Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Species- or subspecies-specific DNA (including COMPLEMENTARY DNA; conserved genes, whole chromosomes, or whole genomes) used in hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms, to measure DNA-DNA homologies, to group subspecies, etc. The DNA probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the DNA probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. The use of DNA probes provides a specific, sensitive, rapid, and inexpensive replacement for cell culture techniques for diagnosing infections.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.
A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.
A genus of RETROVIRIDAE comprising endogenous sequences in mammals, related RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS VIRUSES, AVIAN, and a reptilian virus. Many species contain oncogenes and cause leukemias and sarcomas.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
High molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages.
DNA analogs containing neutral amide backbone linkages composed of aminoethyl glycine units instead of the usual phosphodiester linkage of deoxyribose groups. Peptide nucleic acids have high biological stability and higher affinity for complementary DNA or RNA sequences than analogous DNA oligomers.
Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.
A water-soluble, enzyme co-factor present in minute amounts in every living cell. It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk.
A series of steps taken in order to conduct research.
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Substances used for the detection, identification, analysis, etc. of chemical, biological, or pathologic processes or conditions. Indicators are substances that change in physical appearance, e.g., color, at or approaching the endpoint of a chemical titration, e.g., on the passage between acidity and alkalinity. Reagents are substances used for the detection or determination of another substance by chemical or microscopical means, especially analysis. Types of reagents are precipitants, solvents, oxidizers, reducers, fluxes, and colorimetric reagents. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p301, p499)
A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.
Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).
Agents that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags.
Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen (specifically, hydrogen-3) that contains one proton and two neutrons in its nucleus, making it radioactive with a half-life of about 12.3 years, and is used in various applications including nuclear research, illumination, and dating techniques due to its low energy beta decay.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.
An enzyme that synthesizes DNA on an RNA template. It is encoded by the pol gene of retroviruses and by certain retrovirus-like elements. EC 2.7.7.49.
Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.
The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.
Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.
The genetic process of crossbreeding between genetically dissimilar parents to produce a hybrid.
A membrane or barrier with micrometer sized pores used for separation purification processes.
The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Nucleic acid which complements a specific mRNA or DNA molecule, or fragment thereof; used for hybridization studies in order to identify microorganisms and for genetic studies.
RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.
Laboratory techniques that involve the in-vitro synthesis of many copies of DNA or RNA from one original template.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Separation of particles according to density by employing a gradient of varying densities. At equilibrium each particle settles in the gradient at a point equal to its density. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)
Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.
The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting B-cells in humans. It is thought to be the causative agent of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS and is strongly associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY;), BURKITT LYMPHOMA; and other malignancies.
A method for comparing two sets of chromosomal DNA by analyzing differences in the copy number and location of specific sequences. It is used to look for large sequence changes such as deletions, duplications, amplifications, or translocations.
RNA, usually prepared by transcription from cloned DNA, which complements a specific mRNA or DNA and is generally used for studies of virus genes, distribution of specific RNA in tissues and cells, integration of viral DNA into genomes, transcription, etc. Whereas DNA PROBES are preferred for use at a more macroscopic level for detection of the presence of DNA/RNA from specific species or subspecies, RNA probes are preferred for genetic studies. Conventional labels for the RNA probe include radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin. RNA probes may be further divided by category into plus-sense RNA probes, minus-sense RNA probes, and antisense RNA probes.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.

Identification and characterization of the human orthologue of yeast Pex14p. (1/18626)

Pex14p is a central component of the peroxisomal protein import machinery, which has been suggested to provide the point of convergence for PTS1- and PTS2-dependent protein import in yeast cells. Here we describe the identification of a human peroxisome-associated protein (HsPex14p) which shows significant similarity to the yeast Pex14p. HsPex14p is a carbonate-resistant peroxisomal membrane protein with its C terminus exposed to the cytosol. The N terminus of the protein is not accessible to exogenously added antibodies or protease and thus might protrude into the peroxisomal lumen. HsPex14p overexpression leads to the decoration of tubular structures and mislocalization of peroxisomal catalase to the cytosol. HsPex14p binds the cytosolic receptor for the peroxisomal targeting signal 1 (PTS1), a result consistent with a function as a membrane receptor in peroxisomal protein import. Homo-oligomerization of HsPex14p or interaction of the protein with the PTS2-receptor or HsPex13p was not observed. This distinguishes the human Pex14p from its counterpart in yeast cells and thus supports recent data suggesting that not all aspects of peroxisomal protein import are conserved between yeasts and humans. The role of HsPex14p in mammalian peroxisome biogenesis makes HsPEX14 a candidate PBD gene for being responsible for an unrecognized complementation group of human peroxisome biogenesis disorders.  (+info)

The LIM-only protein PINCH directly interacts with integrin-linked kinase and is recruited to integrin-rich sites in spreading cells. (2/18626)

PINCH is a widely expressed and evolutionarily conserved protein comprising primarily five LIM domains, which are cysteine-rich consensus sequences implicated in mediating protein-protein interactions. We report here that PINCH is a binding protein for integrin-linked kinase (ILK), an intracellular serine/threonine protein kinase that plays important roles in the cell adhesion, growth factor, and Wnt signaling pathways. The interaction between ILK and PINCH has been consistently observed under a variety of experimental conditions. They have interacted in yeast two-hybrid assays, in solution, and in solid-phase-based binding assays. Furthermore, ILK, but not vinculin or focal adhesion kinase, has been coisolated with PINCH from mammalian cells by immunoaffinity chromatography, indicating that PINCH and ILK associate with each other in vivo. The PINCH-ILK interaction is mediated by the N-terminal-most LIM domain (LIM1, residues 1 to 70) of PINCH and multiple ankyrin (ANK) repeats located within the N-terminal domain (residues 1 to 163) of ILK. Additionally, biochemical studies indicate that ILK, through the interaction with PINCH, is capable of forming a ternary complex with Nck-2, an SH2/SH3-containing adapter protein implicated in growth factor receptor kinase and small GTPase signaling pathways. Finally, we have found that PINCH is concentrated in peripheral ruffles of cells spreading on fibronectin and have detected clusters of PINCH that are colocalized with the alpha5beta1 integrins. These results demonstrate a specific protein recognition mechanism utilizing a specific LIM domain and multiple ANK repeats and suggest that PINCH functions as an adapter protein connecting ILK and the integrins with components of growth factor receptor kinase and small GTPase signaling pathways.  (+info)

Isolation of human transcripts expressed in hamster cells from YACs by cDNA representational difference analysis. (3/18626)

Gene isolation methods used during positional cloning rely on physical contigs consisting of bacterial artificial chromosomes, P1, or cosmid clones. However, in most instances, the initial framework for physical mapping consists of contigs of yeast artificial chromosome (YACs), large vectors that are suboptimal substrates for gene isolation. Here we report a strategy to identify gene sequences contained within a YAC by using cDNA representational difference analysis (RDA) to directly isolate transcripts expressed from the YAC in mammalian cells. The RDA tester cDNAs were generated from a previously reported hamster cell line derived by stable transfer of a 590-kb YAC (911D5) that expressed NPC1, the human gene responsible for Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C). The driver cDNAs were generated from a control hamster cell line that did not contain the YAC that expressed NPC1. Among the gene fragments obtained by RDA, NPC1 was the most abundant product. In addition, two non-NPC1 fragments were isolated that were mapped to and expressed from 911D5. One of these RDA gene fragments (7-R) spans more than one exon and has 98% sequence identity with a human cDNA clone reported previously as an expressed sequence tag (EST), but not mapped to a chromosomal region. The other fragment (2-R) that had no significant sequence similarities with known mammalian genes or ESTs, was further localized to the region of overlap between YACs 911D5 and 844E3. The latter YAC is part of a contig across the NP-C candidate region, but does not contain NPC1. This two-part approach in which stable YAC transfer is followed by cDNA RDA should be a useful adjunct strategy to expedite the cloning of human genes when a YAC contig is available across a candidate interval.  (+info)

Single atom modification (O-->S) of tRNA confers ribosome binding. (4/18626)

Escherichia coli tRNALysSUU, as well as human tRNALys3SUU, has 2-thiouridine derivatives at wobble position 34 (s2U*34). Unlike the native tRNALysSUU, the full-length, unmodified transcript of human tRNALys3UUU and the unmodified tRNALys3UUU anticodon stem/loop (ASLLys3UUU) did not bind AAA- or AAG-programmed ribosomes. In contrast, the completely unmodified yeast tRNAPhe anticodon stem/loop (ASLPheGAA) had an affinity (Kd = 136+/-49 nM) similar to that of native yeast tRNAPheGmAA (Kd = 103+/-19 nM). We have found that the single, site-specific substitution of s2U34 for U34 to produce the modified ASLLysSUU was sufficient to restore ribosomal binding. The modified ASLLysSUU bound the ribosome with an affinity (Kd = 176+/-62 nM) comparable to that of native tRNALysSUU (Kd = 70+/-7 nM). Furthermore, in binding to the ribosome, the modified ASLLys3SUU produced the same 16S P-site tRNA footprint as did native E. coli tRNALysSUU, yeast tRNAPheGmAA, and the unmodified ASLPheGAA. The unmodified ASLLys3UUU had no footprint at all. Investigations of thermal stability and structure monitored by UV spectroscopy and NMR showed that the dynamic conformation of the loop of modified ASLLys3SUU was different from that of the unmodified ASLLysUUU, whereas the stems were isomorphous. Based on these and other data, we conclude that s2U34 in tRNALysSUU and in other s2U34-containing tRNAs is critical for generating an anticodon conformation that leads to effective codon interaction in all organisms. This is the first example of a single atom substitution (U34-->s2U34) that confers the property of ribosomal binding on an otherwise inactive tRNA.  (+info)

Suppression subtractive hybridization identifies high glucose levels as a stimulus for expression of connective tissue growth factor and other genes in human mesangial cells. (5/18626)

Accumulation of mesangial matrix is a pivotal event in the pathophysiology of diabetic nephropathy. The molecular triggers for matrix production are still being defined. Here, suppression subtractive hybridization identified 15 genes differentially induced when primary human mesangial cells are exposed to high glucose (30 mM versus 5 mM) in vitro. These genes included (a) known regulators of mesangial cell activation in diabetic nephropathy (fibronectin, caldesmon, thrombospondin, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1), (b) novel genes, and (c) known genes whose induction by high glucose has not been reported. Prominent among the latter were genes encoding cytoskeleton-associated proteins and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a modulator of fibroblast matrix production. In parallel experiments, elevated CTGF mRNA levels were demonstrated in glomeruli of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. Mannitol provoked less mesangial cell CTGF expression in vitro than high glucose, excluding hyperosmolality as the key stimulus. The addition of recombinant CTGF to cultured mesangial cells enhanced expression of extracellular matrix proteins. High glucose stimulated expression of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1), and addition of TGF-beta1 to mesangial cells triggered CTGF expression. CTGF expression induced by high glucose was partially suppressed by anti-TGF-beta1 antibody and by the protein kinase C inhibitor GF 109203X. Together, these data suggest that 1) high glucose stimulates mesangial CTGF expression by TGFbeta1-dependent and protein kinase C dependent pathways, and 2) CTGF may be a mediator of TGFbeta1-driven matrix production within a diabetic milieu.  (+info)

Human geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. cDNA cloning and expression. (6/18626)

Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) synthase (GGPPSase) catalyzes the synthesis of GGPP, which is an important molecule responsible for the C20-prenylated protein biosynthesis and for the regulation of a nuclear hormone receptor (LXR.RXR). The human GGPPSase cDNA encodes a protein of 300 amino acids which shows 16% sequence identity with the known human farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase (FPPSase). The GGPPSase expressed in Escherichia coli catalyzes the GGPP formation (240 nmol/min/mg) from FPP and isopentenyl diphosphate. The human GGPPSase behaves as an oligomeric molecule with 280 kDa on a gel filtration column and cross-reacts with an antibody directed against bovine brain GGPPSase, which differs immunochemically from bovine brain FPPSase. Northern blot analysis indicates the presence of two forms of the mRNA.  (+info)

The biosynthesis of transfer RNA in insects. II. Isolation of transfer RNA precursors from the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori. (7/18626)

The occurrence of precursors to tRNA in the post-polysomal fraction of the posterior silk gland of Bombyx mori was demonstrated by pulse-chase labeling and DNA-RNA hybridization competition experiments. These precursors had molecular sizes ranging from 4S to 5S on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analysis of the incorporation of the methyl group from [methyl-14C]methionine revealed that a radioactive peak on polyacrylamide gel appeared in the 4.5S region during brief labeling. This suggested that some methylation occurred at the 4.5S precursor step.  (+info)

Burkholderia cocovenenans (van Damme et al. 1960) Gillis et al. 1995 and Burkholderia vandii Urakami et al. 1994 are junior synonyms of Burkholderia gladioli (Severini 1913) Yabuuchi et al. 1993 and Burkholderia plantarii (Azegami et al. 1987) Urakami et al. 1994, respectively. (8/18626)

Reference strains of Burkholderia cocovenenans and Burkholderia vandii were compared with strains of other Burkholderia species using SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins, DNA-DNA hybridization and extensive biochemical characterization. Burkholderia gladioli and B. cocovenenans were indistinguishable in the chemotaxonomic and biochemical analyses. Burkholderia plantarii and B. vandii had indistinguishable whole-cell protein patterns but the B. vandii type strain differed from B. plantarii strains in several biochemical tests. The DNA-DNA binding levels (higher than 70%) indicated that (i) B. gladioli and B. cocovenenans, and (ii) B. plantarii and B. vandii each represent a single species. It is concluded that B. cocovenenans and B. vandii are junior synonyms of B. gladioli and B. plantarii, respectively.  (+info)

Nucleic acid hybridization is a process in molecular biology where two single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) with complementary sequences pair together to form a double-stranded molecule through hydrogen bonding. The strands can be from the same type of nucleic acid or different types (i.e., DNA-RNA or DNA-cDNA). This process is commonly used in various laboratory techniques, such as Southern blotting, Northern blotting, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and microarray analysis, to detect, isolate, and analyze specific nucleic acid sequences. The hybridization temperature and conditions are critical to ensure the specificity of the interaction between the two strands.

A DNA probe is a single-stranded DNA molecule that contains a specific sequence of nucleotides, and is labeled with a detectable marker such as a radioisotope or a fluorescent dye. It is used in molecular biology to identify and locate a complementary sequence within a sample of DNA. The probe hybridizes (forms a stable double-stranded structure) with its complementary sequence through base pairing, allowing for the detection and analysis of the target DNA. This technique is widely used in various applications such as genetic testing, diagnosis of infectious diseases, and forensic science.

Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.

Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.

Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.

A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material present in the cells of organisms where it is responsible for the storage and transmission of hereditary information. DNA is a long molecule that consists of two strands coiled together to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a series of four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - that are linked together by phosphate and sugar groups. The sequence of these bases along the length of the molecule encodes genetic information, with A always pairing with T and C always pairing with G. This base-pairing allows for the replication and transcription of DNA, which are essential processes in the functioning and reproduction of all living organisms.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Nucleic acid denaturation is the process of separating the two strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule, or unwinding the helical structure of an RNA molecule, by disrupting the hydrogen bonds that hold the strands together. This process is typically caused by exposure to high temperatures, changes in pH, or the presence of chemicals called denaturants.

Denaturation can also cause changes in the shape and function of nucleic acids. For example, it can disrupt the secondary and tertiary structures of RNA molecules, which can affect their ability to bind to other molecules and carry out their functions within the cell.

In molecular biology, nucleic acid denaturation is often used as a tool for studying the structure and function of nucleic acids. For example, it can be used to separate the two strands of a DNA molecule for sequencing or amplification, or to study the interactions between nucleic acids and other molecules.

It's important to note that denaturation is a reversible process, and under the right conditions, the double-stranded structure of DNA can be restored through a process called renaturation or annealing.

A gammaretrovirus is a type of retrovirus, which is a virus that contains RNA as its genetic material and uses the reverse transcriptase enzyme to produce DNA from its RNA genome. Gammaretroviruses are enveloped viruses, meaning they have a lipid membrane derived from the host cell. They are also classified as simple retroviruses because their genome only contains the genes gag, pol, and env.

Gammaretroviruses are known to cause diseases in animals, including leukemias and immunodeficiencies. One example of a gammaretrovirus is the feline leukemia virus (FeLV), which can cause a variety of symptoms in cats, including anemia, lymphoma, and immune suppression.

Gammaretroviruses have also been implicated in some human diseases, although they are not thought to be major causes of human disease. For example, the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that is closely related to gammaretroviruses and can cause adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/ HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM).

It's important to note that the classification of retroviruses has evolved over time, and some viruses that were once classified as gammaretroviruses are now considered to be part of other retrovirus genera.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

Nucleic acids are biological macromolecules composed of linear chains of nucleotides. They play crucial roles in the structure and function of cells, serving as the primary information-carrying molecules in all known forms of life. The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is responsible for storing genetic information in a stable form that can be passed down from generation to generation, while RNA plays a key role in translating the genetic code stored in DNA into functional proteins.

Each nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA it is ribose. The nitrogenous bases found in both DNA and RNA include adenine (A), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). Thymine (T) is found in DNA, but uracil (U) takes its place in RNA. These nucleotides are linked together by phosphodiester bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another, forming a long, helical structure with backbones made up of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.

The sequence of these nitrogenous bases along the nucleic acid chain encodes genetic information in the form of codons, which are sets of three consecutive bases that specify particular amino acids or signals for protein synthesis. This information is used to direct the synthesis of proteins through a process called transcription (converting DNA to RNA) and translation (converting RNA to protein).

In summary, nucleic acids are essential biomolecules composed of chains of nucleotides that store, transmit, and express genetic information in cells. They consist of two main types: DNA and RNA, which differ in their sugar type, nitrogenous bases, and functions.

Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNAs) are synthetic, artificially produced molecules that have a structure similar to both peptides (short chains of amino acids) and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). They consist of repeating units called "monomers" made up of a pseudopeptide backbone with nucleobases attached. The backbone is composed of N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine units, which replace the sugar-phosphate backbone found in natural nucleic acids.

PNAs are known for their high binding affinity and sequence-specific recognition of DNA and RNA molecules. They can form stable complexes with complementary DNA or RNA strands through Watson-Crick base pairing, even under conditions where normal nucleic acid hybridization is poor. This property makes them valuable tools in molecular biology for various applications such as:

1. Gene regulation and silencing
2. Antisense and antigen technologies
3. Diagnostics and biosensors
4. Study of protein-DNA interactions
5. DNA repair and mutation analysis

However, it is important to note that Peptide Nucleic Acids are not naturally occurring molecules; they are entirely synthetic and must be produced in a laboratory setting.

An oligonucleotide probe is a short, single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that contains a specific sequence of nucleotides designed to hybridize with a complementary sequence in a target nucleic acid (DNA or RNA). These probes are typically 15-50 nucleotides long and are used in various molecular biology techniques, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, microarray analysis, and blotting methods.

Oligonucleotide probes can be labeled with various reporter molecules, like fluorescent dyes or radioactive isotopes, to enable the detection of hybridized targets. The high specificity of oligonucleotide probes allows for the precise identification and quantification of target nucleic acids in complex biological samples, making them valuable tools in diagnostic, research, and forensic applications.

Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin, also known as Vitamin B7 or Vitamin H. It is a cofactor for several enzymes involved in metabolism, particularly in the synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates. Biotin plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy skin, hair, nails, nerves, and liver function. It is found in various foods such as nuts, seeds, whole grains, milk, and vegetables. Biotin deficiency is rare but can occur in people with malnutrition, alcoholism, pregnancy, or certain genetic disorders.

In the context of medical research, "methods" refers to the specific procedures or techniques used in conducting a study or experiment. This includes details on how data was collected, what measurements were taken, and what statistical analyses were performed. The methods section of a medical paper allows other researchers to replicate the study if they choose to do so. It is considered one of the key components of a well-written research article, as it provides transparency and helps establish the validity of the findings.

Bacterial RNA refers to the genetic material present in bacteria that is composed of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Unlike higher organisms, bacteria contain a single circular chromosome made up of DNA, along with smaller circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These bacterial genetic materials contain the information necessary for the growth and reproduction of the organism.

Bacterial RNA can be divided into three main categories: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). mRNA carries genetic information copied from DNA, which is then translated into proteins by the rRNA and tRNA molecules. rRNA is a structural component of the ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs, while tRNA acts as an adapter that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

Bacterial RNA plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including gene expression, protein synthesis, and regulation of metabolic pathways. Understanding the structure and function of bacterial RNA is essential for developing new antibiotics and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Indicators and reagents are terms commonly used in the field of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. Here are their definitions:

1. Indicator: An indicator is a substance that changes its color or other physical properties in response to a chemical change, such as a change in pH, oxidation-reduction potential, or the presence of a particular ion or molecule. Indicators are often used in laboratory tests to monitor or signal the progress of a reaction or to indicate the end point of a titration. A familiar example is the use of phenolphthalein as a pH indicator in acid-base titrations, which turns pink in basic solutions and colorless in acidic solutions.

2. Reagent: A reagent is a substance that is added to a system (such as a sample or a reaction mixture) to bring about a chemical reaction, test for the presence or absence of a particular component, or measure the concentration of a specific analyte. Reagents are typically chemicals with well-defined and consistent properties, allowing them to be used reliably in analytical procedures. Examples of reagents include enzymes, antibodies, dyes, metal ions, and organic compounds. In laboratory settings, reagents are often prepared and standardized according to strict protocols to ensure their quality and performance in diagnostic tests and research applications.

In situ hybridization (ISH) is a molecular biology technique used to detect and localize specific nucleic acid sequences, such as DNA or RNA, within cells or tissues. This technique involves the use of a labeled probe that is complementary to the target nucleic acid sequence. The probe can be labeled with various types of markers, including radioisotopes, fluorescent dyes, or enzymes.

During the ISH procedure, the labeled probe is hybridized to the target nucleic acid sequence in situ, meaning that the hybridization occurs within the intact cells or tissues. After washing away unbound probe, the location of the labeled probe can be visualized using various methods depending on the type of label used.

In situ hybridization has a wide range of applications in both research and diagnostic settings, including the detection of gene expression patterns, identification of viral infections, and diagnosis of genetic disorders.

Retroviridae is a family of viruses that includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other viruses that primarily use RNA as their genetic material. The name "retrovirus" comes from the fact that these viruses reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA, which then becomes integrated into the host cell's genome. This is a unique characteristic of retroviruses, as most other viruses use DNA as their genetic material.

Retroviruses can cause a variety of diseases in animals and humans, including cancer, neurological disorders, and immunodeficiency syndromes like AIDS. They have a lipid membrane envelope that contains glycoprotein spikes, which allow them to attach to and enter host cells. Once inside the host cell, the viral RNA is reverse transcribed into DNA by the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is then integrated into the host genome by the enzyme integrase.

Retroviruses can remain dormant in the host genome for extended periods of time, and may be reactivated under certain conditions to produce new viral particles. This ability to integrate into the host genome has also made retroviruses useful tools in molecular biology, where they are used as vectors for gene therapy and other genetic manipulations.

Fluorescent dyes are substances that emit light upon excitation by absorbing light of a shorter wavelength. In a medical context, these dyes are often used in various diagnostic tests and procedures to highlight or mark certain structures or substances within the body. For example, fluorescent dyes may be used in imaging techniques such as fluorescence microscopy or fluorescence angiography to help visualize cells, tissues, or blood vessels. These dyes can also be used in flow cytometry to identify and sort specific types of cells. The choice of fluorescent dye depends on the specific application and the desired properties, such as excitation and emission spectra, quantum yield, and photostability.

Tritium is not a medical term, but it is a term used in the field of nuclear physics and chemistry. Tritium (symbol: T or 3H) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with two neutrons and one proton in its nucleus. It is also known as heavy hydrogen or superheavy hydrogen.

Tritium has a half-life of about 12.3 years, which means that it decays by emitting a low-energy beta particle (an electron) to become helium-3. Due to its radioactive nature and relatively short half-life, tritium is used in various applications, including nuclear weapons, fusion reactors, luminous paints, and medical research.

In the context of medicine, tritium may be used as a radioactive tracer in some scientific studies or medical research, but it is not a term commonly used to describe a medical condition or treatment.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

In situ hybridization, fluorescence (FISH) is a type of molecular cytogenetic technique used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes through the use of fluorescent probes. This technique allows for the direct visualization of genetic material at a cellular level, making it possible to identify chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions, duplications, translocations, and other rearrangements.

The process involves denaturing the DNA in the sample to separate the double-stranded molecules into single strands, then adding fluorescently labeled probes that are complementary to the target DNA sequence. The probe hybridizes to the complementary sequence in the sample, and the location of the probe is detected by fluorescence microscopy.

FISH has a wide range of applications in both clinical and research settings, including prenatal diagnosis, cancer diagnosis and monitoring, and the study of gene expression and regulation. It is a powerful tool for identifying genetic abnormalities and understanding their role in human disease.

Molecular cloning is a laboratory technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This process involves several steps:

1. Isolation: The first step in molecular cloning is to isolate the DNA sequence of interest from the rest of the genomic DNA. This can be done using various methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, or hybridization.
2. Vector construction: Once the DNA sequence of interest has been isolated, it must be inserted into a vector, which is a small circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently in a host cell. Common vectors used in molecular cloning include plasmids and phages.
3. Transformation: The constructed vector is then introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterial or yeast cell, through a process called transformation. This can be done using various methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation.
4. Selection: After transformation, the host cells are grown in selective media that allow only those cells containing the vector to grow. This ensures that the DNA sequence of interest has been successfully cloned into the vector.
5. Amplification: Once the host cells have been selected, they can be grown in large quantities to amplify the number of copies of the cloned DNA sequence.

Molecular cloning is a powerful tool in molecular biology and has numerous applications, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, functional analysis of genes, and genetic engineering.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Viral genes refer to the genetic material present in viruses that contains the information necessary for their replication and the production of viral proteins. In DNA viruses, the genetic material is composed of double-stranded or single-stranded DNA, while in RNA viruses, it is composed of single-stranded or double-stranded RNA.

Viral genes can be classified into three categories: early, late, and structural. Early genes encode proteins involved in the replication of the viral genome, modulation of host cell processes, and regulation of viral gene expression. Late genes encode structural proteins that make up the viral capsid or envelope. Some viruses also have structural genes that are expressed throughout their replication cycle.

Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines. By targeting specific viral genes, researchers can develop drugs that inhibit viral replication and reduce the severity of viral infections. Additionally, knowledge of viral gene sequences can inform the development of vaccines that stimulate an immune response to specific viral proteins.

RNA-directed DNA polymerase is a type of enzyme that can synthesize DNA using an RNA molecule as a template. This process is called reverse transcription, and it is the mechanism by which retroviruses, such as HIV, replicate their genetic material. The enzyme responsible for this reaction in retroviruses is called reverse transcriptase.

Reverse transcriptase is an important target for antiretroviral therapy used to treat HIV infection and AIDS. In addition to its role in viral replication, RNA-directed DNA polymerase also has applications in molecular biology research, such as in the production of complementary DNA (cDNA) copies of RNA molecules for use in downstream applications like cloning and sequencing.

DNA restriction enzymes, also known as restriction endonucleases, are a type of enzyme that cut double-stranded DNA at specific recognition sites. These enzymes are produced by bacteria and archaea as a defense mechanism against foreign DNA, such as that found in bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria).

Restriction enzymes recognize specific sequences of nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA) and cleave the phosphodiester bonds between them. The recognition sites for these enzymes are usually palindromic, meaning that the sequence reads the same in both directions when facing the opposite strands of DNA.

Restriction enzymes are widely used in molecular biology research for various applications such as genetic engineering, genome mapping, and DNA fingerprinting. They allow scientists to cut DNA at specific sites, creating precise fragments that can be manipulated and analyzed. The use of restriction enzymes has been instrumental in the development of recombinant DNA technology and the Human Genome Project.

Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.

For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.

An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.

Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.

Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.

It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.

Genetic hybridization is a biological process that involves the crossing of two individuals from different populations or species, which can lead to the creation of offspring with new combinations of genetic material. This occurs when the gametes (sex cells) from each parent combine during fertilization, resulting in a zygote with a unique genetic makeup.

In genetics, hybridization can also refer to the process of introducing new genetic material into an organism through various means, such as genetic engineering or selective breeding. This type of hybridization is often used in agriculture and biotechnology to create crops or animals with desirable traits, such as increased disease resistance or higher yields.

It's important to note that the term "hybrid" can refer to both crosses between different populations within a single species (intraspecific hybrids) and crosses between different species (interspecific hybrids). The latter is often more challenging, as significant genetic differences between the two parental species can lead to various reproductive barriers, making it difficult for the hybrid offspring to produce viable offspring of their own.

Micropore filters are medical devices used to filter or sterilize fluids and gases. They are made of materials like cellulose, mixed cellulose ester, or polyvinylidene fluoride with precise pore sizes, typically ranging from 0.1 to 10 micrometers in diameter. These filters are used to remove bacteria, fungi, and other particles from solutions in laboratory and medical settings, such as during the preparation of injectable drugs, tissue culture media, or sterile fluids for medical procedures. They come in various forms, including syringe filters, vacuum filters, and bottle-top filters, and are often used with the assistance of a vacuum or positive pressure to force the fluid through the filter material.

Nucleic acid conformation refers to the three-dimensional structure that nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) adopt as a result of the bonding patterns between the atoms within the molecule. The primary structure of nucleic acids is determined by the sequence of nucleotides, while the conformation is influenced by factors such as the sugar-phosphate backbone, base stacking, and hydrogen bonding.

Two common conformations of DNA are the B-form and the A-form. The B-form is a right-handed helix with a diameter of about 20 Ã… and a pitch of 34 Ã…, while the A-form has a smaller diameter (about 18 Ã…) and a shorter pitch (about 25 Ã…). RNA typically adopts an A-form conformation.

The conformation of nucleic acids can have significant implications for their function, as it can affect their ability to interact with other molecules such as proteins or drugs. Understanding the conformational properties of nucleic acids is therefore an important area of research in molecular biology and medicine.

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) is a single-stranded, linear polymer of ribonucleotides. It is a nucleic acid present in the cells of all living organisms and some viruses. RNAs play crucial roles in various biological processes such as protein synthesis, gene regulation, and cellular signaling. There are several types of RNA including messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). These RNAs differ in their structure, function, and location within the cell.

Nucleic acid probes are specialized single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that are used in molecular biology to identify and detect specific nucleic acid sequences, such as genes or fragments of DNA or RNA. These probes are typically labeled with a marker, such as a radioactive isotope or a fluorescent dye, which allows them to be detected and visualized.

Nucleic acid probes work by binding or "hybridizing" to their complementary target sequence through base-pairing interactions between the nucleotides that make up the probe and the target. This specificity of hybridization allows for the detection and identification of specific sequences within a complex mixture of nucleic acids, such as those found in a sample of DNA or RNA from a biological specimen.

Nucleic acid probes are used in a variety of applications, including gene expression analysis, genetic mapping, diagnosis of genetic disorders, and detection of pathogens, among others. They are an essential tool in modern molecular biology research and have contributed significantly to our understanding of genetics and disease.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.

Nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAATs) are medical laboratory methods used to increase the number of copies of a specific DNA or RNA sequence. These techniques are widely used in molecular biology and diagnostics, including the detection and diagnosis of infectious diseases, genetic disorders, and cancer.

The most commonly used NAAT is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate and replicate DNA strands. Other NAATs include loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), and transcription-mediated amplification (TMA).

NAATs offer several advantages over traditional culture methods for detecting pathogens, including faster turnaround times, increased sensitivity and specificity, and the ability to detect viable but non-culturable organisms. However, they also require specialized equipment and trained personnel, and there is a risk of contamination and false positive results if proper precautions are not taken.

'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.

While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.

E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.

Centrifugation, Density Gradient is a medical laboratory technique used to separate and purify different components of a mixture based on their size, density, and shape. This method involves the use of a centrifuge and a density gradient medium, such as sucrose or cesium chloride, to create a stable density gradient within a column or tube.

The sample is carefully layered onto the top of the gradient and then subjected to high-speed centrifugation. During centrifugation, the particles in the sample move through the gradient based on their size, density, and shape, with heavier particles migrating faster and further than lighter ones. This results in the separation of different components of the mixture into distinct bands or zones within the gradient.

This technique is commonly used to purify and concentrate various types of biological materials, such as viruses, organelles, ribosomes, and subcellular fractions, from complex mixtures. It allows for the isolation of pure and intact particles, which can then be collected and analyzed for further study or use in downstream applications.

In summary, Centrifugation, Density Gradient is a medical laboratory technique used to separate and purify different components of a mixture based on their size, density, and shape using a centrifuge and a density gradient medium.

A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is separate from the chromosomal DNA of a bacterium or other organism. Plasmids are typically not essential for the survival of the organism, but they can confer beneficial traits such as antibiotic resistance or the ability to degrade certain types of pollutants.

Plasmids are capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA and can be transferred between bacteria through a process called conjugation. They often contain genes that provide resistance to antibiotics, heavy metals, and other environmental stressors. Plasmids have also been engineered for use in molecular biology as cloning vectors, allowing scientists to replicate and manipulate specific DNA sequences.

Plasmids are important tools in genetic engineering and biotechnology because they can be easily manipulated and transferred between organisms. They have been used to produce vaccines, diagnostic tests, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for various applications, including agriculture, medicine, and industry.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

Genetic transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is used to create a complementary RNA molecule. This process is the first step in gene expression, where the genetic code in DNA is converted into a form that can be used to produce proteins or functional RNAs.

During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template strand and reads the sequence of nucleotide bases. As it moves along the template, it adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA chain, creating a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA template strand. Once transcription is complete, the RNA molecule may undergo further processing before it can be translated into protein or perform its functional role in the cell.

Transcription can be either "constitutive" or "regulated." Constitutive transcription occurs at a relatively constant rate and produces essential proteins that are required for basic cellular functions. Regulated transcription, on the other hand, is subject to control by various intracellular and extracellular signals, allowing cells to respond to changing environmental conditions or developmental cues.

Oligonucleotides are short sequences of nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA. They typically contain fewer than 100 nucleotides, and can be synthesized chemically to have specific sequences. Oligonucleotides are used in a variety of applications in molecular biology, including as probes for detecting specific DNA or RNA sequences, as inhibitors of gene expression, and as components of diagnostic tests and therapies. They can also be used in the study of protein-nucleic acid interactions and in the development of new drugs.

In a medical context, "hot temperature" is not a standard medical term with a specific definition. However, it is often used in relation to fever, which is a common symptom of illness. A fever is typically defined as a body temperature that is higher than normal, usually above 38°C (100.4°F) for adults and above 37.5-38°C (99.5-101.3°F) for children, depending on the source.

Therefore, when a medical professional talks about "hot temperature," they may be referring to a body temperature that is higher than normal due to fever or other causes. It's important to note that a high environmental temperature can also contribute to an elevated body temperature, so it's essential to consider both the body temperature and the environmental temperature when assessing a patient's condition.

Temperature, in a medical context, is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body or environment. It is usually measured using a thermometer and reported in degrees Celsius (°C), degrees Fahrenheit (°F), or kelvin (K). In the human body, normal core temperature ranges from about 36.5-37.5°C (97.7-99.5°F) when measured rectally, and can vary slightly depending on factors such as time of day, physical activity, and menstrual cycle. Elevated body temperature is a common sign of infection or inflammation, while abnormally low body temperature can indicate hypothermia or other medical conditions.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Medical Definition of "Herpesvirus 4, Human" (Epstein-Barr Virus)

"Herpesvirus 4, Human," also known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is a member of the Herpesviridae family and is one of the most common human viruses. It is primarily transmitted through saliva and is often referred to as the "kissing disease."

EBV is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis (IM), also known as glandular fever, which is characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. The virus can also cause other diseases, including certain types of cancer, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Once a person becomes infected with EBV, the virus remains in the body for the rest of their life, residing in certain white blood cells called B lymphocytes. In most people, the virus remains dormant and does not cause any further symptoms. However, in some individuals, the virus may reactivate, leading to recurrent or persistent symptoms.

EBV infection is diagnosed through various tests, including blood tests that detect antibodies against the virus or direct detection of the virus itself through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. There is no cure for EBV infection, and treatment is generally supportive, focusing on relieving symptoms and managing complications. Prevention measures include practicing good hygiene, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and not sharing personal items such as toothbrushes or drinking glasses.

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a molecular cytogenetic technique used to detect and measure changes in the DNA content of an individual's genome. It is a type of microarray-based analysis that compares the DNA of two samples, typically a test sample and a reference sample, to identify copy number variations (CNVs), including gains or losses of genetic material.

In CGH, the DNA from both samples is labeled with different fluorescent dyes, typically one sample with a green fluorophore and the other with a red fluorophore. The labeled DNAs are then co-hybridized to a microarray, which contains thousands of DNA probes representing specific genomic regions. The intensity of each spot on the array reflects the amount of DNA from each sample that has hybridized to the probe.

By comparing the ratio of green to red fluorescence intensities for each probe, CGH can detect gains or losses of genetic material in the test sample relative to the reference sample. A ratio of 1 indicates no difference in copy number between the two samples, while a ratio greater than 1 suggests a gain of genetic material, and a ratio less than 1 suggests a loss.

CGH is a powerful tool for detecting genomic imbalances associated with various genetic disorders, including cancer, developmental delay, intellectual disability, and congenital abnormalities. It can also be used to study the genomics of organisms in evolutionary biology and ecological studies.

RNA probes are specialized biomolecules used in molecular biology to detect and localize specific RNA sequences within cells or tissues. They are typically single-stranded RNA molecules that have been synthesized with a modified nucleotide, such as digoxigenin or biotin, which can be detected using antibodies or streptavidin conjugates.

RNA probes are used in techniques such as in situ hybridization (ISH) and Northern blotting to identify the spatial distribution of RNA transcripts within cells or tissues, or to quantify the amount of specific RNA present in a sample. The probe is designed to be complementary to the target RNA sequence, allowing it to bind specifically to its target through base-pairing interactions.

RNA probes can be labeled with various reporter molecules, such as radioactive isotopes or fluorescent dyes, which enable their detection and visualization using techniques such as autoradiography or microscopy. The use of RNA probes has proven to be a valuable tool in the study of gene expression, regulation, and localization in various biological systems.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.

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... the quantitative annealing of two complementary strands of nucleic acids, known as nucleic acid hybridization. In the context ... in the case of nucleic acid hybridization, monovalent salt concentration and temperature are controlled for hybridization and ... In the sandwich hybridization ELISA assay format, the antigen ligand and antibodies in ELISA are replaced with a nucleic acid ... Hybridization assays involve labelled nucleic acid probes to identify related DNA or RNA molecules (i.e. with significantly ...
"Nucleic Acid Hybridization - MeSH - NCBI". ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 16 November 2020. "View source for Grapevine virus A", ... The fifth ORF codes for nucleic-acid binding protein. This is the protein that helps the DNA or RNA connect with amino acids. ... Nucleic acid hybridizationis also used to detect GVA. In this method, a small sample of the infected plant is taken and then ... "Nucleic Acid Binding Protein - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics". sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 16 November 2020. "RPO132 - ...
... such as high hybridization temperature and low salt in hybridization buffers, permits only hybridization between nucleic acid ... "Nucleic Acid Hybridizations". www.ndsu.edu. Retrieved 2017-05-26. Amann R, Ludwig W (2000). "Ribosomal RNA-targeted nucleic ... such as nucleic acid and tissue microarrays. Scorpion® probes Molecular Beacon probes TaqMan® probes LNA® (Locked Nucleic Acid ... Amann R, Ludwig W (2000). "Ribosomal RNA-targeted nucleic acid probes for studies in microbial ecology". FEMS Microbiology ...
In 2012, Yin's research group published a paper about optimizing the specificity of nucleic acid hybridization. They introduced ... A nucleic acid test (NAT) is a technique used to detect a particular nucleic acid sequence and thus usually to detect and ... Peng Yin, David Zhang (2012). "Optimizing the specificity of nucleic acid hybridization". Nature Chemistry. 4 (3): 208-214. ... Nucleic acid tests use a "probe" which is a long strand with a short strand stuck to it. The long primer strand has a ...
Markham NR, Zuker M (2008). UNAFold: software for nucleic acid folding and hybridization. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. ... Johnson PZ, Simon AE (July 2023). "RNAcanvas: interactive drawing and exploration of nucleic acid structures". Nucleic Acids ... software to identify motifs and short-range interactions in trajectories of nucleic acids". Nucleic Acids Research. 43 (17): ... Wilm A, Higgins DG, Notredame C (May 2008). "R-Coffee: a method for multiple alignment of non-coding RNA". Nucleic Acids ...
Markham NR, Zuker M (2008). UNAFold: software for nucleic acid folding and hybridization. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. ... Nucleic Acids Research. 25 (17): 3389-3402. doi:10.1093/nar/25.17.3389. PMC 146917. PMID 9254694. Yi Z, Ouyang J, Sun W, Li S, ... Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (W1): W98-W102. doi:10.1093/nar/gkx247. PMC 5570223. PMID 28407145. Cerami E, Gao J, Dogrusoz U, ... Nucleic Acids Research. 43 (Database issue): D512-D520. doi:10.1093/nar/gku1267. PMC 4383998. PMID 25514926. Altschul SF, ...
Noyes, Barbara E.; Stark, George R. (July 1975). "Nucleic acid hybridization using DNA covalently coupled to cellulose". Cell. ... and thus crucial for oxidizing ascorbic acid. Through inhibition studies with p-chloro-mercuribenzoic acid, Stark came to the ... Essentially, cyanate reacts with the amino groups and exposes them in order for them to react with acid and form hydantoins, ... Using chromatography, Stark was able to detect a change in the amino acid sequence of ribonuclease, specifically the loss of ...
Web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction. Retrieved on 2020-8-01. RBPmap: mapping binding sites of RNA ... December 2014). "Chk2 and REGγ-dependent DBC1 regulation in DNA damage induced apoptosis". Nucleic Acids Research. 42 (21): ... Isoform 1 has 199 amino acid residues and a domain named DUF4517. Isoform 2 has 174 amino acid residues, and isoform X1 has 154 ... Overall, the positively charged amino acid residues in human protein C20orf27 outnumbers the negatively charged amino acid ...
Zuker M (2003). "Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (13): 3406 ... "Modeling Unusual Nucleic Acid Structures". Modeling unusual nucleic acid structures. In Molecular Modeling of Nucleic Acids. ... Nucleic acid structure prediction is a computational method to determine secondary and tertiary nucleic acid structure from its ... Nucleic Acids Research, 32(Web Server issue), W142-145. Touzet H (2007). Comparative analysis of RNA genes: the caRNAc software ...
Zuker, M (2003). "Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction". Nucleic Acids Research. 13 (31): ... Nucleic Acids Research. 45 (D1): D200-D203. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw1129. PMC 5210587. PMID 27899674. "Predict Location of ... Chou, P. Y.; Fasman, G. D. (1978). "Prediction of the secondary structure of proteins from their amino acid sequence". Advances ... The longest polypeptide of transmembrane protein 217 consists of 229 amino acids. This protein isoform has a predicted weight ...
Zuker, M. (1 July 2003). "Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 ( ... "Factors determining peripheral vein tolerance to amino acid infusions". Archives of Surgery. 114 (8): 897-900. doi:10.1001/ ...
Zuker M (July 2003). "Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (13 ... Nucleic Acids Research. 34 (12): 3484-3493. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl453. PMC 1524904. PMID 16870723. Sun X, Zhulin I, Wartell RM ( ... Nucleic Acids Research. 30 (17): 3662-3671. doi:10.1093/nar/gkf508. PMC 137430. PMID 12202750. Pelly S, Bishai WR, Lamichhane G ... Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (22): 6435-6443. doi:10.1093/nar/gkg867. PMC 275561. PMID 14602901. Kawano M, Reynolds AA, Miranda- ...
Zuker, M. (1 July 2003). "Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 ( ... Ferre, F.; Clote, P. (1 July 2005). "DiANNA: a web server for disulfide connectivity prediction". Nucleic Acids Research. 33 ( ... Nucleic Acids Research. 36 (Web Server): W35-W41. doi:10.1093/nar/gkn211. PMC 2447719. PMID 18442995. Luck, Katja; Kim, Dae- ... Nucleic Acids Research. 49 (D1): D344-D354. doi:10.1093/nar/gkaa977. PMC 7778928. PMID 33156333. Sigrist, Christian J. A.; de ...
Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction. Nucleic Acids Res. 31 (13), 3406-15, (2003) " ... Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402. "TimeTree :: The Timescale of Life". www.timetree.org. Retrieved 2017-05-12. (Orphaned ... Amino acids serine and lysine are highly represented in the protein at a higher frequency than observed in most proteins in ... BPS : A. W. Burgess and P. K. Ponnuswamy and H. A. Sheraga, Analysis of conformations of amino acid residues and prediction of ...
Zuker M (July 2003). "Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (13 ... July 2019). "The EMBL-EBI search and sequence analysis tools APIs in 2019". Nucleic Acids Research. 47 (W1): W636-W641. doi: ... Isoform 1 is 419 amino acids long and is the most abundant form. Isoform 2 is 225 amino acids, containing only 11 exons and a ... The amino acid composition of BZW2 has a higher amount of lysines and a lower amount of prolines in humans but a higher ...
Zuker M (July 2003). "Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (13 ... Zhang Y, Skolnick J (2005-04-11). "TM-align: a protein structure alignment algorithm based on the TM-score". Nucleic Acids ... January 2020). "ELM-the eukaryotic linear motif resource in 2020". Nucleic Acids Research. 48 (D1): D296-D306. doi:10.1093/nar/ ... Yang J, Zhang Y (July 2015). "I-TASSER server: new development for protein structure and function predictions". Nucleic Acids ...
2008 using fluorescence in situ hybridization and peptide nucleic acids. They developed and employed this technique for ... Ligation is the joining of two nucleic acid fragments through the action of an enzyme. It is an essential laboratory procedure ... Sriskanda V, Shuman S (December 2001). "A second NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligase (LigB) in Escherichia coli". Nucleic Acids ... August 2022). "Reconfiguration of DNA nanostructures induced by enzymatic ligation treatment". Nucleic Acids Research. 50 (14 ...
The common nucleic acid detection method includes direct DNA hybridization. The direct DNA hybridization approach is the ... Dunbar, Sherry A. (2006). "Applications of Luminex xMAP technology for rapid, high-throughput multiplexed nucleic acid ... Hybridization between the capture probe and the target DNA is achieved by melting and annealing complementary target DNA ... Probe-target hybridization is usually detected by optically labeled targets, which determines the relative abundance of each ...
Nucleic acid hybridization tests (DNA probe test) also find Chlamydia DNA. A probe test is very accurate but is not as ... A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test is an example of a nucleic acid amplification test. This test can also be done on a ... Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) tests find the genetic material (DNA) of Chlamydia bacteria. These tests are the most ... Fox, A., Rogers, J. C., Gilbart, J., Morgan, S., Davis, C. H., Knight, S., & Wyrick, P. B. (1990). Muramic acid is not ...
Ng PS, Bergstrom DE (January 2005). "Alternative nucleic acid analogues for programmable assembly: hybridization of LNA to PNA ... Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) is an artificially synthesized polymer similar to DNA or RNA. Synthetic peptide nucleic acid ... Clicked peptide polymer Glycol nucleic acid Oligonucleotide synthesis Peptide synthesis Threose nucleic acid Nielsen PE, Egholm ... Zhao XL, Chen BC, Han JC, Wei L, Pan XB (November 2015). "Delivery of cell-penetrating peptide-peptide nucleic acid conjugates ...
"Implications of High-Affinity Hybridization by Locked Nucleic Acid Oligomers for Inhibition of Human Telomerase †". ... A locked nucleic acid (LNA), also known as bridged nucleic acid (BNA), and often referred to as inaccessible RNA, is a modified ... Kurreck, J. (2002-05-01). "Design of antisense oligonucleotides stabilized by locked nucleic acids". Nucleic Acids Research. 30 ... C-Ethylene-bridged nucleic acids (ENA) with nuclease-resistance and high affnity for RNA". Nucleic Acids Symposium Series. 1 (1 ...
His work played a pivotal role in the discovery of nucleic acid hybridization. In 1955, Rich and Crick solved the structure of ... the importance of RNA and the development of nucleic acid hybridization A Conversation with Alex Rich (10/03/2007) Archived 21 ... the importance of RNA and the development of nucleic acid hybridization". MIT Department of Biology. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 21 ... The Discovery of Polynucleotide Hybridization Archived 12 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine MIT Article: Alexander Rich, ...
Khodakov D, Wang C, Zhang DY (October 2016). "Diagnostics based on nucleic acid sequence variant profiling: PCR, hybridization ... For example, because cell-free nucleic acids exist in human plasma, a simple blood sample can be enough to sample genetic ... Tong CY, Mallinson H (May 2002). "Moving to nucleic acid-based detection of genital Chlamydia trachomatis". Expert Review of ... to vastly increase the number of nucleic acid molecules, thereby amplifying the target sequence(s) in the patient sample.: ...
This dark tonality only appears when nucleic acid hybridisation occurs. Coconut cadang-cadang disease has no treatment yet. ... The first step is the purification to obtain the nucleic acids of the plant cells. The leaves of the plant located four or more ... Coconuts from Asia and the South Pacific have been found to have viroids with similar (homologous) nucleic acid sequences of ... the nucleic acids can be extracted by chloroform procedures, for example. When approximately 1 g of coconut tissue has been ...
"Programmable release of multiple protein drugs from aptamer-functionalized hydrogels via nucleic acid hybridization". Journal ... Chemical modifications of nucleic acid bases or backbones increase the chemical diversity of standard nucleic acid bases. Split ... "Splitting aptamers and nucleic acid enzymes for the development of advanced biosensors". Nucleic Acids Research. 48 (7): 3400- ... but the nucleic acid-based structure of aptamers, which are mostly oligonucleotides, is very different from the amino acid- ...
"Alexander Rich, the importance of RNA and the development of nucleic acid hybridization". MIT Department of Biology. 2018-05-31 ... Cohn, E.J.; Edsall, J.T. (1943). Proteins, Amino Acids and Peptides as Ions and Dipolar Ions. New York: Reinhold. Edsall, John ... Subsequently, in 1943, they published a book Proteins, Amino Acids and Peptides. This had a profound influence on the next ... "Ultraviolet difference spectra of tyrosine groups in proteins and amino acids". J. Biol. Chem. 233 (6): 1421-1428. doi:10.1016/ ...
The virus can be detected with ELISA, immunodiffusion tests, or a nucleic acid hybridization assay. The Cymbidium mosaic virus ... "Detection and localization of viruses in orchids by tissue-print hybridization". Plant Pathology. 41 (3): 355-361. doi:10.1111/ ...
"Label-free detection of DNA hybridization based on hydration-induced tension in nucleic acid films". Nature Nanotechnology. 3 ( ...
... but can also arise from polyploidisation or nucleic acid hybridization. Over evolutionary time, if the function of the new ... In particular, amino acid substitutions that change the electric charge of the enzyme are simple to identify by gel ... Alternatively, if the amino acid residue that is changed is in a relatively unimportant part of the enzyme (e.g., a long way ... The enzyme is a monomer, the isoenzymes are due to the differences in the carbohydrate content (sialic acid residues). The most ...
"Nucleic Acid Hybridizations". DNA - Basics of Structure and Analysis. Retrieved 26 May 2017. Beckman, Mary. "Hybridization". ... In molecular biology, hybridization (or hybridisation) is a phenomenon in which single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ... Felsenfeld, G; Miles, HT (1967). "The physical and chemical properties of nucleic acids". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 36: ... Southern hybridization & Northern hybridization (Articles needing additional references from February 2015, All articles ...
... amino methyl coumarin acetic acid (AMCA), in combination with green and red fluorescing FITC and TRITC. Three chromosome- ... A method is described for visualizing three nucleic acid sequences simultaneously by in situ hybridization using a new blue ... Three-color fluorescence in situ hybridization for the simultaneous detection of multiple nucleic acid sequences Cytometry. ... A method is described for visualizing three nucleic acid sequences simultaneously by in situ hybridization using a new blue ...
Wink (Ed.): An Introduction to Molecular Biotechnology. Fundamentals, Methods and Applications. 3rd ...
... in the biosynthesis of nucleic acids). Fusing of two complementary strands of nucleic acids in vitro into double helices is ... If different types of nucleic acids reassociate (DNA with RNA), it is called molecular hybridization. Methodically, these ... First, ssDNA with a known sequence, complementary to the nucleic acid sought in the mixture, is attached to e.g. a membrane ... During the flow of the investigated mixture of nucleic acids through a filter or column modified in this way, the sought ...
Modified nucleic acids such as peptide nucleic acid (PNA) offer advantages compared to conventional DNA probes allowing for ... Modified nucleic acids such as peptide nucleic acid (PNA) offer advantages compared to conventional DNA probes allowing for ... Modified nucleic acids such as peptide nucleic acid (PNA) offer advantages compared to conventional DNA probes allowing for ... Modified nucleic acids such as peptide nucleic acid (PNA) offer advantages compared to conventional DNA probes allowing for ...
Automatic Nucleic Acid Hybridization Workstation. * Previous Product : Cryostat CM01 * Next Product : Automated Test Tube ...
Its principle is based on the use of a fluorescent probe which represents a nucleic acid sequence specific to a target-gene. ... in situ hybridization can also be of interest for the analysis of specific gene expression profiles in sensitive samples, where ... in situ hybridization is a technique for visualizing specific RNA or DNA within cell or tissue. ... Data acquisition in in situ hybridization experiments is performed using a fluorescence microscope or with a cell imaging ...
Nucleic Acid Hybridization Substances * Iron-Sulfur Proteins * NAD * NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases * Electron Transport Complex I ...
Nucleic acid hybridization/probe tests. Two nucleic acid hybridization assays are FDA-cleared to detect C. trachomatis or N. ... gonorrhoeae nucleic acid have better performance characteristics than the Gonostat test. The gonorrhea nucleic acid genetic ... Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are the recommended test method.. *A self- or clinician-collected vaginal swab is the ... Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are the recommended test method.. *A first catch urine is the recommended sample type ...
Nucleic Acid Hybridization Tests (DNA Probe). Nucleic acid hybridization methods can be used for the diagnosis of chlamydial ... The technical requirements and the necessary expertise to perform nucleic acid hybridization tests are similar to those of the ... nucleic acid hybridization tests, and rapid (stat) tests. Because nonculture tests do not require strict handling of specimens ... Perform a second nonculture test that identifies a C. trachomatis antigen or a nucleic acid sequence that is different from ...
Dabpna: Design, Synthesis And Nucleic Acids Binding Studies (444 views). Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids (ISSN: 1525-7770 ... Complexes Formation With Natural Nucleic Acids (569 views). Roviello GN, Musumeci D, Pedone C, Bucci EM. Amino Acids (ISSN: ... Nucleic Acid Hybridization, -Lys-Dabpnas, Affiliations:. *** IBB - CNR ***. Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via ... Synthetic approaches to nucleopeptides containing all the four nucleobases, and nucleic acid-binding studies on a mixed- ...
Dabpna: Design, Synthesis And Nucleic Acids Binding Studies (437 views). Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids (ISSN: 1525-7770 ... Complexes Formation With Natural Nucleic Acids (566 views). Roviello GN, Musumeci D, Pedone C, Bucci EM. Amino Acids (ISSN: ... Nucleic Acid Hybridization, -Lys-Dabpnas, Affiliations:. *** IBB - CNR ***. Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Via ... Synthetic approaches to nucleopeptides containing all the four nucleobases, and nucleic acid-binding studies on a mixed- ...
Nucleic acid hybridization studies. Polymerase chain reaction studies. Myocarditis. DNA mutation analysis ... 1. Low or normal lactate and abnormal urine and serum organic acid levels ...
Visualization of the mycelia of wood-rotting fungi by fluorescence in situ hybridization using a peptide nucleic acid probe.. ... were visualized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe. Mycelia grown on wood ...
Nucleic Acid Hybridization * Periodicity* * Plasmids * Pupa / physiology * Transcription, Genetic* * Translocation, Genetic ...
Centripetally-motivated microfluidics system for performing in vitro hybridization and amplification of nucleic acids patent, ... Method For Isolating Nucleic Acids Comprising The Use Of Ethylene Glycol Multimers patent-application, March 2009 * Finne, ...
"Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction". Nucleic Acids Research. 31 (13): 3406-3415. doi: ... "Modeling Unusual Nucleic Acid Structures". Modeling unusual nucleic acid structures. In Molecular Modeling of Nucleic Acids. ... Nucleic acid structure prediction is a computational method to determine secondary and tertiary nucleic acid structure from its ... This article is about the computational prediction of nucleic acid structure. For experimental methods, see Nucleic acid ...
Nucleic Acid Molecular Hybridization for Plant Virus and Viroid Detection * Introduction * The Principle of the Nucleic Acid ...
Nucleic Acid Hybridization. *p53 Protein. *Up-Regulation. *Survival Rate. *Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma ... AIMS: The goal of this study was to pilot a commercial four-colour fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) probe set as a ... By fluorescence in situ hybridization of an expanded AcCC case series, we observed MSANTD3 rearrangements altogether in 3 of 20 ... Aneusomy detected by fluorescence in-situ hybridization has high positive predictive value for Barretts dysplasia.. ...
Nucleic Acid Hybridization Tests (DNA Probe). Nucleic acid hybridization methods can be used for the diagnosis of chlamydial ... The technical requirements and the necessary expertise to perform nucleic acid hybridization tests are similar to those of the ... nucleic acid hybridization tests, and rapid (stat) tests. Because nonculture tests do not require strict handling of specimens ... Perform a second nonculture test that identifies a C. trachomatis antigen or a nucleic acid sequence that is different from ...
Evaluation of three-dimensional microchannel glass biochips for multiplexed nucleic acid fluorescence hybridization assays. ... Miniaturized PCR chips for nucleic acid amplification and analysis: latest advances and future trends. Nucleic Acids Res 35, ... Prepare HNA etchant mixture of 49% hydrofluoric acid (HF), 70% nitric acid (HNO3) and (,98%) glacial acetic acid (CH3COOH) in ... This is the process used for nucleic acid programmable protein arrays (NAPPA)4,5 to express unique proteins from plasmid DNA ...
Nucleic Acid Hybridization. *Immunoblot. *ImmunoPrint. *Immunofluorescence. We also have a Testing Services laboratory that can ...
Detection of the rRNA amplification product sequences is achieved using nucleic acid hybridization (HPA). A single-stranded ... During the hybridization step, the sequence specific regions of the capture oligomers bind to specific regions of the target ... This temperature reduction allows hybridization to occur between the deoxyadenosine region on the capture oligomer and the poly ... of complementary oligonucleotide primers to specifically anneal and allow enzymatic amplification of the target nucleic acid ...
Part 2: Enumeration of total and potentially enteropathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood using nucleic acid ... Enumeration of total and potentially enteropathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in seafood using nucleic acid hybridization. ...
Zuker M. (2003). Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction. Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 3406-3415. doi ... acid stress (M17 supplemented with 0.5% glucose and adjusted to pH 5.5 with lactic acid), osmotic stress (M17 supplemented with ... acid or bile stresses. The results presented in Figures 6B and 7B clearly show differences in expression for almost all sRNAs ... 250 amino acid deletion relative to the Escherichia coli RpoD sequence. As this region is poorly characterized, it is unclear ...
... products using visual chromogenic chips based on asymmetric multiplex polymerase chain reaction and nucleic acid hybridization. ...
Nucleic acid isolation and microarray hybridizations. Fungal mycelia were harvested by filtration, washed with distilled cold ... Standard methods were used for electrophoresis, blotting and hybridization of nucleic acids. The microarray data and the ... A similar increase in amino acid uptake upon CCR has been reported for S. cerevisiae [30], but the effect was MIG1 independent ... For each probe the log2 hybridization ratio was linked to genome annotation coming from the JGI website. The final log2 ratio ...
In-situ Hybridization (ISH) Isothermic Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology (INNAT) Chips & Microarrays Sequencing Mass ... 2) By Technology: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR); In-situ Hybridization (ISH); Isothermic Nucleic Acid Amplification ... In-situ Hybridization (ISH); Isothermic Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology (INN. Best Price Guarantee. Length. Publisher. ... Global Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology/INAAT Market Size study, By Product (Assay, Kits and Reagents, Systems ...
  • Modified nucleic acids such as peptide nucleic acid (PNA) offer advantages compared to conventional DNA probes allowing for faster hybridization, better stability and minimal sample preparation for direct detection of pathogens. (psu.edu)
  • Visualization of the mycelia of wood-rotting fungi by fluorescence in situ hybridization using a peptide nucleic acid probe. (bvsalud.org)
  • White rot fungus , Phanerochaete chrysosporium , and brown rot fungus , Postia placenta , grown on agar plates, were visualized by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probe. (bvsalud.org)
  • Peptide nucleic acid (PNA) amphiphiles: synthesis, self-assembly, and duplex stability. (umassmed.edu)
  • Peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization (PNA-FISH) assay for specific detection of mycobacterium immunogenum and DNA-FISH assay for analysis of pseudomonads in metalworking fluid s and sputum. (cdc.gov)
  • Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a laboratory method used to detect and locate a DNA sequence, often on a particular chromosome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Data acquisition in in situ hybridization experiments is performed using a fluorescence microscope or with a cell imaging system, such as INCELL Analyzer. (qima-lifesciences.com)
  • A short introduction how cytogenetics and molecular cytogenetics were established is followed by technical aspects of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). (frontiersin.org)
  • This review is about "molecular cytogenetics" including 1) the historical perspective of its development from cytogenetics, 2) technical aspects, 3) available probe sets, and 4) variants and applications of the basic fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) approach. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2016). Application of locked nucleic acid-based probes in fluorescence in situ hybridization . (up.pt)
  • 2015). Towards fluorescence in vivo hybridization (FIVH) detection of H. pylori in gastric mucosa using advanced LNA probes . (up.pt)
  • 2017). Detection and discrimination of biofilm populations using locked nucleic acid/2'-O-methyl-RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (LNA/2'OMe-FISH) . (up.pt)
  • The intensity of fluorescence is measured to quantify the amount of hybridization that has occurred between the probes and the target molecules. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Nucleic acid hybridization is at the core of many amplification-free molecular diagnostics and detection probe configuration is key to diagnostic performance. (psu.edu)
  • Detection of the rRNA amplification product sequences is achieved using nucleic acid hybridization (HPA). (cdc.gov)
  • Detection of 13 foodborne pathogens in aquatic products using visual chromogenic chips based on asymmetric multiplex polymerase chain reaction and nucleic acid hybridization. (cabi.org)
  • The new guidelines further mention two specific antigen detection and nucleic acid probe-hybridization tests. (genomeweb.com)
  • After amplification the samples are typed by hybridization to the typing strips followed by colorimetric detection. (cdc.gov)
  • 3EO Health startup uses the Wyss Institute's user-friendly diagnostic nucleic acid detection technology together with additional components to build a digital platform that may empower patients with self-testing capabilities and access to results, information, and clinical partners. (harvard.edu)
  • Nucleic acid testing, which operates on this molecular level, has gradually become the mainstream of pathogen detection. (iso.org)
  • But it also covers the steps of the overall process of pre-examination, examination and post-examination for the analysis of nucleic acid amplification method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2, and specifies the methods and comprehensive assessment indicators including accuracy, limit of detection, inclusivity, and specificity, etc. (iso.org)
  • A person with laboratory isolation of typical gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococcic by culture (presumptive Neisseria gonorrhoeae ) from a clinical specimen, or demonstration of N. gonorrhoeae in a clinical specimen by detection of antigen or detection of nucleic acid via nucleic acid amplification (e.g. (cdc.gov)
  • In the 1960s, researchers Joseph Gall and Mary Lou Pardue found that molecular hybridization could be used to identify the position of DNA sequences in situ (i.e., in their natural positions within a chromosome). (wikipedia.org)
  • Since those original observations, many refinements have increased the versatility and sensitivity of the procedure to the extent that in situ hybridization is now considered an essential tool in cytogenetics. (wikipedia.org)
  • A method is described for visualizing three nucleic acid sequences simultaneously by in situ hybridization using a new blue immunofluorescent label, amino methyl coumarin acetic acid (AMCA), in combination with green and red fluorescing FITC and TRITC. (nih.gov)
  • Three-color in situ hybridization was applied to the study of numerical chromosome abnormalities as occur in human solid tumors. (nih.gov)
  • in situ hybridization is a technique for visualizing specific RNA or DNA within cell or tissue. (qima-lifesciences.com)
  • in situ hybridization can also be of interest for the analysis of specific gene expression profiles in sensitive samples, where total RNA extraction by RT-qPCR may not provide satisfactory results. (qima-lifesciences.com)
  • Bioalternatives can assist you in the implementation and in the analysis of your in situ hybridization experiments. (qima-lifesciences.com)
  • Do you have a project requiring in situ hybridization expertise? (qima-lifesciences.com)
  • 2015). Erratum to: Mismatch discrimination in fluorescent in situ hybridization using different types of nucleic acids (Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 10.1007/s00253-015-6389-4) . (up.pt)
  • Its principle is based on the use of a fluorescent probe which represents a nucleic acid sequence specific to a target-gene. (qima-lifesciences.com)
  • These factors include the presence of solvent (formamide), hybridization temperature, length of hybridization, volume of hybridization solution, degree and method of agitation, use of blocking reagents, concentration and specific activity of the probe, use of molecular agents to increase the rate of nucleic acid reassociation, and the degree of stringency used during the washing of the membrane. (thomassci.com)
  • In order to decrease any non-specific hybridization of the probe to a substrate, blocking agents must be used. (thomassci.com)
  • Basically, technicians synthesize a single-stranded nucleic acid sequence complementary to the DNA or RNA of a specific pathogen as a probe. (iso.org)
  • If a probe can be complementarily paired with the nucleic acid of the pathogen to be tested, it is possible to observe the signals of the markers, so that the species of the pathogen to be tested can be confirmed. (iso.org)
  • Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR]) or hybridization with a nucleic acid probe. (cdc.gov)
  • Beyond the bulk fluid assay and droplet devices, use of dsPNA probes may be advantageous in a wide variety of assays that employ homogenous nucleic acid hybridization. (psu.edu)
  • The hybridization occurs between the complementary sequences of the probes and the target molecules. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • My research focuses on the synthesis of modified nucleosides, oligonucleotides, metallated oligonucleotides, and their conjugation to develop hybridization probes. (utu.fi)
  • Modified nucleosides and nucleic acids, Oligonucleotide chemistry, developing covalently mercurated hybridization probes. (utu.fi)
  • In molecular biology, hybridization (or hybridisation) is a phenomenon in which single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules anneal to complementary DNA or RNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid, single stranded from salmon testes is a ready-to-use solution of high quality, sonicated, single-stranded template DNA isolated from the testes of salmon. (aidstar-one.com)
  • Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. (bvsalud.org)
  • Hybridization is a basic property of nucleotide sequences and is taken advantage of in numerous molecular biology techniques. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secondary structure can be predicted from one or several nucleic acid sequences. (wikipedia.org)
  • The microarray technology is based on the hybridization of labelled DNA or RNA molecules to complementary sequences that are immobilized on a solid substrate. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • The principle of DNA microarray technology is based on the hybridization of complementary sequences of nucleic acid molecules. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • There are currently three methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2: nucleic acid tests, antigen tests and antibody tests. (iso.org)
  • many molecules have several possible three-dimensional structures, so predicting these structures remains out of reach unless obvious sequence and functional similarity to a known class of nucleic acid molecules, such as transfer RNA (tRNA) or microRNA (miRNA), is observed. (wikipedia.org)
  • Protein expression in living cells involves untethered intermediate molecules such as mRNA, enzymes, ribosomes, amino acids and polypeptides. (nature.com)
  • During the hybridization step, the sequence specific regions of the capture oligomers bind to specific regions of the target molecules. (cdc.gov)
  • This temperature reduction allows hybridization to occur between the deoxyadenosine region on the capture oligomer and the poly-deoxythymidine molecules that are covalently attached to the magnetic particles. (cdc.gov)
  • Double-stranded nucleic acid molecules (DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA) which contain regions of nucleotide mismatches (non-complementary). (umassmed.edu)
  • DNA replication and transcription of DNA into RNA both rely upon nucleotide hybridization, as do molecular biology techniques including Southern blots and Northern blots, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and most approaches to DNA sequencing. (wikipedia.org)
  • If different types of nucleic acids reassociate (DNA with RNA), it is called molecular hybridization . (wikilectures.eu)
  • In 1962 James Watson (b. 1928), Francis Crick (1916-2004), and Maurice Wilkins (1916-2004) jointly received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their 1953 determination of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (wikipedia.org)
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid solution from calf thymus is suitable for use as a blocking agent in Southern hybridizations. (thomassci.com)
  • Fusing of two complementary strands of nucleic acids in vitro into double helices is called reassociation . (wikilectures.eu)
  • Target amplification assays are based on the ability of complementary oligonucleotide primers to specifically anneal and allow enzymatic amplification of the target nucleic acid strands. (cdc.gov)
  • The principle of DNA microarray is based on the hybridization of DNA strands. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) are the recommended test method. (cdc.gov)
  • It notably includes recommendations for use of nucleic acid amplification tests, or NAATs, for Trichomonas vaginalis and routine trichomonas screening for high-risk populations. (genomeweb.com)
  • I later moved to the University at Albany, State University of New York (SUNY), USA for my postdoctoral research, where I worked on α-functionalization of Cysteine type amino acids with various alkyl halides using photocatalysis and dimeric compounds synthesis through dearomatization reactions. (utu.fi)
  • It can be accessed online at www.helmholtz-hiri.de/en/datasets/enterococcus through an instance of the genomic viewer JBrowse. (frontiersin.org)
  • It was used as negative control in DNA-DNA hybridization experiments using genomic DNA preparations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio alginolyticus. (thomassci.com)
  • First, ssDNA with a known sequence, complementary to the nucleic acid sought in the mixture, is attached to e.g. a membrane filter or a carbohydrate gel in the column. (wikilectures.eu)
  • During the flow of the investigated mixture of nucleic acids through a filter or column modified in this way, the sought complementary ssDNA or ssRNA associates with the DNA fixed to the carrier. (wikilectures.eu)
  • Such tests use a nucleic acid hybridization technique that is based on double-stranded complementary pairing of nucleic acids. (iso.org)
  • in vitro, they are formed by nucleic acid hybridization. (umassmed.edu)
  • The technical arrangement of reassociation of nucleic acids is different. (wikilectures.eu)
  • A variety of different methods use hybridization to pinpoint the origin of a DNA sample, including the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (wikipedia.org)
  • Because this reagent binds to nucleic acids, it should be treated as a potential mutagen and handled with appropriate care. (aidstar-one.com)
  • Saline Sodium Citrate Buffer specifically developed for Northern and Southern transfer protocols and nucleic acid preparations. (aniara.com)
  • For experimental methods, see Nucleic acid structure determination . (wikipedia.org)
  • The nucleic acid test is the 'gold standard' for pathogenic diagnosis, faster and more accurate than the other methods. (iso.org)
  • ISO/TS 5798 mainly focuses on the use of nucleic acid amplification methods for diagnosis and screening of SARS-CoV-2 and proposes requirements and recommendations for the design, development, validation, verification and implementation of testing methods. (iso.org)
  • Where my research was focused on the biomimetic total Synthesis of complex natural products mainly bioactive lactones from carbohydrate scaffolds and Artemisinic acid glycoconjugates synthesis. (utu.fi)
  • Unfolding and folding of the double helix is ​​a common phenomenon in vivo (e.g. in the biosynthesis of nucleic acids). (wikilectures.eu)
  • They would then label it using, for example, radioisotopes or enzymes, and subject it to hybridization with the nucleic acids of the pathogen to be tested. (iso.org)
  • A common problem for researchers working with RNA is to determine the three-dimensional structure of the molecule given only a nucleic acid sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Overall, genetic relatedness of two species can be determined by hybridizing segments of their DNA (DNA-DNA hybridization). (wikipedia.org)
  • Electron microscopic analysis of the resulting heteroduplexes facilitates the mapping of regions of base sequence homology of nucleic acids. (umassmed.edu)
  • The third step in DNA microarray analysis is hybridization. (tutorialspoint.com)
  • The filter is poured with a solution of radioactively labeled and short artificial nucleic acid that contains the desired sequence. (wikilectures.eu)
  • Automatic Nucleic Acid Hybridization Workstation-HONN LABORATORY INC. (robinhorsley.com)
  • After washing, the captured nucleic acid can be released (eluted) with a suitable hydrogen-bonding agent. (wikilectures.eu)
  • In the procedure, the DNA fragments are transferred from the gel electrophorogram to a material more suitable for hybridization, i.e. a nitrocellulose filter. (wikilectures.eu)
  • Suitable for use as a blocking agent in Southern hybridizations. (aidstar-one.com)
  • This test, using Hybrid Capture 2 technology, is a nucleic acid hybridization microplate assay with signal amplification. (cdc.gov)
  • Recently published, ISO/TS 5798 provides recommendations for the design, development, verification, validation and implementation of analytical tests for detecting the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using nucleic acid amplification. (iso.org)
  • Most of us know that there are various types of COVID test available, but the new technical specification uses nucleic acid testing. (iso.org)
  • Epidemiology of transmissible diseases: Array hybridization and next generation sequencing as universal nucleic acid-mediated typing tools. (cdc.gov)
  • product and nucleic acid hybridization. (cdc.gov)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes" by people in this website by year, and whether "Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)