Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.
Gases or volatile liquids that vary in the rate at which they induce anesthesia; potency; the degree of circulation, respiratory, or neuromuscular depression they produce; and analgesic effects. Inhalation anesthetics have advantages over intravenous agents in that the depth of anesthesia can be changed rapidly by altering the inhaled concentration. Because of their rapid elimination, any postoperative respiratory depression is of relatively short duration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p173)
Anesthesia caused by the breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors or by insufflating anesthetic gases or vapors into the respiratory tract.
An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE.
A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.
A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.
A group of compounds that contain the general formula R-OCH3.
Nitrate reduction process generally mediated by anaerobic bacteria by which nitrogen available to plants is converted to a gaseous form and lost from the soil or water column. It is a part of the nitrogen cycle.
The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially to induce anesthesia. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.
A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)
A CALCIUM-independent subtype of nitric oxide synthase that may play a role in immune function. It is an inducible enzyme whose expression is transcriptionally regulated by a variety of CYTOKINES.
Procedure in which patients are induced into an unconscious state through use of various medications so that they do not feel pain during surgery.
Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides.
A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078)
An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.
A range of methods used to reduce pain and anxiety during dental procedures.
Apparatus for removing exhaled or leaked anesthetic gases or other volatile agents, thus reducing the exposure of operating room personnel to such agents, as well as preventing the buildup of potentially explosive mixtures in operating rooms or laboratories.
A CALCIUM-dependent, constitutively-expressed form of nitric oxide synthase found primarily in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.
Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general ANESTHESIA, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site.
Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.
An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of methionine by transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to homocysteine. It requires a cobamide coenzyme. The enzyme can act on mono- or triglutamate derivatives. EC 2.1.1.13.
An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.
The period of emergence from general anesthesia, where different elements of consciousness return at different rates.
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174)
A CALCIUM-dependent, constitutively-expressed form of nitric oxide synthase found primarily in NERVE TISSUE.
Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen.
A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.
Drugs administered before an anesthetic to decrease a patient's anxiety and control the effects of that anesthetic.
A subclass of analgesic agents that typically do not bind to OPIOID RECEPTORS and are not addictive. Many non-narcotic analgesics are offered as NONPRESCRIPTION DRUGS.
Process of administering an anesthetic through injection directly into the bloodstream.
Acetylene is not typically considered a medical term, but rather a chemical compound (C2H2) commonly used in industrial and laboratory settings for its high energy content and reactivity, which may have various applications in medicine such as wound healing and surgical procedures, but it is not a medical diagnosis or disease.
'Ethers' in a medical context are a class of organic compounds used as medication, particularly as an inhalational agent to induce and maintain general anesthesia, characterized by their ability to produce a state of unconsciousness while providing muscle relaxation and analgesia.
A process facilitated by specialized bacteria involving the oxidation of ammonium to nitrite and nitrate.
A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.
An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.
An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.
A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Drugs that interrupt transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction without causing depolarization of the motor end plate. They prevent acetylcholine from triggering muscle contraction and are used as muscle relaxants during electroshock treatments, in convulsive states, and as anesthesia adjuvants.
A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which patients respond purposefully to verbal commands, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are required to maintain a patent airway. (From: American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines)
A group of enzymes that oxidize diverse nitrogenous substances to yield nitrite. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.
A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.
An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180)
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
A procedure involving placement of a tube into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to provide a patient with oxygen and anesthesia.
Procedure in which an individual is induced into a trance-like state to relieve pain. This procedure is frequently performed with local but not general ANESTHESIA.
A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.
A gas that condenses under slight pressure. Because of its low boiling point ethyl chloride sprayed on skin produces an intense cold by evaporation. Cold blocks nerve conduction. Ethyl chloride has been used in surgery but is primarily used to relieve local pain in sports medicine.
An exaggerated feeling of physical and emotional well-being not consonant with apparent stimuli or events; usually of psychologic origin, but also seen in organic brain disease and toxic states.
A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration, for the induction of general anesthesia, or for inducing a hypnotic state. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p919)
A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.
The constant checking on the state or condition of a patient during the course of a surgical operation (e.g., checking of vital signs).
The period during a surgical operation.
Operative procedures performed on the SKIN.
An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.
A hypnotic and sedative used in the treatment of INSOMNIA.
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.

Steady-state nitrogen isotope effects of N2 and N2O production in Paracoccus denitrificans. (1/1165)

Nitrogen stable-isotope compositions (delta15N) can help track denitrification and N2O production in the environment, as can knowledge of the isotopic discrimination, or isotope effect, inherent to denitrification. However, the isotope effects associated with denitrification as a function of dissolved-oxygen concentration and their influence on the isotopic composition of N2O are not known. We developed a simple steady-state reactor to allow the measurement of denitrification isotope effects in Paracoccus denitrificans. With [dO2] between 0 and 1.2 microM, the N stable-isotope effects of NO3- and N2O reduction were constant at 28.6 per thousand +/- 1.9 per thousand and 12.9 per thousand +/- 2.6 per thousand, respectively (mean +/- standard error, n = 5). This estimate of the isotope effect of N2O reduction is the first in an axenic denitrifying culture and places the delta15N of denitrification-produced N2O midway between those of the nitrogenous oxide substrates and the product N2 in steady-state systems. Application of both isotope effects to N2O cycling studies is discussed.  (+info)

Causes of nitrous oxide contamination in operating rooms. (2/1165)

BACKGROUND: To reduce the ambient concentration of waste anesthetic agents, exhaust gas scavenging systems are standard in almost all operating rooms. The incidence of contamination and the factors that may increase the concentrations of ambient anesthetic gases have not been evaluated fully during routine circumstances, however. METHODS: Concentrations of nitrous oxide (N2O) in ambient air were monitored automatically in 10 operating rooms in Kagoshima University Hospital from January to March 1997. Ambient air was sampled automatically from each operating room, and the concentrations of N2O were analyzed every 22 min by an infrared spectrophotometer. The output of the N2O analyzer was integrated electronically regarding time, and data were displayed on a monitor in the administrative office for anesthesia supervisors. A concentration of N2O > 50 parts per million was regarded as abnormally high and was displayed with an alarm signal. The cause of the high concentration of N2O was then sought. RESULTS: During the 3-month investigation, N2O was used in 402 cases. Abnormally high concentrations of N2O were detected at some time during 104 (25.9%) of those cases. The causes were mask ventilation (42 cases, 40.4% of detected cases), unconnected scavenging systems (20 cases, 19.2%), leak around uncuffed pediatric endotracheal tube (13 cases, 12.5%), equipment leakage (12 cases, 11.5%), and others (17 cases, 16.4%). CONCLUSIONS: N2O contamination was common during routine circumstances in our operating rooms. An unconnected scavenging system led to the highest concentrations of N2O recorded. Proper use of scavenging systems is necessary if contamination by anesthetic gas is to be limited.  (+info)

Continuous arterial P(O2) and P(CO2) measurements in swine during nitrous oxide and xenon elimination: prevention of diffusion hypoxia. (3/1165)

BACKGROUND: During nitrous oxide (N2O) elimination, arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) decreases because of the phenomenon commonly called diffusive hypoxia. The authors questioned whether similar effects occur during xenon elimination. METHODS: Nineteen anesthetized and paralyzed pigs were mechanically ventilated randomly for 30 min using inspiratory gas mixtures of 30% oxygen and either 70% N2O or xenon. The inspiratory gas was replaced by a mixture of 70% nitrogen and 30% oxygen. PaO2 and carbon dioxide tensions were recorded continuously using an indwelling arterial sensor. RESULTS: The PaO2 decreased from 119+/-10 mm Hg to 102+/-12 mm Hg (mean+/-SD) during N2O washout (P<0.01) and from 116+/-9 mm Hg to 110+/-8 mm Hg during xenon elimination (P<0.01), with a significant difference (P<0.01) between baseline and minimum PaO2 values (deltaPaO2, 17+/-6 mm Hg during N2O washout and 6+/-3 mm Hg during xenon washout). The PaCO2 value also decreased (from 39.3+/-6.3 mm Hg to 37.6+/-5.8 mm Hg) during N2O washout (P<0.01) and during xenon elimination (from 35.4+/-1.6 mm Hg to 34.9+/-1.6 mm Hg; P< 0.01). The deltaPaCO2 was 1.7+/-0.9 mm Hg in the N2O group and 0.5+/-0.3 mm Hg in the xenon group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Diffusive hypoxia is unlikely to occur during recovery from xenon anesthesia, probably because of the low blood solubility of this gas.  (+info)

Anoxic function for the Escherichia coli flavohaemoglobin (Hmp): reversible binding of nitric oxide and reduction to nitrous oxide. (4/1165)

The flavohaemoglobin Hmp of Escherichia coli is inducible by nitric oxide (NO) and provides protection both aerobically and anaerobically from inhibition of growth by NO and agents that cause nitrosative stress. Here we report rapid kinetic studies of NO binding to Fe(III) Hmp with a second order rate constant of 7.5 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) to generate a nitrosyl adduct that was stable anoxically but decayed in the presence of air to reform the Fe(III) protein. NO displaced CO bound to dithionite-reduced Hmp but, remarkably, CO recombined after only 2 s at room temperature indicative of NO reduction and dissociation from the haem. Addition of NO to anoxic NADH-reduced Hmp also generated a nitrosyl species which persisted while NADH was oxidised. These results are consistent with direct demonstration by membrane-inlet mass spectrometry of NO consumption and nitrous oxide production during anoxic incubation of NADH-reduced Hmp. The results demonstrate a new mechanism by which Hmp may eliminate NO under anoxic growth conditions.  (+info)

Comparison of the analgesic potency of xenon and nitrous oxide in humans evaluated by experimental pain. (5/1165)

We have compared the analgesic potency of MAC-equivalent concentrations of xenon (10, 20, 30 and 40%) and nitrous oxide (15, 30, 45 and 60%) in humans using a multimodal experimental pain testing and assessment technique. We tested 12 healthy volunteers in a randomized, single-blind, crossover study. The following experimental pain tests were used: nociceptive reflex to repeated stimuli; pain tolerance to maximal effort tourniquet ischaemia; electrical stimulation; mechanical pressure; and cold. Reaction time was also measured. Xenon and nitrous oxide produced analgesia to ischaemic, electrical and mechanical stimulation, but not to cold pain. There was no difference in MAC-equivalent concentrations of xenon and nitrous oxide. Both increased reaction time in a similar manner. Xenon and nitrous oxide evoked nausea and vomiting in a large number of volunteers.  (+info)

Concentration and second-gas effects in the water analogue. (6/1165)

The water analogue provides a visual model of the process of anaesthetic exchange. In the standard version, a single pipe connects the mouth container to the lung container and the conductance of this mouth-lung pipe is proportional to alveolar ventilation. This implies that inspired and expired ventilations are equal. In fact, with high inspired concentrations of nitrous oxide, early rapid uptake of gas by solution leads to a substantial difference between inspired and expired ventilation which in turn leads to concentration and second-gas effects. It is shown that by representing inspired and expired ventilations separately, and keeping one of them constant while varying the other to compensate for rapid uptake, concentration and second-gas effects are reproduced in the water analogue. Other means of reproducing the effects are reported but we believe that the first method is the most realistic and the most appropriate for teaching.  (+info)

Reaction of organic nitrate esters and S-nitrosothiols with reduced flavins: a possible mechanism of bioactivation. (7/1165)

Organic nitrate esters, such as glyceryl trinitrate and isosorbide dinitrate, are a class of compounds used to treat a variety of vascular ailments. Their effectiveness relies on their ability to be bioactivated to nitric oxide (NO) which, in turn, relaxes vascular smooth muscle. Although there have been many biological studies that indicate that NO can be formed from organic nitrate esters in a biological environment, the chemical mechanism by which this occurs has yet to be established. Previous studies have implicated both flavins and thiols in organic nitrate ester bioactivation. Thus, we examined the chemical interactions of flavins and thiols with organic nitrate esters as a means of determining the role these species may play in NO production. Based on these studies we concluded that a reasonable chemical mechanism for organic nitrate ester bioactivation involves reduction to the organic nitrite ester followed by conversion to a nitrosothiol. The release of NO from nitrosothiols can occur via a variety of processes including reaction with dihydroflavins and NADH.  (+info)

Women emerge from general anesthesia with propofol/alfentanil/nitrous oxide faster than men. (8/1165)

BACKGROUND: Recovery from general anesthesia is governed by pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic factors. Gender has not previously been recognized as a factor influencing the time to emergence from general anesthesia. METHODS: This multicenter study was originally designed to measure the effects of the bispectral index on intraoperative anesthetic management and patient recovery. We compared the wake-up and recovery times of 274 adults after propofol/alfentanil/nitrous oxide anesthesia. Patients were randomly assigned to have the titration of propofol performed with or without the use of bispectral index monitoring. Specific guidelines were given for the titration of drugs. The aim in all cases was to provide a safe anesthetic with the fastest possible recovery. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in propofol dose, time to eye opening, and response to verbal command when the anesthetic was titrated using the bispectral index. Unexpectedly, gender proved to be a highly significant independent predictor for recovery time. Women woke significantly faster than men: the time from end of anesthesia to eye opening was 7.05 versus 11.22 min, P < 0.05, and response to verbal command was 8.12 versus 11.67 min, P < 0.05. These differences were significant at all four study sites and in each treatment group. Men consistently had prolonged recovery times compared to women, P < 0.001. There was no difference in the dose of anesthetic used between gender. CONCLUSIONS: Gender appears to be an important variable in recovery from general anesthesia. These findings may explain the increased reported incidence of awareness in women (three times more frequent) and support the need to include gender as a variable in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of anesthetic drugs.  (+info)

Nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, is a colorless and non-flammable gas with a slightly sweet odor and taste. In medicine, it's commonly used for its anesthetic and pain reducing effects. It is often used in dental procedures, surgery, and childbirth to help reduce anxiety and provide mild sedation. Nitrous oxide works by binding to the hemoglobin in red blood cells, which reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, but this effect is usually not significant at the low concentrations used for analgesia and anxiolysis. It's also considered relatively safe when administered by a trained medical professional because it does not cause depression of the respiratory system or cardiovascular function.

Inhalational anesthetics are a type of general anesthetic that is administered through the person's respiratory system. They are typically delivered in the form of vapor or gas, which is inhaled through a mask or breathing tube. Commonly used inhalational anesthetics include sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, and nitrous oxide. These agents work by depressing the central nervous system, leading to a loss of consciousness and an inability to feel pain. They are often used for their rapid onset and offset of action, making them useful for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia during surgical procedures.

Inhalational anesthesia is a type of general anesthesia that is induced by the inhalation of gases or vapors. It is administered through a breathing system, which delivers the anesthetic agents to the patient via a face mask, laryngeal mask airway, or endotracheal tube.

The most commonly used inhalational anesthetics include nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane. These agents work by depressing the central nervous system, causing a reversible loss of consciousness, amnesia, analgesia, and muscle relaxation.

The depth of anesthesia can be easily adjusted during the procedure by changing the concentration of the anesthetic agent. Once the procedure is complete, the anesthetic agents are eliminated from the body through exhalation, allowing for a rapid recovery.

Inhalational anesthesia is commonly used in a wide range of surgical procedures due to its ease of administration, quick onset and offset of action, and ability to rapidly adjust the depth of anesthesia. However, it requires careful monitoring and management by trained anesthesia providers to ensure patient safety and optimize outcomes.

Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) is a group of enzymes that catalyze the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. There are three distinct isoforms of NOS, each with different expression patterns and functions:

1. Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS or NOS1): This isoform is primarily expressed in the nervous system and plays a role in neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory processes.
2. Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS or NOS2): This isoform is induced by various stimuli such as cytokines, lipopolysaccharides, and hypoxia in a variety of cells including immune cells, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. iNOS produces large amounts of NO, which functions as a potent effector molecule in the immune response, particularly in the defense against microbial pathogens.
3. Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS or NOS3): This isoform is constitutively expressed in endothelial cells and produces low levels of NO that play a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating vasodilation, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and preventing smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Overall, NOS plays an essential role in various physiological processes, including neurotransmission, immune response, cardiovascular function, and respiratory regulation. Dysregulation of NOS activity has been implicated in several pathological conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory disorders.

Isoflurane is a volatile halogenated ether used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent, sweet odor. Isoflurane is an agonist at the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor and inhibits excitatory neurotransmission in the brain, leading to unconsciousness and immobility. It has a rapid onset and offset of action due to its low blood solubility, allowing for quick adjustments in anesthetic depth during surgery. Isoflurane is also known for its bronchodilator effects, making it useful in patients with reactive airway disease. However, it can cause dose-dependent decreases in heart rate and blood pressure, so careful hemodynamic monitoring is required during its use.

Xenon is a noble gas with symbol Xe and atomic number 54. It's a colorless, heavy, odorless, and chemically inert gas. In the field of medicine, xenon has been used as a general anesthetic due to its ability to produce unconsciousness while preserving physiological reflexes and cardiovascular stability. Its use is limited due to high cost compared to other anesthetics.

Methyl ethers are a type of organic compound where a methyl group (CH3-) is attached to an oxygen atom, which in turn is connected to another carbon atom. They are formed by the process of methylation, where a methyl group replaces a hydrogen atom in another molecule.

Methyl ethers can be found in various natural and synthetic substances. For example, dimethyl ether (CH3-O-CH3) is a common fuel used in refrigeration systems and as a propellant in aerosol sprays. Anisole (CH3-O-C6H5), another methyl ether, is found in anise oil and is used as a flavoring agent and solvent.

It's worth noting that some methyl ethers have been associated with potential health risks, particularly when they are volatile and can be inhaled or ingested. For example, exposure to high levels of dimethyl ether can cause respiratory irritation, headaches, and dizziness. Therefore, it's important to handle these substances with care and follow appropriate safety guidelines.

Denitrification is a microbial process that involves the reduction and conversion of nitrate (NO3-) or nitrite (NO2-) to gaseous forms of nitrogen, such as molecular nitrogen (N2) or nitrous oxide (N2O). This process occurs in anaerobic environments or in areas with low oxygen levels. It is a significant component of the nitrogen cycle and helps to regulate the amount of fixed nitrogen in the environment. Denitrification can also contribute to the degradation of certain pollutants, such as nitrate-contaminated water.

Combined anesthetics refer to the use of two or more types of anesthetic agents together during a medical procedure to produce a desired level of sedation, amnesia, analgesia, and muscle relaxation. This approach can allow for lower doses of individual anesthetic drugs, which may reduce the risk of adverse effects associated with each drug. Common combinations include using a general anesthetic in combination with a regional or local anesthetic technique. The specific choice of combined anesthetics depends on various factors such as the type and duration of the procedure, patient characteristics, and the desired outcomes.

Halothane is a general anesthetic agent, which is a volatile liquid that evaporates easily and can be inhaled. It is used to produce and maintain general anesthesia (a state of unconsciousness) during surgical procedures. Halothane is known for its rapid onset and offset of action, making it useful for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia.

The medical definition of Halothane is:

Halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) is a volatile liquid general anesthetic agent with a mild, sweet odor. It is primarily used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in surgical procedures due to its rapid onset and offset of action. Halothane is administered via inhalation and acts by depressing the central nervous system, leading to a reversible loss of consciousness and analgesia.

It's important to note that Halothane has been associated with rare cases of severe liver injury (hepatotoxicity) and anaphylaxis (a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction). These risks have led to the development and use of alternative general anesthetic agents with better safety profiles.

Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II (NOS2), also known as Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. Unlike other isoforms of NOS, NOS2 is not constitutively expressed and its expression can be induced by various stimuli such as cytokines, lipopolysaccharides, and bacterial products. Once induced, NOS2 produces large amounts of NO, which plays a crucial role in the immune response against invading pathogens. However, excessive or prolonged production of NO by NOS2 has been implicated in various pathological conditions such as inflammation, septic shock, and neurodegenerative disorders.

General anesthesia is a state of controlled unconsciousness, induced by administering various medications, that eliminates awareness, movement, and pain sensation during medical procedures. It involves the use of a combination of intravenous and inhaled drugs to produce a reversible loss of consciousness, allowing patients to undergo surgical or diagnostic interventions safely and comfortably. The depth and duration of anesthesia are carefully monitored and adjusted throughout the procedure by an anesthesiologist or certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA) to ensure patient safety and optimize recovery. General anesthesia is typically used for more extensive surgical procedures, such as open-heart surgery, major orthopedic surgeries, and neurosurgery.

In a medical context, nitrites are typically referred to as organic compounds that contain a functional group with the formula R-N=O, where R represents an alkyl or aryl group. They are commonly used in medicine as vasodilators, which means they widen and relax blood vessels, improving blood flow and lowering blood pressure.

One example of a nitrite used medically is amyl nitrite, which was previously used to treat angina pectoris, a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. However, its use has largely been replaced by other medications due to safety concerns and the availability of more effective treatments.

It's worth noting that inorganic nitrites, such as sodium nitrite, are also used in medicine for various purposes, including as a preservative in food and as a medication to treat cyanide poisoning. However, these compounds have different chemical properties and uses than organic nitrites.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "oxides" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Oxides are a class of chemical compounds that contain at least one oxygen atom and one other element. They can be formed through the process of oxidation, which involves the combination of oxygen with another substance.

In a broader sense, you might encounter the term "oxide" in a medical context when discussing various materials or substances used in medical devices, treatments, or research. For instance, titanium dioxide is a common ingredient in medical-grade sunscreens due to its ability to block and scatter UV light. However, it's important to note that the term "oxides" itself doesn't have a direct connection to medicine or human health.

Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid analgesic, which is similar to morphine but is 50 to 100 times more potent. It is a schedule II prescription drug, typically used to treat patients with severe pain or to manage pain after surgery. It works by binding to the body's opioid receptors, which are found in the brain, spinal cord, and other areas of the body.

Fentanyl can be administered in several forms, including transdermal patches, lozenges, injectable solutions, and tablets that dissolve in the mouth. Illegally manufactured and distributed fentanyl has also become a major public health concern, as it is often mixed with other drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and counterfeit pills, leading to an increase in overdose deaths.

Like all opioids, fentanyl carries a risk of dependence, addiction, and overdose, especially when used outside of medical supervision or in combination with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol or benzodiazepines. It is important to use fentanyl only as directed by a healthcare provider and to be aware of the potential risks associated with its use.

Enflurane is a volatile halogenated ether that was commonly used as an inhalational general anesthetic agent. Its chemical formula is C3H2ClF5O. It has been largely replaced by newer and safer anesthetics, but it is still occasionally used in certain clinical situations due to its favorable properties such as rapid onset and offset of action, stable hemodynamics, and low blood solubility. However, it can cause adverse effects such as respiratory depression, arrhythmias, and neurotoxicity, particularly with prolonged use or high doses. Therefore, its use requires careful monitoring and management by anesthesia professionals.

Dental anesthesia is a type of local or regional anesthesia that is specifically used in dental procedures to block the transmission of pain impulses from the teeth and surrounding tissues to the brain. The most common types of dental anesthesia include:

1. Local anesthesia: This involves the injection of a local anesthetic drug, such as lidocaine or prilocaine, into the gum tissue near the tooth that is being treated. This numbs the area and prevents the patient from feeling pain during the procedure.
2. Conscious sedation: This is a type of minimal sedation that is used to help patients relax during dental procedures. The patient remains conscious and can communicate with the dentist, but may not remember the details of the procedure. Common methods of conscious sedation include nitrous oxide (laughing gas) or oral sedatives.
3. Deep sedation or general anesthesia: This is rarely used in dental procedures, but may be necessary for patients who are extremely anxious or have special needs. It involves the administration of drugs that cause a state of unconsciousness and prevent the patient from feeling pain during the procedure.

Dental anesthesia is generally safe when administered by a qualified dentist or oral surgeon. However, as with any medical procedure, there are risks involved, including allergic reactions to the anesthetic drugs, nerve damage, and infection. Patients should discuss any concerns they have with their dentist before undergoing dental anesthesia.

A gas scavenger system is a type of medical device that is used to capture and dispose of waste anesthetic gases that are exhaled by a patient during surgery. These systems typically consist of a hose or tube that is connected to the anesthesia machine, which captures the waste gases as they exit the breathing circuit. The gases are then filtered through activated carbon or other materials to remove the anesthetic agents and odors before being vented outside of the healthcare facility.

The purpose of a gas scavenger system is to protect operating room staff from exposure to potentially harmful anesthetic gases, which can cause respiratory irritation, headaches, nausea, and other symptoms. In addition, some anesthetic gases have been classified as greenhouse gases and can contribute to climate change, so scavenging systems also help to reduce the environmental impact of anesthesia.

It's important to note that gas scavenger systems are not a substitute for proper ventilation and air exchange in the operating room. They should be used in conjunction with other measures to ensure a safe and healthy work environment for healthcare professionals.

Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III (NOS-III), also known as endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS), is an enzyme responsible for the production of nitric oxide (NO) in the endothelium, the lining of blood vessels. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline, producing NO as a byproduct. The release of NO from eNOS plays an important role in regulating vascular tone and homeostasis, including the relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the blood vessel walls, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and modulation of immune function. Mutations or dysfunction in NOS-III can contribute to various cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and erectile dysfunction.

Anesthetics are medications that are used to block or reduce feelings of pain and sensation, either locally in a specific area of the body or generally throughout the body. They work by depressing the nervous system, interrupting the communication between nerves and the brain. Anesthetics can be administered through various routes such as injection, inhalation, or topical application, depending on the type and the desired effect. There are several classes of anesthetics, including:

1. Local anesthetics: These numb a specific area of the body and are commonly used during minor surgical procedures, dental work, or to relieve pain from injuries. Examples include lidocaine, prilocaine, and bupivacaine.
2. Regional anesthetics: These block nerve impulses in a larger area of the body, such as an arm or leg, and can be used for more extensive surgical procedures. They are often administered through a catheter to provide continuous pain relief over a longer period. Examples include spinal anesthesia, epidural anesthesia, and peripheral nerve blocks.
3. General anesthetics: These cause a state of unconsciousness and are used for major surgical procedures or when the patient needs to be completely immobile during a procedure. They can be administered through inhalation or injection and affect the entire body. Examples include propofol, sevoflurane, and isoflurane.

Anesthetics are typically safe when used appropriately and under medical supervision. However, they can have side effects such as drowsiness, nausea, and respiratory depression. Proper dosing and monitoring by a healthcare professional are essential to minimize the risks associated with anesthesia.

Nitrates are chemical compounds that consist of a nitrogen atom bonded to three oxygen atoms (NO3-). In the context of medical science, nitrates are often discussed in relation to their use as medications or their presence in food and water.

As medications, nitrates are commonly used to treat angina (chest pain) caused by coronary artery disease. Nitrates work by relaxing and widening blood vessels, which improves blood flow and reduces the workload on the heart. Some examples of nitrate medications include nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate, and isosorbide mononitrate.

In food and water, nitrates are naturally occurring compounds that can be found in a variety of vegetables, such as spinach, beets, and lettuce. They can also be present in fertilizers and industrial waste, which can contaminate groundwater and surface water sources. While nitrates themselves are not harmful, they can be converted into potentially harmful compounds called nitrites under certain conditions, particularly in the digestive system of young children or in the presence of bacteria such as those found in unpasteurized foods. Excessive levels of nitrites can react with hemoglobin in the blood to form methemoglobin, which cannot transport oxygen effectively and can lead to a condition called methemoglobinemia.

5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase is also known as Methionine Synthase. It is a vital enzyme in the human body that plays a crucial role in methionine metabolism and homocysteine regulation.

The medical definition of 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine S-Methyltransferase is as follows:

A enzyme (EC 2.1.1.13) that catalyzes the methylation of homocysteine to methionine, using 5-methyltetrahydrofolate as a methyl donor. This reaction also requires the cofactor vitamin B12 (cobalamin) as a coenzyme. The enzyme is located in the cytosol of cells and is essential for the synthesis of methionine, which is an important amino acid required for various biological processes such as protein synthesis, methylation reactions, and the formation of neurotransmitters.

Deficiency or dysfunction of this enzyme can lead to several health issues, including homocystinuria, a genetic disorder characterized by elevated levels of homocysteine in the blood, which can cause serious complications such as neurological damage, cardiovascular disease, and skeletal abnormalities.

Propofol is a short-acting medication that is primarily used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia during procedures such as surgery. It belongs to a class of drugs called hypnotics or sedatives, which work by depressing the central nervous system to produce a calming effect. Propofol can also be used for sedation in mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units and for procedural sedation in various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures outside the operating room.

The medical definition of Propofol is:
A rapid-onset, short-duration intravenous anesthetic agent that produces a hypnotic effect and is used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia, sedation in mechanically ventilated patients, and procedural sedation. It acts by enhancing the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, leading to a decrease in neuronal activity and a reduction in consciousness. Propofol has a rapid clearance and distribution, allowing for quick recovery after discontinuation of its administration.

The anesthesia recovery period, also known as the post-anesthetic care unit (PACU) or recovery room stay, is the time immediately following anesthesia and surgery during which a patient's vital signs are closely monitored as they emerge from the effects of anesthesia.

During this period, the patient is typically observed for adequate ventilation, oxygenation, circulation, level of consciousness, pain control, and any potential complications. The length of stay in the recovery room can vary depending on the type of surgery, the anesthetic used, and the individual patient's needs.

The anesthesia recovery period is a critical time for ensuring patient safety and comfort as they transition from the surgical setting to full recovery. Nurses and other healthcare providers in the recovery room are specially trained to monitor and manage patients during this vulnerable period.

Oxidoreductases are a class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule (the reductant) to another (the oxidant). These enzymes play a crucial role in various biological processes, including energy production, metabolism, and detoxification.

The oxidoreductase-catalyzed reaction typically involves the donation of electrons from a reducing agent (donor) to an oxidizing agent (acceptor), often through the transfer of hydrogen atoms or hydride ions. The enzyme itself does not undergo any permanent chemical change during this process, but rather acts as a catalyst to lower the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.

Oxidoreductases are classified and named based on the type of electron donor or acceptor involved in the reaction. For example, oxidoreductases that act on the CH-OH group of donors are called dehydrogenases, while those that act on the aldehyde or ketone groups are called oxidases. Other examples include reductases, peroxidases, and catalases.

Understanding the function and regulation of oxidoreductases is important for understanding various physiological processes and developing therapeutic strategies for diseases associated with impaired redox homeostasis, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular disease.

Intravenous anesthetics are a type of medication that is administered directly into a vein to cause a loss of consciousness and provide analgesia (pain relief) during medical procedures. They work by depressing the central nervous system, inhibiting nerve impulse transmission and ultimately preventing the patient from feeling pain or discomfort during surgery or other invasive procedures.

There are several different types of intravenous anesthetics, each with its own specific properties and uses. Some common examples include propofol, etomidate, ketamine, and barbiturates. These drugs may be used alone or in combination with other medications to provide a safe and effective level of anesthesia for the patient.

The choice of intravenous anesthetic depends on several factors, including the patient's medical history, the type and duration of the procedure, and the desired depth and duration of anesthesia. Anesthesiologists must carefully consider these factors when selecting an appropriate medication regimen for each individual patient.

While intravenous anesthetics are generally safe and effective, they can have side effects and risks, such as respiratory depression, hypotension, and allergic reactions. Anesthesia providers must closely monitor patients during and after the administration of these medications to ensure their safety and well-being.

Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I, also known as NOS1 or neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), is an enzyme that catalyzes the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. It is primarily expressed in the nervous system, particularly in neurons, and plays a crucial role in the regulation of neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and cerebral blood flow. NOS1 is calcium-dependent and requires several cofactors for its activity, including NADPH, FAD, FMN, and calmodulin. It is involved in various physiological and pathological processes, such as learning and memory, seizure susceptibility, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are a group of highly reactive gases, primarily composed of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). They are formed during the combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, gas, or biomass, and are emitted from various sources, including power plants, industrial boilers, transportation vehicles, and residential heating systems. Exposure to NOx can have adverse health effects, particularly on the respiratory system, and contribute to the formation of harmful air pollutants like ground-level ozone and fine particulate matter.

Alfentanil is a synthetic opioid analgesic drug that is chemically related to fentanyl. It is used for the provision of sedation and pain relief, particularly in critical care settings and during surgical procedures.

The medical definition of Alfentanil is as follows:

Alfentanil is a potent, short-acting opioid analgesic with a rapid onset of action. It is approximately 10 times more potent than morphine and has a rapid clearance rate due to its short elimination half-life of 1-2 hours. Alfentanil is used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia, as well as for sedation and pain relief in critically ill patients. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which inhibits the transmission of pain signals and produces analgesia, sedation, and respiratory depression.

Like all opioids, Alfentanil carries a risk of dependence, tolerance, and respiratory depression, and should be used with caution in patients with respiratory or cardiovascular disease. It is typically administered by healthcare professionals in a controlled setting due to its potency and potential for adverse effects.

Preanesthetic medication, also known as premedication, refers to the administration of medications before anesthesia to help prepare the patient for the upcoming procedure. These medications can serve various purposes, such as:

1. Anxiolysis: Reducing anxiety and promoting relaxation in patients before surgery.
2. Amnesia: Causing temporary memory loss to help patients forget the events leading up to the surgery.
3. Analgesia: Providing pain relief to minimize discomfort during and after the procedure.
4. Antisialagogue: Decreasing saliva production to reduce the risk of aspiration during intubation.
5. Bronchodilation: Relaxing bronchial smooth muscles, which can help improve respiratory function in patients with obstructive lung diseases.
6. Antiemetic: Preventing or reducing the likelihood of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
7. Sedation: Inducing a state of calmness and drowsiness to facilitate a smooth induction of anesthesia.

Common preanesthetic medications include benzodiazepines (e.g., midazolam), opioids (e.g., fentanyl), anticholinergics (e.g., glycopyrrolate), and H1-antihistamines (e.g., diphenhydramine). The choice of preanesthetic medication depends on the patient's medical history, comorbidities, and the type of anesthesia to be administered.

Analgesics, non-narcotic are a class of medications used to relieve pain that do not contain narcotics or opioids. They work by blocking the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system or by reducing inflammation and swelling. Examples of non-narcotic analgesics include acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), and aspirin. These medications are often used to treat mild to moderate pain, such as headaches, menstrual cramps, muscle aches, and arthritis symptoms. They can be obtained over-the-counter or by prescription, depending on the dosage and formulation. It is important to follow the recommended dosages and usage instructions carefully to avoid adverse effects.

Intravenous anesthesia, also known as IV anesthesia, is a type of anesthesia that involves the administration of one or more drugs into a patient's vein to achieve a state of unconsciousness and analgesia (pain relief) during medical procedures. The drugs used in intravenous anesthesia can include sedatives, hypnotics, analgesics, and muscle relaxants, which are carefully selected and dosed based on the patient's medical history, physical status, and the type and duration of the procedure.

The administration of IV anesthesia is typically performed by a trained anesthesiologist or nurse anesthetist, who monitors the patient's vital signs and adjusts the dosage of the drugs as needed to ensure the patient's safety and comfort throughout the procedure. The onset of action for IV anesthesia is relatively rapid, usually within minutes, and the depth and duration of anesthesia can be easily titrated to meet the needs of the individual patient.

Compared to general anesthesia, which involves the administration of inhaled gases or vapors to achieve a state of unconsciousness, intravenous anesthesia is associated with fewer adverse effects on respiratory and cardiovascular function, and may be preferred for certain types of procedures or patients. However, like all forms of anesthesia, IV anesthesia carries risks and potential complications, including allergic reactions, infection, bleeding, and respiratory depression, and requires careful monitoring and management by trained medical professionals.

Acetylene is defined as a colorless, highly flammable gas with a distinctive odor, having the chemical formula C2H2. It is the simplest and lightest hydrocarbon in which two carbon atoms are bonded together by a triple bond. Acetylene is used as a fuel in welding and cutting torches, and it can also be converted into other chemicals, such as vinyl acetate and acetic acid. In medical terms, acetylene is not a substance that is commonly used or discussed.

In medical or clinical terms, "ethers" do not have a specific relevance as a single medical condition or diagnosis. However, in a broader chemical context, ethers are a class of organic compounds characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two alkyl or aryl groups. Ethers are not typically used as therapeutic agents but can be found in certain medications as solvents or as part of the drug's chemical structure.

An example of a medication with an ether group is the antihistamine diphenhydramine (Benadryl), which has a phenyl ether moiety in its chemical structure. Another example is the anesthetic sevoflurane, which is a fluorinated methyl isopropyl ether used for inducing and maintaining general anesthesia during surgeries.

It's important to note that 'ethers' as a term primarily belongs to the field of chemistry rather than medicine.

Nitrification is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is a process that is often referred to in the context of environmental science and public health.

In this context, nitrification is a microbial process by which ammonia (NH3) or ammonium (NH4+) is converted into nitrite (NO2-) and then into nitrate (NO3-). This process is an important part of the nitrogen cycle and helps to remove excess nutrients from wastewater and other environments.

In some cases, nitrification can also be relevant in medical contexts related to environmental exposures or occupational health. For example, exposure to high levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a gas that can be produced during nitrification, can cause respiratory symptoms and exacerbate existing lung conditions. Additionally, certain industrial processes that involve nitrification, such as the production of fertilizers or explosives, can pose health risks to workers if appropriate safety measures are not in place.

Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnO. It exists as a white, odorless, and crystalline powder. In medicine, zinc oxide is used primarily as a topical agent for the treatment of various skin conditions, including diaper rash, minor burns, and irritations caused by eczema or psoriasis.

Zinc oxide has several properties that make it useful in medical applications:

1. Antimicrobial activity: Zinc oxide exhibits antimicrobial properties against bacteria, viruses, and fungi, which can help prevent infection and promote wound healing.
2. Skin protectant: It forms a physical barrier on the skin, protecting it from external irritants, friction, and moisture. This property is particularly useful in products like diaper rash creams and sunscreens.
3. Astringent properties: Zinc oxide can help constrict and tighten tissues, which may reduce inflammation and promote healing.
4. Mineral sunscreen agent: Zinc oxide is a common active ingredient in physical (mineral) sunscreens due to its ability to reflect and scatter UV light, protecting the skin from both UVA and UVB radiation.

Zinc oxide can be found in various medical and skincare products, such as creams, ointments, pastes, lotions, and powders. It is generally considered safe for topical use, but it may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions in some individuals.

Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that constitutes about 21% of the earth's atmosphere. It is a crucial element for human and most living organisms as it is vital for respiration. Inhaled oxygen enters the lungs and binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells, which carries it to tissues throughout the body where it is used to convert nutrients into energy and carbon dioxide, a waste product that is exhaled.

Medically, supplemental oxygen therapy may be provided to patients with conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumonia, heart failure, or other medical conditions that impair the body's ability to extract sufficient oxygen from the air. Oxygen can be administered through various devices, including nasal cannulas, face masks, and ventilators.

Nitrogen is not typically referred to as a medical term, but it is an element that is crucial to medicine and human life.

In a medical context, nitrogen is often mentioned in relation to gas analysis, respiratory therapy, or medical gases. Nitrogen (N) is a colorless, odorless, and nonreactive gas that makes up about 78% of the Earth's atmosphere. It is an essential element for various biological processes, such as the growth and maintenance of organisms, because it is a key component of amino acids, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds.

In some medical applications, nitrogen is used to displace oxygen in a mixture to create a controlled environment with reduced oxygen levels (hypoxic conditions) for therapeutic purposes, such as in certain types of hyperbaric chambers. Additionally, nitrogen gas is sometimes used in cryotherapy, where extremely low temperatures are applied to tissues to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation.

However, it's important to note that breathing pure nitrogen can be dangerous, as it can lead to unconsciousness and even death due to lack of oxygen (asphyxiation) within minutes.

Thiopental, also known as Thiopentone, is a rapid-onset, ultrashort-acting barbiturate derivative. It is primarily used for the induction of anesthesia due to its ability to cause unconsciousness quickly and its short duration of action. Thiopental can also be used for sedation in critically ill patients, though this use has become less common due to the development of safer alternatives.

The drug works by enhancing the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a neurotransmitter in the brain that produces a calming effect. This results in the depression of the central nervous system, leading to sedation, hypnosis, and ultimately, anesthesia.

It is worth noting that Thiopental has been largely replaced by newer drugs in many clinical settings due to its potential for serious adverse effects, such as cardiovascular and respiratory depression, as well as the risk of anaphylaxis. Additionally, it has been used in controversial procedures like capital punishment in some jurisdictions.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Neuromuscular non-depolarizing agents are a type of muscle relaxant medication used in anesthesia and critical care settings to facilitate endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, and to prevent muscle contractions during surgery. These agents work by competitively binding to the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, without activating them, thereby preventing the initiation of muscle contraction.

Examples of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents include:

* Vecuronium
* Rocuronium
* Pancuronium
* Atracurium
* Cisatracurium
* Mivacurium

These medications have a reversible effect and their duration of action can be prolonged in patients with impaired renal or hepatic function, acid-base imbalances, electrolyte abnormalities, or in those who are taking other medications that interact with these agents. Therefore, it is important to monitor the patient's neuromuscular function during and after the administration of non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.

Conscious sedation, also known as procedural sedation and analgesia, is a minimally depressed level of consciousness that retains the patient's ability to maintain airway spontaneously and respond appropriately to physical stimulation and verbal commands. It is typically achieved through the administration of sedative and/or analgesic medications and is commonly used in medical procedures that do not require general anesthesia. The goal of conscious sedation is to provide a comfortable and anxiety-free experience for the patient while ensuring their safety throughout the procedure.

Nitrite reductases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the reduction of nitrite (NO2-) to nitric oxide (NO). This reaction is an important part of the nitrogen cycle, particularly in denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) processes. Nitrite reductases can be classified into two main types based on their metal co-factors: copper-containing nitrite reductases (CuNiRs) and cytochrome cd1 nitrite reductases. CuNiRs are typically found in bacteria and fungi, while cytochrome cd1 nitrite reductases are primarily found in bacteria. These enzymes play a crucial role in the global nitrogen cycle and have potential implications for environmental and medical research.

Anesthesia is a medical term that refers to the loss of sensation or awareness, usually induced by the administration of various drugs. It is commonly used during surgical procedures to prevent pain and discomfort. There are several types of anesthesia, including:

1. General anesthesia: This type of anesthesia causes a complete loss of consciousness and is typically used for major surgeries.
2. Regional anesthesia: This type of anesthesia numbs a specific area of the body, such as an arm or leg, while the patient remains conscious.
3. Local anesthesia: This type of anesthesia numbs a small area of the body, such as a cut or wound, and is typically used for minor procedures.

Anesthesia can be administered through various routes, including injection, inhalation, or topical application. The choice of anesthesia depends on several factors, including the type and duration of the procedure, the patient's medical history, and their overall health. Anesthesiologists are medical professionals who specialize in administering anesthesia and monitoring patients during surgical procedures to ensure their safety and comfort.

Methoxyflurane is a sweet-smelling, volatile liquid that is used as an inhalational general anesthetic agent. It is chemically described as 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoro-1-methoxyethane. Methoxyflurane is a fluorinated hydrocarbon with low blood/gas solubility, which allows for rapid induction and emergence from anesthesia. It has been used for the induction and maintenance of anesthesia in both adults and children. However, its use has been limited due to concerns about nephrotoxicity associated with high concentrations or prolonged exposure.

"Pseudomonas" is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are widely found in soil, water, and plants. Some species of Pseudomonas can cause disease in animals and humans, with P. aeruginosa being the most clinically relevant as it's an opportunistic pathogen capable of causing various types of infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.

P. aeruginosa is known for its remarkable ability to resist many antibiotics and disinfectants, making infections caused by this bacterium difficult to treat. It can cause a range of healthcare-associated infections, such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and surgical site infections. In addition, it can also cause external ear infections and eye infections.

Prompt identification and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are crucial for managing Pseudomonas infections, although the increasing antibiotic resistance poses a significant challenge in treatment.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas that is naturally present in the Earth's atmosphere. It is a normal byproduct of cellular respiration in humans, animals, and plants, and is also produced through the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

In medical terms, carbon dioxide is often used as a respiratory stimulant and to maintain the pH balance of blood. It is also used during certain medical procedures, such as laparoscopic surgery, to insufflate (inflate) the abdominal cavity and create a working space for the surgeon.

Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the body can lead to respiratory acidosis, a condition characterized by an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a decrease in pH. This can occur in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or other lung diseases that impair breathing and gas exchange. Symptoms of respiratory acidosis may include shortness of breath, confusion, headache, and in severe cases, coma or death.

Intubation, intratracheal is a medical procedure in which a flexible plastic or rubber tube called an endotracheal tube (ETT) is inserted through the mouth or nose, passing through the vocal cords and into the trachea (windpipe). This procedure is performed to establish and maintain a patent airway, allowing for the delivery of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide during mechanical ventilation in various clinical scenarios, such as:

1. Respiratory failure or arrest
2. Procedural sedation
3. Surgery under general anesthesia
4. Neuromuscular disorders
5. Ingestion of toxic substances
6. Head and neck trauma
7. Critical illness or injury affecting the airway

The process of intubation is typically performed by trained medical professionals, such as anesthesiologists, emergency medicine physicians, or critical care specialists, using direct laryngoscopy or video laryngoscopy to visualize the vocal cords and guide the ETT into the correct position. Once placed, the ETT is secured to prevent dislodgement, and the patient's respiratory status is continuously monitored to ensure proper ventilation and oxygenation.

I believe there may be a slight confusion in your question as hypnosis and anesthesia are two different concepts in the field of medicine. Here are separate definitions for each:

1. Hypnosis: This is a state of highly focused attention or concentration, often associated with relaxation, and heightened suggestibility. During hypnosis, a person may become more open to suggestions and their perception of reality may change. It's important to note that hypnosis is not a form of unconsciousness or sleep, and the person can usually hear and remember what happens during the session. Hypnosis is sometimes used in medical and psychological settings to help manage pain, anxiety, or symptoms of various conditions.

2. Anesthetic: An anesthetic is a drug that's used to block sensation in certain areas of the body or to induce sleep and reduce pain during surgical procedures. There are two main types of anesthetics: local and general. Local anesthetics numb a specific area of the body, while general anesthetics cause a state of unconsciousness and amnesia, so the person is unaware of the procedure taking place. Anesthetics work by depressing the function of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord.

I hope this clarifies any confusion! If you have any further questions or need more information, please don't hesitate to ask.

NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) is not a medication, but rather a research chemical used in scientific studies. It is an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, an enzyme that synthesizes nitric oxide, a molecule involved in the relaxation of blood vessels.

Therefore, L-NAME is often used in experiments to investigate the role of nitric oxide in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. It is important to note that the use of L-NAME in humans is not approved for therapeutic purposes due to its potential side effects, which can include hypertension, decreased renal function, and decreased cerebral blood flow.

Ethyl chloride is a colorless, volatile, flammable liquid with an ether-like odor. It is used as an industrial solvent and refrigerant, and in the past, it was also used as a topical anesthetic and analgesic. Ethyl chloride works by rapidly evaporating upon contact with the skin, causing localized cooling and numbness. However, its use as a medical product has largely been discontinued due to safety concerns, including its potential for abuse as a recreational inhalant and the risk of severe frostbite and tissue damage if improperly applied.

Euphoria is a medical term that refers to an state of intense happiness and well-being, often exaggerated or irrational in context. It is a heightened state of pleasure or excitement, sometimes reaching levels of ecstasy. Euphoria can be a symptom of certain medical conditions, such as manic episodes associated with bipolar disorder, or it can be a side effect of certain drugs, including some prescription medications and illegal substances.

In a clinical setting, euphoria is often assessed using rating scales to help diagnose and monitor the severity of various mental health disorders. It's important to note that while euphoria can be a positive experience for some individuals, it can also have negative consequences, particularly when it leads to impaired judgment or risky behaviors.

Thiamylal is a fast-acting, ultra-short-acting barbiturate drug that is primarily used for the induction of anesthesia before surgical procedures. It works by depressing the central nervous system, producing sedation, relaxation, and hypnosis. Thiamylal has a rapid onset of action and its effects last only a short time, making it useful for quickly achieving a desired level of anesthesia while minimizing the risk of prolonged sedation or respiratory depression.

It is important to note that thiamylal should be administered under the close supervision of trained medical personnel, as its use carries certain risks and potential complications, such as cardiovascular and respiratory depression. Additionally, patients with a history of drug allergies, liver or kidney disease, or other medical conditions may require special precautions before receiving thiamylal.

Atracurium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (NMBDA) that is used in anesthesia practice to provide skeletal muscle relaxation during surgery. It works by competitively inhibiting the binding of acetylcholine to nicotinic receptors at the motor endplate, thereby preventing muscle contraction.

Atracurium has a rapid onset and intermediate duration of action, making it useful for a variety of surgical procedures. It is also known for its unique property of being broken down by Hofmann elimination, a non-enzymatic degradation process that occurs at physiological pH and temperature, which makes it independent of hepatic or renal function. This makes atracurium a useful option in patients with compromised liver or kidney function.

However, atracurium can cause histamine release, which may lead to hypotension, tachycardia, and bronchospasm, especially with rapid bolus administration. Therefore, it is usually administered by continuous infusion or intermittent boluses, titrated to the desired level of muscle relaxation.

It's important to note that atracurium should only be administered under the supervision of anesthesia professionals and used in accordance with the recommended dosages and monitoring guidelines to ensure patient safety.

Intraoperative monitoring (IOM) is the practice of using specialized techniques to monitor physiological functions or neural structures in real-time during surgical procedures. The primary goal of IOM is to provide continuous information about the patient's status and the effects of surgery on neurological function, allowing surgeons to make informed decisions and minimize potential risks.

IOM can involve various methods such as:

1. Electrophysiological monitoring: This includes techniques like somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP), motor evoked potentials (MEP), and electroencephalography (EEG) to assess the integrity of neural pathways and brain function during surgery.
2. Neuromonitoring: Direct electrical stimulation of nerves or spinal cord structures can help identify critical neuroanatomical structures, evaluate their functional status, and guide surgical interventions.
3. Hemodynamic monitoring: Measuring blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and oxygen saturation helps assess the patient's overall physiological status during surgery.
4. Imaging modalities: Intraoperative imaging techniques like ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can provide real-time visualization of anatomical structures and surgical progress.

The specific IOM methods employed depend on the type of surgery, patient characteristics, and potential risks involved. Intraoperative monitoring is particularly crucial in procedures where there is a risk of neurological injury, such as spinal cord or brain surgeries, vascular interventions, or tumor resections near critical neural structures.

The intraoperative period is the phase of surgical treatment that refers to the time during which the surgery is being performed. It begins when the anesthesia is administered and the patient is prepared for the operation, and it ends when the surgery is completed, the anesthesia is discontinued, and the patient is transferred to the recovery room or intensive care unit (ICU).

During the intraoperative period, the surgical team, including surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses, and other healthcare professionals, work together to carry out the surgical procedure safely and effectively. The anesthesiologist monitors the patient's vital signs, such as heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and body temperature, throughout the surgery to ensure that the patient remains stable and does not experience any complications.

The surgeon performs the operation, using various surgical techniques and instruments to achieve the desired outcome. The surgical team also takes measures to prevent infection, control bleeding, and manage pain during and after the surgery.

Overall, the intraoperative period is a critical phase of surgical treatment that requires close collaboration and communication among members of the healthcare team to ensure the best possible outcomes for the patient.

Dermatologic surgical procedures refer to various types of surgeries performed by dermatologists, which are aimed at treating and managing conditions related to the skin, hair, nails, and mucous membranes. These procedures can be divided into several categories, including:

1. Excisional surgery: This involves removing a lesion or growth by cutting it out with a scalpel. The resulting wound is then closed with stitches, sutures, or left to heal on its own.
2. Incisional biopsy: This is a type of excisional surgery where only a portion of the lesion is removed for diagnostic purposes.
3. Cryosurgery: This involves using extreme cold (usually liquid nitrogen) to destroy abnormal tissue, such as warts or precancerous growths.
4. Electrosurgical procedures: These use heat generated by an electric current to remove or destroy skin lesions. Examples include electrodessication and curettage (ED&C), which involves scraping away the affected tissue with a sharp instrument and then applying heat to seal the wound.
5. Laser surgery: Dermatologic surgeons use various types of lasers to treat a wide range of conditions, such as removing tattoos, reducing wrinkles, or treating vascular lesions.
6. Mohs micrographic surgery: This is a specialized surgical technique used to treat certain types of skin cancer, particularly basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. It involves removing the tumor in thin layers and examining each layer under a microscope until no cancer cells remain.
7. Scar revision surgery: Dermatologic surgeons can perform procedures to improve the appearance of scars, such as excising the scar and reclosing the wound or using laser therapy to minimize redness and thickness.
8. Hair transplantation: This involves removing hair follicles from one area of the body (usually the back of the head) and transplanting them to another area where hair is thinning or absent, such as the scalp or eyebrows.
9. Flap surgery: In this procedure, a piece of tissue with its own blood supply is moved from one part of the body to another and then reattached. This can be used for reconstructive purposes after skin cancer removal or trauma.
10. Liposuction: Dermatologic surgeons may perform liposuction to remove excess fat from various areas of the body, such as the abdomen, thighs, or chin.

Arginine is an α-amino acid that is classified as a semi-essential or conditionally essential amino acid, depending on the developmental stage and health status of the individual. The adult human body can normally synthesize sufficient amounts of arginine to meet its needs, but there are certain circumstances, such as periods of rapid growth or injury, where the dietary intake of arginine may become necessary.

The chemical formula for arginine is C6H14N4O2. It has a molecular weight of 174.20 g/mol and a pKa value of 12.48. Arginine is a basic amino acid, which means that it contains a side chain with a positive charge at physiological pH levels. The side chain of arginine is composed of a guanidino group, which is a functional group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to three methyl groups.

In the body, arginine plays several important roles. It is a precursor for the synthesis of nitric oxide, a molecule that helps regulate blood flow and immune function. Arginine is also involved in the detoxification of ammonia, a waste product produced by the breakdown of proteins. Additionally, arginine can be converted into other amino acids, such as ornithine and citrulline, which are involved in various metabolic processes.

Foods that are good sources of arginine include meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, nuts, seeds, and legumes. Arginine supplements are available and may be used for a variety of purposes, such as improving exercise performance, enhancing wound healing, and boosting immune function. However, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking arginine supplements, as they can interact with certain medications and have potential side effects.

Chloral hydrate is a sedative and hypnotic medication, which means it can help to promote sleep and reduce anxiety. It is a type of compound called a chloral derivative and works by increasing the activity of a neurotransmitter in the brain called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which has a calming effect on the nervous system.

Chloral hydrate is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions. It is typically used for short-term treatment of insomnia or anxiety, but it may also be used for other purposes as determined by a healthcare provider.

Like all medications, chloral hydrate can have side effects, which can include dizziness, headache, stomach upset, and changes in behavior or mood. It is important to use this medication only as directed by a healthcare provider and to report any unusual symptoms or concerns promptly.

Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."

In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).

The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.

Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.

Vecuronium Bromide is a neuromuscular blocking agent, which is a type of medication that acts on the muscles to cause paralysis. It is used in anesthesia during surgery to provide skeletal muscle relaxation and to facilitate endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Vecuronium Bromide works by blocking the transmission of nerve impulses at the neuromuscular junction, the site where nerves meet muscles. This results in temporary paralysis of the muscles, allowing for controlled muscle relaxation during surgical procedures. It is a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant and is considered to have a intermediate duration of action.

... CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Nitrous Oxide Nitrous Oxide FAQ Erowid article on Nitrous Oxide ... Today, nitrous oxide is used in dentistry as an anxiolytic, as an adjunct to local anaesthetic. Nitrous oxide was not found to ... Nitrous oxide is 30 to 40 times more soluble than nitrogen. The effects of inhaling sub-anaesthetic doses of nitrous oxide have ... Nitrous oxide is stored as a compressed liquid; the evaporation and expansion of liquid nitrous oxide in the intake manifold ...
Nitrous oxide (N2O) is itself active (does not require any changes in the body to become active), and so has an onset in ... Nitrous oxide is more soluble than oxygen and nitrogen, so will tend to diffuse into any air spaces within the body. This makes ... Nitrous oxide is an inhaled gas used as a pain medication and together with other medications for anesthesia. Common uses ... Nitrous oxide was discovered between 1772 and 1793 and used for anesthesia in 1844. It is on the World Health Organization's ...
In enzymology, a nitrous oxide reductase also known as nitrogen:acceptor oxidoreductase (N2O-forming) is an enzyme that ... Nitrous oxide, its production and reduction to nitrogen". J Biochem. 64 (6): 863-71. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a128968 ... Some denitrifiers do not have complete denitrification with end product N2O Nitrous-oxide reductase is a homodimer that is ... Balderston WL, Sherr B, Payne WJ (April 1976). "Blockage by acetylene of nitrous oxide reduction in Pseudomonas perfectomarinus ...
Nitrous oxide is a colorless, non-flammable gas, commonly known as laughing gas. Nitrous oxide may also refer to: Nitrous oxide ... Nitrous oxide fuel blend, a class of liquid rocket propellants N2O: Nitrous Oxide, a video game Nitros Oxide, character in ... an internal combustion engine This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Nitrous oxide. If an internal ...
... nitrous oxide is often termed nitrous or NOS. The term NOS is derived from the initials of the company name Nitrous Oxide ... A Nitrous Oxide Engine, or Nitrous Oxide System commonly referred to and known as NOS, is an internal combustion engine in ... Several sanctioning bodies in drag racing allow or disallow the use of nitrous oxide in certain classes or have nitrous oxide ... Nitrous injection systems may be "dry", where the nitrous oxide is injected separately from fuel, or "wet" in which additional ...
Stars of the Lid: Music for Nitrous Oxide(re-issue) "STARS OF THE LiD - music for nitrous oxide". 2000-11-01. Archived from the ... Music for Nitrous Oxide is the first studio album released by Stars of the Lid on Sedimental Records in 1995. The album ... Press Release "Music for Nitrous Oxide" Archived 2008-09-24 at the Wayback Machine Sedimental Records. ...
German rocket scientists were experimenting with nitrous oxide fuel blends as early as 1937. Nitrous oxide fuel blends testing ... on the decomposition of nitrous oxide has raised concerns about the safety risks of mixing hydrocarbons with nitrous oxide. By ... Nitrous oxide can be used as an oxidizer with various fuels; it is popular mainly in hybrid rockets. It is far less toxic than ... Nitrous oxide fuel blend propellants are a class of liquid rocket propellants that were intended in the early 2010s to be able ...
"Nitrous oxide to be banned under plans to clamp down on anti-social behaviour". Sky News. Retrieved 2023-03-26. "Nitrous oxide ... Nitrous oxide has the street names hippy crack and whippets (or whippits). In Australia and New Zealand, nitrous oxide bulbs ... Nitrous Oxide FAQ National Pollutant Inventory - Oxides of nitrogen fact sheet (CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl), CS1 Swedish- ... Davy, Humphry (1800). Researches, chemical and philosophical : chiefly concerning nitrous oxide, or diphlogisticated nitrous ...
... (EC 1.7.1.14, fungal nitric oxide reductase, cytochrome P450nor, NOR ( ... Nitric+oxide+reductase+(NAD(P),+nitrous+oxide-forming) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH ... is an enzyme with systematic name nitrous oxide:NAD(P) oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction ... "Spectroscopic and kinetic studies on reaction of cytochrome P450nor with nitric oxide. Implication for its nitric oxide ...
The most well understood of these substances are carbon monoxide (CO); small particulate matter; nitrous oxide; sulfur oxides; ...
... dephlogisticated nitrous air protoxide of nitrogen hypo-nitrous oxide gaseous oxide of azote Blood has been understood to ... carbonous oxyd The name carbonous oxyd relative to carbonic acid was once considered analogous to nitrous oxide to nitric acid ... p. 9. Guilford, S. H. (1887). Nitrous Oxide; Its Properties, Method of Administration and Effects. Spangler & Davis. p. 5. ... Barker, George T. (1870). Instructions in the Preparation, Administration, and Properties of Nitrous Oxide, Protoxide of ...
The most well understood of these substances are carbon monoxide (CO); small particulate matter; nitrous oxide; sulfur oxides; ...
Nitrous Oxide is a by-product of the insects incubation, and also serves as a high-octane fuel for the player's Tunnel Runner ... N2O, subtitled as Nitrous Oxide in North America, is a 1998 tube shooter for the PlayStation, featuring a soundtrack composed ... "N2O: Nitrous Oxide". Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine. Vol. 1, no. 12. Ziff Davis. September 1998. Herz, J.C. (August 6, 1998 ... "Previews: N2O: Nitrous Oxide" (PDF). Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 106. Ziff Davis. May 1998. p. 51. Archived (PDF) from the ...
"Nitrous Oxide Emissions , Climate Change , US EPA". www3.epa.gov. Retrieved 2 October 2015. "ACCC update on VW enforcement ... Either standard requires that nitrogen oxide emissions not exceed 0.043 grams per kilometre (0.07 g/mi) for engines at full ... This standard for nitrogen oxide emissions is among the most stringent in the world. For comparison, the contemporary European ... 29/2015 inspections of the Federal Motor Transport Authority (KBA) determination of the nitrogen oxide emissions by more than ...
The nitrous oxide in chargers is also used as an oxidizer in hybrid model rocket engines. Nitrous oxide is a popular ... chargers are usually the method of choice for users seeking to use nitrous oxide recreationally. Tanks of medical-grade nitrous ... Nitrous oxide is used because it dissolves easily into the cream, and does not cause the cream to oxidize while it is in the ... The 8 gram nitrous oxide steel cylinder charger when discharged into an empty whipped cream dispenser creates a pressure of 30 ...
Nitrous Oxide Gas;" the "Pathological Action of Prussic Acid;" "Photography of the Spectrum." He published two books, one in ...
Nitrogen fertilizer can be converted by soil bacteria to nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas. Nitrous oxide emissions by humans, ... Nitrous oxide and methane make up over half of total greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. In 2020, it was estimated that ... Emissions of nitrous oxide and methane make up over half of total greenhouse gas emission from agriculture. Animal husbandry is ... "Nitrous Oxide Emissions". ucanr.edu. Retrieved 4 April 2022. Fig. SPM.2c from Working Group III (4 April 2022). Climate Change ...
This can occur, for example, with inhaling nitrous oxide. When nitrous oxide is used as an automotive power adder, its cooling ... In India, for general anesthesia purposes, nitrous oxide is available as Nitrous Oxide IP. India's gas cylinder rules (1985) ... and distribution of nitrous oxide. Such laws usually ban distribution to minors or limit the amount of nitrous oxide that may ... Nitrous oxide is a dental anesthetic that is used as a recreational drug, either by users who have access to medical-grade gas ...
Nitrous oxide (laughing gas). This will provide sedation and reduce anxiety for the patient, along with some mild analgesic ...
"How Nitrous Oxide Works". HowStuffWorks. 2016-02-23. Retrieved 2019-10-12. "The Future of Renewable Energy, Featuring Bill ...
Lunsford, JM; Wynn, MH; Kwan, WH (Fall 1983). "Nitrous oxide-induced myeloneuropathy". The Journal of foot surgery. 22 (3): 222 ... August 2011 Nitrous Oxide Induced Myeloneurapathy- 1983, The Journal of Foot Surgery Laser as a Light Scalpel - 1987 Soft ...
Hartman, Jeff (2009). Nitrous Oxide Performance Handbook. p. 138. ISBN 9781616730529. Lane, Keith (2011). Automotive A-Z - ...
"Nitrous Oxide - Laughing Gas". School of Chemistry, University of Bristol. Retrieved 2014-07-19. Bowden, Mary Ellen (1997). " ... Examples are hydrogen chloride produced by burning hydrogen in chlorine, nitrous oxide produced by thermal decomposition of ... Compound gases ammonia (NH3) carbon dioxide (CO2) carbon monoxide (CO) hydrogen chloride (HCl) nitrous oxide (N2O) nitrogen ... carbon dioxide or nitrous oxide. Examples are whipped-cream chargers, powerlets, campingaz and sodastream. The first gas from ...
Nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorinated gases (F-Gases) play a minor role. Livestock and manure produce 5.8% of all greenhouse gas ... Some also emit nitrous oxide. Peatland globally covers just 3% of the land's surface. But it stores up to 550 gigatonnes (Gt) ... But methane and nitrous oxide from agriculture are typically not subject to tax. Almost all countries are parties to the United ... Agricultural soils emit nitrous oxide, partly due to fertilizers. There is now a political solution to the problem of ...
Peat also releases nitrous oxide. Global warming affects the cloud distribution. Clouds at higher altitudes enhance the ...
1992). "Nitrous oxide, Nitric oxide and neurotransmission". Br Med J. 305 (6865): 1368. doi:10.1136/bmj.305.6865.1368-d. PMC ... Ori, C.; Ford-Rice, F; London, E.D. (1989). "Effects of nitrous oxide and halothane on mu and kappa opioid receptors in guinea- ... Gillman, MA; Lichtigfeld, F.J. (1981). "A comparison of the effect of morphine sulphate and nitrous oxide analgesia on chronic ... 1992). "Nitrous oxide as neurotransmitter". Lancet. 339 (8788): 307. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)91379-M. PMID 1346310. S2CID ...
Nitrous oxide, N2O, is a natural part of the nitrogen cycle, but human land uses often add more. Gardeners may cause extra ... By heat-trapping nitrous oxide emissions related to fertilizer use and generous watering. To protect the soil, climate-friendly ... Nitrogen fertilizers may be oxidised to nitrous oxide, especially if fertilizer is applied in excess, or when plants are not ... 2010). Nitrous Oxide and Climate Change. London: Earthscan. ISBN 978-1844077571. Sutton, Mark; Reis, Stefan (2011). The ...
No nitrous oxide is allowed. There are also downhill drift events where the player drifts the car while progressing down the ... Like drift mode, this mode disables the use of nitrous oxide. Underground Racing League (URL) is a set of tournaments that ... similar to the player's cars when they use nitrous oxide) in an "outrun", where the goal is to start an outrun and then ... Hydraulics can be used in combination with nitrous at a start of a race which can cause a car to do a wheelie and for some cars ...
Misuse of nitrous oxide can produce significant short-term and long-term damage to human health, including a form of oxygen ... Nitrous oxide, also sometimes known as laughing gas, is a legally available gas used for anesthesia during certain dental and ... Gillman MA (1994). "Analgesic nitrous oxide for addictive withdrawal". S Afr Med J. 84 (8 Pt 1): 516. PMID 7825096. "South ... nitrous oxide has been shown to be an effective treatment for a number of addictions. In-patient residential treatment for ...
One newer monopropellant under development is nitrous oxide, both neat and in the form of nitrous oxide fuel blends. Nitrous ... Nitrous oxide generates oxygen upon decomposition, and it is possible to blend it with fuels to form a monopropellant mixture ... Zakirov, Vadim; Sweeting, Martin; Lawrence, Timothy; Sellers, Jerry (2001). "Nitrous oxide as a rocket propellant". Acta ... Monopropellant rocket Nitrous oxide fuel blend Green Propellant Infusion Mission Sybil P. Parker (2003). McGraw-Hill dictionary ...
Nitrous Oxide CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Nitrous Oxide Nitrous Oxide FAQ Erowid article on Nitrous Oxide ... Today, nitrous oxide is used in dentistry as an anxiolytic, as an adjunct to local anaesthetic. Nitrous oxide was not found to ... Nitrous oxide is 30 to 40 times more soluble than nitrogen. The effects of inhaling sub-anaesthetic doses of nitrous oxide have ... Nitrous oxide is stored as a compressed liquid; the evaporation and expansion of liquid nitrous oxide in the intake manifold ...
Huebner, R. , Celotta, R. , Mielczarek, S. and Kuyatt, C. (1975), Apparent Oscillator Strengths for Nitrous Oxide, Argonne ...
Dental workers are exposed to Nitrous Oxide (N2O) during administration of this anesthetic gas to patients. Exposures should be ... NIOSH Technical Report: Control of Nitrous Oxide in Dental Operatories. *NIOSH Alert: Controlling Exposures to Nitrous Oxide ... Dental workers are exposed to Nitrous Oxide (N2O) during administration of this anesthetic gas to patients. Exposures should be ... NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, Method 6600, Nitrous Oxide, Issue 2, 1994 ...
Nitrous oxide (N2 O), commonly known as laughing gas or happy gas, was first discovered in 1793 by the English scientist Joseph ... Most commonly, nitrous oxide gas is delivered in a 70:30 mix with oxygen. The 2:1 ratio of nitrous oxide to oxygen is also used ... Nitrous oxide is stored in closed gas cylinders. Oxygen and nitrous oxide, shown in the images below, are part of the required ... When nitrous oxide is no laughing matter: nitrous oxide and pediatric anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2007 Sep. 17(9):824-30. [ ...
Fuel Pressure Sensors and Control Center Nitrous Sensor Harnesses. ... Nitrous Oxide Systems including Lingenfelter Nitrous Control Centers, ... Lingenfelter NCC-002 Nitrous Controller Kit W Harness And Sensors -EFI Applications ...
Edelbrock Progressive Nitrous Controller (+12 Volt) Special Price $635.36 Regular Price $705.95 ...
What does nitrous oxide do to the body?. According to drugs information website Frank, low levels of nitrous oxide use results ... A ban on nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, which has come into force has been welcomed by the Police and Crime ... Nitrous oxide was linked to intimidating gatherings and littering in public spaces as well as potentially fatal accidents on ... Under the new law, anyone caught possessing nitrous oxide with the intention of inhaling it for a psychoactive effect could ...
Title:Nitrous Oxide and Climate. Authors:C. A. de Lange, J. D. Ferguson, W. Happer, W. A. van Wijngaarden ... So, the contribution of nitrous oxide to the annual increase in forcing is 230/3000 or about 1/13 that of CO2. If the main ... Download a PDF of the paper titled Nitrous Oxide and Climate, by C. A. de Lange and 2 other authors ... Proposals to place harsh restrictions on nitrous oxide emissions because of warming fears are not justified by these facts. ...
Topic page about nitrous oxide as it pertains to dentistry ... Nitrous Oxide. Nitrous Oxide. Overview , Resources , Fact ... Contact with liquid nitrous oxide can cause severe frostbite. Workers may be harmed from exposure to nitrous oxide. The level ... Nitrous oxide (N20) is a colorless gas stored as a liquid. Breathing nitrous oxide can cause dizziness, unconsciousness, and ... Nitrous oxide is used in many industries. Source: NIOSH Resources. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH ...
During nitrous loading the tube seal at the injector face was leaking, spraying the nitrous oxide onto the fuel grain. At ... In terms of design, the nitrous-oxide tank was loaded using a tube that passes. through the combustion chamber and plugs. into ... such as nitrous oxide. over a surface, a static charge can build up. If this static discharges, it can ignite the explosive ... OpEd: Dangers of Nitrous Oxide No Surprise by SpaceNews Editor September 7, 2007. January 19, 2023. ...
Readex, a division of NewsBank, publishes acclaimed digitized historical primary source collections for use by scholars, students, and faculty in institutions worldwide.
Canisters of nitrous-oxide. Nitrous is typically consumed by emptying the canisters into balloons, from which the gas can then ... Nitrous oxide use has been around for a long time, says Anna Quigley of Dublins Citywide Drugs Crisis Campaign. In the 1980s ... Nitrous oxide is undoubtedly a dangerous substance, according to Dr Raaj, who says he is aware of increasing numbers of people ... Nitrous-oxide: Laughing gas hits a new high in Ireland. During lockdowns, hippy crack became an increasingly popular way of ...
... * Wed, Dec 06, 2023 , 8:00 AM - Wed, Dec 06, 2023 , 4:30 PM ... This course for monitoring and administration of nitrous oxide by the allied dental personnel is designed to meet the ... The course includes both didactic and clinical components in the monitoring and administration of nitrous oxide and advanced ... can return to the private office and provide expanded function for the dental team and the monitoring of nitrous oxide, while ...
Kumar, W.B. Nitrous oxide emission from two rivers meandering through Imphal city, Manipur, India. Glob. J. Environ. Res. 2011 ... Another category of the enzymes reduces N2O to form N2, such as nitrous oxide reductase [32].The key functional genes in the ... Nitrous oxide emission from Gulf Coast wetlands. Geochim. Cosmochim. 1983, 47, 1805-1814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] ... Yoshinari, T. Nitrous oxide in the sea. Mar. Chem. 1976, 4, 189-202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] ...
... and preparation for nitrous oxide/oxygen analgesia.. *Describe and discuss the function and basic components of nitrous oxide/ ... Discuss the pharmacology of nitrous oxide.. *Discuss the advantages/disadvantages and indications/contraindications of nitrous ... Administer nitrous oxide/oxygen analgesia to patients in a clinical setting in a safe and effective manner. ... Monitor patients undergoing nitrous oxide/oxygen analgesia and document the procedure.. *Discuss the complications associated ...
Research to measure the gas composition of flue gas from hydrogen boilers under normal, real world operating conditions, with a view to establishing what, if any, greenhouse gases are emitted during combustion.
Request for Assistance in Controlling Exposures to Nitrous Oxide During Anesthetic Administration ... of dentists reported having nitrous oxide anesthetic equipment.. Workers exposed to nitrous oxide may suffer adverse ... Nitrous oxide is used as an anesthetic agent in medical, dental, and veterinary operatories. Occupational exposures in dental ... One such alert, Request for Assistance in Controlling Exposures to Nitrous Oxide During Anesthetic Administration (1), was ...
A campaign has been launched to address the use of nitrous oxide (whippets) in Detroit. ... DETROIT - A campaign has been launched to address the use of nitrous oxide (whippets) in Detroit. ... Coalition launches Southwest Detroit Whippet Wipe Out Campaign to address abuse of nitrous oxide. Campaign volunteers have ... The campaign is focused on providing community awareness and access to nitrous oxide abuse health education information. ...
We recommend it for fogger or three-stage nitrous oxide applications with CRs up to 18:1 ... We recommend VP NO2 race fuel for fogger or three-stage nitrous oxide applications with CRs up to 18:1. It bridges the gap ... VP NO2 has both higher octane and lower specific gravity than most nitrous fuels. As a result, it may require enriching the ...
Subject: Nitrous Oxide.. Subject: Anesthetics, Inhalation.. Note Type: General. Notes: Title based on manufacturers markings ... Nitrous Oxide gas (N2O) was first produced and described in 1772 by Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), a progressive English ... Some years later, Sir Humphry Davy, an eminent British chemist and inventor, was the first to suggest the use of nitrous oxide ... new paragraph] Four gallons of nitrous oxide gas. weight one ounce. [new paragraph] This Gas Cylinder is subject to exchange. ...
Nitrous Oxide Grimsby Bikes - Motor Bikes and Scooters North East Lincolnshire ... Nitrous Oxide. Grimsby. North East Lincolnshire. UK. tel: web: https://www.nitrous.info/ DIY Nitrous Oxide (N20) Injection ...
... show nitrous oxide emissions are increasing at a ... "Nitrous oxide is often seen as the third most important ... But another greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O), can have effects with far greater impact.. And, according to a recent study, N ... "Not as much attention is paid to nitrous oxide, but its extremely important." In addition to being an ozone depleting chemical ... Agricultural activity is the leading cause of emission of nitrous oxide, accounting for 70 percent of global human-derived N2O ...
Nitrous oxide (N2 O), commonly known as laughing gas or happy gas, was first discovered in 1793 by the English scientist Joseph ... Most commonly, nitrous oxide gas is delivered in a 70:30 mix with oxygen. The 2:1 ratio of nitrous oxide to oxygen is also used ... Nitrous oxide is stored in closed gas cylinders. Oxygen and nitrous oxide, shown in the images below, are part of the required ... When nitrous oxide is no laughing matter: nitrous oxide and pediatric anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth. 2007 Sep. 17(9):824-30. [ ...
Nitrous Express EFI Kit. The NX Stage 1 EFI nitrous system is the top... ... Nitrous Express GEN-X Upgrade Kit. The Gen-X kit is a system that is composed of a... ... Nitrous Express Remote Bottle Opener. When youre ready to switch to switch on your... ... Nitrous Express Bottle Pressure Gauge. To keep tabs on your bottle pressures a gauge... ...
Nitrous oxide is used in man to speed induction of anaesthesia with volatile anaesthetics, via a mechanism referred to as the ...
Learn about conscious sedation, IV sedation, dental anesthesia, Indiana nitrous oxide equipment and how to sleep through your ... What you need to know about Indiana nitrous oxide equipment. Find a local dentist near you for the comfortable anxiety free ... Local Indiana Sedation Dental Care - Nitrous Oxide Equipment. K Luke Eades, D.D.S. Appointments: (812) 336-2688. ... Inhalation conscious sedation, using nitrous oxide, or laughing gas, is also highly effective in a mildly apprehensive older ...
Authorities waking up to the black market pedaling nitrous oxide in Portugal, trying to put a stop to the phenomenon ... Nitrous oxide is more usually used in hospitals, and can be used in automobile racing, to make cars go faster. But it is not ... Inhaling nitrous oxide can kill (if people somehow overdose) - thus SICAD has been in talks with Infarmed and with the AT ... The trouble is that a quick internet search will throw up any number of sites openly dealing in nitrous oxide here. ...
nitrous oxide exposes you and perhaps someone you used to love with the poor air quality of the only living new jersey avant- ... ABFALL , NITROUS OXIDE , 2XCD PRE ORDER. Sale price Price $19.97 Regular price ...
ICPRB , Publications , James B. Palmer, William Angstadt , Baseline and Example Reductions in Nitrous Oxide Emissions from ... Baseline and Example Reductions in Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agricultural Land in Maryland. Authors: James B. Palmer and ...
Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions have been observed from tree stems in natural ecosystems but have not yet been measured in the ... Nitrous oxide emissions from trees planted on a closed landfill site.. AIMS Environmental Science, 10(2) pp. 313-324. ...
  • Agricultural activity is the leading cause of emission of nitrous oxide, accounting for 70 percent of global human-derived N2O emissions over the past decade. (yale.edu)
  • Using "bottom-up" and "top-down" approaches, the researchers have provided a global look at N 2 O emissions, accounting for naturally occurring sources of nitrous oxide and attributing anthropogenic sources that had both been omitted in previous inventories. (yale.edu)
  • Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions have been observed from tree stems in natural ecosystems but have not yet been measured in the context of forested former landfill sites. (open.ac.uk)
  • With more rainfall, ammonia and methane emissions decrease, while nitrous oxide emissions increase. (eurekamag.com)
  • Nitrous oxide emissions in novel wastewater treatment processes: A comprehensive review. (bvsalud.org)
  • There is also a risk for increased nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions and nitrogen leaching to the ground water because of increased nitrogen availability. (lu.se)
  • Our own measurements also indicate significant emissions of the powerful greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide from clear-cuts. (lu.se)
  • At elevated temperatures, nitrous oxide is a powerful oxidiser similar to molecular oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • In vehicle racing, nitrous oxide (often called "nitrous") allows the engine to burn more fuel by providing more oxygen during combustion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nitrous oxide is a strong oxidising agent, roughly equivalent to hydrogen peroxide, and much stronger than oxygen gas. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 1 ] The specially designed nasal mask fully covers the nose, allowing the mixture of nitrous oxide with oxygen to flow while the dentist works on the patient's mouth. (medscape.com)
  • [ 8 ] A 2009 prospective, randomized study showed that a 70:30 mix of nitrous oxide in oxygen, administered for 3 minutes, was effective in reducing pain in children undergoing venipuncture. (medscape.com)
  • Nitrous Oxide gas (N2O) was first produced and described in 1772 by Joseph Priestley (1733-1804), a progressive English theologian, author and self taught chemist who is best remembered for his discovery of oxygen. (woodlibrarymuseum.org)
  • new paragraph] This Gas Cylinder is subject to exchange only with the purchase of Nitrous Oxid and Oxygen and is not acceptable for credit on account against other merchandise. (woodlibrarymuseum.org)
  • It is a mixture of 50% nitrous gas and 50% oxygen and is inhaled through a mask as needed. (matsuregional.com)
  • This mask only covers your nose and delivers nitrous oxide, along with oxygen, simply through breathing. (drhighsmith.com)
  • After treatment is done, you will breathe just oxygen for a little bit to clean out any gas and will have no lingering drowsiness from the nitrous oxide. (drhighsmith.com)
  • A registered dental assistant registered with the Board as an RDA may be authorized to monitor nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation under the direct supervision of a dentist. (nddentalboard.org)
  • The RDA provides proof of a credential issued by another state for the monitoring of nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation and the training was substantially equivalent to ND requirements. (nddentalboard.org)
  • If you have received and submitted proof of training/education, and the endorsement for monitoring nitrous oxide/oxygen is not seen on the registration card, please notify the Board. (nddentalboard.org)
  • Nitrous oxide systems work by adding extra oxygen to the combustion process in a vehicle's engine, allowing more fuel to be burned and increasing the power output. (geekmyride.org)
  • This extra oxygen is stored in a nitrous bottle, which is typically mounted in the trunk or trunk area of the vehicle. (geekmyride.org)
  • Nitrous Oxide (part oxygen and part hydrogen) is a gas given to patients by inhaling the gas through their nose from a small mask. (stonegatedental.ca)
  • For the purposes of automotive use, Nitrous Oxide when in its desired state of compressed liquid can be thought of as an extremely dense form of oxygen. (darksidedevelopments.co.uk)
  • Nitrous oxide molecules consist of 2 atoms of nitrogen bonded to 1 atom of oxygen. (darksidedevelopments.co.uk)
  • Activating a NOS nitrous oxide system adds nitrous oxide & fuel to the original inlet charge and although the nitrous oxide itself does not burn, it is an oxidiser which provides more oxygen to allow the additional fuel to be burned, and therefore produce more power. (darksidedevelopments.co.uk)
  • At 565 degrees F (less than the temperatures of normal combustion), the molecules of nitrous oxide break down, releasing the oxygen atoms from the nitrogen atoms. (darksidedevelopments.co.uk)
  • With the use of gentle sedation , such as nitrous oxide and oxygen - also known as laughing gas - patients are able to overcome their initial anxiety. (253dentalcare.com)
  • Pure oxygen is used to flush nitrous out of the patient's system and they may return to normal activities almost immediately, including drive themselves home from the appointment. (253dentalcare.com)
  • Dry nitrous kits spray Nitrous Oxide into the air intake or intake manifold of the engine, this improves the oxygen content of the intake air chemically and air density by its cooling effect. (jankyshack.com)
  • This system compensates for all the extra oxygen entering your engine by also adding the appropriate amount of extra fuel, keeping your air to fuel ratio (AFR) the same as if it was operating without the nitrous kit. (jankyshack.com)
  • Workers may be harmed from exposure to nitrous oxide. (osap.org)
  • This alert presents control measures for preventing or substantially reducing exposure to nitrous oxide during administration of anesthetic gas. (cdc.gov)
  • Nitrous oxide (dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen monoxide), commonly known as laughing gas, nitrous, nitro, or nos, is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula N 2O. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nitrous oxide is small inorganic chemical molecule and may also be known as dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen monoxide. (medscape.com)
  • Ms Hernandez said: 'I welcome this move by the government to send a clear signal to people, especially young people, that not only is abuse of nitrous oxide dangerous to their health, but it is also illegal and those caught possessing it will face consequences. (yahoo.com)
  • All it takes is a quick search on the internet and one will find an exorbitant amount of information surrounding the abuse of Nitrous Oxide, more dangers, stories about personal accounts and the side effects that people have experienced. (sobriety.ca)
  • A dental hygienist or a registered dental assistant may terminate or reduce the amount of nitrous oxide previously initiated and administered by a dentist, dental hygienist or registered dental assistant. (nddentalboard.org)
  • Solenoids are often controlled by a separate control module that ensures the correct amount of nitrous oxide and fuel is delivered to the engine. (geekmyride.org)
  • It receives information from various sensors located throughout the vehicle, such as the throttle position sensor and the nitrous pressure sensor, and uses this information to adjust the amount of nitrous oxide and fuel delivered to the engine. (geekmyride.org)
  • With all the above in mind, it is obviously essential to supply the engine with precise amounts of additional fuel to match the amount of nitrous oxide being added (to ensure the engine doesn't run lean) and to retard the timing to an optimum setting, to achieve successful and reliable results. (darksidedevelopments.co.uk)
  • Nitrous oxide has significant medical uses, especially in surgery and dentistry, for its anaesthetic and pain-reducing effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • In dentistry, nitrous oxide is indicated to decrease the pain and anxiety associated with procedures. (medscape.com)
  • While we will certainly use all our techniques to help you relax, there are some times when we need to consider using a form of sedation dentistry such as nitrous oxide. (drhighsmith.com)
  • With the help of sedation dentistry, including nitrous, patients receive the necessary dental care to optimize their oral and overall health. (253dentalcare.com)
  • the evaporation and expansion of liquid nitrous oxide in the intake manifold causes a large drop in intake charge temperature, resulting in a denser charge, further allowing more air/fuel mixture to enter the cylinder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Contact with liquid nitrous oxide can cause severe frostbite. (osap.org)
  • Being the third most important greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide also substantially contributes to global warming. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nitrous oxide is often seen as the third most important greenhouse gas" behind carbon dioxide and methane, says Maavara. (yale.edu)
  • Nitrous oxide is commonly offered by pediatric dentists to assist in inducing amnesia, as well as increasing analgesia, relaxation, and cooperation in younger patients. (medscape.com)
  • A dentist who induces a patient into a state of relative analgesia using nitrous oxide shall ensure that the patient will be continually and personally monitored by a dentist. (nddentalboard.org)
  • Moore Foundation to co-sponsor OCB workshop Oceanic Methane and Nitrous Oxide: The present situation and future scenarios ! (us-ocb.org)
  • Where in the global oceans should spatial and temporal surveys be conducted to discern climatologically-relevant changes in water-column inventories of methane and nitrous oxide? (us-ocb.org)
  • However, attempts to answer this question stimulate many related and relevant queries concerning the production and consumption of methane and nitrous oxide in the ocean. (us-ocb.org)
  • The workshop will address these questions to help determine the future directions of methane and nitrous oxide measurements in the global oceans. (us-ocb.org)
  • The workshop builds off a series of global inter-comparison exercises of nitrous oxide and methane. (us-ocb.org)
  • Nitrous oxide is administered by inhalation, absorbed by diffusion through the lungs, and eliminated via respiration. (medscape.com)
  • Nitrous oxide has been the oxidiser of choice in several hybrid rocket designs (using solid fuel with a liquid or gaseous oxidiser). (wikipedia.org)
  • The combination of nitrous oxide with hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene fuel has been used by SpaceShipOne and others. (wikipedia.org)
  • During nitrous loading the tube seal at the injector face was leaking, spraying the nitrous oxide onto the fuel grain. (spacenews.com)
  • Later, it was determined that the detonation was due to the leak that sprayed nitrous oxide onto the HTPB fuel grain, thereby saturating it, and turning it into a volatile, detonable solid. (spacenews.com)
  • If this static discharges, it can ignite the explosive fuel grain, or in the case of nitrous oxide, can ignite the oxidizer itself. (spacenews.com)
  • If, as is claimed, there was no fuel present that day, the nitrous oxide alone could have provided the destructive power that devastated the personnel and equipment at the Scaled Composites test site. (spacenews.com)
  • We recommend VP NO2 race fuel for fogger or three-stage nitrous oxide applications with CRs up to 18:1. (vpracingfuels.com)
  • A basic system consists of just a few key components, including solenoids, a control module, a fuel system upgrade, and of course, the nitrous bottle itself. (geekmyride.org)
  • The solenoids are responsible for controlling the flow of nitrous oxide and fuel into the engine. (geekmyride.org)
  • While nitrous oxide systems can increase power, they also require additional fuel to function correctly. (geekmyride.org)
  • It's important to note that fuel system upgrades should be considered a prerequisite for any nitrous oxide system installation. (geekmyride.org)
  • The control module is responsible for regulating the flow of nitrous oxide and fuel into the engine. (geekmyride.org)
  • It was annoying to change the carb jet every time I wanted to use nitrous, but without a fuel pump there was nothing to force fuel into the intake except the single barrel carb with the gravity fed tank. (jankyshack.com)
  • This type of kit is what I use for a car that I want to drive around normally without nitrous and then flip a switch to activate the nitrous system without having to modify any fuel system components. (jankyshack.com)
  • The nitrous bottle is the central component of the system. (geekmyride.org)
  • These ZEX nitrous bottles are available in purple or polished finishes and come with a chrome bottle valve, a chrome bottle nut, a bottle valve fitting, a PTFE bottle valve seal, and a siphon. (amsracing.net)
  • Nitrous Oxide Systems - Nitrous Bottle 10-lb. (tunersedge.com.au)
  • Please note we will strictly only fill Nitrous bottles for use in motor vehicles, and reserve the right to decline refilling any bottle which we deem to be unsafe. (darksidedevelopments.co.uk)
  • When liquid nitrous is released from the pressure it's contained at in a bottle, it drops from 760 PSI + to 14.7 PSI (normal atmospheric pressure), very quickly and in the process it boils and rapidly expands, resulting in a substantial temperature drop as nitrous boils at 129.1°F below zero. (darksidedevelopments.co.uk)
  • This listing is for one nitrous bottle keychain. (sickspeed.com)
  • Heating your nitrous bottle to achieve 900-1000 psi is the key to ultimate nitrous system performance. (truckandgear.com)
  • This bracket kit provides the most stylish and most secure method to mount your nitrous bottle. (truckandgear.com)
  • This internal thread safety blow down fitting is designed to retrofit a blow down kit to your nitrous bottle that came equipped with an internally threaded safety port. (truckandgear.com)
  • Nitrous oxide (N 2 O), commonly known as laughing gas or happy gas, was first discovered in 1793 by the English scientist Joseph Priestly and has been used for more than 150 years. (medscape.com)
  • A ban on nitrous oxide, also known as 'laughing gas', which has come into force has been welcomed by the Police and Crime Commissioner for Devon and Cornwall. (yahoo.com)
  • Various reasons have been put forward for the increase in the illicit use of nitrous-oxide, which is also known as laughing gas, hippy crack or whippets. (irishtimes.com)
  • Davy's suggestion went unappreciated and instead nitrous oxide, or "laughing gas," became a recreational intoxicant and spectacle for entertaining demonstrations. (woodlibrarymuseum.org)
  • of the world, women are able to use laughing gas (nitrous oxide) to relieve pain during childbirth, but this is almost never available to women in the United States . (stackexchange.com)
  • Stonegate Dental provides Nitrous Oxide (laughing gas) for dental procedures as necessary. (stonegatedental.ca)
  • Why is Nitrous Oxide called Laughing Gas? (stonegatedental.ca)
  • A new study has revealed thawing permafrost can release nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, a contributor to climate change that has been largely overlooked in the Arctic. (abc.net.au)
  • Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) is used as an anesthetic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sometimes, nitrous oxide can cause nausea so we may encourage only a small meal or snack before any nitrous appointment. (drhighsmith.com)
  • Nitrous gas allows you to relax during your treatment, and resume your normal activities after your appointment! (kaseydavisdentistry.com)
  • Flexibility - Nitrous sedation can be used for all kinds of treatments, regardless of the length of time it takes to complete the appointment. (253dentalcare.com)
  • Recovery - Patients using nitrous will recover quickly enough to drive themselves home from their appointment. (253dentalcare.com)
  • Less commonly, self-administered nitrous oxide is reported for chronic pain from terminal illness and pain associated with cancer treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Nitrous is self-administered by the laboring woman. (matsuregional.com)
  • While noticeably less than the Isp available from hydrazine thrusters (monopropellant or bipropellant with dinitrogen tetroxide), the decreased toxicity makes nitrous oxide an option worth investigating. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nitrous oxide is used as a propellant, and has a variety of applications from rocketry to making whipped cream. (wikipedia.org)
  • One possible scenario of high concern is the potential event of an aborted launch requiring the venting of the onboard nitrous-oxide propellant to reduce the vehicle weight for landing. (spacenews.com)
  • Because 105% alveolar concentration is needed to induce general anesthesia when nitrous oxide is used as a sole anesthetic agent, it is ineffective as a single agent for general anesthesia. (medscape.com)
  • Nitrous oxide is used as an anesthetic agent in medical, dental, and veterinary operatories. (cdc.gov)
  • It was not until 1844 that Horace Wells, an American dentist, thought to use nitrous oxide to prevent pain during tooth extractions. (woodlibrarymuseum.org)
  • Is Nitrous Oxide Safe at The Dentist? (drhighsmith.com)
  • If your dentist in Clyde recommends nitrous oxide for you, know that it is safe and the effects wear off quickly. (drhighsmith.com)
  • Call our dentist office today to discuss Nitrous Oxide as an option for your next dental visit. (stonegatedental.ca)
  • Up to a point, adding nitrous oxide to an engine will reduce the risk of detonation (especially on forced induction engines) but after that point when larger power increases are required it will increase the risk. (darksidedevelopments.co.uk)
  • Wizards of NOS nitrous systems are supplied with rich jetting to give you a safe starting point, which means this issue is already dealt with to some extent and as long as an engine is not pushed to the extreme, running slightly richer should be all you'll need to control detonation. (darksidedevelopments.co.uk)
  • Whilst running richer than optimum will reduce the power output slightly, the advantage of raising the detonation limit will allow more nitrous to be used to get more power more safely. (darksidedevelopments.co.uk)
  • This is probably the most common engine failure with nitrous unless you have detonation caused by lean conditions, too much timing or too hot of spark plug. (jankyshack.com)
  • Nitrous oxide is best suited for cases of mild to moderate anxiety and is the most frequently used method. (kaseydavisdentistry.com)
  • That's why Stonegate Dental is proud to offer Nitrous Oxide as an option for reducing dental anxiety during your visit. (stonegatedental.ca)
  • Efficacy - Nitrous works well for patients who suffer from mild to moderate dental anxiety. (253dentalcare.com)
  • However, nitrous sedation is not for everyone - patients with severe anxiety, for example, may need a deeper level of sedation. (253dentalcare.com)
  • As a result, nitrous oxide is most commonly used in combination with other more potent inhalational anesthetics for general anesthesia . (medscape.com)
  • Only three of 50 samples for wastes anesthetics in the Operating Room Suites were above the NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limits of 25 parts per million for nitrous- oxide and 2 parts per million for halogenated anesthetics per procedure. (cdc.gov)
  • One such alert, Request for Assistance in Controlling Exposures to Nitrous Oxide During Anesthetic Administration (1), was published recently and is available to the public. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposures to glutaraldehyde (111308), acetic-acid (64197), hydroquinone (123319), ethylene-oxide (75218), formaldehyde (50000), xylene (1330207), and volatile organic compounds were all well below any evaluation criteria. (cdc.gov)
  • Nitrous Oxide Systems - 2-5/8" Nitrous Pressure Gauge 0-1600 psi. (tunersedge.com.au)
  • Sometimes nitrous oxide is injected into (or prior to) the intake manifold, whereas other systems directly inject, right before the cylinder (direct port injection) to increase power. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nitrous oxide boils at -129°F and it begins to do that as soon as it's injected into the intake manifold. (darksidedevelopments.co.uk)
  • At launch, the tube detaches from the injector, allowing the nitrous oxide to flow into the combustion chamber. (spacenews.com)
  • Nitrous Oxide is commonly associated with the dentist's office, in the baking world, or car racing world. (sobriety.ca)
  • Concern was expressed regarding the monitoring for ethylene-oxide (75218) (ETO), waste anesthetic gases in the operating room suites, cold sterilants, dark room chemicals, laboratory chemicals used in pathology, and nitrous-oxide (10024972) used in dental operations. (cdc.gov)
  • Nitrous oxide may be used as an oxidiser in a rocket motor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Workers exposed to nitrous oxide may suffer adverse reproductive effects and decreases in mental performance, audiovisual ability, and manual dexterity. (cdc.gov)
  • DIY Nitrous Oxide (N 2 0) Injection Systems, Not to be laughed at. (linc2u.com)
  • Boost Your Speed with Quality Nitrous Oxide Systems! (geekmyride.org)
  • Look no further than nitrous oxide systems! (geekmyride.org)
  • But what exactly are nitrous oxide systems, and how do they work? (geekmyride.org)
  • Among these options, nitrous oxide systems have garnered a reputation for delivering impressive results in terms of speed and power. (geekmyride.org)
  • While nitrous oxide systems may seem complex, they are actually quite simple in design. (geekmyride.org)
  • Nitrous oxide systems are comprised of several key components that work together to deliver the power boost that many car enthusiasts crave. (geekmyride.org)
  • To understand how nitrous oxide systems work, it's important to first become familiar with each of these components. (geekmyride.org)
  • Overall, the key components of nitrous oxide systems work together to provide a significant power boost, but the success of the system relies on proper installation and maintenance. (geekmyride.org)
  • With the right installation and care, nitrous oxide systems can provide car enthusiasts with the power and speed they desire. (geekmyride.org)
  • If you're looking to boost the performance of your vehicle, you may be considering a variety of options, including turbochargers, superchargers, and nitrous oxide systems. (geekmyride.org)
  • While each of these methods has its own benefits and drawbacks, there are several advantages to using nitrous oxide systems over other performance enhancements. (geekmyride.org)
  • One major advantage of nitrous oxide systems is their cost-effectiveness. (geekmyride.org)
  • Nitrous Oxide Systems - PowerFogger Universal Wet EFI Nitrous Kit 35-75 Horsepower. (tunersedge.com.au)
  • Only The Wizards of NOS ' Street Blaster ' nitrous systems are capable of injecting such dense liquid as to take maximum advantage of this effect. (darksidedevelopments.co.uk)
  • Dental workers are exposed to Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O) during administration of this anesthetic gas to patients. (cdc.gov)
  • Nitrous oxide (N20) is a colorless gas stored as a liquid. (osap.org)
  • Be prepared at the race track by keeping extra nitrous bottles in the trailer. (amsracing.net)
  • We have a range adaptors available allowing us to refill most NOS, Nytrex, Cold Fusion, Nitrous Express, Highpower and Wizards of NOS bottles. (darksidedevelopments.co.uk)
  • This nut comes equipped with our standard nitrous bottles. (truckandgear.com)
  • When the driver activates the system, nitrous oxide is injected into the engine at precise moments to optimize performance. (geekmyride.org)
  • Compared with a 50% concentration of nitrous oxide, the 25% concentration was similarly effective but posed a lower risk of adverse effects, including sedation, nausea, and mild dissociation. (medscape.com)
  • Revenue's customs officers are fully aware of the emerging trend over recent months of the misuse of nitrous-oxide, and are closely monitoring importations of the product into the State," a spokeswoman said. (irishtimes.com)
  • the explosion of their large HTPB/Nitrous-Oxide hybrid rocket. (spacenews.com)
  • If you're running nitrous that longer ground strap metal can heat up and ignite the mixture in the cylinder before the spark the same way running too hot of a heat range will. (jankyshack.com)
  • Nitrous oxide also has some illicit recreational uses and abuse potential. (medscape.com)
  • According to the 2019 Global Drug Survey, nitrous is now the 10th most popular illicit drug in the world. (irishtimes.com)
  • Revenue made no seizures of nitrous-oxide between 2015 and 2019, but in the first half of 2020 seized two shipments, totalling 14,400 canisters, which were believed to be destined for the illicit market. (irishtimes.com)
  • A Vietnamese youth inhaling a "funky balloons" filled with nitrous-oxide at a nightclub in Hanoi, Vietnam. (irishtimes.com)
  • These balloons are either filled by a large tank, sold individually or can be filled by a gourmet whipped cream cracker that uses mini Nitrous cartridges. (sobriety.ca)
  • Nitrous oxide-filled balloons are illicitly sold and used at rock concerts and athletic events. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The course includes both didactic and clinical components in the monitoring and administration of nitrous oxide and advanced airway management. (isds.org)
  • In the next section, we'll take a closer look at each of these components and how they work together to create a powerful, efficient nitrous oxide system. (geekmyride.org)
  • One area of growing attention within this context is nitrous oxide (N2O) production and emission. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, retailers are required by law to verify that customers purchasing chargers or small cartridges containing nitrous oxide are over the age of 21. (ny.gov)
  • Although Nitrous is considered safe in small doses, this is usually not the case when someone is huffing it to get high. (sobriety.ca)
  • One of the great things about nitrous oxide is that there are no needles involved, and it can be administered directly through a small nose mask. (drhighsmith.com)
  • Nitrous oxide solenoids are generally made of brass or stainless steel and have a small orifice that releases the nitrous oxide in precise amounts. (geekmyride.org)
  • These small containers, usually sold at specialty food stores or restaurant supply stores, are filled exclusively with nitrous oxide, without any cream or edible substance. (ny.gov)
  • After all, didn't the X Prize Cup organization include nitrous oxide on their list of safe propellants? (spacenews.com)
  • The data were insufficient for evaluating proposed additional uses of benzoyl peroxide, nitrous oxide and stearyl tartrate. (who.int)
  • In addition to being an ozone depleting chemical, nitrous oxide, she explains, can take more than a century to completely break down in the atmosphere and has a climate warming potential nearly 300 times higher than carbon dioxide. (yale.edu)
  • Patients who, through the use of nitrous, can attend regular dental treatments are more likely to avoid dental issues, such as gum disease and tooth decay. (253dentalcare.com)
  • After successful completion of this course the dental assistant can return to the private office and provide expanded function for the dental team and the monitoring of nitrous oxide, while the dental hygienists will be able to start and stop the flow of gas. (isds.org)
  • One of the most common uses of nitrous oxide in anesthesia is during mask induction of general anesthesia in pediatric patients. (medscape.com)
  • Nitrous is the only pain relief method used for labor that is cleared from the body through your lungs, so as soon as you pull the mask away, the nitrous effect is gone within a breath or two. (matsuregional.com)
  • Anyone who is into car racing would know that nitrous oxide gives the car a huge boost in top end speed - widely used in import racing. (sobriety.ca)
  • This boost activated nitrous switch is designed to help spool a turbocharger. (truckandgear.com)
  • Nitrous oxide's atmospheric concentration reached 333 parts per billion (ppb) in 2020, increasing at a rate of about 1 ppb annually. (wikipedia.org)
  • Each canister contained approximately one dose of nitrous-oxide. (irishtimes.com)
  • Title: S.S. White non-freezing nitrous oxid [cylinder]. (woodlibrarymuseum.org)
  • Title: S.S. White nitrous oxide cylinder. (woodlibrarymuseum.org)
  • The ZEX 4-6 Cylinder Wet Nitrous Kit is a universal kit that is designed to work safely on stock type engines but is also engineered to perform flawlessly on highly modif. (truckandgear.com)
  • The NX Stage 1 EFI nitrous system is the top. (modernperformance.com)
  • It's crucial to consult with a professional before installing a nitrous oxide system to ensure the system is installed correctly and all safety precautions are taken. (geekmyride.org)
  • You can change your timing either by turning your distributor if you have one, tuning your ECU if you have a coil over plug engine or you can add a timing retard computer that is an additional device that only retards timing when the nitrous system is activated. (jankyshack.com)
  • This kit allows you to add a second, independently controlled nitrous system to an existing nitrous system. (truckandgear.com)
  • Complete, easy-to-install direct port nitrous system for any V8 EFI engine. (truckandgear.com)