Naegleria
Naegleria fowleri
Amebiasis
Amoeba
Central Nervous System Protozoal Infections
Meningoencephalitis
Amebicides
Eukaryota
Swimming Pools
Acanthamoeba
Hartmannella
Protozoan Infections
Trophozoites
Flagella
An evaluation of elongation factor 1 alpha as a phylogenetic marker for eukaryotes. (1/73)
Elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) is a highly conserved ubiquitous protein involved in translation that has been suggested to have desirable properties for phylogenetic inference. To examine the utility of EF-1 alpha as a phylogenetic marker for eukaryotes, we studied three properties of EF-1 alpha trees: congruency with other phyogenetic markers, the impact of species sampling, and the degree of substitutional saturation occurring between taxa. Our analyses indicate that the EF-1 alpha tree is congruent with some other molecular phylogenies in identifying both the deepest branches and some recent relationships in the eukaryotic line of descent. However, the topology of the intermediate portion of the EF-1 alpha tree, occupied by most of the protist lineages, differs for different phylogenetic methods, and bootstrap values for branches are low. Most problematic in this region is the failure of all phylogenetic methods to resolve the monophyly of two higher-order protistan taxa, the Ciliophora and the Alveolata. JACKMONO analyses indicated that the impact of species sampling on bootstrap support for most internal nodes of the eukaryotic EF-1 alpha tree is extreme. Furthermore, a comparison of observed versus inferred numbers of substitutions indicates that multiple overlapping substitutions have occurred, especially on the branch separating the Eukaryota from the Archaebacteria, suggesting that the rooting of the eukaryotic tree on the diplomonad lineage should be treated with caution. Overall, these results suggest that the phylogenies obtained from EF-1 alpha are congruent with other molecular phylogenies in recovering the monophyly of groups such as the Metazoa, Fungi, Magnoliophyta, and Euglenozoa. However, the interrelationships between these and other protist lineages are not well resolved. This lack of resolution may result from the combined effects of poor taxonomic sampling, relatively few informative positions, large numbers of overlapping substitutions that obscure phylogenetic signal, and lineage-specific rate increases in the EF-1 alpha data set. It is also consistent with the nearly simultaneous diversification of major eukaryotic lineages implied by the "big-bang" hypothesis of eukaryote evolution. (+info)Cloning, sequencing, and nucleolar targeting of the basal-body-binding nucleolar protein BN46/51. (2/73)
BN46/51 is an acidic protein found in the granular component of the nucleolus of the amebo-flagellate Naegleria gruberi. When Naegleria amebae differentiate into swimming flagellates, BN46/51 is found associated with the basal body complex at the base of the flagella. In order to determine the factors responsible for targeting BN46/51 to a specific subnucleolar region, cDNAs coding for both subunits were isolated and sequenced. Two clones, JG4.1 and JG12.1 representing the 46 kDa and 51 kDa subunits, respectively, were investigated in detail. JG12.1 encoded a polypeptide of 263 amino acids with a predicted size of 30.1 kDa that co-migrated with the 51 kDa subunit of BN46/51 when expressed in yeast. JG4.1 encoded a polypeptide of 249 amino acids with a predicted size of 28.8 kDa that co-migrated with the 46 kDa subunit of BN46/51. JG4.1 was identical to JG12.1 except for the addition of an aspartic acid between positions 94 and 95 of the JG12.1 sequence and the absence of 45 amino acids beginning at position 113. The predicted amino acid sequences were not closely related to any previously reported. However, the sequences did have 26-31% identity to a group of FKPBs (FK506 binding proteins) but lacked the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase domain of the FKBPs. Both subunits contained two KKE and three KKX repeats found in other nucleolar proteins and in some microtubule binding proteins. Using 'Far Western' blots of nucleolar proteins, BN46/51 bound to polypeptides of 44 kDa and 74 kDa. The 44 kDa component was identified as the Naegleria homologue of fibrillarin. BN46/51 bound specifically to the nucleoli of fixed mammalian cells, cells which lack a BN46/51 related polypeptide. When the JG4.1 and JG12.1 cDNAs were expressed in yeast, each subunit was independently targeted to the yeast nucleolus. We conclude that BN46/51 represents a unique nucleolar protein that can form specific complexes with fibrillarin and other nucleolar proteins. We suggest that the association of BN46/51 with the MTOC of basal bodies may reflect its role in connecting the nucleolus with the MTOC activity for the mitotic spindle. This would provide a mechanism for nucleolar segregation during the closed mitosis of Naegleria amebae. (+info)Expression of the Naegleria intron endonuclease is dependent on a functional group I self-cleaving ribozyme. (3/73)
NaSSU1 is a complex nuclear group I intron found in several species of Naegleria, consisting of a large self-splicing group I ribozyme (NaGIR2), which itself is interrupted by a small, group I-like ribozyme (NaGIR1) and an open reading frame (ORF) coding for a homing endonuclease. The GIR1 ribozyme cleaves in vitro transcripts of NaSSU1 at two internal processing sites about 400 nt downstream of the 5' end of the intron, proximal to the endonuclease ORF. Here we demonstrate that self-cleavage of the excised intron also occurs in vivo in Naegleria gruberi, generating an ORF-containing RNA that possesses a short leader with a sequence element likely to be involved in gene expression. To assess the functional significance of self-cleavage, we constructed a genetic system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. First, a mutant yeast strain was selected with a mutation in all the rRNA genes, rendering the rDNA resistant to cleavage by the Naegleria endonuclease. Active endonuclease, which is otherwise lethal, could be expressed readily in these cells. Endonuclease activity also could be detected in extracts of yeast harboring plasmids in which the endonuclease ORF was embedded in its native context in the intron. Analysis of the RNA from these yeast cells showed that the excised intron RNA was processed as in N. gruberi. A mutant intron constructed to prevent self-cleavage of the RNA failed to express endonuclease activity. These results support the hypothesis that the NaGIR1-catalyzed self-cleavage of the intron RNA is a key event in expression of the endonuclease. (+info)Functional characterization of isoschizomeric His-Cys box homing endonucleases from Naegleria. (4/73)
Several species within the amoeboflagellate genus Naegleria harbor an optional ORF containing group I introns in their nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA. The different ORFs encode homing endonucleases with 65 to 95% identity at the amino-acid level. I-NjaI, I-NanI and I-NitI, from introns in Naegleria jamiesoni, N. andersoni and N. italica, respectively, were analyzed in more detail and found to be isoschizomeric endonucleases that recognize and cleave an approximal 19-bp partially symmetrical sequence, creating a pentanucleotide 3' overhang upon cleavage. The optimal conditions for cleavage activity with respect to temperature, pH, salt and divalent metal ions were investigated. The optimal cleavage temperature for all three endonucleases was found to be 37 degrees C and the activity was dependent on the concentration of NaCl with an optimum at 200 mM. Divalent metal ions, primarily Mg2+, are essential for Naegleria endonuclease activity. Whereas both Mn2+ and Ca2+ could substitute for Mg2+, but with a slower cleavage rate, Zn2+ was unable to support cleavage. Interestingly, the pH dependence of DNA cleavage was found to vary significantly between the I-NitI and I-NjaI/I-NanI endonucleases with optimal pH values at 6.5 and 9, respectively. Site-directed mutagenesis of conserved I-NjaI residues strongly supports the hypothesis that Naegleria homing endonucleases share a similar zinc-binding structure and active site with the His-Cys box homing endonuclease I-PpoI. (+info)Identity of Naegleria strains isolated from organs of freshwater fishes. (5/73)
Eighteen Naegleria strains were isolated from organs of freshwater fishes belonging to 5 species. Morphometric study allowed the separation of the Naegleria strains from the non-vahlkampfiid amoeboflagellates, but was inadequate for species determination. Six strains, representatives of groups that had a slightly different cyst size, were selected and corresponding derived clones were subjected to sequence analysis and riboprinting restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)-PCR analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA genes. One strain isolated from the brain of a fish with systemic infection was characterised by an intronless 2 kb long SSU rRNA gene and was identified as N. australiensis. Another 5 strains had a 1.3 kb long group I intron in their SSU rRNA gene and, based on the SSU rRNA sequences and riboprints, RFLP-PCR patterns appeared in phylogenetic trees to be closely related to Naegleria clarki. (+info)Characterization of the self-splicing products of two complex Naegleria LSU rDNA group I introns containing homing endonuclease genes. (6/73)
The two group I introns Nae.L1926 and Nmo.L2563, found at two different sites in nuclear LSU rRNA genes of Naegleria amoebo-flagellates, have been characterized in vitro. Their structural organization is related to that of the mobile Physarum intron Ppo.L1925 (PpLSU3) with ORFs extending the L1-loop of a typical group IC1 ribozyme. Nae.L1926, Nmo.L2563 and Ppo.L1925 RNAs all self-splice in vitro, generating ligated exons and full-length intron circles as well as internal processed excised intron RNAs. Formation of full-length intron circles is found to be a general feature in RNA processing of ORF-containing nuclear group I introns. Both Naegleria LSU rDNA introns contain a conserved polyadenylation signal at exactly the same position in the 3' end of the ORFs close to the internal processing sites, indicating an RNA polymerase II-like expression pathway of intron proteins in vivo. The intron proteins I-NaeI and I-NmoI encoded by Nae.L1926 and Nmo.L2563, respectively, correspond to His-Cys homing endonucleases of 148 and 175 amino acids. I-NaeI contains an additional sequence motif homologous to the unusual DNA binding motif of three antiparallel beta sheets found in the I-PpoI endonuclease, the product of the Ppo.L1925 intron ORF. (+info)Use of multiplex PCR and PCR restriction enzyme analysis for detection and exploration of the variability in the free-living amoeba Naegleria in the environment. (7/73)
A multiplex PCR was developed to simultaneously detect Naegleria fowleri and other Naegleria species in the environment. Multiplex PCR was also capable of identifying N. fowleri isolates with internal transcribed spacers of different sizes. In addition, restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the PCR product distinguished the main thermophilic Naegleria species from the sampling sites. (+info)Cultivation of pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amebas. (8/73)
Free-living amebas are widely distributed in soil and water, particularly members of the genera Acanthamoeba and NAEGLERIA: Since the early 1960s, they have been recognized as opportunistic human pathogens, capable of causing infections of the central nervous system (CNS) in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. Naegleria is the causal agent of a fulminant CNS condition, primary amebic meningoencephalitis; Acanthamoeba is responsible for a more chronic and insidious infection of the CNS termed granulomatous amebic encephalitis, as well as amebic keratitis. Balamuthia sp. has been recognized in the past decade as another ameba implicated in CNS infections. Cultivation of these organisms in vitro provides the basis for a better understanding of the biology of these amebas, as well as an important means of isolating and identifying them from clinical samples. Naegleria and Acanthamoeba can be cultured axenically in cell-free media or on tissue culture cells as feeder layers and in cultures with bacteria as a food source. Balamuthia, which has yet to be isolated from the environment, will not grow on bacteria. Instead, it requires tissue culture cells as feeder layers or an enriched cell-free medium. The recent identification of another ameba, Sappinia diploidea, suggests that other free-living forms may also be involved as causal agents of human infections. (+info)Naegleria is a genus of free-living excavate protists, commonly found in warm freshwater such as lakes, rivers, and hot springs. It's also found in soil. The most notorious species within this genus is Naegleria fowleri, which is known to cause a rare but often fatal brain infection called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans. This occurs when the amoeba enters the nose and migrates to the brain through the olfactory nerve. It's important to note that this type of infection is extremely rare, but can be deadly if not treated promptly and effectively.
Naegleria fowleri is a free-living, thermophilic, and opportunistic protozoan parasite that causes the rare but often fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans. It's commonly found in warm freshwater bodies such as lakes, rivers, and hot springs, as well as inadequately chlorinated swimming pools and contaminated soil.
The life cycle of Naegleria fowleri includes three stages: trophozoite, flagellate, and cyst. The infective stage is the motile and feeding trophozoite, which enters the human body through the nasal passages during activities like swimming or diving in infected waters. Once inside the nose, it can migrate to the brain via the olfactory nerve, where it multiplies and causes extensive damage leading to severe inflammation and necrosis of the brain tissue.
The incubation period for PAM is typically between 1 to 14 days after exposure, with symptoms including sudden onset of fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, altered mental status, seizures, and hallucinations. Unfortunately, the infection progresses rapidly, often leading to death within 3 to 7 days post-symptom onset if left untreated.
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with specific antimicrobial agents such as amphotericin B, miltefosine, rifampin, and azithromycin, along with supportive care, may improve the prognosis of PAM caused by Naegleria fowleri. However, due to its aggressive nature and rapid progression, the overall mortality rate remains high at around 95%. Preventive measures include avoiding water-related activities in warm freshwater bodies during peak temperature months and using nose clips while swimming or diving in suspected infected waters.
Amebiasis is defined as an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which can affect the intestines and other organs. The infection can range from asymptomatic to symptomatic with various manifestations such as abdominal pain, diarrhea (which may be mild or severe), bloody stools, and fever. In some cases, it can lead to serious complications like liver abscess. Transmission of the parasite typically occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food or water.
An Amoeba is a type of single-celled organism that belongs to the kingdom Protista. It's known for its ability to change shape and move through its environment using temporary extensions of cytoplasm called pseudopods. Amoebas are found in various aquatic and moist environments, and some species can even live as parasites within animals, including humans.
In a medical context, the term "Amoeba" often refers specifically to Entamoeba histolytica, a pathogenic species that can cause amoebiasis, a type of infectious disease. This parasite typically enters the human body through contaminated food or water and can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea, stomach pain, and weight loss. In severe cases, it may invade the intestinal wall and spread to other organs, causing potentially life-threatening complications.
It's important to note that while many species of amoebas exist in nature, only a few are known to cause human disease. Proper hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly and avoiding contaminated food and water, can help prevent the spread of amoebic infections.
Central nervous system (CNS) protozoal infections refer to diseases caused by protozoa that invade and infect the brain and spinal cord. These infections can lead to serious neurological symptoms and complications.
There are several types of protozoa that can cause CNS infections, including:
1. Toxoplasma gondii: This parasite is commonly found in cats and can be transmitted to humans through contact with infected cat feces or consumption of undercooked meat. In people with weakened immune systems, T. gondii can cause severe CNS symptoms such as seizures, confusion, and coma.
2. Naegleria fowleri: Also known as the "brain-eating amoeba," N. fowleri is a free-living protozoan found in warm freshwater environments. When people swim or dive in infected water, the amoeba can enter the body through the nose and travel to the brain, causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), a rare but often fatal CNS infection.
3. Acanthamoeba: Like N. fowleri, Acanthamoeba is a free-living protozoan found in freshwater and soil. It can cause a range of CNS infections, including granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), which typically affects people with weakened immune systems.
4. Trypanosoma brucei: This parasite is transmitted through the bite of infected tsetse flies and causes African sleeping sickness, a CNS infection that can lead to coma and death if left untreated.
5. Plasmodium falciparum: While not strictly a protozoan, P. falciparum is a parasite that causes malaria, a mosquito-borne disease that can cause severe CNS symptoms such as seizures, coma, and cerebral malaria.
Treatment for CNS protozoal infections depends on the specific type of infection and may include antiprotozoal medications, antibiotics, or supportive care to manage symptoms. Prevention measures include avoiding contact with infected animals or insects, practicing good hygiene, and using appropriate protective measures such as insect repellent or bed nets in areas where these infections are common.
Meningoencephalitis is a medical term that refers to an inflammation of both the brain (encephalitis) and the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges), known as the meninges. It is often caused by an infection, such as bacterial or viral infections, that spreads to the meninges and brain. In some cases, it can also be caused by other factors like autoimmune disorders or certain medications.
The symptoms of meningoencephalitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, seizures, and changes in mental status. If left untreated, this condition can lead to serious complications, such as brain damage, hearing loss, learning disabilities, or even death. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial infections or antiviral medications for viral infections, along with supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Amebicides are medications that are used to treat infections caused by amebae, which are single-celled microorganisms. One common ameba that can cause infection in humans is Entamoeba histolytica, which can lead to a condition called amebiasis. Amebicides work by killing or inhibiting the growth of the amebae. Some examples of amebicides include metronidazole, tinidazole, and chloroquine. It's important to note that these medications should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can have side effects and may interact with other medications.
Eukaryota is a domain that consists of organisms whose cells have a true nucleus and complex organelles. This domain includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists. The term "eukaryote" comes from the Greek words "eu," meaning true or good, and "karyon," meaning nut or kernel. In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is housed within a membrane-bound nucleus, and the DNA is organized into chromosomes. This is in contrast to prokaryotic cells, which do not have a true nucleus and have their genetic material dispersed throughout the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells. They have many different organelles, including mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, that perform specific functions to support the cell's metabolism and survival. Eukaryotic cells also have a cytoskeleton made up of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments, which provide structure and shape to the cell and allow for movement of organelles and other cellular components.
Eukaryotes are diverse and can be found in many different environments, ranging from single-celled organisms that live in water or soil to multicellular organisms that live on land or in aquatic habitats. Some eukaryotes are unicellular, meaning they consist of a single cell, while others are multicellular, meaning they consist of many cells that work together to form tissues and organs.
In summary, Eukaryota is a domain of organisms whose cells have a true nucleus and complex organelles. This domain includes animals, plants, fungi, and protists, and the eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
I'm not able to provide a medical definition for "swimming pools" as it is not a term that is typically used in the medical field. However, swimming pools are bodies of water designed for swimming and other recreational activities. They can be found in various settings such as residential homes, community centers, hotels, and fitness clubs. Swimming pools can contain either chlorinated or saltwater and should be properly maintained to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and algae that can cause illnesses.
If you have any medical concerns related to swimming or using swimming pools, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional for advice tailored to your specific situation.
Acanthamoeba is a genus of free-living, ubiquitous amoebae found in various environments such as soil, water, and air. These microorganisms have a characteristic morphology with thin, flexible pseudopods and large, rounded cells that contain endospores. They are known to cause two major types of infections in humans: Acanthamoeba keratitis, an often painful and potentially sight-threatening eye infection affecting the cornea; and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), a rare but severe central nervous system infection primarily impacting individuals with weakened immune systems.
Acanthamoeba keratitis typically occurs through contact lens wearers accidentally introducing the organism into their eyes, often via contaminated water sources or inadequately disinfected contact lenses and solutions. Symptoms include eye pain, redness, sensitivity to light, tearing, and blurred vision. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for preventing severe complications and potential blindness.
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis is an opportunistic infection that affects people with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, or organ transplant recipients. The infection spreads hematogenously (through the bloodstream) to the central nervous system, where it causes inflammation and damage to brain tissue. Symptoms include headache, fever, stiff neck, seizures, altered mental status, and focal neurological deficits. GAE is associated with high mortality rates due to its severity and the challenges in diagnosing and treating the infection effectively.
Prevention strategies for Acanthamoeba infections include maintaining good hygiene practices, regularly replacing contact lenses and storage cases, using sterile saline solution or disposable contact lenses, and avoiding swimming or showering while wearing contact lenses. Early detection and appropriate medical intervention are essential for managing these infections and improving patient outcomes.
Hartmannella is a genus of free-living amoebae, which are single-celled organisms found in soil and water. These amoebae are known to be able to ingest bacteria and other small particles as part of their feeding process. While they are generally harmless to humans, some species of Hartmannella have been associated with certain types of human illnesses, such as Acanthamoeba keratitis, a rare but serious eye infection that can cause blindness if left untreated. However, it is important to note that Hartmannella itself is not typically considered a pathogenic genus and is mainly studied in the context of environmental and microbiological research.
Protozoan infections are diseases caused by microscopic, single-celled organisms known as protozoa. These parasites can enter the human body through contaminated food, water, or contact with an infected person or animal. Once inside the body, they can multiply and cause a range of symptoms depending on the type of protozoan and where it infects in the body. Some common protozoan infections include malaria, giardiasis, amoebiasis, and toxoplasmosis. Symptoms can vary widely but may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, and skin rashes. Treatment typically involves the use of antiprotozoal medications to kill the parasites and alleviate symptoms.
Trophozoites are the feeding and motile stage in the life cycle of certain protozoa, including those that cause diseases such as amebiasis and malaria. They are typically larger than the cyst stage of these organisms and have a more irregular shape. Trophozoites move by means of pseudopods (false feet) and engulf food particles through a process called phagocytosis. In the case of pathogenic protozoa, this feeding stage is often when they cause damage to host tissues.
In the case of amebiasis, caused by Entamoeba histolytica, trophozoites can invade the intestinal wall and cause ulcers, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain. In malaria, caused by Plasmodium species, trophozoites infect red blood cells and multiply within them, eventually causing their rupture and release of more parasites into the bloodstream, which can lead to severe complications like cerebral malaria or organ failure.
It's important to note that not all protozoa have a trophozoite stage in their life cycle, and some may refer to this feeding stage with different terminology depending on the specific species.
There doesn't seem to be a specific medical definition for "DNA, protozoan" as it is simply a reference to the DNA found in protozoa. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can be found in various environments such as soil, water, and the digestive tracts of animals.
Protozoan DNA refers to the genetic material present in these organisms. It is composed of nucleic acids, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which contain the instructions for the development, growth, and reproduction of the protozoan.
The DNA in protozoa, like in other organisms, is made up of two strands of nucleotides that coil together to form a double helix. The four nucleotide bases that make up protozoan DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). These bases pair with each other to form the rungs of the DNA ladder, with A always pairing with T and G always pairing with C.
The genetic information stored in protozoan DNA is encoded in the sequence of these nucleotide bases. This information is used to synthesize proteins, which are essential for the structure and function of the organism's cells. Protozoan DNA also contains other types of genetic material, such as regulatory sequences that control gene expression and repetitive elements with no known function.
Understanding the DNA of protozoa is important for studying their biology, evolution, and pathogenicity. It can help researchers develop new treatments for protozoan diseases and gain insights into the fundamental principles of genetics and cellular function.
Water pollution is defined medically as the contamination of water sources by harmful or sufficient amounts of foreign substances (pathogens, chemicals, toxic compounds, etc.) which tend to interfere with its normal functioning and can have negative effects on human health. Such pollutants can find their way into water bodies through various means including industrial waste disposal, agricultural runoff, oil spills, sewage and wastewater discharges, and accidental chemical releases, among others.
Exposure to polluted water can lead to a range of health issues, from minor problems like skin irritation or stomach upset, to severe conditions such as neurological disorders, reproductive issues, cancer, and even death in extreme cases. It also poses significant risks to aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and leading to the decline or extinction of various species. Therefore, maintaining clean and safe water supplies is critical for both human health and environmental preservation.
Flagella are long, thin, whip-like structures that some types of cells use to move themselves around. They are made up of a protein called tubulin and are surrounded by a membrane. In bacteria, flagella rotate like a propeller to push the cell through its environment. In eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus), such as sperm cells or certain types of algae, flagella move in a wave-like motion to achieve locomotion. The ability to produce flagella is called flagellation.
Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.
In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.
Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.
Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.
Naegleria
Naegleria gruberi
Naegleria fowleri
Naegleria lovaniensis
Legionella
List of human disease case fatality rates
Facultative parasite
Miltefosine
Apicomplexa
Orange County Health Department
Auranofin
Schizopyrenida
Zoomusicology
Hot spring
Excavata
Protozoan infection
List of parasites of humans
Drug of last resort
Free-living Amoebozoa infection
Sappinia diploidea
Amphotericin B
Willaertia
Lily Lake (Washington County, Minnesota)
Amoeba
Percolozoa
List of sequenced protist genomes
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1
Roman Baths (Bath)
Thermae Bath Spa
Naegleriasis
Naegleria - Wikipedia
Treatment | Naegleria fowleri | CDC
Pediatric Naegleria: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
Naegleria claims two more lives in Karachi
Naegleria | Blogs | CDC
Naegleria fowleri: Symptoms, Transmission & Diagnosis - Tua Saúde
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLAGELLAR APPARATUS OF NAEGLERIA | Journal of Cell Biology | Rockefeller University Press
Isobenzofuranones: novel therapeutic agents against amaeba Naegleria fowleri | Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología
HEALTH REMINDER: Dangers of Naegleria Fowleri | Florida Department of Health
Deuterium Oxide-induced Reversion of Naegleria gruberi Flagellates | Microbiology Society
Naegleria fowleri Archives
Naegleria fowleri<...
Naegleria fowleri - GS SCORE
Browsing Revista de Historia by Subject "Naegleria"
Naegleria Fowleri Causing Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM)| CDC
Naegleria fowleri Infection
(Brain-Eating Amoeba Infection) (15367) and 1000s of other diseases, ... What is Naegleria fowleri?. Naegleria fowleri is an amoeba that lives in freshwater and soil. The organism goes through three ... What is Naegleria fowleri?. Naegleria fowleri is an amoeba that lives in freshwater and soil. The organism goes through three ... Disease: Naegleria fowleri Infection. (Brain-Eating Amoeba Infection). Naegleria fowleri (brain-eating amoeba) infection facts ...
Outbreak News Interviews: Naegleria fowleri: A personal story
Person Dies From Brain-Eating Amoeba After Sinus Rinse: What to Know
Naegleria Fowleri: Understanding the Risks and Preventive Measures - ADHF
Top 10 Microscopic Monsters Lurking In Lakes - Listverse
Naegleria Cases Spike: Brain-Eating Amoeba Raises Concern in Pakistan
NAEGLERIA FOWLERI - ODES TO THE ADORABLE ESSENCE OF PUTREFACTION [CD] | viletapesrecords
Georgia resident dies of Naegleria fowleri, brain-eating amoeba infection | CNN
Naegleria fowleri (Eh) - Nevada Public Health | The Office of State Epidemiology
A case of Naegleria fowleri related primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in China diagnosed by next-generation sequencing | BMC...
Third death due to Naegleria fowleri in Karachi reported - Outbreak News Today
"Studies of laboratory subcutaneous infection of Naegleria fowleri Cart" by Peter Diffley
Amoeba26
- He named the organism Amoeba gruberi, which was later changed to the genus Naegleria in 1912 by Alexeieff. (wikipedia.org)
- The Naegleria, a brain-eating amoeba, claimed two more lives in Karachi in last week. (com.pk)
- Naegleria fowleri is an amoeba that lives in soil and warm fresh water, such as lakes, rivers, and hot springs. (com.pk)
- Naegleria fowleri is a type of free-living amoeba that can enter the body through the nose and reach the brain. (tuasaude.com)
- Infections with the Naegleria fowleri amoeba can occur when the parasite enters the body through the nose. (tuasaude.com)
- The infection is caused by Naegleria fowleri , a free-living type of amoeba present throughout planet Earth. (csic.es)
- Though there are only 34 reported cases in Florida since 1962, Naegleria fowleri or "brain-eating amoeba", can cause Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM) disease which usually leads to death once infected. (floridahealth.gov)
- For the latest information about the amoeba please visit the CDC's website at www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/general.html . (floridahealth.gov)
- Brain eating amoeba, Naegleria fowleri, is an organism that can cause serious illness and even death. (mygeekspost.com)
- Naegleria fowleri, commonly known as "brain-eating amoeba," is a single-cell organism found in a warm freshwater environment such as lakes, hot springs and even in poorly maintained swimming pools. (iasscore.in)
- The amoeba, Naegleria fowleri, thrives in warm fresh water across large parts of inland Australia. (abc.net.au)
- Naegleria fowleri is an amoeba that lives predominately in warm freshwater. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
- In the popular press, Naegleria fowleri is sometimes called the "brain-eating amoeba," and meningoencephalitis is sometimes referred to as Naegleriasis. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
- Naegleria fowleri is an amoeba that lives in freshwater and soil. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
- A person died from exposure to Naegleria fowleri , also known as "brain-eating amoeba. (healthline.com)
- A person in southwest Florida died after being infected with Naegleria fowleri , commonly known as the "brain-eating amoeba. (healthline.com)
- Infections with Naegleria fowleri can occur when water containing the amoeba enters the nose, such as when a person goes swimming or puts their head underwater in lakes, rivers or hot springs. (healthline.com)
- Naegleria, scientifically known as Naegleria fowleri, is a microscopic amoeba commonly found in warm freshwater environments such as lakes, hot springs, and poorly maintained swimming pools. (rava.pk)
- Naegleria fowleri is commonly called the "brain-eating amoeba" because it can cause a brain infection, primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), when water containing the amoeba goes up the nose. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
- Naegleria species are free-living unicellular amoeboflagellates, and include the pathogenic species of N. fowleri, the so-called brain eating amoeba. (kent.ac.uk)
- Naegleria fowleri is a ،in-eating microscopic amoeba that mostly lives in ،ies of water with fresh water. (vakilgold.ir)
- Naegleria fowleri is a pathogenic, thermophilic, free-living amoeba which causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). (uga.edu)
- Residents of Lake Jackson, Texas, were informed of the development after the boy, identified as Josiah McIntyre, died of the amoeba, Naegleria fowleri , after playing in the water. (theepochtimes.com)
- An amoeba called Naegleria fowleri causes disease in people by eating brain cells. (dictionary.com)
- One person is dead after contracting Naegleria fowleri - often called the "brain-eating amoeba" - at an Arkansas splash pad. (yahoo.com)
- Health officials told a news conference on Thursday that doctors believe the child died of primary amebic meningoencephalitis, a usually fatal infection caused by naegleria fowleri - often referred to as brain-eating amoeba. (sky.com)
Caused by Naegleria fowleri2
- Health experts from the Pakistan Medical Association (PMA) have expressed their concerns about the recent deaths caused by Naegleria fowleri in Karachi. (rava.pk)
- PAM is caused by Naegleria fowleri , and follows intranasal infection during swimming in warm, contaminated freshwater. (awqc.com.au)
Acanthamoeba8
- Balamuthia mandrillaris , Acanthamoeba , and Naegleria fowleri . (cdc.gov)
- Rhizopodea includes the free-living amebae Entamoeba histolytica and species of Acanthamoeba, Hartmannella, Balamuthia, Naegleria, and others. (medscape.com)
- This study reports the detection of Acanthamoeba and Naegleria species in 14 swimming pools around Petaling Jaya and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. (um.edu.my)
- This suggested that the thick double-walled cysts of Acanthamoeba were more resistant, thus remaining viable in the dry-hot areas of the platforms and in chlorinated water of the swimming pools whereas Naegleria cysts, that are fragile and susceptible to desiccation, preferred watery or moist areas for growth and proliferation. (um.edu.my)
- While at 44 degrees C, only Acanthamoeba species could survive thus showing that our swimming pools are free from potentially pathogenic Naegleria species. (um.edu.my)
- Acanthamoeba is a group of amoebae unrelated to Naegleria, but also free-living. (awqc.com.au)
- Des nouvelles amorces ont été élaborées pour détecter les amibes des genres Acanthamoeba ainsi que Naegleria. (umontreal.ca)
- Pathogenic free-living amebas are of the genera Acanthamoeba , Balamuthia , Naegleria , and Sappinia . (msdmanuals.com)
Case of Naegleria fowleri3
- Prior to this newly confirmed case of Naegleria fowleri infection, there have been five other cases reported in Georgia since 1962. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
- Previous to this newly confirmed case of Naegleria fowleri an infection, there have been 5 different instances reported in Georgia since 1962," the discharge stated. (newswelly.com)
- The splash pad exposure is Arkansas's first case of Naegleria fowleri since 2013, the Department of Health reports, and the state has seen 6 cases overall. (yahoo.com)
Containing Naegleria fowleri1
- The danger of serious infection comes when water containing Naegleria fowleri is forced into the nose. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
Species11
- Naegleria /nɛˈɡlɪəriə/ is a free living amoebae protist genus consisting of 47 described species often found in warm aquatic environments as well as soil habitats worldwide. (wikipedia.org)
- However it garnered much more attention when a human pathogenic species (Naegleria fowleri) was discovered in Australia in 1965, and described in 1970. (wikipedia.org)
- One species, Naegleria fowleri, can be an opportunistic pathogen of humans where if it enters the nasal cavity may travel to the brain and feast on tissues of the olfactory bulbs first, and then move to consuming the rest of the brain, beginning with the meninges. (wikipedia.org)
- Although N fowleri is one of several species in the genus Naegleria, to date, it remains the only Naegleria species known to produce human disease. (medscape.com)
- Only one species of Naegleria, Naegleria fowleri , infects people. (iasscore.in)
- Although there are many species of Naegleria, only Naegleria fowleri causes human infection. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
- Of the many different species of the genus Naegleria , Naegleria fowleri is, fortunately, the only one that poses a threat to humans. (listverse.com)
- Our analyses suggest that the protein was present in last common ancestor of the genus and structure prediction showed that all functional residues are also present in Naegleria species. (kent.ac.uk)
- Consequently, we discuss the benefits of the presence of this protein in Naegleria species, along with its potential pathogenicity role in N. fowleri. (kent.ac.uk)
- Numerous nonvirulent Naegleria species are known in Australia. (australianmap.net)
- Due to the lack of thorough research regarding species of Naegleria spp. (ac.ir)
Meningoencephalitis6
- The Naegleria genera became famous when Naegleria fowleri, a human pathogenic strain and the causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), was discovered in 1965. (wikipedia.org)
- Naegleria fowleri is a ubiquitous free-living ameba that is the etiologic agent in primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). (medscape.com)
- Naegleria fowleri causes Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), a nearly ،al disease for which there is currently no cure. (vakilgold.ir)
- Naegleria fowleri is a free-living, thermophilic amoeboflagellate which causes the waterborne disease primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). (australianmap.net)
- Visvesvara GS, De Jonckheere JF, Sriram R, Daft B. Isolation and molecular typing of Naegleria fowleri from the brain of a cow that died of primary amebic meningoencephalitis. (ac.ir)
- Naegleria fowleri is a climate-sensitive, hot water-loving ameba found in freshwater lakes and hot springs that causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), an almost universally fatal disease. (medscape.com)
Pathogenic1
- Other free-living amoebae Naegleria are not considered pathogenic. (unboundmedicine.com)
20231
- 2023. https://peds.unboundmedicine.com/pedscentral/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540732/all/Naegleria_fowleri. (unboundmedicine.com)
Infected with Naegleria fowleri1
- People can also be infected with Naegleria fowleri when they use contaminated tap water to rinse their sinuses or to cleanse their nose during religious practices. (healthline.com)
Gruberi3
- Flagellates of Naegleria gruberi have an interconnected flagellar apparatus consisting of nucleus, rhizoplast and accessory filaments, basal bodies, and flagella. (rupress.org)
- SUMMARY: A bead column technique is described for the separation of Naegleria gruberi flagellates from amoebae and cysts. (microbiologyresearch.org)
- Superprecipitation of an actomyosin-like complex isolated from Naegleria gruberi amoebae. (microbiologyresearch.org)
20211
- These infections come on the heels of a lawsuit by a Texas city to settle a lawsuit over a 3-year old old boy's death after contracting Naegleria fowleri in September 2021. (vakilgold.ir)
Thermophilic2
- Naegleria are "thermophilic," meaning that they prefer warmer water. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
- Naegleria fowleri is a thermophilic organism, meaning that it thrives on heat. (listverse.com)
Fowleri cannot2
- Authorities stress infection from Naegleria fowleri cannot occur from drinking, cooking or washing clothes in the water. (abc.net.au)
- Naegleria fowleri cannot be spread from person to person, according to the CDC . (yahoo.com)
Freshwater4
- Naegleria is found worldwide in typically aerobic warm aquatic environments (freshwater such as lakes and rivers) and soil habitats. (wikipedia.org)
- The source of nearly all of the 128 Naegleria fowleri infections reported since 1962 in the U.S. has been exposure to warm freshwater. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
- Naegleria fowleri may be present in any freshwater body in the United States, regardless of the state, especially during the warmer months of July, August, and September. (nvose.org)
- Naeg l eria fowleri is naturally occurring in fresh water and p revious water testing has shown that Naegleria fowleri is commonly found in freshwater bodies. (nvose.org)
Symptoms7
- Naegleria fowleri infection does not spread from person to person, nor does it manifest symptoms when contracted in other forms. (iasscore.in)
- The symptoms of Naegleria fowleri infection are similar to those of bacterial meningitis . (healthline.com)
- Anjan Debnath , PhD, an associate adjunct professor in the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences at the University of California, San Diego, said this overlap in symptoms can sometimes delay the start of treatment for Naegleria fowleri , because doctors may first try treating a patient for bacterial or viral meningitis. (healthline.com)
- They are requesting doctors to test for Naegleria if such symptoms are observed. (rava.pk)
- Symptoms of Naegleria fowleri infection typically start with severe headache, fever, nausea and vomiting and progress to stiff neck, seizures, and coma that can lead to death. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
- What are the symptoms of Naegleria fowleri infection? (nvose.org)
- Naegleria fowleri symptoms include severe headache, fever, nausea and vomiting. (weau.com)
Amoebae4
- Naegleria are free-living amoebae, with some strains being opportunistic pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
- Naegleria has 3 different life cycle stages: amoebae, cyst, and flagellate. (wikipedia.org)
- Infection with Naegleria fowleri is rare and only occurs when water contaminated with the amoebae enters the nose. (healthline.com)
- Amoebae - Naegleria fowleri (96 hours as per in-house validation). (awqc.com.au)
Fatal1
- With that in mind, it's no surprise that Naegleria fowleri is fatal in 97 percent of cases. (listverse.com)
Amebae3
- Miltefosine is the newest of these drugs and has been shown to kill free-living amebae, including Naegleria fowleri , in the laboratory 1 , 2 , 3 . (cdc.gov)
- Water temperatures of 25°C-40°C are conductive for flourishing of Naegleria fowleri amebae. (cdc.gov)
- The development of methods for obtaining the relatively synchronous transformation of populations of Naegleria amebae into flagellates has permitted a study of the development of the flagellar apparatus. (rupress.org)
Swimming pools4
- Naegleria fowleri is not found in salt water, such as the ocean, and it is not found in properly treated drinking water and swimming pools. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
- While Naegleria, were detected in fewer culture plates at 3 sampling sites (absent at site P) of 8 swimming pools. (um.edu.my)
- Other factors such as human activities, the circulating system which was fixed at all swimming pools, blowing wind which might carry the cysts from surroundings and the swimming flagellate stage of Naegleria, could also contribute to the distribution of the FLA at these sampling sites. (um.edu.my)
- Chlorine kills all life-cycle stages of Naegleria fowleri and is the most effective way to disinfect swimming pools. (awqc.com.au)
Brain4
- Georgia state health officials report a resident has died from Naegleria fowleri infection, a rare infection which destroys brain tissue, causing brain swelling and usually death. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
- Naegleria fowleri causes PAM, a brain infection that destroys brain tissue. (nvose.org)
- Here's what to know about the rare brain-eating Naegleria fowleri . (uga.edu)
- Naegleria migrates up the nose to the brain and has caused more than 120 cases of PAM in southern-tier states since 1962. (medscape.com)
Occur1
- Naegleria fowleri infection can only occur when water enters through the nose. (vakilgold.ir)
Genus1
- The genus Naegleria is named after the German protozoologist, Kurt Nägler. (wikipedia.org)
Flagellates1
- Amebo-flagellates as research partners: the laboratory biology of Naegleria and Tetramitus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
19621
- Naegleria fowleri infection has been historically rare, with only 157 cases reported between 1962 and 2022. (vakilgold.ir)
Destroys1
- A Georgia resident has died from Naegleria fowleri an infection, a uncommon an infection which destroys mind tissue, inflicting mind swelling and often demise," the well being division stated in a information launch Friday. (newswelly.com)
Lakes3
- TALLAHASSEE-The Florida Department of Health cautions those who swim frequently in Florida's lakes, rivers and ponds during warm temperatures about the possible presence of Naegleria fowleri . (floridahealth.gov)
- Where the water temperature is cool, Naegleria may be found in the sediment at the bottom of lakes or in localized areas where warmer water is discharged into lakes. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
- Hot springs are a favorite of Naegleria fowleri , t،ugh it may also be found in lakes and rivers. (vakilgold.ir)
Infections are rare2
- Naegleria fowleri infections are rare, but its diagnosis and treatment are difficult. (tuasaude.com)
- Naegleria fowleri infections are rare. (nvose.org)
Chlorine1
- Naegleria fowleri infections may also happen when people use contaminated tap water to cleanse their noses and i n very rare instances, people have gotten Nae gleria fowleri infections from recreational water that didn't have enough chlorine in it, such as pools, splash pads, or surf parks. (nvose.org)
Nose3
- Naegleria fowleri is acquired by people when infected water is forcibly aspirated into the nose. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
- Naegleria fowleri has also caused disease in adults who inject water into the nose as part of ritual ablutions related to religious practices or as an irrigating solution for sinus passages. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
- Debnath emphasized that the only route of infection with Naegleria fowleri is through the nose. (healthline.com)
Rare3
- Because it is considered to be a rare infection, diagnosing Naegleria fowleri is difficult. (tuasaude.com)
- Statistically, infection with Naegleria fowleri is rare, but that doesn't make it any less dangerous. (listverse.com)
- Hemorrhage, cerebellar herniation, and cerebral venous thrombosis in a patient with naegleria fowleri: A rare presentation. (acquaintpublications.com)
Laboratory1
- Naegleria fowleri may also be grown in the laboratory, although this takes several days. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
Nucleus1
- Although there were precedents for antiprotozoal and antifungal activity associated with the isobenzofuranone nucleus, its activity against Naegleria fowleri had not been noted. (csic.es)
Water temperatures1
- Since Naegleria fowleri prefers water temperatures from 95º F to 113º F, the warmer summers may be a ،ential cause of the recent uptake in cases. (vakilgold.ir)
Viable1
- The CDC reported one sample from the splash pad was confirmed to have viable Naegleria fowleri. (weau.com)
Karachi4
- Did you know that Naegleria claimed two lives in Karachi last week? (rava.pk)
- By October 2019, Karachi had witnessed a total of 146 reported cases of Naegleria. (rava.pk)
- Sindh Information Minister, Sharjeel Inam Memon, has urged the people of Karachi to take precautions against Naegleria fowleri. (rava.pk)
- Dr. Abdul Ghafoor Shoro from the PMA highlighted the association's concern that Naegleria fowleri has been detected in the municipal water supply managed by the Karachi Water & Sewerage Board (KWSB). (rava.pk)
Doctors confirmed2
Cell Biology1
- We predict that our findings will spearhead new explorations to understand the cell biology, metabolism and evolution of Naegleria and other free-living relatives. (kent.ac.uk)
Dangers1
- Additionally, Memon mentioned that the provincial health department is actively planning an awareness campaign to educate people about the dangers of Naegleria disease. (rava.pk)
America2
- However, Naegleria fowleri infections have been reported all over America over the decades, not just in the Sunbelt states. (vakilgold.ir)
- Treatment includes a combination of drugs, but the CDC points out that there are only five known survivors of Naegleria fowleri in North America. (yahoo.com)
Characteristic1
- Harmless is certainly not a defining characteristic of Naegleria fowleri , however. (listverse.com)
Samples1
- Nine (15%) samples out of a 60 total samples were positive for Naegleria spp. (ac.ir)
Found6
- Thus, Naegleria infection is found both in tropical and temperate climates. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
- Naegleria fowleri does not exist in saltwater and is not found in the ocean. (diabeteshealthmatters.com)
- Where is Naegleria fowleri found? (nvose.org)
- Naegleria fowleri is not found in salt water, like the ocean. (nvose.org)
- Among eukaryotes, alternative oxidases have disperse distribution and are found in plants, fungi and a few protists, including Naegleria ssp. (kent.ac.uk)
- CDC just published an investigation [ 1 ] showing, for the first time, that Naegleria fowleri could be found in the hot water system biofilm of residential plumbing and caused the deaths of 2 people in Louisiana. (medscape.com)
Disease1
- In 2009, infectious disease physician and University of South Florida professor, Dr. Sandra Gompf and her husband lost their son Philip to the parasite , Naegleria fowleri. (libsyn.com)