Devices containing fissionable material in sufficient quantity and so arranged as to be capable of maintaining a controlled, self-sustaining NUCLEAR FISSION chain reaction. They are also known as atomic piles, atomic reactors, fission reactors, and nuclear piles, although such names are deprecated. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Radioactive air pollution refers to the presence and circulation of radioactive particles or gases in the atmosphere, originating from human activities such as nuclear power plant accidents, nuclear weapons testing, or improper disposal of radioactive waste, which can pose significant health risks to living organisms due to ionizing radiation exposure.
Nuclear reaction in which the nucleus of a heavy atom such as uranium or plutonium is split into two approximately equal parts by a neutron, charged particle, or photon.
Uncontrolled release of radioactive material from its containment. This either threatens to, or does, cause exposure to a radioactive hazard. Such an incident may occur accidentally or deliberately.
Pollutants, present in soil, which exhibit radioactivity.
Unstable isotopes of cesium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cs atoms with atomic weights of 123, 125-132, and 134-145 are radioactive cesium isotopes.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ukraine" is a country located in Eastern Europe and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it.
Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen.
Refuse liquid or waste matter carried off by sewers.
The discarding or destroying of liquid waste products or their transformation into something useful or innocuous.
Enzymes which are immobilized on or in a variety of water-soluble or water-insoluble matrices with little or no loss of their catalytic activity. Since they can be reused continuously, immobilized enzymes have found wide application in the industrial, medical and research fields.
Any of several processes in which undesirable impurities in water are removed or neutralized; for example, chlorination, filtration, primary treatment, ion exchange, and distillation. It includes treatment of WASTE WATER to provide potable and hygienic water in a controlled or closed environment as well as provision of public drinking water supplies.
The discarding or destroying of garbage, sewage, or other waste matter or its transformation into something useful or innocuous.
The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Worthless, damaged, defective, superfluous or effluent material from industrial operations.
A family of anaerobic METHANOSARCINALES whose cells are mesophilic or thermophilic and appear as irregular spheroid bodies or sheathed rods. These methanogens are found in any anaerobic environment including aquatic sediments, anaerobic sewage digesters and gastrointestinal tracts. There are four genera: METHANOSARCINA, Methanolobus, Methanothrix, and Methanococcoides.
Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.
Contaminated water generated as a waste product of human activity.
A process facilitated by specialized bacteria involving the oxidation of ammonium to nitrite and nitrate.
Testing for the amount of biodegradable organic material in a water sample by measuring the quantity of oxygen consumed by biodegradation of those materials over a specific time period.
Disposal, processing, controlling, recycling, and reusing the solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes of plants, animals, humans, and other organisms. It includes control within a closed ecological system to maintain a habitable environment.
Hydrocarbon-rich byproducts from the non-fossilized BIOMASS that are combusted to generate energy as opposed to fossilized hydrocarbon deposits (FOSSIL FUELS).
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
A genus of gram-negative, ellipsoidal or rod-shaped bacteria whose major source of energy and reducing power is from the oxidation of ammonia to nitrite. Its species occur in soils, oceans, lakes, rivers, and sewage disposal systems.
An order of anaerobic methanogens in the kingdom EURYARCHAEOTA. There are two families: METHANOSARCINACEAE and Methanosaetaceae.
Microbial, plant, or animal cells which are immobilized by attachment to solid structures, usually a column matrix. A common use of immobilized cells is in biotechnology for the bioconversion of a substrate to a particular product. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.
An insecticide and herbicide that has also been used as a wood preservative. Pentachlorphenol is a widespread environmental pollutant. Both chronic and acute pentachlorophenol poisoning are medical concerns. The range of its biological actions is still being actively explored, but it is clearly a potent enzyme inhibitor and has been used as such as an experimental tool.
'Anaerobic Bacteria' are types of bacteria that do not require oxygen for growth and can often cause diseases in humans, including dental caries, gas gangrene, and tetanus, among others.
Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., GENETIC ENGINEERING) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include TRANSFECTION and CLONING technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction.
Nitrate reduction process generally mediated by anaerobic bacteria by which nitrogen available to plants is converted to a gaseous form and lost from the soil or water column. It is a part of the nitrogen cycle.
Inorganic compounds that include a positively charged tetrahedral nitrogen (ammonium ion) as part of their structure. This class of compounds includes a broad variety of simple ammonium salts and derivatives.
The extraction and recovery of usable or valuable material from scrap or other discarded materials. (from McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed.)
A group of different species of microorganisms that act together as a community.
A phylum of ARCHAEA comprising at least seven classes: Methanobacteria, Methanococci, Halobacteria (extreme halophiles), Archaeoglobi (sulfate-reducing species), Methanopyri, and the thermophiles: Thermoplasmata, and Thermococci.
A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. Note that the aqueous form of ammonia is referred to as AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE.
Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to ARCHAEAL ANTIGENS.
Encrustations, formed from microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, plankton, or protozoa) embedding in extracellular polymers, that adhere to surfaces such as teeth (DENTAL DEPOSITS); PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; and catheters. Biofilms are prevented from forming by treating surfaces with DENTIFRICES; DISINFECTANTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; and antifouling agents.
DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.
A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that oxidizes nitrites to nitrates. Its organisms occur in aerobic environments where organic matter is being mineralized, including soil, fresh water, and sea water.
A family of gram-negative nitrifying bacteria, in the order Nitrosomonadales, class BETAPROTEOBACTERIA.
An infection of cattle caused by MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. It is transmissible to man and other animals.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Genome reduction in a hemiclonal frog Rana esculenta from radioactively contaminated areas. (1/114)

A decrease in genome size was found in the hemiclonal hybridogenetic frog Rana esculenta (R. ridibunda x R. lessonae) from areas of radioactive contamination that resulted from the Chernobyl fallout. This genome reduction was of up to 4% and correlated with the background level of gamma-radiation (linear regression corresponded on average to -0.4% per doubling of radiation level). No change in genome size was observed in the coexisting parental species R. lessonae. There was no correlation between genome size and body mass in R. esculenta froglets, which have metamorphosed in the year of the study. The hemiclonal forms may become a suitable object for study on biological significance of individual DNA sequences (and of genome size as a whole) because mutant animals with deletions in a specified genome can arise after a low radiation dose. The proneness to genetic damage makes such forms also a prospective bioindicator of radioactive (and possibly other mutagenic) pollution with the effects of genetic damage conveniently and rapidly monitored by DNA flow cytometry.  (+info)

Cancer in children of nuclear industry employees: report on children aged under 25 years from nuclear industry family study. (2/114)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether children of men and women occupationally exposed to ionising radiation are at increased risk of developing leukaemia or other cancers before their 25th birthday. DESIGN: Cohort study of children of nuclear industry employees. SETTING: Nuclear establishments operated by the Atomic Energy Authority, Atomic Weapons Establishment, and British Nuclear Fuels. SUBJECTS: 39 557 children of male employees and 8883 children of female employees. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cancer incidence in offspring reported by parents. Employment and radiation monitoring data (including annual external dose) supplied by the nuclear authorities. RESULTS: 111 cancers were reported, of which 28 were leukaemia. The estimated standardised incidence ratios for children of male and female employees who were born in 1965 or later were 98 (95% confidence interval 73 to 129) and 96 (50 to 168) for all malignancies and 109 (61 to 180) and 95 (20 to 277) for leukaemia. The leukaemia rate in children whose fathers had accumulated a preconceptual dose of >/=100 mSv was 5.8 times that in children conceived before their fathers' employment in the nuclear industry (95% confidence interval 1.3 to 24.8) but this was based on only three exposed cases. Two of these cases were included in the west Cumbrian ("Gardner") case-control study. No significant trends were found between increasing dose and leukaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer in young people is rare, and our results are based on small numbers of events. Overall, the findings suggest that the incidence of cancer and leukaemia among children of nuclear industry employees is similar to that in the general population. The possibility that exposure of fathers to relatively high doses of ionising radiation before their child's conception might be related to an increased risk of leukaemia in their offspring could not be disproved, but this result was based on only three cases, two of which have been previously reported. High conceptual doses are rare, and even if the occupational association were causal, the number of leukaemias involved would be small; in this study of over 46 000 children, fewer than three leukaemias could potentially be attributed to such an exposure.  (+info)

Specific p53 gene mutations in urinary bladder epithelium after the Chernobyl accident. (3/114)

After the Chernobyl accident, the incidence of urinary bladder cancers in the Ukraine population increased gradually from 26.2 to 36.1 per 100,000 between 1986 and 1996. Urinary bladder epithelium biopsied from 45 male patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia living in radiocontaminated areas of Ukraine demonstrated frequent severe urothelial dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, and a single invasive transitional cell carcinoma, combined with irradiation cystitis in 42 cases (93%). No neoplastic changes (carcinoma in situ or transitional cell carcinoma) were found in 10 patients from clean areas (areas without radiocontamination). DNA was extracted from the altered urothelium of selected paraffin-embedded specimens that showed obviously abnormal histology (3 cases) or intense p53 immunoreactivity (15 cases), and mutational analysis of exons 5-8 of the p53 gene was performed by PCR-single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis followed by DNA sequencing. Nine of 17 patients (53%) had one or more mutations in the altered urothelium. Urine sediment samples were also collected from the patients at 4-27 months after biopsy and analyzed by PCR-single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis or yeast functional assay, and identical or additional p53 mutations were found in four of five cases. Interestingly, a relative hot spot at codon 245 was found in five of nine (56%) cases with mutations, and 11 of the 13 mutations determined (73%) were G:C to A:T transitions at CpG dinucleotides, reported to be relatively infrequent (approximately 18%) in human urinary bladder cancers. Therefore, the frequent and specific p53 mutations found in these male patients may alert us to a future elevated occurrence of urinary bladder cancers in the radiocontaminated areas.  (+info)

Leukemia, lymphomas, and myeloma mortality in the vicinity of nuclear power plants and nuclear fuel facilities in Spain. (4/114)

Mortality due to hematological tumors in towns near Spain's seven nuclear power plants and five nuclear fuel facilities during the period 1975-1993 was ascertained. The study was based on 610 leukemia-, 198 lymphoma-, and 122 myeloma-induced deaths in 489 towns situated within a 30-km radius of such installations. As control areas, we used 477 towns lying within a 50- to 100-km radius of each installation, matched by population size and a series of sociodemographic characteristics (income level, proportion of active population engaged in farming, proportion of unemployed, percentage of illiteracy, and province). Relative risk (RR) for each area and the trends in risk with increasing proximity to an installation were analyzed using log-linear models. None of the nuclear power plants registered an excess risk of leukemia-induced mortality in any of the surrounding areas. Excess risk of leukemia mortality was, however, observed in the vicinity of the uranium-processing facilities in Andujar [RR, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.64] and Ciudad Rodrigo (RR, 1.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.92-3.08). Excess risk of multiplemyeloma mortality was found in the area surrounding the Zorita nuclear power plant. Statistical testing revealed that, with the single exception of multiple myeloma, none of the tumors studied showed evidence of a rise in risk with proximity to an installation. No study area yielded evidence of a raised risk of leukemia mortality among persons under the age of 25 years. More specific studies are called for in areas near installations that have been fully operational for longer periods. In this connection, stress should be laid on the importance of using dosimetric information in all future studies.  (+info)

Dose estimations of fast neutrons from a nuclear reactor by micronuclear yields in onion seedlings. (5/114)

Irradiations of onion seedlings with fission neutrons from bare, Pb-moderated, and Fe-moderated 252Cf sources induced micronuclei in the root-tip cells at similar rates. The rate per cGy averaged for the three sources, , was 19 times higher than rate induced by 60Co gamma-rays. When neutron doses, Dn, were estimated from frequencies of micronuclei induced in onion seedlings after exposure to neutron-gamma mixed radiation from a 1 W nuclear reactor, using the reciprocal of as conversion factor, resulting Dn values agreed within 10% with doses measured with paired ionizing chambers. This excellent agreement was achieved by the high sensitivity of the onion system to fast neutrons relative to gamma-rays and the high contribution of fast neutrons to the total dose of mixed radiation in the reactor's field.  (+info)

Male infertility risk factors in a French military population. (6/114)

We investigated infertility risk factors by conducting a population-based case-control study in the military population of the French town of Brest. Sixty couples who had sought medical advice for infertility of more than 12 months duration (cases) were compared with 165 couples who had had a child (controls). All the men in these couples had been employed by the military. The infertility risk factors studied were male and female medical factors, occupational and environmental exposures. We obtained age-adjusted odds ratios of 7.4 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4--39.5] for testis surgery, and 13.0 for varicocele (95% CI: 1.4--120.3) in men. In logistic regression, the age-adjusted odds ratio for men who had worked in a nuclear submarine was found to be 2.0 (95% CI: 1.0--3.7), and that for heat exposure was 4.5 (95% CI: 1.9--10.6). One limitation of this study is the lack of exposure measurements, especially for potential exposure to nuclear radiation (type of reactor used in nuclear-powered submarines, inability to obtain personal dosimeters worn by military personnel working in nuclear submarines). In conclusion, this study suggests that in this military population, having worked as a submariner in a nuclear-powered submarine, and having worked in very hot conditions, should be considered as risk factors for infertility.  (+info)

Population mixing and leukaemia in young people around the La Hague nuclear waste reprocessing plant. (7/114)

In order to investigate for an association between population mixing and the occurrence of leukaemia in young people (less than 25 years), a geographical study was conducted, for the years 1979 to 1998, in Nord Cotentin (France). This area experienced between the years 1978 and 1992 a major influx of workers for the construction of a nuclear power station and a new nuclear waste reprocessing unit. A population mixing index was defined on the basis of the number of workers born outside the French department of 'La Manche' and living in each 'commune', the basic geographical unit under study. The analyses were done with indirect standardisation and Poisson regression model allowing or not for extra-Poisson variation. Urban 'communes' were considered as the reference population. The Incidence Rate Ratio was 2.7 in rural 'communes' belonging to the highest tertile of population mixing (95% Bayesian credible interval, 95%BCI=1.2-5.9). A positive trend was observed among rural strata with increasing population mixing index (IRR for trend=1.4, 95%BCI=1.1-1.8). The risk became stronger for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia in children 1-6 years old in the highest tertile of population mixing (IRR=5.5, 95%BCI=1.4-23.3). These findings provide further support for a possible infective basis of childhood leukaemia.  (+info)

Dosimetry of fission neutrons in a 1-W reactor, UTR-KINKI. (8/114)

The energy spectrum of fission neutrons in the biological irradiation field of the Kinki University reactor, UTR-KINKI, has been determined by a multi-foil activation analysis coupled with artificial neural network techniques and a Au-foil activation method. The mean neutron energy was estimated to be 1.26 +/- 0.05 MeV from the experimentally determined spectrum. Based on this energy value and other information, the neutron dose rate was estimated to be 19.7 +/- 1.4 cGy/hr. Since this dose rate agrees with that measured by a pair of ionizing chambers (21.4 cGy/hr), we conclude that the mean neutron energy could be estimated with reasonable accuracy in the irradiation field of UTR-KINKI.  (+info)

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "nuclear reactors" are not a medical term. They are a type of equipment used in the field of nuclear engineering and physics. A nuclear reactor is a system that contains and controls sustained nuclear chain reactions. These can be found in power plants to generate electricity, or in research facilities for various purposes such as producing medical isotopes.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'd be happy to help!

Radioactive air pollution refers to the presence of radioactive particles or radionuclides in the air. These substances emit ionizing radiation, which can be harmful to human health and the environment. Radioactive air pollution can come from a variety of sources, including nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons testing, industrial activities, and natural processes such as the decay of radon gas.

Exposure to radioactive air pollution can increase the risk of developing cancer and other diseases, particularly in cases of prolonged or high-level exposure. It is important to monitor and regulate radioactive air pollution to protect public health and ensure compliance with safety standards.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "nuclear fission" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. It is a concept from nuclear physics. Nuclear fission is the process of splitting a heavy, unstable atomic nucleus (such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239) into two lighter nuclei, along with a few subatomic particles (like neutrons and photons) and a large release of energy. This process can occur naturally, but it is also used in nuclear power plants and atomic bombs.

A "Radioactive Hazard Release" is defined in medical and environmental health terms as an uncontrolled or accidental release of radioactive material into the environment, which can pose significant risks to human health and the ecosystem. This can occur due to various reasons such as nuclear accidents, improper handling or disposal of radioactive sources, or failure of radiation-generating equipment.

The released radioactive materials can contaminate air, water, and soil, leading to both external and internal exposure pathways. External exposure occurs through direct contact with the skin or by inhaling radioactive particles, while internal exposure happens when radioactive substances are ingested or inhaled and become deposited within the body.

The health effects of radioactive hazard release depend on several factors, including the type and amount of radiation released, the duration and intensity of exposure, and the sensitivity of the exposed individuals. Potential health impacts range from mild radiation sickness to severe diseases such as cancer and genetic mutations, depending on the level and length of exposure.

Prompt identification, assessment, and management of radioactive hazard releases are crucial to minimize potential health risks and protect public health.

Radioactive soil pollutants refer to radioactive substances that contaminate and negatively impact the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil. These pollutants can arise from various sources such as nuclear accidents, industrial activities, agricultural practices, and military testing. They include radionuclides such as uranium, plutonium, cesium-137, and strontium-90, among others.

Exposure to radioactive soil pollutants can have serious health consequences for humans and other living organisms. Direct contact with contaminated soil can result in radiation exposure, while ingestion or inhalation of contaminated soil particles can lead to internal radiation exposure. This can increase the risk of cancer, genetic mutations, and other health problems.

Radioactive soil pollutants can also have negative impacts on the environment, such as reducing soil fertility, disrupting ecosystems, and contaminating water sources. Therefore, it is essential to monitor and regulate radioactive soil pollution to protect human health and the environment.

Cesium radioisotopes are different forms of the element cesium that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation. Some commonly used medical cesium radioisotopes include Cs-134 and Cs-137, which are produced from nuclear reactions in nuclear reactors or during nuclear weapons testing.

In medicine, cesium radioisotopes have been used in cancer treatment for the brachytherapy of certain types of tumors. Brachytherapy involves placing a small amount of radioactive material directly into or near the tumor to deliver a high dose of radiation to the cancer cells while minimizing exposure to healthy tissues.

Cesium-137, for example, has been used in the treatment of cervical, endometrial, and prostate cancers. However, due to concerns about potential long-term risks associated with the use of cesium radioisotopes, their use in cancer therapy is becoming less common.

It's important to note that handling and using radioactive materials requires specialized training and equipment to ensure safety and prevent radiation exposure.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ukraine" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Eastern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

A bioreactor is a device or system that supports and controls the conditions necessary for biological organisms, cells, or tissues to grow and perform their specific functions. It provides a controlled environment with appropriate temperature, pH, nutrients, and other factors required for the desired biological process to occur. Bioreactors are widely used in various fields such as biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and environmental science for applications like production of therapeutic proteins, vaccines, biofuels, enzymes, and wastewater treatment.

Sewage is not typically considered a medical term, but it does have relevance to public health and medicine. Sewage is the wastewater that is produced by households and industries, which contains a variety of contaminants including human waste, chemicals, and other pollutants. It can contain various pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can cause diseases in humans if they come into contact with it or consume contaminated food or water. Therefore, the proper treatment and disposal of sewage is essential to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and protect public health.

Fluid waste disposal in a medical context refers to the proper and safe management of liquid byproducts generated during medical procedures, patient care, or research. These fluids can include bodily excretions (such as urine, feces, or vomit), irrigation solutions, blood, or other biological fluids.

The process of fluid waste disposal involves several steps:

1. Collection: Fluid waste is collected in appropriate containers that are designed to prevent leakage and contamination.
2. Segregation: Different types of fluid waste may require separate collection and disposal methods based on their infectious or hazardous nature.
3. Treatment: Depending on the type and volume of fluid waste, various treatments can be applied, such as disinfection, sterilization, or chemical neutralization, to reduce the risk of infection or harm to the environment and personnel.
4. Disposal: Treated fluid waste is then disposed of according to local regulations, which may involve transporting it to a designated waste management facility for further processing or disposal in a safe and environmentally friendly manner (e.g., deep well injection, incineration, or landfilling).
5. Documentation and tracking: Proper records should be maintained to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements and to enable effective monitoring and auditing of the waste disposal process.

It is essential to handle fluid waste disposal carefully to minimize the risk of infection, protect the environment, and maintain regulatory compliance. Healthcare facilities must adhere to strict guidelines and regulations regarding fluid waste management to ensure the safety of patients, staff, and the community.

Immobilized enzymes refer to enzymes that have been restricted or fixed in a specific location and are unable to move freely. This is typically achieved through physical or chemical methods that attach the enzyme to a solid support or matrix. The immobilization of enzymes can provide several advantages, including increased stability, reusability, and ease of separation from the reaction mixture.

Immobilized enzymes are widely used in various industrial applications, such as biotransformations, biosensors, and diagnostic kits. They can also be used for the production of pharmaceuticals, food additives, and other fine chemicals. The immobilization techniques include adsorption, covalent binding, entrapment, and cross-linking.

Adsorption involves physically attaching the enzyme to a solid support through weak forces such as van der Waals interactions or hydrogen bonding. Covalent binding involves forming chemical bonds between the enzyme and the support matrix. Entrapment involves encapsulating the enzyme within a porous matrix, while cross-linking involves chemically linking multiple enzyme molecules together to form a stable structure.

Overall, immobilized enzymes offer several advantages over free enzymes, including improved stability, reusability, and ease of separation from the reaction mixture, making them valuable tools in various industrial applications.

Water purification is the process of removing or reducing contaminants in water to make it safe and suitable for specific uses, such as drinking, cooking, irrigation, or medical purposes. This is typically achieved through physical, chemical, or biological methods, or a combination thereof. The goal is to eliminate or reduce harmful substances like bacteria, viruses, parasites, heavy metals, pesticides, and other pollutants that can cause illness or negatively impact human health, aquatic life, or the environment.

The specific purification methods used may vary depending on the nature of the contaminants and the desired level of purity for the intended use. Common techniques include filtration (using various types of filters like activated carbon, ceramic, or reverse osmosis), disinfection (using chemicals like chlorine or UV light to kill microorganisms), sedimentation (allowing particles to settle and be removed), and distillation (heating water to create steam, which is then condensed back into pure water).

I'm happy to help, but it seems there might be some confusion in your question. "Refuse disposal" is not a medical term per se, but rather a term used in waste management and public health. It refers to the process of getting rid of waste materials generated from human activities, such as household trash or clinical waste from hospitals and healthcare facilities.

However, if you are referring to the medical management of patients who refuse treatment or disposal of their remains after death, here are some relevant definitions:

* "Refusal of treatment" is a term used in medical ethics and law to describe a situation where a patient declines medical intervention or care. This can occur for various reasons, including lack of consent, lack of decision-making capacity, or religious or cultural beliefs.
* "Disposition of human remains" refers to the handling, processing, and final placement of a deceased person's body. In the context of patients who refuse treatment and die, this may involve arranging for their bodies to be transported to a funeral home, crematorium, or other designated facility for disposal.

I hope this clarifies any confusion. Let me know if you have any further questions!

Methane is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that is often mentioned in the context of medicine and health. Medically, methane is significant because it is one of the gases produced by anaerobic microorganisms during the breakdown of organic matter in the gut, leading to conditions such as bloating, cramping, and diarrhea. Excessive production of methane can also be a symptom of certain digestive disorders like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO).

In broader terms, methane is a colorless, odorless gas that is the primary component of natural gas. It is produced naturally by the decomposition of organic matter in anaerobic conditions, such as in landfills, wetlands, and the digestive tracts of animals like cows and humans. Methane is also a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 25 times greater than carbon dioxide over a 100-year time frame.

Anaerobiosis is a state in which an organism or a portion of an organism is able to live and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen (O2). In biological contexts, "anaerobe" refers to any organism that does not require oxygen for growth, and "aerobe" refers to an organism that does require oxygen for growth.

There are two types of anaerobes: obligate anaerobes, which cannot tolerate the presence of oxygen and will die if exposed to it; and facultative anaerobes, which can grow with or without oxygen but prefer to grow in its absence. Some organisms are able to switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the availability of oxygen, a process known as "facultative anaerobiosis."

Anaerobic respiration is a type of metabolic process that occurs in the absence of molecular oxygen. In this process, organisms use alternative electron acceptors other than oxygen to generate energy through the transfer of electrons during cellular respiration. Examples of alternative electron acceptors include nitrate, sulfate, and carbon dioxide.

Anaerobic metabolism is less efficient than aerobic metabolism in terms of energy production, but it allows organisms to survive in environments where oxygen is not available or is toxic. Anaerobic bacteria are important decomposers in many ecosystems, breaking down organic matter and releasing nutrients back into the environment. In the human body, anaerobic bacteria can cause infections and other health problems if they proliferate in areas with low oxygen levels, such as the mouth, intestines, or deep tissue wounds.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "industrial waste" is not a term that has a medical definition. Industrial waste is a term used to describe waste produced by industrial activities, such as manufacturing, mining, and construction. It can include a wide variety of materials, including chemicals, metals, soil, and water. Proper management and disposal of industrial waste are important for protecting the environment and public health. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical terminology, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

Methanosarcinaceae is a family of archaea within the order Methanosarcinales. These organisms are known for their ability to produce methane as a metabolic byproduct, specifically through the process of methanogenesis. They are commonly found in anaerobic environments such as wetlands, digestive tracts of animals, and sewage treatment facilities.

Methanosarcinaceae species are unique among methanogens because they can utilize a variety of substrates for methane production, including acetate, methanol, and carbon dioxide with hydrogen. This versatility allows them to thrive in diverse anaerobic habitats. Some notable genera within this family include Methanosarcina, Methanosaeta, and Methanothrix.

It is important to note that methanogens like those found in Methanosarcinaceae play a significant role in the global carbon cycle, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Additionally, they have potential applications in biotechnology for waste treatment and biofuel production.

Environmental biodegradation is the breakdown of materials, especially man-made substances such as plastics and industrial chemicals, by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi in order to use them as a source of energy or nutrients. This process occurs naturally in the environment and helps to break down organic matter into simpler compounds that can be more easily absorbed and assimilated by living organisms.

Biodegradation in the environment is influenced by various factors, including the chemical composition of the substance being degraded, the environmental conditions (such as temperature, moisture, and pH), and the type and abundance of microorganisms present. Some substances are more easily biodegraded than others, and some may even be resistant to biodegradation altogether.

Biodegradation is an important process for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, as it helps to prevent the accumulation of harmful substances in the environment. However, some man-made substances, such as certain types of plastics and industrial chemicals, may persist in the environment for long periods of time due to their resistance to biodegradation, leading to negative impacts on wildlife and ecosystems.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in developing biodegradable materials that can break down more easily in the environment as a way to reduce waste and minimize environmental harm. These efforts have led to the development of various biodegradable plastics, coatings, and other materials that are designed to degrade under specific environmental conditions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "waste water" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. Wastewater is a term that is more commonly used in the fields of environmental science and engineering. Here is a definition from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA):

Wastewater: Water that has been affected by human use and is no longer suitable for immediate reuse without treatment. Wastewater includes sewage, which is a combination of liquid wastes from homes, businesses, and industries, as well as runoff from streets and agricultural operations.

It's important to note that while wastewater may not be a medical term, there are certainly public health implications when it comes to the treatment and disposal of wastewater. Improperly treated wastewater can contain pathogens and other contaminants that can pose risks to human health.

Nitrification is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is a process that is often referred to in the context of environmental science and public health.

In this context, nitrification is a microbial process by which ammonia (NH3) or ammonium (NH4+) is converted into nitrite (NO2-) and then into nitrate (NO3-). This process is an important part of the nitrogen cycle and helps to remove excess nutrients from wastewater and other environments.

In some cases, nitrification can also be relevant in medical contexts related to environmental exposures or occupational health. For example, exposure to high levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a gas that can be produced during nitrification, can cause respiratory symptoms and exacerbate existing lung conditions. Additionally, certain industrial processes that involve nitrification, such as the production of fertilizers or explosives, can pose health risks to workers if appropriate safety measures are not in place.

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) analysis is a laboratory test used to determine the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms during the decomposition of organic matter in a sample of water. It is a measure of the pollution potential of a wastewater, with higher BOD values indicating greater pollution. The test involves measuring the difference in dissolved oxygen (DO) levels between a controlled incubation period (usually five days) and the initial DO level. The difference is reported as the BOD, typically expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or parts per million (ppm). This information helps in assessing the effectiveness of wastewater treatment processes and monitoring water quality in rivers, streams, and other bodies of water.

I'm happy to help, but I must clarify that I can't provide a "medical definition" of waste management since it is not a medical term per se. Waste management is a broader environmental and public health issue. However, I can offer a definition related to healthcare facilities:

Waste management in the context of healthcare facilities refers to the practices, processes, and systems used to collect, transport, treat, dispose, recycle, or reuse waste materials generated from healthcare activities. This includes various types of waste such as hazardous (e.g., infectious, chemical, pharmaceutical), non-hazardous, and radioactive waste. Proper management is crucial to prevent infection, protect the environment, conserve resources, and ensure occupational safety for healthcare workers and the public.

Biofuels are defined as fuels derived from organic materials such as plants, algae, and animal waste. These fuels can be produced through various processes, including fermentation, esterification, and transesterification. The most common types of biofuels include biodiesel, ethanol, and biogas.

Biodiesel is a type of fuel that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. It can be used in diesel engines with little or no modification and can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional fossil fuels.

Ethanol is a type of alcohol that is produced through the fermentation of sugars found in crops such as corn, sugarcane, and switchgrass. It is typically blended with gasoline to create a fuel known as E85, which contains 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.

Biogas is a type of fuel that is produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic materials such as food waste, sewage sludge, and agricultural waste. It is composed primarily of methane and carbon dioxide and can be used to generate electricity or heat.

Overall, biofuels offer a renewable and more sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and decrease dependence on non-renewable resources.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.

"Nitrosomonas" is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are capable of oxidizing ammonia to nitrite as part of the nitrogen cycle. These bacteria play a crucial role in nitrification, a process that converts harmful ammonia into less toxic forms. They are commonly found in various environments such as soil, freshwater, and oceans, where they help maintain nutrient balance. The genus "Nitrosomonas" belongs to the family Methylocystaceae within the class Alphaproteobacteria. It's important to note that while these bacteria have medical relevance in understanding environmental and ecological systems, they are not typically associated with human diseases or infections.

Methanosarcinales is an order of methanogenic archaea within the phylum Euryarchaeota. These are microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in anaerobic environments. Members of this order are distinguished by their ability to use multiple substrates for methanogenesis, including acetate, methanol, and methylamines, in addition to carbon dioxide and hydrogen. They often form part of the microbial community in habitats such as wetlands, digestive tracts of animals, and anaerobic waste treatment systems.

"Immobilized cells" is a term used in biotechnology and cell biology to describe situations where living cells are confined or restricted in their movement within a defined space. This can be achieved through various methods such as entrapment within a gel, adsorption onto a surface, or encapsulation within a semi-permeable membrane. The immobilization of cells allows for their repeated use in biochemical reactions, such as fermentation or waste treatment, while also providing stability and ease of separation from the reaction products. Additionally, immobilized cells can be used to study cellular processes and functions under controlled conditions.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

Biomass is defined in the medical field as a renewable energy source derived from organic materials, primarily plant matter, that can be burned or converted into fuel. This includes materials such as wood, agricultural waste, and even methane gas produced by landfills. Biomass is often used as a source of heat, electricity, or transportation fuels, and its use can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels.

In the context of human health, biomass burning can have both positive and negative impacts. On one hand, biomass can provide a source of heat and energy for cooking and heating, which can improve living standards and reduce exposure to harmful pollutants from traditional cooking methods such as open fires. On the other hand, biomass burning can also produce air pollution, including particulate matter and toxic chemicals, that can have negative effects on respiratory health and contribute to climate change.

Therefore, while biomass has the potential to be a sustainable and low-carbon source of energy, it is important to consider the potential health and environmental impacts of its use and implement appropriate measures to minimize any negative effects.

Pentachlorophenol is not primarily a medical term, but rather a chemical compound with some uses and applications in the medical field. Medically, it's important to understand what pentachlorophenol is due to its potential health implications.

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an organochlorine compound that has been widely used as a pesticide, wood preservative, and disinfectant. Its chemical formula is C6HCl5O. It is a white crystalline solid with a distinct, somewhat unpleasant odor. In the environment, pentachlorophenol can be found in soil, water, and air as well as in various organisms, including humans.

Pentachlorophenol has been associated with several potential health risks. It is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and as a possible human carcinogen by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Exposure to pentachlorophenol can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Potential health effects include irritation of the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract; damage to the liver and kidneys; neurological issues; and reproductive problems.

In a medical context, pentachlorophenol might be relevant in cases where individuals have been exposed to this compound through occupational or environmental sources. Medical professionals may need to assess potential health risks, diagnose related health issues, and provide appropriate treatment.

Anaerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not require oxygen to grow and survive. Instead, they can grow in environments that have little or no oxygen. Some anaerobic bacteria can even be harmed or killed by exposure to oxygen. These bacteria play important roles in many natural processes, such as decomposition and the breakdown of organic matter in the digestive system. However, some anaerobic bacteria can also cause disease in humans and animals, particularly when they infect areas of the body that are normally oxygen-rich. Examples of anaerobic bacterial infections include tetanus, gas gangrene, and dental abscesses.

Biotechnology is defined in the medical field as a branch of technology that utilizes biological processes, organisms, or systems to create products that are technologically useful. This can include various methods and techniques such as genetic engineering, cell culture, fermentation, and others. The goal of biotechnology is to harness the power of biology to produce drugs, vaccines, diagnostic tests, biofuels, and other industrial products, as well as to advance our understanding of living systems for medical and scientific research.

The use of biotechnology has led to significant advances in medicine, including the development of new treatments for genetic diseases, improved methods for diagnosing illnesses, and the creation of vaccines to prevent infectious diseases. However, it also raises ethical and societal concerns related to issues such as genetic modification of organisms, cloning, and biosecurity.

Denitrification is a microbial process that involves the reduction and conversion of nitrate (NO3-) or nitrite (NO2-) to gaseous forms of nitrogen, such as molecular nitrogen (N2) or nitrous oxide (N2O). This process occurs in anaerobic environments or in areas with low oxygen levels. It is a significant component of the nitrogen cycle and helps to regulate the amount of fixed nitrogen in the environment. Denitrification can also contribute to the degradation of certain pollutants, such as nitrate-contaminated water.

Ammonium compounds are chemical substances that contain the ammonium ion (NH4+). The ammonium ion is formed when ammonia (NH3) reacts with a hydrogen ion (H+) to form a bond. Ammonium compounds can be found in a variety of forms, including salts, acids, and bases.

In medicine, ammonium compounds may be used for various purposes. For example, ammonium chloride is sometimes used as a expectorant to help loosen mucus in the airways, while ammonium bicarbonate is used as a systemic alkalizer to treat metabolic acidosis.

However, it's important to note that some ammonium compounds can be toxic in high concentrations. For instance, exposure to high levels of ammonia gas (NH3) can cause respiratory irritation and damage to the lungs. Similarly, ingesting large amounts of ammonium chloride can lead to stomach upset, vomiting, and potentially life-threatening electrolyte imbalances.

Therefore, it's essential to use ammonium compounds only under the guidance of a healthcare professional and to follow recommended dosages carefully to avoid adverse effects.

"Recycling" is not a term used in medicine. It generally refers to the process of converting waste materials into reusable products, but it does not have a specific medical definition. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to help with those!

Microbial consortia refer to a group or community of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses, that naturally exist together in a specific environment and interact with each other. These interactions can be synergistic, where the organisms benefit from each other's presence, or competitive, where they compete for resources.

Microbial consortia play important roles in various biological processes, such as biogeochemical cycling, plant growth promotion, and wastewater treatment. The study of microbial consortia is essential to understanding the complex interactions between microorganisms and their environment, and has implications for fields such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental science.

Euryarchaeota is a phylum within the domain Archaea, which consists of a diverse group of microorganisms that are commonly found in various environments such as soil, oceans, and the digestive tracts of animals. This group includes methanogens, which are archaea that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct, and extreme halophiles, which are archaea that thrive in highly saline environments.

The name Euryarchaeota comes from the Greek words "eury," meaning wide or broad, and "archaios," meaning ancient or primitive. This name reflects the phylum's diverse range of habitats and metabolic capabilities.

Euryarchaeota are characterized by their unique archaeal-type cell walls, which contain a variety of complex polysaccharides and proteins. They also have a distinct type of intracellular membrane called the archaellum, which is involved in motility. Additionally, Euryarchaeota have a unique genetic code that differs from that of bacteria and eukaryotes, with some codons specifying different amino acids.

Overall, Euryarchaeota are an important group of archaea that play a significant role in global carbon and nitrogen cycles, as well as in the breakdown of organic matter in various environments.

Ammonia is a colorless, pungent-smelling gas with the chemical formula NH3. It is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen and is a basic compound, meaning it has a pH greater than 7. Ammonia is naturally found in the environment and is produced by the breakdown of organic matter, such as animal waste and decomposing plants. In the medical field, ammonia is most commonly discussed in relation to its role in human metabolism and its potential toxicity.

In the body, ammonia is produced as a byproduct of protein metabolism and is typically converted to urea in the liver and excreted in the urine. However, if the liver is not functioning properly or if there is an excess of protein in the diet, ammonia can accumulate in the blood and cause a condition called hyperammonemia. Hyperammonemia can lead to serious neurological symptoms, such as confusion, seizures, and coma, and is treated by lowering the level of ammonia in the blood through medications, dietary changes, and dialysis.

Chemical water pollutants refer to harmful chemicals or substances that contaminate bodies of water, making them unsafe for human use and harmful to aquatic life. These pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and improper disposal of hazardous materials.

Examples of chemical water pollutants include heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides and herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum products. These chemicals can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to human health through exposure or consumption.

Regulations and standards are in place to monitor and limit the levels of chemical pollutants in water sources, with the aim of protecting public health and the environment.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria, viruses, or other harmful agents. They are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens (molecules on the surface of these agents) in order to neutralize or eliminate them from the body.

Archaeal antibodies, also known as archaeal immunoglobulins, are a type of antibody found in certain species of Archaea, a domain of single-celled microorganisms that are distinct from bacteria and eukaryotes (organisms with complex cells). Unlike the antibodies produced by animals, which consist of two heavy chains and two light chains, archaeal antibodies are composed of four identical subunits, each containing a variable region that is responsible for recognizing and binding to specific antigens.

Archaeal antibodies have attracted interest from researchers due to their unique properties and potential applications in various fields, including medicine and biotechnology. For example, they have been shown to be highly stable under extreme conditions, such as high temperatures and acidic or alkaline environments, making them potentially useful for use in harsh industrial or medical settings. Additionally, the study of archaeal antibodies has provided insights into the evolution of the immune system and the molecular mechanisms underlying antigen recognition and binding.

Biofilms are defined as complex communities of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, that adhere to surfaces and are enclosed in a matrix made up of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The EPS matrix is composed of polysaccharides, proteins, DNA, and other molecules that provide structural support and protection to the microorganisms within.

Biofilms can form on both living and non-living surfaces, including medical devices, implants, and biological tissues. They are resistant to antibiotics, disinfectants, and host immune responses, making them difficult to eradicate and a significant cause of persistent infections. Biofilms have been implicated in a wide range of medical conditions, including chronic wounds, urinary tract infections, middle ear infections, and device-related infections.

The formation of biofilms typically involves several stages, including initial attachment, microcolony formation, maturation, and dispersion. Understanding the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation and development is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat biofilm-associated infections.

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) refers to the specific regions of DNA in a cell that contain the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes are complex structures composed of proteins and rRNA, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.

In humans, there are four types of rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S. These rRNAs are encoded by multiple copies of rDNA genes that are organized in clusters on specific chromosomes. In humans, the majority of rDNA genes are located on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22.

Each cluster of rDNA genes contains both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer regions. The transcribed regions contain the genes for the four types of rRNA, while the non-transcribed spacers contain regulatory elements that control the transcription of the rRNA genes.

The number of rDNA copies varies between species and even within individuals of the same species. The copy number can also change during development and in response to environmental factors. Variations in rDNA copy number have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.

"Nitrobacter" is a genus of bacteria that are capable of oxidizing nitrite (NO2-) to nitrate (NO3-), which is the second step in the nitrogen cycle. These bacteria are chemolithotrophs, meaning they obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds. They play an essential role in wastewater treatment and natural environments by helping to remove excess nutrients and prevent eutrophication. Nitrobacter species are commonly found in soil, fresh water, and marine environments, where they exist in close association with other nitrogen-cycling bacteria.

Nitrosomonadaceae is a family of bacteria that includes several genera of nitrifying bacteria, which are capable of oxidizing ammonia to nitrites as part of their metabolism. These bacteria play an essential role in the nitrogen cycle, particularly in soil and water environments. The process of oxidizing ammonia to nitrite is known as nitritation and is an important step in wastewater treatment and the natural removal of excess nitrogen compounds from the environment.

The family Nitrosomonadaceae belongs to the order Nitrosomonadales, class Betaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria. Some notable genera within this family include Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira, and Nitrosococcus. These bacteria are typically found in environments with high ammonia concentrations, such as wastewater treatment plants, soils, and aquatic systems.

In medical contexts, Nitrosomonadaceae bacteria may be relevant when studying nitrogen metabolism in the human body or potential impacts of environmental exposure to these microorganisms. However, they are not typically considered primary human pathogens and do not have a direct clinical relevance like other bacterial families with well-established disease associations.

Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis. It primarily affects cattle but can also spread to other mammals including humans, causing a similar disease known as zoonotic tuberculosis. The infection in animals typically occurs through inhalation of infectious droplets or ingestion of contaminated feed and water.

In cattle, the disease often affects the respiratory system, leading to symptoms such as chronic coughing, weight loss, and difficulty breathing. However, it can also affect other organs, including the intestines, lymph nodes, and mammary glands. Diagnosis of BTB typically involves a combination of clinical signs, laboratory tests, and epidemiological data.

Control measures for BTB include regular testing and culling of infected animals, movement restrictions, and vaccination of susceptible populations. In many countries, BTB is a notifiable disease, meaning that cases must be reported to the authorities. Proper cooking and pasteurization of dairy products can help prevent transmission to humans.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

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  • Most reactors use enriched uranium, a more expensive process. (cbc.ca)
  • But a year after it eventually comes on line, it could provide Iran with an alternative to highly enriched uranium for use in a nuclear bomb. (jordantimes.com)
  • According to the UN nuclear watchdog, Iran is strictly following the November deal, under which it pledged to "dilute" half of its highly enriched uranium by mid-April, with the rest to be converted by mid-July. (jordantimes.com)
  • In the latest move in the ongoing standoff over North Korea's nuclear program, the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Corporation (KEDO) has suspended construction of two light-water nuclear reactors (LWRs) it was charged with providing to Pyongyang under the 1994 Agreed Framework. (armscontrol.org)
  • The North promised to eventually dismantle the facility following construction there of two light-water nuclear reactors for electricity, a type more difficult to divert for weapons use. (pravda.ru)
  • The earthquake and tsunami that hit Japan focused attention on the Fukushima nuclear power plant in the northern region of the island nation. (cbc.ca)
  • How many reactors are in Fukushima? (cbc.ca)
  • There are six reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant, all of which are boiled-water reactors. (cbc.ca)
  • The eyes of the world have been riveted on Japan's Fukushima Dai-1 nuclear power plant and its workers' desperate efforts to stabilize the nuclear reactors. (ieee.org)
  • Fukushima Dai-1 uses six boiling water reactors to produce electricity for TEPCO. (ieee.org)
  • In most of Fukushima Dai-1's reactors, the radioactive element uranium is the source of the nuclear fission reaction: when one atom of the uranium isotope U-235 breaks down into smaller parts, it produces both energy and neutrons. (ieee.org)
  • TOKYO-Four Japanese utilities applied to restart a total of 10 nuclear reactors under new safety regulations meant to prevent a recurrence of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi disaster. (wsj.com)
  • Anti-nuclear sentiment and safety concerns rose sharply in Japan after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear plant disaster, but the government has been pushing for a return to nuclear energy amid worries of power shortages following Russia's invasion of Ukraine and a global push to reduce greenhouse gases. (ktar.com)
  • Most of Japan's nuclear power plants were taken off line following the Fukushima accident for safety checks under tightened standards. (ktar.com)
  • A magnitude 9.0 earthquake and tsunami destroyed key cooling functions at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant in March 2011, causing three reactors to melt and contaminating the region with massive radiation that still keeps some areas uninhabitable. (ktar.com)
  • Critics say the true cost of nuclear energy would be much higher if the expense of radioactive waste management and final storage facilities are included, and that there are long-term environmental hazards of another Fukushima-like accident. (ktar.com)
  • Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings, the operator of the Fukushima Daiichi plant, has come under fire over lax safeguards at another plant, Kashiwazaki-Kariwa, where it is seeking to restart two reactors. (ktar.com)
  • A "core meltdown" might have occurred at reactor 2 Fukushima Daiichi. (planetsave.com)
  • A hydrogen explosion at the number 3 reactor at the Fukushima No 1 nuclear injured 11 people. (planetsave.com)
  • The video above is of the second nuclear reactor explosion at the Fukushima Daiichi in Japan. (planetsave.com)
  • The Tokyo Electric Power Company (Tepco) has started removing fuel rods from Japan's stricken Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant. (breakingnewsenglish.com)
  • The Nuclear Energy Institute transmitted a letter last week to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission reiterating its strategy for implementing upcoming regulatory changes in response to lessons learned from the Fukushima Daiichi accident. (enewspf.com)
  • An independent expert panel in Japan studying how the country's authorities responded to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident reported last week that both the government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Co. had been ill-prepared to deal with the crisis. (enewspf.com)
  • Richard Meserve, former chairman of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, told a meeting of Japan's parliamentary panel investigating the Fukushima Daiichi accident that experts at the site of a nuclear emergency should be given the responsibility and authority to respond to the situation. (enewspf.com)
  • NEI's white paper, " Making Safe Nuclear Energy Safer ," describes the U.S. nuclear energy industry's response to the Fukushima Daiichi accident and safety enhancements that had been made before the accident occurred. (enewspf.com)
  • New items of interest on NEI's Safety First website include a video on the industry's commitment to maintaining a robust nuclear safety culture in the aftermath of Fukushima and an article on the continuing role of U.S. nuclear experts assisting in Japan's recovery-and learning from the accident. (enewspf.com)
  • As of September 2023, there are 412 operable power reactors in the world, with a combined electrical capacity of 368.6 GW. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some energy experts say so-called next-generation reactors, such as small modular reactors, could be costly and add a financial burden to plant operators. (ktar.com)
  • Japan does not yet have safety standards for next-generation reactors and it would take more than a year to set such guidelines, while the safety of aging reactors needs to be carefully examined individually, he said. (ktar.com)
  • The webinar covered actions being taken to prepare the future nuclear workforce for the construction and operation of next-generation reactors in the late 2020s and early 2030s. (ans.org)
  • The new leader of the New Brunswick Liberals is questioning whether small modular nuclear reactors are the answer to the province's energy needs, a more cautious stance than her party's previous full-throated support for the technology. (cbc.ca)
  • Susan Holt, chosen over the weekend to lead the New Brunswick Liberal party, said she needs more information about small modular reactors. (cbc.ca)
  • It sounds to me like the new leader is open to more information and analysis, which is what we desperately needed on the question of small modular nuclear reactors,' she said. (cbc.ca)
  • The UK has launched a competition for small modular reactor technology and created a new nuclear body. (zerohedge.com)
  • This week saw the UK launch a competition for small modular reactor (SMR) technology and created a new nuclear body, Great British Nuclear, in a bid to provide more zero-emission energy from locally-developed sources. (zerohedge.com)
  • As of today, companies can register their interest with GBN to participate in a competition to secure funding support to develop their SMR technology, which could result in billions of pounds of public and private sector investment in small modular reactor projects in the UK. (zerohedge.com)
  • TVA announced a partnership with GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy , Ontario Power Generation and Synthos Green Energy to design a first-of-a-kind small modular nuclear reactor that will be used at the TVA's Clinch River Site. (wate.com)
  • GE Hitachi anticipates a total investment of $400 million to be associated with the development of the small modular reactor, the release adds. (wate.com)
  • If the project passes design and regulatory hurdles, the modular nuclear reactors could be implemented in Ontario, Canada, Poland and other sites. (wate.com)
  • According to the Department of Energy , Advanced Small Modular Reactors offer advantages, such as small physical footprints, reduced capital investment and the ability to be sited in locations not possible for larger nuclear plants. (wate.com)
  • According to a press release from the TVA about the New Nuclear Program, the program was approved in February 2022 and would oversee a project to prepare an application with for a light-water, small modular reactor at the Clinch River Site. (wate.com)
  • Small modular reactors (SMRs) have (rapidly) become part of the solution for future fossil-free energy systems in Sweden. (lu.se)
  • New nuclear technologies, such as small modular reactors (SMRs), are therefore gaining more focus and being investigated. (lu.se)
  • But with new wind power and hydropower facing public resistance, new energy technologies, such as new nuclear technologies called small modular reactors (SMRs), are gaining more focus, and being investigated in the country. (lu.se)
  • Where not otherwise specified, all information is sourced from the Power Reactor Information System (PRIS) of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). (wikipedia.org)
  • This is the 35th edition of Reference Data Series No.2, which presents the most recent reactor data available to the IAEA. (iaea.org)
  • It contains summarized information as of the end of 2014 on power reactors operating, under construction and shut down as well as performance data on reactors operating in the IAEA Member States. (iaea.org)
  • The magnitude of potential impact laid out, for example, in Information Technology for Nuclear Power Plant Configuration Management (IAEA-TECDOC-1651) is well within reach. (ans.org)
  • The Agreed Framework defused a tense standoff following the International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA) discovery that Pyongyang had been diverting spent fuel from its graphite-moderated nuclear reactors for a plutonium-based nuclear weapons program. (armscontrol.org)
  • If North Korea starts the reactor by the end of this year, they will have enough material for additional nuclear bomb by the end of the next year," Olli Heinonen, former deputy director-general for safeguards at the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), told the VOA Korean Service. (voanews.com)
  • An IAEA report said Dair Alzour appeared to be a reactor of North Korean design that did not need a cooling tower. (voanews.com)
  • North Korea is reportedly negotiating for some 500,000 tons of fuel oil in exchange for suspending operation of a Yongbyon nuclear reactor and agreeing to IAEA inspections, according to Japanese media, monstersandcritics.com reports. (pravda.ru)
  • The county was subjected to a multi-criteria decision analysis based on specific criteria drawn from IAEA regulation documents and from nuclear consultants from WSP. (lu.se)
  • The list only includes civilian nuclear power reactors used to generate electricity for a power grid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nuclear reactors have evolved to achieve more than just electricity generation and should be part of the U.K.'s plan to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. (ans.org)
  • Test production began earlier this year, and regular electricity output at the reactor will start in December, TVO added, in line with its most recent prediction. (zawya.com)
  • Representatives Jeff Duncan (S.C.) and Byron Donalds (Fla.) argue that a greater emphasis on nuclear innovation is needed "to ensure a reliable electricity supply and reduce global greenhouse gas emissions, while fostering our national, economic, and energy security interests. (ans.org)
  • Nuclear power plants are getting paid $20 to $30 a megawatt-hour for their electricity, Nicholas Steckler, an analyst at Bloomberg New Energy Finance, said in a report Wednesday. (newsmax.com)
  • States including New York and Illinois are now working to subsidize nuclear plants to keep them generating emissions-free electricity. (newsmax.com)
  • Under the British Energy Security Strategy, the UK has an ambition to deploy up to 24 gigawatts (GW) of nuclear power by 2050, around 25% of the projected 2050 electricity demand in the country. (zerohedge.com)
  • Currently, the U.S. electricity system includes large light water reactors (LWRs) that produce electricity for commercial use. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • Advanced nuclear technologies likely will not be able to markedly contribute to electricity generation until the 2030s at the earliest, the report says, but there are opportunities for them to compete with other energy technologies in the long term. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • The nuclear and industrial safety agency (NISA) has tried to circulate the coolant by steam instead of electricity, but NHK reported that attempts to lower the temperature inside the reactor chamber have not worked well. (planetsave.com)
  • Plutonium-238 is used as a heat source in nuclear batteries to produce electricity in devices such as unmanned spacecraft and interplanetary probes. (cdc.gov)
  • Susan O'Donnell, a member of the Coalition for Responsible Energy Development in New Brunswick, said she was happy Holt was 'reading the independent research about SMRs instead of the nuclear industry sales and promotional materials. (cbc.ca)
  • As well as backing SMRs, the UK remains committed to traditional nuclear projects including Hinkley Point C and Sizewell C. (zerohedge.com)
  • SMRs are considered to be the future of nuclear power technology because they are smaller than conventional reactors and can be manufactured in factories, making nuclear power stations cheaper and faster to build. (zerohedge.com)
  • The technology is not yet fully developed but SMRs are expected to be more flexible, involve lower costs and entail fewer risks compared to large-scale reactors. (lu.se)
  • RQ4: How can the understanding and current preparedness for radiological and nuclear (RN) events be developed for SMRs in a Swedish context? (lu.se)
  • With help from nuclear consultants from WSP, the focus of this thesis project has been to establish a process for evaluating geographical considerations and different counties' energy needs in Norway for a site selection for SMRs. (lu.se)
  • In exchange for the reactors and fuel oil, North Korea agreed to freeze its operating five-megawatt nuclear reactor, along with two others under construction and their related facilities. (armscontrol.org)
  • The five megawatt reactor at the Yongbyon facility was used to produce fissile material for Pyongyang's nuclear weapons tests in 2006 and 2009. (voanews.com)
  • At the time of the earthquake on March 11, three reactors were operational. (cbc.ca)
  • Fires at the building housing reactor No. 4, which was shut down at the time of the earthquake, raised a new set of concerns regarding spent nuclear fuel. (ieee.org)
  • At the time of the earthquake, three reactors were active and three were down for routine maintenance. (ieee.org)
  • Pyongyang responded to the fuel shipments suspension by restarting its plutonium reactor and announcing its withdrawal from the nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. (armscontrol.org)
  • On Tuesday, North Korea announced it would restart the plutonium reactor it had shut down in 2007. (voanews.com)
  • Explosions at the plant and the failure of the systems used to cool its reactors heightened the risk of a meltdown. (cbc.ca)
  • The force of the earthquake and the resulting tsunami damaged three nuclear reactors causing explosions, fires and leakage of radiation . (cdc.gov)
  • It is more difficult to use LWRs to produce fissile material for nuclear weapons. (armscontrol.org)
  • Urnium enrichment can also be used to produce fissile material for nuclear weapons. (armscontrol.org)
  • North Korea could restart the Yongbyon nuclear reactor in four to six months and produce enough fissile material for a nuclear weapon in less than two years, according to a former U.N. Nuclear monitoring official. (voanews.com)
  • According to the company, the hydride reactor would use uranium hydride, which combines the fissile material with the moderator in the same compartment. (powermag.com)
  • TOKYO (AP) - Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida on Wednesday instructed his government to consider developing safer, smaller nuclear reactors, signaling a renewed emphasis on nuclear energy years after many of the country's plants were shut down. (ktar.com)
  • The focus on small nuclear reactors is part of the country's efforts to produce more zero-emission energy domestically. (zerohedge.com)
  • A 2012 YouGov poll showed 63 percent of U.K. respondents agreed nuclear reactors should be part of the country's energy mix, up from 61 percent in 2010. (dailycaller.com)
  • The independently owned plants represented are all modern Westinghouse pressurised water reactors located within the same Nuclear Regulatory Commission administrative region. (world-nuclear-news.org)
  • Though the resurgence of interest in nuclear power in recent years has spurred development of an assortment of reactor designs, emphasis has mostly been on those with capacities to produce thousands of megawatt-hours of baseload power, as is the case with designs from General Electric, AREVA, Westinghouse, and Mitsubishi that are under active review by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). (powermag.com)
  • For the past two years, Toshiba - the Japanese conglomerate that owns Westinghouse - has been working on the 4S (super-safe, small, and simple) reactor, a unit that it claims could produce power for as little as $0.05 per kWh. (powermag.com)
  • Contractor delays, rework projects, the inability to complete tasks on time and the bankruptcy of reactor designer Westinghouse Electric Co. LLC have more than doubled the project's costs. (environmentamerica.org)
  • Are Mini-Reactors The Future Of Nuclear Power? (wunc.org)
  • For fuel plants see List of Nuclear Reprocessing Plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC) has made numerous assurances regarding the safety of plants in this country. (cbc.ca)
  • CNSC has said that if an earthquake or similar disaster happened here, Canadian nuclear plants would be safe because the pressurized heavy-water used at Candu reactors is effective at cooling the reactor core. (cbc.ca)
  • Candu reactors have been sold to nuclear plants in Romania, China and South Korea. (cbc.ca)
  • Across the U.S. nuclear energy sector, plant owners are seeking -- and gaining -- NRC approval to run first-generation plants for 20 years beyond the original license period. (scientificamerican.com)
  • NRC Region I Administrator Samuel Collins said the annual meeting was not a formal inspection review but instead a more freewheeling conversation about how CENG was handling reactor safety across the three nuclear plants it operates with its new French partner, EDF. (scientificamerican.com)
  • The government, however, previously insisted it was not considering building new plants or replacing aged reactors, apparently to avoid stoking criticism from a wary public. (ktar.com)
  • I could have agreed with you if it was possible to guarantee perfect operation of nuclear power plants. (allegro.cc)
  • They also pollute way more than nuclear plants, though their pollution isn't that radioactive, it just causes global warming that will eventually screw us all. (allegro.cc)
  • Mind you, there are a hell of a lot more cars than nuclear power plants and nuclear bomb sites. (allegro.cc)
  • That puts 34 of the nation's 61 plants out of the money, with almost all of the merchant reactors owned by Exelon Corp., Entergy Corp. and FirstEnergy Corp. appearing to be below break-even, he said. (newsmax.com)
  • Entergy declined to comment on the profitability of its individual plants but said merchant nuclear generators selling power into wholesale markets are facing "financial challenges due to sustained wholesale power price declines and other unfavorable market conditions. (newsmax.com)
  • Great British Nuclear (GBN) is expected to drive the rapid expansion of new nuclear power plants in the UK, to boost UK energy security, reduce dependence on fossil fuel imports, create more affordable power, and grow the economy. (zerohedge.com)
  • While backing SMR technology, the UK is not giving up on conventional nuclear reactors and remains committed to the mega projects of Hinkley Point C and Sizewell C. The government will work with GBN to consider the potential role of further large gigawatt-scale nuclear power plants in the UK energy mix, the government said today. (zerohedge.com)
  • Following more than a year of development, STARS Alliance LLC has achieved legal identity after the chief nuclear officers of seven US plants added their signatures to official paperwork. (world-nuclear-news.org)
  • Lyons pictures churning reactors out in factories, shipping them to utilities to replace aging coal plants or selling them to developing countries - which can't afford a full-scale $15 billion nuclear plant. (wunc.org)
  • Nuclear power is a technology which is much more suited for large plants, centralized and isolated from populated areas in as small a number of places as possible," Lyman says. (wunc.org)
  • Evidence shows that there are cheaper, cleaner and safer ways to keep the lights on than building new nuclear plants. (environmentamerica.org)
  • Existing power generation sites using fossil fuel (e.g., coal plants) could be repurposed for nuclear power generation. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • Basic safety principles for nuclear power plants : a report / by the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group. (who.int)
  • Manual on quality assurance for computer software related to the safety of nuclear power plants. (who.int)
  • A cohort mortality study of chemical laboratory workers at Department of Energy Nuclear Plants. (cdc.gov)
  • In May last, the government had announced the establishment of a research reactor in PPP mode for production of medical isotopes as a part of Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives for the DAE. (deccanherald.com)
  • With Tehran insisting the reactor would create isotopes for medical and agricultural use, it has also made efforts in recent months to allay relating concerns by agreeing to submit to the UN nuclear watchdog updated design information and finalise a safeguards mechanism for it. (jordantimes.com)
  • It aims to restart seven other reactors after next summer and to further prolong the operational life of aging reactors to beyond 60 years from the initial 40 years. (ktar.com)
  • The reactors are among the seven that the government wants to quickly restart. (ktar.com)
  • The Point Lepreau nuclear station in New Brunswick uses the Candu reactor technology, developed by Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. (cbc.ca)
  • Nuclear energy is produced through the splitting, or fission, of the uranium 235 (U-235) isotope. (cbc.ca)
  • Developed in 1990 by the International Atomic Energy Agency, the INES is used to communicate the severity of a nuclear event to the public. (cbc.ca)
  • On Nov. 4, 2008, two divers were cleaning sludge and silt from an entry bay for water pumps that serve Constellation Energy Nuclear Group's Nine Mile Point nuclear power plant near Oswego, N.Y. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Two companies based in Saint John, ARC Clean Energy and Moltex Energy, have received tens of millions of dollars in taxpayer funding to develop reactors. (cbc.ca)
  • Nuclear energy does not emit carbon dioxide that causes climate change, though environmentalists have flagged safety and long-term waste concerns. (cbc.ca)
  • The sheer amount of knowledge that these papers contain amazes me - only eight years after Chadwick discovered that a neutron even existed, these scientists are already looking at how to use neutrons to bring about nuclear fission and energy. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz on Wednesday announced the approval of a multibillion-dollar loan guarantee for the first nuclear reactors to be built in the U.S. in nearly 30 years. (reason.com)
  • Moniz touted the new reactors as a commitment to the administration's "all of the above" energy strategy and carbon emissions goals. (reason.com)
  • The government has already announced plans to speed up restarts and have up to nine reactors restarted by winter to cope with the energy crunch. (ktar.com)
  • Toyoshi Fuketa, commissioner of Japan's nuclear watchdog, the Nuclear Safety Authority, told reporters on Wednesday that his agency's safety standards are not affected by the government's nuclear energy policy. (ktar.com)
  • The disaster was down-played by the British government and the UK Atomic Energy Agency, because of concerns that it would jeopardise plans to collaborate with the US on nuclear weapons research. (cnduk.org)
  • The principals in charge will be supported by a utility technical group - consisting of operational leaders from Purdue and Duke Energy - and a nuclear technical advisory group - consisting of technical specialists in nuclear energy from Purdue and the private sector. (purdue.edu)
  • Bill Lee, a professor of materials in extreme environments, and Michael Rushton, a senior lecturer in nuclear energy, argue that the plan by the Committee on Climate Change, which advises the U.K. government on the effort to reach net-zero emissions by 2050, is "strangely silent on nuclear power. (ans.org)
  • I got into nuclear engineering when I realized I could apply my passion for computers to the critical human challenge of energy. (ans.org)
  • More than half of America's nuclear reactors are bleeding cash, racking up losses totaling about $2.9 billion a year, based on a Bloomberg New Energy Finance analysis. (newsmax.com)
  • Meanwhile, Bloomberg New Energy Finance warned in its report Wednesday that shutting all uneconomic reactors in the U.S. would "easily vanquish" all emissions reductions the sector has made since 2012. (newsmax.com)
  • Colombo (AsiaNews) - Sri Lanka is seeking alternative energy sources to meet its needs and has discussed nuclear energy cooperation with Russia. (asianews.it)
  • With respect to the talks, the Russian embassy twitted: "The meeting focused on the requirements of Sri Lanka's energy sector, such as the fuel, refinery operations, coal supply and cooperation in nuclear energy. (asianews.it)
  • Minister Wijesekera echoed these words citing a "memorandum of understanding signed for nuclear energy cooperation with Rosatom", Russia's state-owned company specialised in nuclear energy and high-tech products. (asianews.it)
  • Sri Lanka's interest in peaceful nuclear energy cooperation with Russia goes back to January 2018, when the two countries held talks. (asianews.it)
  • Last year, the UK decided to revitalize its nuclear energy industry to secure more zero-emission power generated in the country. (zerohedge.com)
  • The agreement drafted by China calls for North Korea to freeze key weapons-related facilities, including a 5-megawatt nuclear reactor, within two months in return for energy aid, South Korea's Yonhap news agency quoted sources as saying. (pravda.ru)
  • North Korea and the U.S. agreed in 1994 for Pyongyang to freeze its plutonium-based nuclear reactor in exchange for energy aid. (pravda.ru)
  • Taylor Wilson believes nuclear fusion is a solution to our future energy needs, and that kids can change the world. (ted.com)
  • Members of the alliance include Callaway Energy Center (Missouri), Comanche Peak Nuclear Power Plant (Texas), Diablo Canyon Power Plant (California), Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station (Arizona), San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station (California) South Texas Nuclear Operating Company (Texas) and Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corporation (Kansas). (world-nuclear-news.org)
  • Very cool, I have such a ' nuclear energy' pmphlet. (blogspot.com)
  • In November, the Energy Department invested in Babcock & Wilcox mPower, the nuclear company that built the prototype in Virginia. (wunc.org)
  • solvers also performed better than an Arnoldi eigenvalue solver for a reactor benchmark problem when energy decomposition is needed. (osti.gov)
  • A team from Seoul National University and the Korea Institute of Fusion Energy experimented with the reactor at the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR), managing to achieve an improved technique for containing the plasma at the core of the reactor. (independent.co.uk)
  • The process has been hailed as the "holy grail" of clean energy, as it requires no fossil fuels and leaves behind no hazardous waste unlike current nuclear energy production methods. (independent.co.uk)
  • WATE ) - The Tennessee Valley Authority made an announcement in Washington D.C. about the future of nuclear energy, alongside leaders from other energy companies. (wate.com)
  • The site will be an example for future sites, Assistant Secretary of the Office of Nuclear Energy Dr. Kathryn Huff said. (wate.com)
  • Earlier this month, Governor Bill Lee spoke at the site of Clinch River Nuclear Site, which he referred to as the "Future of energy in America. (wate.com)
  • I will continue to fight in Congress for more federal support to expand nuclear energy nationwide," Rep. Chuck Fleischmann tweeted . (wate.com)
  • The report makes recommendations for the U.S. Department of Energy, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, other federal and state agencies, and private industry to lay the groundwork required for advanced reactors to become a viable part of the U.S. energy system. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • Innovative ideas for reactors, if fulfilled, may provide on-demand power generation to complement variable sources of energy, such as solar and wind energy, and help decarbonize challenging industrial sectors by providing high-temperature heat for chemical processes, such as hydrogen production. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • The strategy of the inertial confinement reactor is to put such high energy density into a small pellet of deuterium-tritium that it fuses in such a short time that it can't move appreciably. (gsu.edu)
  • The premier research organization of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) is ready to share the technology of production of a variety of nuclear medicines. (deccanherald.com)
  • By last Friday all five NRC commissioners had made public their unanimous votes to order nuclear energy utilities to establish a mitigation strategy for beyond-design-basis external events as well as to enhance Mark I and Mark II boiling water reactor venting systems and used fuel pool instrumentation. (enewspf.com)
  • He said a strong nuclear safety culture should be encouraged at nuclear energy facilities. (enewspf.com)
  • A majority of prefecture governors and town mayors within 18 miles of nuclear energy facilities that have been shut down for inspections are in favor of restarting them, provided certain conditions are met, according to a survey conducted by Japan's Mainichi Daily News. (enewspf.com)
  • Nuclear power performance and safety : proceedings of an International Conference on Nuclear Power Performance and Safety, Vienna, 28 September-2 October 1987 / organized by the International Atomic Energy Agency. (who.int)
  • Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Exelon show that by turning the nuclear fuel assembly design process into a game , an artificial intelligence system can be trained to generate dozens of optimal configurations that can make each fuel rod last about 5 percent longer, saving a typical power plant an estimated $3 million a year, the researchers report. (ans.org)
  • The United Kingdom needs to start rebuilding its capacity to generate nuclear power , according to an opinion article published Wednesday on The Conversation by two members of the U.K.-based Bangor University faculty. (ans.org)
  • The nuclear industry is estimated to generate around $7.9 billion (£6 billion) for the UK economy, the government says. (zerohedge.com)
  • They'll generate about one-tenth the power of a typical nuclear power plant. (wunc.org)
  • Results of search for 'su:{Nuclear reactors. (who.int)
  • Former N.B. Power president Gaëtan Thomas warned the small reactors may not be ready in time for the end of coal-fired generation at Belledune. (cbc.ca)
  • And the reactors will be small enough to build in a factory and ship on trucks, like prefabricated houses. (wunc.org)
  • One of the features of these small reactors is that they can be entirely manufactured here in the United States," Lyons said. (wunc.org)
  • Lyman says small reactors carry a host of safety, security, environmental and economic concerns. (wunc.org)
  • But the industry counters that these reactors are so small and self-contained, they are almost "plug and play. (wunc.org)
  • And now, as it turns out, the regulatory agency could soon also review and certify nuclear outfits outside the standard small to XXL sizes - those sized XS petite. (powermag.com)
  • The plan of the partnership is to advance the global deployment of the GEB BWRK-300 Small Nuclear Reactor. (wate.com)
  • Small reactors or microreactors could be transported to meet off-grid emergency needs. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • Western governments have monitored the small research reactor with alarm in the past few years over concerns Tehran could theoretically extract weapons-grade plutonium from its spent fuel if it also builds a reprocessing facility. (jordantimes.com)
  • A reactor needs uranium, a moderator to slow fast-moving neutrons, a coolant to absorb heat released during the reaction, and a system for shielding radiation. (cbc.ca)
  • The Candu reactor is surrounded by a thick wall designed to absorb dangerous radiation generated during the fission reaction. (cbc.ca)
  • By using a combination of physics-based modeling and advanced simulations, Texas A&M University researchers say they have found the key underlying factors that cause radiation damage to nuclear reactors, which could provide insight into designing more radiation-tolerant, high-performance materials. (ans.org)
  • The university is in the process of repairing the leak and has notified the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, North Carolina Radiation Protection Division and North Carolina Division of Water Quality about it, Nichols said. (wral.com)
  • Did you know that the Russian nuclear submachines run the radioactive cooling water from the reacter is heated up by reacter and sent though out the sub to give heat and possibly radiation to the occupants of the sub. (blogspot.com)
  • It has not, apparently, damaged the reactor itself or the containment vessel and authorities said radiation levels were normal around it. (planetsave.com)
  • The reactor is best thought of as a giant tank filled with heavy water and a series of half-metre-long fuel rods bundled into what are called fuel assemblies. (cbc.ca)
  • In order to further control the fission process, solid cadmium rods that absorb unwanted neutrons are inserted into the reactor tank, perpendicular to the fuel assemblies. (cbc.ca)
  • In this AI-designed layout for a boiling water reactor, fuel rods are ideally positioned around two fixed water rods to burn more efficiently. (ans.org)
  • NISA is reportedly also considering opening a hole in the reactor housing building to release hydrogen generated by the exposed fuel rods. (planetsave.com)
  • Tepco said it is removing seven unspent nuclear fuel rods from the reactor's pool. (breakingnewsenglish.com)
  • Japan's Nuclear Regulations Agency, to be established April 1 as the successor to the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency, will be headed by a "non-bureaucrat," said Goshi Hosono, nuclear power and environment minister. (enewspf.com)
  • The hydrogen atom, as present in ordinary water, is almost exactly the same size as the fast-moving neutrons created by nuclear fission. (cbc.ca)
  • However, a regular hydrogen atom can also absorb the neutron, decreasing the likelihood of fission, which is why Candu reactors use the hydrogen isotope deuterium, known as heavy water. (cbc.ca)
  • The United States had pushed to end the project altogether, but South Korea, which is funding and building the reactors along with Japan, favored a suspension, citing public support, its financial investment, and the need to continue the project if it becomes part of a settlement with North Korea. (armscontrol.org)
  • North Korea has demanded for some time that the reactors be completed as part of a settlement to the nuclear crisis. (armscontrol.org)
  • The United States set up KEDO to implement the reactor project and supply 500,000 metric tons of heavy-fuel oil each year to North Korea as part of the Agreed Framework between the two countries. (armscontrol.org)
  • The decision to suspend the reactor project comes just more than a year after KEDO suspended shipments of heavy-fuel oil in reaction to U.S. claims that, during an October meeting with a U.S. delegation, North Korea admitted to having a clandestine uranium-enrichment program. (armscontrol.org)
  • North Korea has since claimed it has completed reprocessing the spent fuel and implied that it is using it to construct nuclear weapons. (armscontrol.org)
  • Reacting to a Nov. 4 KEDO announcement that the board was considering suspending the project, a North Korean Foreign Ministry spokesman argued Nov. 6 that KEDO should compensate North Korea for the reactors and said North Korea would "never allow" KEDO to remove "all the [reactor project's] equipment, facilities, materials and technical documents. (armscontrol.org)
  • Heinonen, former head of the nuclear watchdog's safeguards department, said he could not rule out the possibility that North Korea had additional, undisclosed nuclear reactors. (voanews.com)
  • Officials from six nations met on Friday to discuss a draft agreement that would reportedly require North Korea to freeze key elements of its nuclear weapons programme within two months. (pravda.ru)
  • Hill was expected to meet his North Korean counterpart Kim Kye Gwan, who on Thursday said North Korea would discuss 'early steps' in implementing a September 2005 joint statement of principles for ending its nuclear programme. (pravda.ru)
  • As the team tried to cope with that problem, a smaller piece of the unattended free end of the hose was pulled into a second water pump, according to an inspection report by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission . (scientificamerican.com)
  • Together with the smaller OL1 and OL2 reactors, each producing close to 900 megawatt, TVO's Olkiluoto facilities accounted for around 40% of Finland's power output early on Friday, the company said. (zawya.com)
  • This is a research reactor and considerably smaller than a commercial power reactor," said Gerry Wicks, the university's reactor health physicist. (wral.com)
  • In 2010, however, the NRC plans to review designs for smaller reactors, such as the International Reactor Innovative and Secure (IRIS), a 335-MWe reactor that has been under development for several years by an international consortium and is thought to be a better fit to meet the power needs of developing countries. (powermag.com)
  • Each reactor can power 500,000 homes and businesses without releasing any carbon. (foxnews.com)
  • Major portions or even the entirety of the reactor system could be produced in factories, potentially reducing project costs and uncertainties and increasing quality. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • Demands on the reactor and its staff to produce material for Britain's first thermonuclear bomb are likely to have contributed to the accident . (cnduk.org)
  • The facility - whose remaining components Iran cannot commission or install under an interim agreement struck in November - is of international concern as it could theoretically give Tehran a second route to a nuclear bomb. (jordantimes.com)
  • Trace levels of plutonium can be found in the environment, from past nuclear bomb tests. (cdc.gov)
  • The Obama administration considers the 104 U.S. reactors a cornerstone of the nation's long-term quest to reduce carbon dioxide emissions . (scientificamerican.com)
  • The announcement came after Pyongyang's Workers' Party vowed to keep nuclear weapons, describing them as the "nation's life. (voanews.com)
  • This is analogous to the core in a nuclear plant where the fission reaction takes place," Lee says. (wunc.org)
  • What sets apart a Candu reactor? (cbc.ca)
  • Candu reactors use heavy water (deuterium oxide) to improve the likelihood of a chain reaction. (cbc.ca)
  • The reactors in Japan are not Candu reactors. (cbc.ca)
  • How does a Candu reactor work? (cbc.ca)
  • Heinonen said the exact time frame for re-starting operations at the Yongbyon reactor is difficult to determine because information about the facility is sparse. (voanews.com)
  • In April, 2009, the North hastily called off all cooperation with the U.N.'s nuclear monitoring watchdog, ordering all inspectors at the Yongbyon facility to leave immediately. (voanews.com)
  • This is a list of all the commercial nuclear reactors in the world, sorted by country, with operational status. (wikipedia.org)
  • Southern Company, which received a conditional green light for an $8.3 billion loan guarantee in February 2010, will be getting $6.5 of that pot for two new reactors at its Vogtle plant in Waynesboro, Ga. (reason.com)
  • But even as government officials and some utilities are again looking to nuclear power to alleviate climate change, the cost of Vogtle could discourage utilities from pursuing nuclear power. (foxnews.com)
  • Georgia Power says it has spent $10.2 billion on its share of construction for Vogtle Units 3 and 4, built alongside two earlier reactors. (foxnews.com)
  • ATLANTA - The only nuclear reactors under construction in the United States are now projected to cost more than $30 billion - and the price tag for Plant Vogtle near Augusta, Georgia, doesn't even include $3.68 billion that the project's original contractor paid to the owners after going bankrupt. (environmentamerica.org)
  • The cost overruns and delays at Plant Vogtle should be a cautionary tale to the rest of the country when it comes to building new nuclear reactors. (environmentamerica.org)
  • As the first week of the nuclear crisis came to a close, the spent fuel had become the primary safety concern. (ieee.org)
  • Let's start at the heart of a boiling water reactor where the nuclear fuel dwells. (ieee.org)
  • The agreement also provided for the storage and monitoring of the reactors' spent fuel, as well as its eventual removal. (armscontrol.org)
  • In September 2005, negotiators agreed on a joint statement -- a sketch map of the nuclear disarmament steps Pyongyang needed to take to secure fuel and economic aid, as well as political acceptance from its longtime adversary, the United States. (pravda.ru)
  • Tepco started the removal of the nuclear fuel on Monday, five years behind schedule. (breakingnewsenglish.com)
  • Plutonium is also released to the environment from research facilities, waste disposal, nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities, nuclear weapons production facilities, and accidents at facilities where plutonium is used. (cdc.gov)
  • Depleted uranium may also be produced in the reprocessing of spent nuclear reactor fuel. (who.int)
  • The results appear in the journal Nuclear Engineering and Design . (ans.org)
  • He also served as chief scientific adviser in the design of the U.S.S. Nautilus , the first nuclear-powered submarine . (britannica.com)
  • After training, I spent the past 13-plus years building automated and integrated engineering analysis tools for the efficient design/licensing of advanced nuclear reactors. (ans.org)
  • Addit: For the very keen, MIT has lecture notes and slides (I haven't looked) for the Integration of Reactor Design, Operations, and Safety course available. (blogspot.com)
  • It's simulated because the design still needs Nuclear Regulatory Commission approval. (wunc.org)
  • The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Mumbai has evolved a design for the first public-private partnership (PPP) research reactor for production of nuclear medicines. (deccanherald.com)
  • Super Phénix: Creys-Malville Nuclear Power Station, River Rhone (Sur le Rhone) Creys-Malville, Isere, France, Centrale Nucleaire Europeenne a Neutrons rapides SA. (blogspot.com)
  • One of the two reactors at Britain's first nuclear plant, used to produce plutonium for Britain's nuclear weapons programme, caught fire and burned for two days, dispersing poisonous radioactive smoke over Britain, Northern Ireland and northern Europe. (cnduk.org)
  • Monday related to its ballistic missile programme, nuclear sites and uranium enrichment ahead of fresh nuclear talks with world powers. (jordantimes.com)
  • An earthquake caused the reactors at the plant to shut down, automatically activating the emergency generators. (cnduk.org)
  • In the third week, further discoveries of highly radioactive water outside the reactor buildings showed that the contamination was spreading. (ieee.org)
  • Instructions on how to build a nuclear reactor have been revealed from five sealed envelopes that have lain hidden for almost 70 years. (bbc.co.uk)
  • I can see why these papers were locked away during the war - they contain details that could be used to build a nuclear reactor. (bbc.co.uk)
  • The U.K.'s previous attempt to build a nuclear power plant with the exact same Chinese company didn't got well. (dailycaller.com)
  • BNamericas - The Embalse Nuclear Power Plant returns to s. (wikipedia.org)
  • A sudden blockage of cooling water is one of the potential nightmares that nuclear power plant operators and regulators fear most. (scientificamerican.com)
  • They also say Russia's attacks on a nuclear plant in Ukraine show they are a potential security risk and need to be better protected. (ktar.com)
  • A loss of coolant water to a reactor core at the nuclear power plant caused it to partially melt down, releasing radioactive gases into the atmosphere. (cnduk.org)
  • Snupps (Standardized Nuclear Unit Power Plant System): Kansas City Power & Light Co., Burlington, Kansas. (blogspot.com)
  • Guangdong Nuclear Power Plant: Twin unit PWR station located at Daya Bay, People's Republic of China. (blogspot.com)
  • I have a friend who used to manage a Nuclear Plant near Pittsburg. (blogspot.com)
  • Residential customers of Georgia's largest electrical utility could see their bills rise $9 more a month to pay for a new nuclear power plant under a deal announced Wednesday. (foxnews.com)
  • My feeling is that if you're going to have a nuclear power plant, it'd better be a Rolls Royce," he says. (wunc.org)
  • He says every nuclear power plant is a target for terrorism or is at risk during a disaster. (wunc.org)
  • It's a developing country that doesn't have a substantial electrical grid that is precisely the kind of country I would not want to see have any kind of nuclear power plant," he says. (wunc.org)
  • NHK World reports, as fears grow over the safety of the nuclear plant continues. (planetsave.com)
  • British Prime Minister Theresa May almost cancelled a previous China-backed nuclear power plant at Hinkley Point due to its high costs and environmentalist opposition. (dailycaller.com)
  • The U.S. charged the Chinese company behind the Hinkley Point plant with nuclear espionage in August . (dailycaller.com)
  • Tepco is the company that operates the nuclear power plant. (breakingnewsenglish.com)
  • The report blamed the Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency for failing to adequately train its staff in safety procedures, TEPCO for not responding quickly enough to the emergency, and former Prime Minister Naoto Kan for directly interfering in plant operations. (enewspf.com)
  • It is certainly an interesting idea to consider, and worthy of a homework problem in an advanced reactor and power plant course. (physicsforums.com)
  • In the wake of the damage caused to nuclear facilities in Japan by the recent earthquake and tsunami, we look at how nuclear reactors work and the associated dangers. (cbc.ca)
  • Babcock & Wilcox says its nuclear reactor facilities won't have the trademark cooling towers of traditional nuclear reactors. (wunc.org)
  • From that perspective, we will also consider all options regarding nuclear power. (ktar.com)
  • For non-power reactors, see List of nuclear research reactors. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is in operation about 1,000 hours annually for nuclear research, the school said. (wral.com)
  • At the same time, the large scale and the technology being deployed for the planned research reactor will enable India to not only become a significant global player in the growing nuclear medicine market, but also have one of the most modern research reactors anywhere in the world. (deccanherald.com)
  • a planned research reactor to sharply cut its potential output of plutonium, a senior Iranian official said in comments that seemed to address a thorny issue in negotiations with big powers. (jordantimes.com)
  • The ORR's mis- sion was to research, develop, and produce special radioactive materials for nuclear weapons. (cdc.gov)
  • Since the end of World War II, the role of the ORR has broadened to include a variety of nuclear research and production projects essen- tial to national security. (cdc.gov)
  • The reactor room at Babcock & Wilcox's prototype reactor outside Lynchburg, Va. The reactor vessel is behind the orange curtain. (wunc.org)
  • This is our simulated reactor vessel. (wunc.org)
  • The ANS Education, Training and Workforce Development Division hosted a webinar titled "Securing a Strong Workforce for the Next Generation of Reactors" on March 16. (ans.org)
  • The ANS Education, Training and Workforce Development Division is hosting a webinar titled "Securing a Strong Workforce for the Next Generation of Reactors," to be held on Wednesday, March 16, from 12:30 p.m. to 2:00 p.m. (ans.org)
  • What skills are most needed in the advanced reactor workforce? (ans.org)
  • The Nuclear Regulatory Commission inspected the reactor in February and found no significant issues. (wral.com)
  • New and advanced types of nuclear reactors could play an important role in helping the U.S. meet its long-term climate goals, but a range of technical, regulatory, economic, and societal challenges must first be overcome. (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • New and advanced types of nuclear reactors could play an important role in helping the U.S. meet its long-term climate goals, but a range of technical, regulatory, economic, and societal challenges must first be overcome, says a new report from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine . (homelandsecuritynewswire.com)
  • The incident did not create a safety threat to Nine Mile Point's No. 2 reactor, the NRC concluded. (scientificamerican.com)
  • NRC Chairman Gregory Jaczko said in November that while improving performance measures indicate that U.S. reactors are being operated safely, the industry must guard against 'distraction and complacency' in meeting safety and security goals. (scientificamerican.com)
  • He said the panel presented proposals for the development and construction of "new innovative reactors designed with new safety mechanisms. (ktar.com)
  • Japanese utilities have since set more than 20 reactors for decommissioning, largely because of the high cost of safety measures. (ktar.com)
  • Of the 33 workable reactors, 25 have been screened for safety checks by the Nuclear Safety Authority. (ktar.com)
  • Nuclear safety review. (who.int)
  • But the tsunami which followed the earthquake flooded the rooms in which the emergency generator was housed, cutting power to the pumps which circulate cooling water to stop the reactors from over-heating. (cnduk.org)
  • Last month Duke and Progress completed a merger that brought 12 nuclear reactors under one banner, while Exelon and Constellation finalised their merger in March, bringing common ownership interests to some 22 reactors. (world-nuclear-news.org)