and Sir Michael J. Bishop for their discoveries concerning the genetic mechanisms of organism development using Xenopus laevis as a model system.
Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is primarily produced in the ovaries during the menstrual cycle and in pregnancy. It plays an essential role in preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. Progesterone works to thicken the lining of the uterus, creating a nurturing environment for the developing embryo.
During the menstrual cycle, progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum, a temporary structure formed in the ovary after an egg has been released from a follicle during ovulation. If pregnancy does not occur, the levels of progesterone will decrease, leading to the shedding of the uterine lining and menstruation.
In addition to its reproductive functions, progesterone also has various other effects on the body, such as helping to regulate the immune system, supporting bone health, and potentially influencing mood and cognition. Progesterone can be administered medically in the form of oral pills, intramuscular injections, or vaginal suppositories for various purposes, including hormone replacement therapy, contraception, and managing certain gynecological conditions.
A Cesarean section, often referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. It involves making an incision through the mother's abdomen and uterus to remove the baby. This procedure may be necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the mother or the baby at risk.
There are several reasons why a C-section might be recommended, including:
* The baby is in a breech position (feet first) or a transverse position (sideways) and cannot be turned to a normal head-down position.
* The baby is too large to safely pass through the mother's birth canal.
* The mother has a medical condition, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, that could make vaginal delivery risky.
* The mother has an infection, such as HIV or herpes, that could be passed to the baby during a vaginal delivery.
* The labor is not progressing and there are concerns about the health of the mother or the baby.
C-sections are generally safe for both the mother and the baby, but like any surgery, they do carry some risks. These can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and injury to nearby organs. In addition, women who have a C-section are more likely to experience complications in future pregnancies, such as placenta previa or uterine rupture.
If you have questions about whether a C-section is necessary for your delivery, it's important to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the formation of four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It is a key process in sexual reproduction, where it generates gametes or sex cells (sperm and eggs).
The process of meiosis involves one round of DNA replication followed by two successive nuclear divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair, form chiasma and exchange genetic material through crossing over, then separate from each other. In meiosis II, sister chromatids separate, leading to the formation of four haploid cells. This process ensures genetic diversity in offspring by shuffling and recombining genetic information during the formation of gametes.
Presumed consent, in the context of medical and transplantation law, refers to a policy or practice where it is assumed that an individual gives consent for organ donation after death, unless they have explicitly opted out or expressed their objection prior to their death. This means that if there is no clear evidence of the deceased person's wishes regarding organ donation, it is presumed that they would have wanted to donate their organs to help save lives. Presumed consent systems aim to increase the number of available organs for transplantation and reduce the need for potential recipients to wait on transplant lists. However, such policies can be controversial, as they rely on assumptions about a deceased person's wishes, which may not always align with their true intentions or beliefs.
Estradiol valerate
Pharmacokinetics of progesterone
Pharmacodynamics of progesterone
Mark Sauer
John Buster
Embryo donation
Female infertility
Egg donation
Oocyte cryopreservation
Poor ovarian reserve
Ricardo Asch
Transvaginal oocyte retrieval
Surrogacy
Assisted reproductive technology
Hwang Woo-suk
Surrogacy laws by country
Fertility tourism
Embryo cryopreservation
Cryopreservation
Final maturation induction
Turner syndrome
Indira Hinduja
Naihua Duan
List of MeSH codes (E02)
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center
Glenn McGee
List of MeSH codes (E05)
Carlos Sueldo
Embryo transfer
In vitro fertilisation
Oocyte Donation | Baylor Medicine
Appendix B Public Workshop on Assessing the Medical Risks of Human Oocyte Donation for Stem Cell Research | Assessing the...
Oocyte Donation: An Overview - European Medical Journal
Preparing for oocyte donation - my.fertility-blog.com
Oocyte Donation
Results of search for 'su:{Oocyte Donation}' › WHO HQ Library catalog
Patient brochures
Estradiol valerate - Wikipedia
PDF) National self-sufficiency in reproductive resources: An innovative response to transnational reproductive travel
Implementation of a New Genetic Screening Test for of Genetic Recessive Diseases in a Program of Oocyte Donation | QScience.com
Closed vs. Open Oocyte Vitrification Methods Are Equally Effective for Blastocyst Embryo Transfers: Prospective Study from a...
Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase Deficiency (Galactosemia): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Academic Unit: Obstetrics and Gynecology / Type: Articles / Language: English | Search Results | Academic Commons
Journal | Ixa taldea
Assisted reproductive technology - Wikipedia
Eggs for Sale - The New Atlantis
'Egg-sharing' for research given go ahead in UK •...
Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase Deficiency (Galactosemia): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
Pain Management Resume
Future of Reproductive Treatment - The Infertility Center of St. Louis
The Faculty Lounge: Taxing Eggs: An Introduction to Perez v. Commissioner
Learn about IVF related complications
Same-Sex Marriage and the Baby Business - The American Interest
Scientists generate patient-specific stem cells - ScienceBlog.com
Huddersfield Repository - University of Huddersfield
Europe leads the world in assisted-reproduction technology - ScienceBlog.com
Egg donation: Procedure, donor criteria, and legal implications
Hormones.gr
Pregnancy With Donor Eggs: IVF Method Sees Rise In Popularity, Healthier Births
Embryos | IVF Fertility Mexico
Donors17
- The procedure is so popular that oocyte banks 8 have been established to allow for sharing of oocytes from a donor, reduced waiting times involved in sourcing and screening donors, and circumventing donor-recipient synchronisation. (emjreviews.com)
- Current screening for carriers of genetic diseases in oocyte donors includes the assessment of risk of transmission of inherited diseases based on personal and family history of genetic disorders. (qscience.com)
- The expanded carrier screening is performed on all candidate of oocyte donors and on the male partner of the recipient of oocytes. (qscience.com)
- The implementation of the test in oocyte donors program has identified a 3% allocation at high risk of disease autosomal recessive. (qscience.com)
- Two percent of donor candidates to enter the oocyte donors program are carriers of pathogenic mutations linked to the X chromosome. (qscience.com)
- The expanded carrier screening is a useful tool to reduce the rate of newborns affected of genetic diseases in children born through oocyte donors program. (qscience.com)
- The implementation of the test in clinical settings requires pre and post-test genetic counseling to ensure adequate information, consent of patients and safeguard the fundamental ethical issues facing patients and oocyte donors. (qscience.com)
- Is it true that egg donors were not, as a matter of practice, being taxed on egg donation proceeds before that time if they contested the inclusion in taxable income? (thefacultylounge.org)
- Those guidelines specify that "payments to women providing oocytes should be fair and not so substantial that they become undue inducements that will lead donors to discount risks. (thefacultylounge.org)
- Oocyte donors and patients who donated non-reproductive cells were all unpaid volunteers. (scienceblog.com)
- In this article, we look at the criteria for selecting donors, the procedure itself, and legal ramifications following an egg donation. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Oocyte donors and mRNA Covid-19 vaccination: Is there any impact on ovarian stimulation parameters or in IVF outcomes for recipients? (institutobernabeu.com)
- Women's Health notes that, with many women offering multiple donations , it's easy to find experienced egg donors. (dunyaivf.com)
- Recipients can be counseled that live birth rates may be greater from vitrified oocytes that derive from donors who had prior successful outcome after a fresh cycle of oocyte donation. (guidelinecentral.com)
- There is insufficient evidence to recommend a particular stimulation protocol for oocyte donors or certain donor characteristics in terms of embryo quality or success rates. (guidelinecentral.com)
- Most clinical IVF programs offer in parallel autologous programs, which utilize the patients' own oocytes, and programs, which utilize oocytes from mostly young oocyte donors, usually under age 30 years, and with normal ovarian reserve. (biomedcentral.com)
- In contrast to autologous IVF cycles, donor oocyte cycles, therefore, reflect fewer covariates, as age and ovarian reserve of oocyte donors can be assumed to be quite uniform between centers, while still maintaining the important variability of clinical cycle management and IVF laboratory performance, both very basic quality parameters for IVF centers. (biomedcentral.com)
Poor oocyte quality1
- The procedure is used to achieve pregnancy in women with premature and age-related ovarian failure, poor ovarian reserve (due to disease or advanced age), Turner's syndrome, recurrent implantation failure due to poor oocyte quality, and recurrent abortions. (emjreviews.com)
Receiving donated oocytes2
- A retrospective study 15 divided 712 women who became pregnant after receiving donated oocytes into four groups based on body mass index (BMI). (hormones.gr)
- Women receiving donated oocytes were treated with progressively increasing doses of oral estradiol, followed by intravaginal progesterone after previous pituitary desensitization with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. (medscape.com)
Embryos3
- In the last 11 years since the beginnings of the EIM we have seen a gradual increase of 26% to 33% of pregnancies per transfer for IVF and ICSI, from 15% to 22% for FER and from 27% to 46% for oocyte donation, and all this despite the transfer of fewer and fewer embryos," said Dr. de Mouzon. (scienceblog.com)
- [ 3-6 ] It is widely assumed that this improvement is related to the beneficial effects of GH on oocyte quality, as suggested by the observations of a higher number of oocytes collected, higher fertilization rate, and a higher number of embryos reaching the transfer stage in GH-treated patients. (medscape.com)
- Mice were stimulated, mated, and sacrificed to recover oocytes and embryos. (bvsalud.org)
Donor oocyte cycles3
- In the USA, the annual number of donor oocyte cycles increased from 10,801 to 18,306 between 2000 and 2010, 7 whilst the European IVF Monitoring (EIM) consortium for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) 4 reported 7,171 IVF-OD cycles in 2006 and 33,605 cycles in 2012. (emjreviews.com)
- The main outcome measure was correlation between center-specific live birth rates (LBR) in autologous and donor oocyte cycles. (biomedcentral.com)
- In a first step, attempting to establish a model to compare performance criteria between IVF centers we assessed whether in individual programs center-specific live birth rates (LBR) in donor oocyte cycles, in principle, correlate with center-specific LBR in autologous IVF cycles. (biomedcentral.com)
Vitro7
- In vitro fertilisation with oocyte donation (IVF-OD) is considered to give better implantation, pregnancy, and livebirth rates compared to IVF with autologous oocytes. (emjreviews.com)
- In vitro fertilisation with the use of donor oocytes (IVF-OD) has become an integral part of infertility treatment today. (emjreviews.com)
- With ART, the process of sexual intercourse is bypassed and fertilization of the oocytes occurs in the laboratory environment (i.e., in vitro fertilization ). (wikipedia.org)
- In vitro fertilization often follows intense rounds of ovarian hyperstimulation, oocyte retrieval and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. (berkleycenter.com)
- Evidence-based outcomes after oocyte cryopreservation for donor oocyte in vitro fertilization and planned oocyte cryopreservation: a guideline. (guidelinecentral.com)
- 11 Among women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer in the United States, deliveries per oocyte retrieved decreased from 36.9 percent among women under the age of 35 years to 20.5 percent among women between the ages of 38 and 40 years and to 10.7 percent among women between the ages of 41 and 42 years. (ldysinger.com)
- GH receptor is expressed in human oocytes and cumulus cells, [ 12 , 13 ] and GH has been shown to promote in vitro nuclear maturation of denuded human oocytes. (medscape.com)
Retrieval3
- They also state that "compensation based on a reasonable assessment of the time, inconvenience, and discomfort associated with oocyte retrieval can and should be distinguished from payment for the oocytes themselves. (thefacultylounge.org)
- Experience in management of the infertility couple, oocytes retrieval and Embryo Transfer. (generapma.it)
- Oocyte retrieval - a surgical procedure to remove oocytes (eggs) from the ovaries. (coloradoinfertilitydoctors.com)
Frozen oocytes3
- The EIM consortium report of 2012 4 on reproductive outcome with use of donor oocytes, reported a PR of 48.4% per fresh embryo transfer, 35.9% per frozen embryo transfer (FET), and 45.1% using frozen oocytes. (emjreviews.com)
- 2 - In case of frozen oocytes, selection of oocytes, which are fulfilling the matching characteristics of recipient. (akruti-ivf.com)
- 6 - Invitro fertilization & embryo formation or oocyte thawing and Embryo formation in case of frozen oocytes. (akruti-ivf.com)
Infertile women3
- Infertile women should be counseled that, based on a small number of births, neonatal outcomes appear similar after using their own previously cryopreserved oocytes compared with outcomes after the use of fresh oocytes. (guidelinecentral.com)
- What do infertile women think about oocyte reception, oocyte donation, and child adoption? (bvsalud.org)
- Design and Study Population A total of 105 infertile women were enrolled in the randomized controlled trial: 70 women were with a history of RIF with donated oocytes, and 35 infertile women underwent the first oocyte donation attempt. (medscape.com)
Cycles6
- There should not be too many or too frequent egg donation cycles. (akruti-ivf.com)
- Purpose: To assess whether open and closed vitrification protocols are equally effective for sibling-oocyte cycles when performing blastocyst embryo transfers. (unime.it)
- Conclusion: Οpen and closed vitrification protocols are equally effective for sibling-oocyte cycles. (unime.it)
- We reviewed center-specific outcome data from U.S. National Assisted Reproductive Technology Surveillance System (NASS) reported by 451 centers for IVF cycles initiated in 2011 (non-donor and donor oocytes), which progressed to fresh embryo transfers [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Only clinics performing more than 20 fresh transfers from autologous oocytes per age group in women up to age 40 and more than 20 fresh oocyte donation cycles were included in order to focus on statistically meaningful LBR data. (biomedcentral.com)
- We offer the highest success rates: 86% CPR in egg donation cycles, 66% in IVF, Guaranteed pregnancy in 1.5 attempts, and individualized treatment plan. (whatclinic.com)
Recipients7
- Results achieved in recipients surpass those attained with use of autologous oocyte IVF 4-6 in good prognosis patients, resulting in an exponential rise in the procedure. (emjreviews.com)
- It has made the extended carrier screening a total of 445 oocyte donor candidates and a total of 587 male partners of oocyte recipients. (qscience.com)
- Materials and Methods: A prospective study was set up comparing the open and the closed vitrification techniques in oocyte recipients sharing sibling oocytes between 2014 and 2016. (unime.it)
- It is recommended to tell recipients that previously cryopreserved donor oocytes are a reasonable option compared with fresh donor oocytes, given that there is good evidence that there are no significant differences in per transfer pregnancy rates compared with those with fresh donor oocytes. (guidelinecentral.com)
- Recipients can be counseled that as the number of donor oocytes warmed increases, there is an associated increase in cumulative live birth rate. (guidelinecentral.com)
- Recipients can be counseled that the length of time that oocytes have been stored is not associated with differences in oocyte survival or pregnancy rates. (guidelinecentral.com)
- Recipients can be counseled that, based on limited evidence, neonatal outcomes appear similar between vitrified and fresh donor oocytes. (guidelinecentral.com)
Vitrification2
- An increasing demand and a good success rate with oocyte vitrification programmes have led to the formation of oocyte banks, reducing the need for donor-recipient cycle synchronisation and allowing egg sharing. (emjreviews.com)
- Clinical fellow at G.EN.E.R.A. Centre for Reproductive Medicine and IVF, Valle Giulia Clinic, Rome headed by Dr. Filippo Ubaldi, Experience in the problems related to Reproductive Medicine and Vitrification programs. (generapma.it)
Eggs10
- With oocyte donation, any woman with a healthy uterus, regardless of the condition of her own eggs, can potentially bear a child with her partner. (bcm.edu)
- The oocytes (eggs) are removed from the donor and fertilized with sperm in the laboratory, then transferred to the recipient. (bcm.edu)
- Oocyte donation is the procedure in which a doner woman donates eggs. (akruti-ivf.com)
- As I mentioned in my first post , we'll be joined by tax experts during this online symposium in order to discuss Perez v. Commissioner , No. 9103-12 (Feb. 14, 2014) (Holmes, J.) the first case addressing the inclusion in taxable income (and perhaps the proper characterization) of compensation received for the sale or donation of human eggs and related services. (thefacultylounge.org)
- Egg donation frequently benefits women who cannot use their own eggs for various reasons, including ovarian failure, avoiding congenital anomalies in the fetus, or advanced age. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Before we go into the 'nitty gritty' of what eggs donation process involves, it's important to look at the reasons you'll take into consideration as much as anything. (dunyaivf.com)
- Egg donation is often a suggested form of fertility treatment when a female is unable to create and conceive her own eggs naturally. (dunyaivf.com)
- Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation - the use of fertility drugs to create multiple oocytes (eggs). (coloradoinfertilitydoctors.com)
- Donor Oocyte - Some women for a variety of reasons may not be able to use their own oocytes (eggs) for the IVF process. (coloradoinfertilitydoctors.com)
- Ovulation Induction - The use of fertility drugs to produce oocytes (eggs) and induce ovulation. (coloradoinfertilitydoctors.com)
Intracytoplasmic1
- Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) - a procedure in which a single sperm is injected directly into the oocyte (egg). (coloradoinfertilitydoctors.com)
Procedure4
- The procedure can be undertaken at virtually any time because the rate limiting issue is the age of the oocyte donor. (bcm.edu)
- The procedure of oocyte donation is also known as third party reproduction. (akruti-ivf.com)
- As the egg donation process can have a psychological impact, some women may find it useful to work with a counselor or psychotherapist after the procedure. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- This improves the chances of the egg donation procedure being a success. (dunyaivf.com)
Ovarian reserve2
- Ovarian reserve assessment by ultrasonography & blood investigations shows healthy oocytes in good quantity. (akruti-ivf.com)
- Ovarian reserve tests can be used to estimate the anticipated oocyte yield. (guidelinecentral.com)
Ovaries2
- Guaranteed pregnancy Assisted Reproduction Treatments we offer: IVF IVF+NGS Egg donation Egg donation+NGS ICSI IUI Ovaries, endometrium rejuvenation procedures Surrogacy Egg donation For many families who have been struggling with infertility over the years for different reasons, egg donation can be the one and only chance to give birth to their own baby. (whatclinic.com)
- It has been hypothesized that in gonadal dysgenesis various deletions on the X chromosome cause such rapid atresia of oocytes 5 that few girls with this condition reach puberty with functioning ovaries. (ldysinger.com)
Puncture4
- For oocyte donation, oocytes from a donor (retrieved by oocyte puncture) are fertilized in the lab with semen of the father-to-be the (IVF / ICSI). (my-fertility-blog.com)
- The practical implication is that the future father's presence at the fertility clinic is required on the date of oocyte puncture. (my-fertility-blog.com)
- Usually you can expect first information on the number of oocytes retrieved and fertilized on the day after puncture. (my-fertility-blog.com)
- 4 - Follicular puncture & oocyte pick up of donor. (akruti-ivf.com)
Maturation1
- TUBB8 mutations as a cause of oocyte maturation abnormalities: presentation of oocyte and embryo profiles and novel mutations. (cdc.gov)
Semen1
- 6-Repeated implantation failures due to bad quality oocytes with normal semen parameters. (akruti-ivf.com)
Infertility1
- ICSI may be used for male factor infertility, poor quality oocytes, or unexplained infertility. (coloradoinfertilitydoctors.com)
Neonatal2
- Obstetric and neonatal complications with donor oocytes are significantly increased in comparison to autologous IVF and spontaneous pregnancies. (emjreviews.com)
- Neonatal outcomes appear similar with cryopreserved oocytes. (guidelinecentral.com)
Outcomes1
- In a Science "Policy Forum" related to the team's latest findings, David Magnus and Mildred Cho from Stanford University in Palo Alto, CA discuss international oversight and ethical issues in oocyte donation, including the need to promote realistic expectations of the outcomes of stem cell research. (scienceblog.com)
Implantation failure1
- To assess it, we studied whether GH administration can improve the chance of pregnancy and birth in women who experienced repeated implantation failure (RIF) using donated oocyte programs. (medscape.com)
Pregnancy2
- There are no significant differences in per transfer pregnancy rates with cryopreserved vs. fresh donor oocytes. (guidelinecentral.com)
- Kim Krawiec (Duke) has a new paper on SSRN, "A Woman's Worth", in which she disputes some of the traditional arguments for legal regulation of prostitution, oocyte donation, and surrogate pregnancy. (justia.com)
Reproductive4
- The use of donor oocytes has expanded the scope of assisted reproductive technology (ART) for women with poor oocyte quantity and quality. (emjreviews.com)
- Each of the 11 new human embryonic stem cell lines was created by transferring the nuclear genetic material from a non-reproductive cell of a patient into a donated egg, or "oocyte," whose nucleus had been removed. (scienceblog.com)
- The single cell line generated in the 2004 Science paper resulted from nuclear transfer in which the oocyte and non-reproductive ("somatic") cell came from the same healthy female. (scienceblog.com)
- Wide range of IVF treatment Procedures NOT Allowed in your country (egg donation, surrogacy, pgs testing) 3 innovative reproductive partner clinics in Ukraine Own genetics laboratory Now waiting list Surrogacy. (whatclinic.com)
Menopause4
- The progressive loss of oocytes from fetal life through menopause is a normal process. (ldysinger.com)
- Female infants have 6 to 7 million oocytes at 20 weeks of gestation, when progressive atresia occurs, resulting in 1 to 2 million oocytes at birth, approximately 25,000 at the age of 37 years, and 1000 at the age of 51 years, the average age of natural menopause in the United States. (ldysinger.com)
- Decline in the Number of Oocytes from Birth to Menopause. (ldysinger.com)
- Female fertility is negatively correlated with age, with noticeable declines in oocyte quantity and quality until menopause. (bvsalud.org)
Gamete donation3
- The text foresees the removal of anonymity for gamete donation when the child comes of age subject to the consent of the donor. (genethique.org)
- Many women take part in Gamete donation, as they feel it's helping others and it can make a big difference. (dunyaivf.com)
- However, within the gamete donation families, egg donation mothers reported less positive family relationships than sperm donation mothers, and young adults conceived by sperm donation reported poorer family communication than those conceived by egg donation. (cam.ac.uk)
Women4
- For many women and couples, oocyte donation presents as an important option on their fertility journeys. (my-fertility-blog.com)
- There is insufficient evidence to counsel women of various ages on the absolute number of oocytes necessary to achieve live birth after planned OC. (guidelinecentral.com)
- In normal women, at approximately 37.5 years of age, an accelerated atresia of the oocytes begins 1 , 2 ( Figure 1 ). (ldysinger.com)
- Donor oocytes can be used for women age 50 or less. (coloradoinfertilitydoctors.com)
Endometrial1
- The donor-recipient model has provided an insight into various aspects of ART, such as the importance of oocyte age in implantation, 10 endometrial receptivity, 11 and the contribution of male factors to IVF failure. (emjreviews.com)
Receptivity1
- GH beneficial effect on oocyte quality is shown in several studies, but GH effect on uterine receptivity is not clear. (medscape.com)
Patients3
- In their new paper, Science author Woo Suk Hwang from Seoul National University in Seoul, Korea and colleagues replaced the nuclei from donated oocytes with nuclei from skin cells from male and female patients, ranging in age from 2 to 56, who had spinal cord injuries, juvenile diabetes and the genetic disease "congenital hypogamma-globulinemia. (scienceblog.com)
- There is insufficient evidence to counsel patients regarding the likelihood of the long-term use of oocytes cryopreserved for planned OC. (guidelinecentral.com)
- 1 The images in Panel B - which shows histologic specimens of oocytes (arrows) taken from patients at birth, at the age of 25 years, and at the age of 50 years - are adapted from Erickson 8 and are reprinted with the permission of the publisher. (ldysinger.com)
Genetic disease1
- Oocyte donation is also an option for those who are carriers of genetic diseases and wish to prevent the risk of either conceiving a child affected with the disease or who might be a carrier of a genetic disease. (bcm.edu)
Quality4
- While selecting a doner, thorough checks are done to ensure that doner and her oocytes are of best quality. (akruti-ivf.com)
- As atresia continues, both the number and quality of oocytes fall below a critical level, and the rate of aneuploidy increases - a finding that is related at least in part to problems of the meiotic spindle 15 , 16 resulting in nondisjunction. (ldysinger.com)
- [ 14 ] In addition to its direct effect on the oocytes and/or cumulus cells, GH may also influence oocyte quality indirectly, through activation of insulin-like growth factor-I synthesis or promotion of follicle-stimulating hormone-induced ovarian steroidogenesis (reviewed in [ 15 ] ). (medscape.com)
- The quantity and quality of oocytes were decreased in AMA and Old mice. (bvsalud.org)
Sperm Donation2
- Unregulated, the business of egg and sperm "donation" run the risk of eugenic commodification. (the-american-interest.com)
- Sixty-five assisted reproduction families, including 22 surrogacy families, 17 egg donation families, and 26 sperm donation families, were compared with 52 unassisted conception families when the children were aged 20. (cam.ac.uk)
Risks1
- The risks of egg donation are relatively low. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Couples2
- 1,2 Couples also opt to use donated oocytes to avoid transmission of severe genetic diseases. (emjreviews.com)
- Indeed, couples will travel outside their country if local laws forbid oocyte donation. (emjreviews.com)
Assisted Reproduction1
- Yes, in this particular case, the assisted reproduction treatment that would help her to become a mother would be oocyte donation . (ovoclinic.net)
Females1
- The ten additional new lines resulted from nuclear transfer with skin cells of males or females and oocytes from biologically-unrelated females. (scienceblog.com)
Candidates1
- We discard from the oocyte donor program all candidates that are carriers of X-linked disease. (qscience.com)
Process4
- Monetary compensation should reflect the time, inconvenience, and physical and emotional demands associated with the oocyte donation process. (thefacultylounge.org)
- How does the egg donation process work? (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Egg donation is a process in which a fertile woman donates an egg, or oocyte, to another woman to help her conceive. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Being able to understand the who, what, why, where, and how of the egg donation process is essential. (dunyaivf.com)
Surrogacy1
- Forsa Fertility -is a Ukrainian Egg donation and Surrogacy agency, which cooperates with TOP Ukrainian IVF clinics, located in Kyiv. (whatclinic.com)
Psychological1
- Oocyte donor clear psychological & medical screening. (akruti-ivf.com)
Nuclear1
- From the 185 donated oocytes, endowed with the genetic material from a different person (or in one case, the same person), the researchers report development of 31 hollow balls of cells called "human nuclear-transfer blastocysts. (scienceblog.com)
Principle1
- It also specifies that " the principle of anonymity of the donation is not an obstacle for the adult child " to access some non identifying data about the donor. (genethique.org)
Years1
- In these cases, oocytes donated from another woman (typically less than 32 years old) may be an option. (coloradoinfertilitydoctors.com)
Fresh2
- Whether frozen or fresh oocytes are taken. (akruti-ivf.com)
- 20 fresh oocyte donor transfers. (biomedcentral.com)
Carrier1
- Implementation of the carrier screening test in our oocyte donation program. (qscience.com)