Toxic compounds produced by FUNGI.
Usually 12,13-epoxytrichothecenes, produced by Fusaria, Stachybotrys, Trichoderma and other fungi, and some higher plants. They may contaminate food or feed grains, induce emesis and hemorrhage in lungs and brain, and damage bone marrow due to protein and DNA synthesis inhibition.
(S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.
A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.
A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.
Isocoumarins found in ASPERGILLUS OCHRACEUS and other FUNGI. Ochratoxin contaminated FOOD has been responsible for cases of FOODBORNE DISEASES.
Poisoning caused by the ingestion of mycotoxins (toxins of fungal origin).
A group of MYCOTOXINS found in CORN contaminated with FUSARIUM fungus. They are chains of about 20 carbons with acidic ester, acetylamino and sometimes other substituents. They inhibit ceramide synthetase conversion of SPHINGOLIPIDS to CERAMIDES.
Antibiotic and mycotoxin from Aspergillus niveus and Penicillium citrinum.
A mitosporic fungal genus including one species which forms a toxin in moldy hay that may cause a serious illness in horses.
Furano-furano-benzopyrans that are produced by ASPERGILLUS from STERIGMATOCYSTIN. They are structurally related to COUMARINS and easily oxidized to an epoxide form to become ALKYLATING AGENTS. Members of the group include AFLATOXIN B1; aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2; AFLATOXIN M1; and aflatoxin M2.
The presence in food of harmful, unpalatable, or otherwise objectionable foreign substances, e.g. chemicals, microorganisms or diluents, before, during, or after processing or storage.
4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.
Poisoning caused by ingesting ergotized grain or by the misdirected or excessive use of ergot as a medicine.
A mitosporic Trichocomaceae fungal genus that develops fruiting organs resembling a broom. When identified, teleomorphs include EUPENICILLIUM and TALAROMYCES. Several species (but especially PENICILLIUM CHRYSOGENUM) are sources of the antibiotic penicillin.
Seeds from grasses (POACEAE) which are important in the diet.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.
A genus of mitosporic fungi containing about 100 species and eleven different teleomorphs in the family Trichocomaceae.
A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live parasitically as saprobes, including MUSHROOMS; YEASTS; smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi, commonly known as molds, refer to those that grow as multicellular colonies.
A polysymptomatic condition believed by clinical ecologists to result from immune dysregulation induced by common foods, allergens, and chemicals, resulting in various physical and mental disorders. The medical community has remained largely skeptical of the existence of this "disease", given the plethora of symptoms attributed to environmental illness, the lack of reproducible laboratory abnormalities, and the use of unproven therapies to treat the condition. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Alkaloids originally isolated from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea (Hypocreaceae). They include compounds that are structurally related to ergoline (ERGOLINES) and ergotamine (ERGOTAMINES). Many of the ergot alkaloids act as alpha-adrenergic antagonists.
A 4-hydroxylated metabolite of AFLATOXIN B1, one of the MYCOTOXINS from ASPERGILLUS tainted food. It is associated with LIVER damage and cancer resulting from its P450 activation to the epoxide which alkylates DNA. Toxicity depends on the balance of liver enzymes that activate it (CYTOCHROME P-450) and others that detoxify it (GLUTATHIONE S TRANSFERASE) (Pharmac Ther 50.443 1991). Primates & rat are sensitive while mouse and hamster are tolerant (Canc Res 29.236 1969).
A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Chaetomiaceae, order SORDARIALES. Many members are cellulolytic and some mycotoxic. They occur naturally on paper and cotton fabric.
A carcinogenic mycotoxin produced in high yields by strains of the common molds, Aspergillus versicolor, A. nidulans, and an unidentified species of Bipolaris. It causes necrosis of the liver and kidney and has an inhibitory effect on orotic acid incorporation into nuclear RNA.
Foodstuff used especially for domestic and laboratory animals, or livestock.
A genus of ascomycetous fungi, family Clavicipitaceae, order Hypocreales, parasitic on various grasses (POACEAE). The sclerotia contain several toxic alkaloids. Claviceps purpurea on rye causes ergotism.
A plant species of the family POACEAE. It is a tall grass grown for its EDIBLE GRAIN, corn, used as food and animal FODDER.
A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.
A genus of ascomycetous fungi of the family Hypocreaceae, order Hypocreales including several pathogens of grains and cereals. It is also the source of plant growth regulators such as gibberellin and gibberellic acid.
A large and heterogenous group of fungi whose common characteristic is the absence of a sexual state. Many of the pathogenic fungi in humans belong to this group.
Supplies used in building.
A mitosporic Loculoascomycetes fungal genus including several plant pathogens and at least one species which produces a highly phytotoxic antibiotic. Its teleomorph is Lewia.
A mycotoxin with antibiotic and carcinogenic activity produced by various strains of PENICILLIUM and ASPERGILLUS. It has been found in tobacco, sausages, and corn.
A genus of roundworms of the phylum Acanthocephala, parasitic in rats, mice, hamsters, dogs and cats. Occasional infection in man produces inflammation and ulceration of the intestinal mucosa.
An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.
A plant genus of the family POACEAE that contains the Poa p Ia allergen and allergen C KBGP.
A non-steroidal estrogen analog.
A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.
Consumer Product Safety refers to the measures and regulations implemented to ensure household items, toys, and other consumer products are designed, manufactured, and distributed in a manner that minimizes risks of harm, injury, or death to consumers during normal use or foreseeable misuse.
Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes consisting of three isoprene units, forming a 15-carbon skeleton, which can be found in various plant essential oils and are known for their diverse chemical structures and biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties.
A plant genus of the family BETULACEAE known for the edible nuts.
Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.
A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the air. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
Carcinogenic substances that are found in the environment.
Reproductive bodies produced by fungi.
Cyclobutanes are saturated hydrocarbons consisting of a four-carbon ring with only carbon-carbon sigma bonds, making up the smallest cycloalkane ring that can adopt a puckered conformation to alleviate angle strain. (25 words)
Polysaccharides consisting of mannose units.
Measurement and evaluation of the components of substances to be taken as FOOD.
A group of symptoms that are two- to three-fold more common in those who work in large, energy-efficient buildings, associated with an increased frequency of headaches, lethargy, and dry skin. Clinical manifestations include hypersensitivity pneumonitis (ALVEOLITIS, EXTRINSIC ALLERGIC); allergic rhinitis (RHINITIS, ALLERGIC, PERENNIAL); ASTHMA; infections, skin eruptions, and mucous membrane irritation syndromes. Current usage tends to be less restrictive with regard to the type of building and delineation of complaints. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A class of organic compounds containing four or more ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic.
A chemical process for separating the components of a liquid mixture by boiling and collecting condensed vapors.
Fodder converted into succulent feed for livestock through processes of anaerobic fermentation (as in a silo).
Substances which, when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed, or when applied to, injected into, or developed within the body in relatively small amounts may, by their chemical action, cause damage to structure or disturbance of function. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Antifungal metabolite from several fungi, mainly Trichoderma viride; inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes; proposed as antifungal and antineoplastic; used as tool in cellular biochemistry.
Diseases of plants.
A plant genus of the family POACEAE. The EDIBLE GRAIN, barley, is widely used as food.
The contamination of indoor air.
An alcoholic beverage usually made from malted cereal grain (as barley), flavored with hops, and brewed by slow fermentation.
Common member of the Gramineae family used as cattle FODDER. It harbors several fungi and other parasites toxic to livestock and people and produces allergenic compounds, especially in its pollen. The most commonly seen varieties are L. perenne, L. multiflorum, and L. rigidum.
Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, processing, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food.
Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Non-digestible food ingredients mostly of a carbohydrate base that improve human health by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of existing BACTERIA in the COLON.
Benzoxepins are heterocyclic compounds that consist of a benzene fused to a oxepine ring, which have been used as building blocks in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical drugs, particularly in the development of psychoactive medications for treating anxiety and depression disorders.
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
A plant species of the family FABACEAE that yields edible seeds, the familiar peanuts, which contain protein, oil and lectins.
An oligosaccharide antibiotic produced by various STREPTOMYCES.

Fusariotoxicosis from barley in British Columbia. I. Natural occurrence and diagnosis. (1/1218)

Clinical sickness was observed in domestic ducks, geese, horses and swine during October 1973. All species showed upper alimentary distress with mortalities occurring in the geese. Barley derived from a common source had been fed. Examination of the barley revealed invasion by Fusarium spp and detection of a high level of dermatitic fusariotoxins.  (+info)

Fusariotoxicosis from barley in British Columbia. II. Analysis and toxicity of syspected barley. (2/1218)

Fusariotoxin T-2, a trichothecene, was tentatively identified in barley samples which caused field outbreaks of mycotoxicosis in British Columbia. Geese died when fed the contaminated barley experimentally but mice were little affected after long term feeding. The methods used in the laboratory for trichothecene extraction and identification of T-2 toxin are described.  (+info)

Mycotoxin determinations on animal feedstuffs and tissues in Western Canada. (3/1218)

Results of examination of specimens of plant or animal origin for various mycotoxins are presented. Analyses for aflatoxins and ochratoxins were most frequently requested, usually on the basis of visible mouldiness. Aflatoxin B1 was found in one of 100 specimens at a level of 50 ppb in a sample of alfalfa brome hay. Ochratoxin A was detected in seven of 95 specimens comprising six samples of wheat at levels between 30 and 6000 ppb and one sample of hay at a level of 30 ppb. An overall detection rate of 4.2% involving significant levels of potent mycotoxins suggests that acute or chronic mycotoxicoses may occur in farm livestock or poultry more frequently than presently diagnosied.  (+info)

Natural occurrence of the C series of fumonisins in moldy corn. (4/1218)

We analyzed 44 moldy corn samples for the B and C series of fumonisins by high-performance liquid chromatography. Of the 44 samples, 32 (73%) were contaminated with both the B and C series of fumonisins and 6 were contaminated with only the B series of fumonisins. The incidence of fumonisin C1 in moldy corn was 71%; the incidence was 11% for fumonisin C3 and 43% for fumonisin C4. Their mean levels ranged from 500 to 1,900 ng/g. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of the C series of fumonisins and fumonisin B4 in moldy corn.  (+info)

The effect of cyclopiazonic acid on the development of pale, soft, and exudative pork from pigs of defined malignant hyperthermia genotype. (5/1218)

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) and the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) are each associated with abnormal calcium homeostasis in skeletal muscle, a key underlying factor in the development of pale, soft, and exudative (PSE) pork. To determine whether the natural presence of CPA in livestock feed ingredients contributes to the varying incidence of PSE in the pork industry, various levels of CPA (.1 to 50 mg/kg of diet) were included in the diets of market weight hogs (n = 52) of defined malignant hyperthermia genotype (NN = normal, Nn = a MH carrier, and nn = MH-positive). Animals with two copies of the MH mutation (nn) displayed improved live animal performance compared with NN and Nn animals (increased feed intake, average daily gain, and feed efficiency) but yielded lower quality loin chops as indicated by lower 45-min pH (P<.01), higher Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) L* color coordinate values (P<.05), and higher drip losses (P<.01). The effects of CPA varied. In the first feeding trial, conducted under normal outside temperatures (2 degrees C), CPA had no effect (P> .2) on either live animal performance or meat quality. During the second trial, conducted under extreme outside temperatures (-18 degrees C), CPA-dependent reductions (P<.05) in feed intake, average daily gain, and 45-min pH in nn hogs support the possibility of interactions between malignant hyperthermia and dietary CPA on skeletal muscle calcium homeostasis and the development of PSE pork. These results suggest that this interaction may require stressful environmental conditions or the ingestion of CPA doses much higher than occur under natural conditions.  (+info)

Analysis and pharmacokinetics of cyclopiazonic acid in market weight pigs. (6/1218)

The pharmacokinetic behavior of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was determined in market weight pigs using a competitive indirect ELISA developed for the determination of the mycotoxin in various biological matrices. Sample preparation for corn and skeletal muscle was achieved with a single extraction and recoveries of 53+/-6% over the effective range of the standard curve. The detection limit of CPA was 1 ppb in plasma, which required no extraction, and 20 ppb in corn and skeletal muscle with average intra- and interassay CV of 11 and 23%, respectively. Levels of CPA contamination in corn grown and stored in Michigan were unremarkable compared with published toxicity thresholds; the highest level of CPA found in any sample was 47 ppb. In pigs given a 20-mg i.v. bolus, CPA distributed rapidly among three compartments, with an overall volume of distribution (49 L) nearly equivalent to total body water. Cyclopiazonic acid was eliminated with a half-life of 24 h. Estimates of these pharmacokinetic parameters were supported by the achievement of steady-state plasma CPA levels within 6 d in pigs consuming a diet containing 10 ppm CPA, and by measured concentrations of CPA in plasma (410+/-44 ng/mL) and skeletal muscle (469+/-86 ng/ g). From these and other data, we concluded that the threat of CPA toxicity to livestock from consumption of cereal grains or to humans from consumption of animal products is minimal.  (+info)

Multiple mechanisms confer drug resistance to mitoxantrone in the human 8226 myeloma cell line. (7/1218)

Selection for in vitro drug resistance can result in a complex phenotype with more than one mechanism of resistance emerging concurrently or sequentially. We examined emerging mechanisms of drug resistance during selection with mitoxantrone in the human myeloma cell line 8226. A novel transport mechanism appeared early in the selection process that was associated with a 10-fold resistance to mitoxantrone in the 8226/MR4 cell line. The reduction in intracellular drug concentration was ATP-dependent and ouabain-insensitive. The 8226/MR4 cell line was 34-fold cross-resistant to the fluorescent aza-anthrapyrazole BBR 3390. The resistance to BBR 3390 coincided with a 50% reduction in intracellular drug concentration. Confocal microscopy using BBR 3390 revealed a 64% decrease in the nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio in the drug-resistant cell line. The reduction in intracellular drug concentration of both mitoxantrone and BBR 3390 was reversed by a novel chemosensitizing agent, fumitremorgin C. In contrast, fumitremorgin C had no effect on resistance to mitoxantrone or BBR 3390 in the P-glycoprotein-positive 8226/DOX6 cell line. Increasing the degree of resistance to mitoxantrone in the 8226 cell line from 10 to 37 times (8226/MR20) did not further reduce the intracellular drug concentration. However, the 8226/MR20 cell line exhibited 88 and 70% reductions in topoisomerase II beta and alpha expression, respectively, compared with the parental drug sensitive cell line. This decrease in topoisomerase expression and activity was not observed in the low-level drug-resistant, 8226/MR4 cell line. These data demonstrate that low-level mitoxantrone resistance is due to the presence of a novel, energy-dependent drug efflux pump similar to P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein. Reversal of resistance by blocking drug efflux with fumitremorgin C should allow for functional analysis of this novel transporter in cancer cell lines or clinical tumor samples. Increased resistance to mitoxantrone may result from reduced intracellular drug accumulation, altered nuclear/cytoplasmic drug distribution, and alterations in topoisomerase II activity.  (+info)

Serum levels of ochratoxin A in healthy adults in Tuscany: correlation with individual characteristics and between repeat measurements. (8/1218)

Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin widely contaminating staple foods and beverages, has been classified as a "possible human carcinogen (Group 2B)" by the IARC. Serum levels of OTA were measured in a group of 138 healthy adults (age, 35-65 years) living in the area surrounding Florence (Tuscany, central Italy) and detected in all but four samples (97%). After the exclusion of one subject with a peak value of 57.2 ng/ml, OTA levels ranged between 0.12 and 2.84 ng/ml, with mean and median values of 0.56 and 0.48 ng/ml, respectively. OTA levels were significantly higher in men than in women (0.64 versus 0.50) and correlated positively with height. A strong association was found with the season in which blood samples were obtained, with summer values higher than autumn values. On the other hand, OTA levels tended to be negatively associated with blood pressure, either systolic or diastolic; no association was evident with age, weight, body mass index, and smoking history. The associations with height and season persisted in a multivariate regression analysis. A subgroup of subjects provided a repeat blood sample approximately 1 year later. The Spearman correlation coefficient between 68 pairs of original and repeat measurements was practically null (r = 0.05). Only two subjects (2.9%) had OTA levels of >1 ng/ml on both occasions. These results suggest that OTA contamination is widespread in foods consumed by this population, in agreement with previous reports from Italy and other countries. A strong seasonal variation, which possibly differs from year to year, was observed. OTA serum levels are a short-term biomarker with a high within-subject variability; therefore they have limited use at the individual level but can be used to characterize populations or subgroups of subjects. Additional analyses are needed to explore the dietary determinants of OTA levels in this population.  (+info)

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain types of fungi (molds) that can contaminate food and feed crops, both during growth and storage. These toxins can cause a variety of adverse health effects in humans and animals, ranging from acute poisoning to long-term chronic exposure, which may lead to immune suppression, cancer, and other diseases. Mycotoxin-producing fungi mainly belong to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria. Common mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, patulin, and citrinin. The presence of mycotoxins in food and feed is a significant public health concern and requires stringent monitoring and control measures to ensure safety.

Trichothecenes are a group of chemically related toxic compounds called sesquiterpenoids produced by various species of fungi, particularly those in the genera Fusarium, Myrothecium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, and Stachybotrys. These toxins can contaminate crops and cause a variety of adverse health effects in humans and animals that consume or come into contact with the contaminated material.

Trichothecenes can be classified into four types (A, B, C, and D) based on their chemical structure. Type A trichothecenes include T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol, while type B trichothecenes include deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol, and 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol.

Exposure to trichothecenes can cause a range of symptoms, including skin irritation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and immune system suppression. In severe cases, exposure to high levels of these toxins can lead to neurological problems, hemorrhage, and even death.

It is important to note that trichothecenes are not typically considered infectious agents, but rather toxin-producing molds that can contaminate food and other materials. Proper handling, storage, and preparation of food can help reduce the risk of exposure to these toxins.

Zearalenone is a type of mycotoxin, which is a toxic compound produced by certain types of fungi. Specifically, zearalenone is produced by some strains of Fusarium fungi that can infect crops such as corn, wheat, and barley. It has estrogen-like properties and can cause reproductive problems in animals that consume contaminated feed. In humans, exposure to high levels of zearalenone may cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, but the effects of long-term exposure are not well understood.

Medical Definition: Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by certain strains of Fusarium fungi that can infect crops such as corn, wheat, and barley. It has estrogen-like properties and can cause reproductive problems in animals that consume contaminated feed. In humans, exposure to high levels of zearalenone may cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, but the effects of long-term exposure are not well understood.

"Fusarium" is a genus of fungi that are widely distributed in the environment, particularly in soil, water, and on plants. They are known to cause a variety of diseases in animals, including humans, as well as in plants. In humans, Fusarium species can cause localized and systemic infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. These infections often manifest as keratitis (eye infection), onychomycosis (nail infection), and invasive fusariosis, which can affect various organs such as the lungs, brain, and bloodstream. Fusarium species produce a variety of toxins that can contaminate crops and pose a threat to food safety and human health.

T-2 toxin is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin, which is a secondary metabolite produced by certain Fusarium species of fungi. It is a low molecular weight sesquiterpene epoxide that is chemically stable and has a high toxicity profile. T-2 toxin can contaminate crops in the field or during storage, and it is often found in grains such as corn, wheat, barley, and oats.

T-2 toxin has a variety of adverse health effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, immune suppression, skin irritation, and neurotoxicity. It is also known to have teratogenic and embryotoxic effects in animals, and it is considered a potential human carcinogen by some agencies.

Exposure to T-2 toxin can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or skin contact. Ingestion is the most common route of exposure, particularly in areas where contaminated grains are used as a food source. Inhalation exposure can occur during agricultural activities such as harvesting and processing contaminated crops. Skin contact with T-2 toxin can cause irritation and inflammation.

Prevention of T-2 toxin exposure involves good agricultural practices, including crop rotation, use of resistant varieties, and proper storage conditions. Monitoring of T-2 toxin levels in food and feed is also important to ensure that exposure limits are not exceeded.

Ochratoxins are a type of mycotoxin, which are toxic compounds produced by certain types of molds or fungi. Specifically, ochratoxins are produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium molds that can contaminate a variety of agricultural crops, such as grains, nuts, coffee beans, dried fruits, and wine.

Ochratoxin A is the most prevalent and studied member of this family of mycotoxins. It is known to have nephrotoxic, immunotoxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic effects in various animal species. In humans, exposure to ochratoxin A has been linked to kidney disease, developmental toxicity, and possibly cancer.

Ochratoxins can enter the human body through the consumption of contaminated food or drink. Once inside, they can accumulate in tissues, particularly in the kidneys, where they can cause damage over time. It is important to note that exposure to ochratoxins should be minimized to reduce the risk of health effects.

Mycotoxicosis is not a specific medical condition itself, but rather a term that refers to the toxic effects on livestock or human health due to the consumption of food or feed contaminated with mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain types of mold (fungi) that can grow on various agricultural products before and after harvest, during storage, or in contaminated animal feeds.

Mycotoxicosis can cause a wide range of symptoms depending on the specific mycotoxin involved, the amount and duration of exposure, and the overall health of the individual. These symptoms may include acute gastrointestinal distress, immunosuppression, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and even cancer in severe cases.

Some common mycotoxins that can lead to mycotoxicosis include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and patulin. Preventing mold growth and mycotoxin production in food and feed through proper agricultural practices, storage conditions, and monitoring is crucial to prevent mycotoxicosis.

Fumonisins are a type of mycotoxin, which are toxic compounds produced by certain types of mold or fungi. They are primarily produced by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum, which are common contaminants of crops such as corn, wheat, and rice.

Fumonisins are characterized by their long-chain structure and have been associated with a variety of adverse health effects in both humans and animals. The most well-known fumonisin is FB1 (fumonisin B1), which has been shown to be toxic to the liver and kidneys, as well as being linked to neural tube defects in developing fetuses.

Exposure to fumonisins can occur through the consumption of contaminated food or feed, and they have been found in a variety of agricultural products, including cornmeal, grits, and cereals. In addition to their potential health effects, fumonisins can also negatively impact crop yields and economic losses for farmers. As such, monitoring and controlling the levels of fumonisins in food and feed is an important public health and agricultural concern.

Citrinin is a mycotoxin, which is a toxic compound produced by certain types of fungi. It is commonly produced by Penicillium citrinum and Aspergillus terreus. Citrinin has been found to contaminate various food and feed commodities, including cereals, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products.

Clinically, citrinin exposure can cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals, including nephrotoxicity (kidney damage), hepatotoxicity (liver damage), genotoxicity (damage to DNA), and immunotoxicity (suppression of the immune system). Symptoms of citrinin poisoning may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, increased urination, and kidney failure.

It is important to note that citrinin contamination in food and feed can be minimized through proper storage, handling, and processing practices. Additionally, regulatory limits have been established in many countries to control the levels of citrinin in food and feed.

Stachybotrys is a genus of filamentous fungi (molds) that are known to produce potent mycotoxins, which can be harmful to humans and animals. The most well-known species is Stachybotrys chartarum, commonly referred to as "black mold" or "toxic black mold." This mold typically grows on materials with high cellulose content and a low nitrogen content, such as paper, straw, hay, wet drywall, and ceiling tiles. Exposure to the mycotoxins produced by Stachybotrys can cause various health issues, including respiratory symptoms, allergic reactions, and immune system responses. It is essential to address water damage and mold growth promptly to prevent the spread of Stachybotrys and other molds in indoor environments.

Aflatoxins are toxic compounds produced by certain types of mold (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus) that grow on crops such as grains, nuts, and spices. These toxins can contaminate food and animal feed, posing a serious health risk to both humans and animals. Aflatoxin exposure has been linked to various health problems, including liver damage, cancer, immune system suppression, and growth impairment in children. Regular monitoring and control measures are necessary to prevent aflatoxin contamination in food and feed supplies.

Food contamination is the presence of harmful microorganisms, chemicals, or foreign substances in food or water that can cause illness or injury to individuals who consume it. This can occur at any stage during production, processing, storage, or preparation of food, and can result from various sources such as:

1. Biological contamination: This includes the presence of harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi that can cause foodborne illnesses. Examples include Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria, and norovirus.

2. Chemical contamination: This involves the introduction of hazardous chemicals into food, which may occur due to poor handling practices, improper storage, or exposure to environmental pollutants. Common sources of chemical contamination include pesticides, cleaning solvents, heavy metals, and natural toxins produced by certain plants or fungi.

3. Physical contamination: This refers to the presence of foreign objects in food, such as glass, plastic, hair, or insects, which can pose a choking hazard or introduce harmful substances into the body.

Preventing food contamination is crucial for ensuring food safety and protecting public health. Proper hygiene practices, temperature control, separation of raw and cooked foods, and regular inspections are essential measures to minimize the risk of food contamination.

Patulin is a mycotoxin, a type of toxic chemical produced by certain molds (fungi). The mold that produces patulin grows on various fruits and vegetables, including apples, pears, and grapes. It can also be found in other foods such as grains, cheese, and processed apple products like apple juice and apple cider.

Patulin is a low molecular weight lactone and can be produced by several species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys. It is known to have antibiotic properties and has been studied for its potential use in medicine. However, at high concentrations, it can be toxic to humans and animals, causing damage to the nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and immune system.

Exposure to patulin can occur through ingestion of contaminated food or drink. Regulatory bodies have set limits on the amount of patulin allowed in food and drinks to minimize the risk of human exposure.

Ergotism is a condition that results from the consumption of ergot alkaloids, which are found in ergot fungus that infects grains such as rye. There are two types of ergotism: convulsive and gangrenous. Convulsive ergotism can cause seizures, muscle spasms, vomiting, and mental disturbances. Gangrenous ergotism, on the other hand, can lead to constriction of blood vessels, resulting in dry gangrene of the extremities, which can ultimately require amputation. Ergotism has been known since ancient times and was once a significant public health problem before modern agricultural practices were implemented.

"Penicillium" is not a medical term per se, but it is a genus of mold that is widely used in the field of medicine, specifically in the production of antibiotics. Here's a scientific definition:

Penicillium is a genus of ascomycete fungi that are commonly found in the environment, particularly in soil, decaying vegetation, and food. Many species of Penicillium produce penicillin, a group of antibiotics with activity against gram-positive bacteria. The discovery and isolation of penicillin from Penicillium notatum by Alexander Fleming in 1928 revolutionized the field of medicine and led to the development of modern antibiotic therapy. Since then, various species of Penicillium have been used in the industrial production of penicillin and other antibiotics, as well as in the production of enzymes, organic acids, and other industrial products.

Cereals, in a medical context, are not specifically defined. However, cereals are generally understood to be grasses of the family Poaceae that are cultivated for the edible components of their grain (the seed of the grass). The term "cereal" is derived from Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture and harvest.

The most widely consumed cereals include:

1. Wheat
2. Rice
3. Corn (Maize)
4. Barley
5. Oats
6. Millet
7. Sorghum
8. Rye

Cereals are a significant part of the human diet, providing energy in the form of carbohydrates, as well as protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. They can be consumed in various forms, such as whole grains, flour, flakes, or puffed cereals. Some people may have allergies or intolerances to specific cereals, like celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder that requires a gluten-free diet (wheat, barley, and rye contain gluten).

Food microbiology is the study of the microorganisms that are present in food, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. This field examines how these microbes interact with food, how they affect its safety and quality, and how they can be controlled during food production, processing, storage, and preparation. Food microbiology also involves the development of methods for detecting and identifying pathogenic microorganisms in food, as well as studying the mechanisms of foodborne illnesses and developing strategies to prevent them. Additionally, it includes research on the beneficial microbes found in certain fermented foods and their potential applications in improving food quality and safety.

"Aspergillus" is a genus of filamentous fungi (molds) that are widely distributed in the environment. These molds are commonly found in decaying organic matter such as leaf litter, compost piles, and rotting vegetation. They can also be found in indoor environments like air conditioning systems, dust, and building materials.

The medical relevance of Aspergillus comes from the fact that some species can cause a range of diseases in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung conditions. The most common disease caused by Aspergillus is called aspergillosis, which can manifest as allergic reactions, lung infections (like pneumonia), and invasive infections that can spread to other parts of the body.

Aspergillus species produce small, airborne spores called conidia, which can be inhaled into the lungs and cause infection. The severity of aspergillosis depends on various factors, including the individual's immune status, the specific Aspergillus species involved, and the extent of fungal invasion in the body.

Common Aspergillus species that can cause human disease include A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus. Preventing exposure to Aspergillus spores and maintaining a healthy immune system are crucial steps in minimizing the risk of aspergillosis.

Fungi, in the context of medical definitions, are a group of eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. The study of fungi is known as mycology.

Fungi can exist as unicellular organisms or as multicellular filamentous structures called hyphae. They are heterotrophs, which means they obtain their nutrients by decomposing organic matter or by living as parasites on other organisms. Some fungi can cause various diseases in humans, animals, and plants, known as mycoses. These infections range from superficial, localized skin infections to systemic, life-threatening invasive diseases.

Examples of fungal infections include athlete's foot (tinea pedis), ringworm (dermatophytosis), candidiasis (yeast infection), histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, and aspergillosis. Fungal infections can be challenging to treat due to the limited number of antifungal drugs available and the potential for drug resistance.

Environmental Illness (EI) is a condition in which individuals report experiencing various symptoms that they believe are caused or worsened by exposure to specific environmental factors. These factors can include chemicals, allergens, pollutants, or other substances present in the air, water, or food. The symptoms of EI can vary widely and may include headaches, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, respiratory problems, skin irritations, and gastrointestinal issues.

It's important to note that while some people may be more sensitive than others to environmental factors, the term "Environmental Illness" is not recognized as a formal medical diagnosis by major medical organizations such as the American Medical Association or the World Health Organization. Instead, the symptoms of EI are often attributed to other conditions, such as allergies, asthma, or chemical sensitivities.

In some cases, individuals with EI may be diagnosed with a related condition called Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS), which is characterized by heightened sensitivity to chemicals and other environmental factors. However, MCS is also not recognized as a formal medical diagnosis by many major medical organizations.

Overall, while some people may experience symptoms that they believe are caused by exposure to environmental factors, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

Ergot alkaloids are a type of chemical compound that is produced naturally by certain fungi belonging to the genus Claviceps. These alkaloids are most famously known for being produced by the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea), which infects cereal grains such as rye and causes a condition known as ergotism in humans and animals that consume the contaminated grain.

Ergot alkaloids have a complex chemical structure and can have various effects on the human body. They are known to act as powerful vasoconstrictors, which means that they cause blood vessels to narrow and can increase blood pressure. Some ergot alkaloids also have psychoactive effects and have been used in the past for their hallucinogenic properties.

In modern medicine, certain ergot alkaloids are used in the treatment of various conditions, including migraines and Parkinson's disease. However, these compounds can be highly toxic if not used properly, and their use must be carefully monitored to avoid serious side effects.

Aflatoxin M1 is a type of mycotoxin, which is a toxic compound that is produced by certain types of molds or fungi. Aflatoxin M1 is produced by the mold Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and it can contaminate a variety of agricultural products, including grains, nuts, and milk.

Aflatoxin M1 is a metabolite of aflatoxin B1, which is the most potent naturally occurring carcinogen known. Aflatoxin M1 is formed in the liver of dairy animals after they consume feed contaminated with aflatoxin B1 and then passes into their milk. It can also be found in other tissues of dairy animals, such as meat and organs.

Exposure to aflatoxin M1 has been linked to various health effects, including liver damage, immune suppression, and increased risk of liver cancer. For this reason, regulatory agencies around the world have set limits on the amount of aflatoxin M1 that is allowed in milk and other dairy products.

Chaetomium is a genus of saprophytic fungi that are commonly found in soil, decaying plant and animal matter, and dung. The name "Chaetomium" comes from the Greek words "chaete," meaning "long hair," and "tomi," meaning "to cut." This refers to the characteristic long, bristle-like hairs on the ascospores (sexual spores) of these fungi.

Chaetomium species are known for their ability to produce a wide range of enzymes and secondary metabolites, including various pigments, antibiotics, and mycotoxins. Some Chaetomium species have been reported to cause infections in humans, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. However, such infections are relatively rare.

In a medical context, the term "Chaetomium" typically refers to the fungal genus as a whole or to specific species within it, rather than to any particular medical definition or condition. If you have any concerns about Chaetomium or other fungi, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional or mycologist for further information and advice.

Sterigmatocystin is a mycotoxin, which is a toxic compound produced by certain types of fungi. It is a secondary metabolite produced by some species of Aspergillus, a genus of mold that is commonly found in soil, decaying vegetation, and other organic matter.

Sterigmatocystin has structural similarities to aflatoxins, which are another group of mycotoxins produced by some species of Aspergillus that are known to be highly toxic and carcinogenic. Sterigmatocystin is considered to be less potent than aflatoxins, but it is still thought to have harmful effects on human health.

Exposure to sterigmatocystin can occur through the ingestion of contaminated food or feed, as well as through inhalation of contaminated air. It has been shown to have genotoxic and carcinogenic effects in various animal studies, and it is classified as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).

It's important to note that sterigmatocystin contamination can occur in a variety of food products, including cereals, nuts, spices, and dried fruits. Proper storage and handling of these foods can help prevent contamination and reduce the risk of exposure.

Animal feed refers to any substance or mixture of substances, whether processed, unprocessed, or partially processed, which is intended to be used as food for animals, including fish, without further processing. It includes ingredients such as grains, hay, straw, oilseed meals, and by-products from the milling, processing, and manufacturing industries. Animal feed can be in the form of pellets, crumbles, mash, or other forms, and is used to provide nutrients such as energy, protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals to support the growth, reproduction, and maintenance of animals. It's important to note that animal feed must be safe, nutritious, and properly labeled to ensure the health and well-being of the animals that consume it.

'Claviceps' is a genus of filamentous fungi that are commonly known as ergots. These fungi infect the grasses and grains in the family Poaceae, which includes important crop plants such as wheat, rye, barley, and corn. The most well-known species in this genus is Claviceps purpurea, which causes a disease called ergotism in humans and animals that consume contaminated grains.

Ergotism is a serious condition that can cause a range of symptoms, including convulsions, hallucinations, gangrene, and death. The fungus produces alkaloids that can affect the nervous system and blood vessels, leading to these symptoms. Historically, ergotism was a significant public health problem in Europe, where it was known as "St. Anthony's Fire" because of the burning sensations it caused in the limbs.

Today, ergotism is rare thanks to improved grain storage and monitoring practices. However, Claviceps species continue to be important in agriculture and medicine. Some of the alkaloids produced by these fungi have been used in pharmaceuticals to treat conditions such as migraines and Parkinson's disease.

'Zea mays' is the biological name for corn or maize, which is not typically considered a medical term. However, corn or maize can have medical relevance in certain contexts. For example, cornstarch is sometimes used as a diluent for medications and is also a component of some skin products. Corn oil may be found in topical ointments and creams. In addition, some people may have allergic reactions to corn or corn-derived products. But generally speaking, 'Zea mays' itself does not have a specific medical definition.

Aflatoxin B1 is a toxic metabolite produced by certain strains of the fungus Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. It is a potent carcinogen and is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Aflatoxin B1 contamination can occur in a variety of agricultural products, including grains, nuts, spices, and dried fruits, and is a particular concern in regions with hot and humid climates. Exposure to aflatoxin B1 can occur through the consumption of contaminated food and has been linked to various health effects, including liver cancer, immune suppression, and stunted growth in children.

"Gibberella" is not a medical term itself, but it is a genus of filamentous fungi that can cause various plant diseases. One species in particular, "Gibberella zeae," is well-known for causing a disease called "wheat scab" or "head blight" in wheat and barley crops. This disease can lead to significant yield losses and contamination of grains with mycotoxins, which can pose risks to human and animal health if consumed.

In a medical context, the term "Gibberella" may be mentioned in relation to mycotoxicosis, which is poisoning caused by the consumption of food or feed contaminated with mycotoxins produced by fungi such as Gibberella. However, it is important to note that "Gibberella" itself is not a medical term, but rather a term used in mycology and plant pathology.

Mitosporic fungi, also known as asexual fungi or anamorphic fungi, are a group of fungi that produce mitospores (also called conidia) during their asexual reproduction. Mitospores are produced from the tip of specialized hyphae called conidiophores and are used for dispersal and survival of the fungi in various environments. These fungi do not have a sexual reproductive stage or it has not been observed, making their taxonomic classification challenging. They are commonly found in soil, decaying organic matter, and water, and some of them can cause diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Examples of mitosporic fungi include Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium species.

Construction materials are substances or components that are used in the building and construction of infrastructure, such as buildings, roads, bridges, and other structures. These materials can be naturally occurring, like wood, stone, and clay, or they can be manufactured, like steel, concrete, and glass. The choice of construction material depends on various factors, including the project's requirements, structural strength, durability, cost, and sustainability.

In a medical context, construction materials may refer to the substances used in the construction or fabrication of medical devices, equipment, or furniture. These materials must meet strict regulations and standards to ensure they are safe, biocompatible, and do not pose a risk to patients or healthcare workers. Examples of medical construction materials include surgical-grade stainless steel, medical-grade plastics, and radiation-shielding materials used in the construction of medical imaging equipment enclosures.

'Alternaria' is a genus of widely distributed saprophytic fungi that are often found in soil, plant debris, and water. They produce darkly pigmented, septate hyphae and conidia (asexual spores) that are characterized by their distinctive beak-like projections.

Alternaria species can cause various types of plant diseases, including leaf spots, blights, and rots, which can result in significant crop losses. They also produce a variety of mycotoxins, which can have harmful effects on human and animal health.

In humans, Alternaria species can cause allergic reactions, such as hay fever and asthma, as well as skin and respiratory tract infections. Exposure to Alternaria spores is also a known risk factor for the development of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), a condition characterized by inflammation and scarring of the lungs.

It's important to note that medical definitions can vary depending on the context, so it may be helpful to consult a reliable medical or scientific source for more specific information about Alternaria and its potential health effects.

Penicillic acid is not typically defined in medical terms, but it is a toxin produced by certain types of fungi. It's a type of mycotoxin that can contaminate food and feed, and it has been associated with various health effects in animals and humans, including liver and kidney damage. However, it is not considered a primary medical concern for most individuals.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Moniliformis" is not a medical term in and of itself. It is actually the name of a genus of parasitic worms called nematomorphs or hairworms. These parasites are known to infect various animals, including insects and mammals.

If you're looking for information on a specific medical condition or topic, please provide that, and I'd be happy to help define or explain it!

Griseofulvin is an antifungal medication used to treat various fungal infections, including those affecting the skin, hair, and nails. It works by inhibiting the growth of fungi, particularly dermatophytes, which cause these infections. Griseofulvin can be obtained through a prescription and is available in oral (by mouth) and topical (on the skin) forms.

The primary mechanism of action for griseofulvin involves binding to tubulin, a protein necessary for fungal cell division. This interaction disrupts the formation of microtubules, which are crucial for the fungal cell's structural integrity and growth. As a result, the fungi cannot grow and multiply, allowing the infected tissue to heal and the infection to resolve.

Common side effects associated with griseofulvin use include gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), headache, dizziness, and skin rashes. It is essential to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully when taking griseofulvin, as improper usage may lead to reduced effectiveness or increased risk of side effects.

It is important to note that griseofulvin has limited use in modern medicine due to the development of newer and more effective antifungal agents. However, it remains a valuable option for specific fungal infections, particularly those resistant to other treatments.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Poa" is not a medical term. It is a genus of grasses commonly known as meadow grass or bluegrass. If you have misspelled or are thinking of a different term, please provide more context so I can give you a more accurate response.

Zeranol is not a medical term per se, but it is a chemical compound used in veterinary medicine and agriculture. Zeranol is a non-steroidal estrogenic growth promoter, which means it is used to promote growth in animals, particularly cattle. It belongs to the class of compounds known as zearalenones, which are mycotoxins produced by certain types of fungi.

Zeranol works by binding to estrogen receptors in the animal's body, mimicking the effects of natural estrogens and promoting growth. It is important to note that zeranol is not approved for use in humans, and its potential health effects on humans are not well understood. However, residues of zeranol have been found in meat products derived from cattle treated with the compound, leading to concerns about its potential impact on human health.

Fusaric acid is not typically defined in the context of human medicine, but it is a toxin produced by certain species of fungi. It's a naturally occurring organic compound with the chemical formula C6H6N2O4. Fusaric acid can be harmful to plants and animals, including humans, causing various toxic effects.

In plant pathology, fusaric acid is associated with Fusarium species, which are known to cause various diseases in crops and ornamental plants. The toxin can contribute to the overall disease symptoms and negatively impact plant growth and development.

Human exposure to fusaric acid may occur through the ingestion of contaminated food sources, such as grains and fruits, or by contact with moldy materials. Although there is limited research on the direct effects of fusaric acid in humans, it has been shown to have neurotoxic properties and can cause developmental issues in animal models.

In summary, fusaric acid is a mycotoxin produced by certain fungi that can negatively impact plants and animals, including potential health risks for humans. However, it is not a term typically used in human medical definitions unless discussing specific cases of mold exposure or food contamination.

Consumer Product Safety refers to the measures taken to ensure that products intended for consumer use are free from unreasonable risks of injury or illness. This is typically overseen by regulatory bodies, such as the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) in the United States, which establishes safety standards, tests products, and recalls dangerous ones.

The definition of 'Consumer Product' can vary but generally refers to any article, or component part thereof, produced or distributed (i) for sale to a consumer for use in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, a school, in recreation, or otherwise; (ii) for the personal use, consumption or enjoyment of a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, a school, in recreation, or otherwise; (iii) for sensory evaluation and direct physical contact by a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, a school, in recreation, or otherwise.

The safety measures can include various aspects such as design, manufacturing, packaging, and labeling of the product to ensure that it is safe for its intended use. This includes ensuring that the product does not contain any harmful substances, that it functions as intended, and that it comes with clear instructions for use and any necessary warnings.

It's important to note that even with these safety measures in place, it is still possible for products to cause injury or illness if they are used improperly or if they malfunction. Therefore, it is also important for consumers to be aware of the risks associated with the products they use and to take appropriate precautions.

Sesquiterpenes are a class of terpenes that consist of three isoprene units, hence the name "sesqui-" meaning "one and a half" in Latin. They are composed of 15 carbon atoms and have a wide range of chemical structures and biological activities. Sesquiterpenes can be found in various plants, fungi, and insects, and they play important roles in the defense mechanisms of these organisms. Some sesquiterpenes are also used in traditional medicine and have been studied for their potential therapeutic benefits.

'Corylus' is the medical term for the genus of plants that includes hazelnuts and filberts. These trees and shrubs are part of the Betulaceae family, which also includes birch and alder trees. The nuts produced by Corylus species are a valuable food source for both humans and wildlife.

The most commonly cultivated species of Corylus is the European hazelnut (Corylus avellana), which is native to Europe and western Asia. This species is grown commercially in many parts of the world for its sweet, edible nuts. The North American beaked hazelnut (Corylus cornuta) and the North American round-leaf hazelnut (Corylus americana) are also cultivated to a lesser extent for their nuts.

In addition to their nutritional value, Corylus species have been used in traditional medicine for centuries. The bark, leaves, and nuts of these plants contain various compounds that have been found to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of Corylus species and their active constituents.

Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group, which is a functional group made up of a carbon atom doubly bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydroxyl group. The general formula for a carboxylic acid is R-COOH, where R represents the rest of the molecule.

Carboxylic acids can be found in various natural sources such as in fruits, vegetables, and animal products. Some common examples of carboxylic acids include formic acid (HCOOH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), propionic acid (C2H5COOH), and butyric acid (C3H7COOH).

Carboxylic acids have a variety of uses in industry, including as food additives, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals. They are also important intermediates in the synthesis of other organic compounds. In the body, carboxylic acids play important roles in metabolism and energy production.

"Triticum" is the genus name for a group of cereal grains that includes common wheat (T. aestivum), durum wheat (T. durum), and spelt (T. spelta). These grains are important sources of food for humans, providing carbohydrates, proteins, and various nutrients. They are used to make a variety of foods such as bread, pasta, and breakfast cereals. Triticum species are also known as "wheat" in layman's terms.

Air microbiology is the study of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that are present in the air. These microorganisms can be suspended in the air as particles or carried within droplets of liquid, such as those produced when a person coughs or sneezes.

Air microbiology is an important field of study because it helps us understand how these microorganisms are transmitted and how they may affect human health. For example, certain airborne bacteria and fungi can cause respiratory infections, while airborne viruses can cause diseases such as the common cold and influenza.

Air microbiology involves various techniques for collecting and analyzing air samples, including culturing microorganisms on growth media, using molecular biology methods to identify specific types of microorganisms, and measuring the concentration of microorganisms in the air. This information can be used to develop strategies for controlling the spread of airborne pathogens and protecting public health.

Carcinogens are agents that can cause cancer. According to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), environmental carcinogens refer to "cancer-causing agents that people encounter in their daily lives, including substances or exposures in air, water, food, and in the workplace." These carcinogens can increase the risk of cancer by damaging DNA or interfering with cellular processes that control growth.

Examples of environmental carcinogens include:

* Air pollution: Certain pollutants in the air, such as diesel exhaust particles and secondhand smoke, have been linked to an increased risk of lung cancer.
* Radon: A naturally occurring radioactive gas that can accumulate in homes and other buildings, radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States.
* UV radiation: Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds can lead to skin cancer.
* Certain chemicals: Some chemicals found in the workplace or in consumer products, such as asbestos, benzene, and vinyl chloride, have been linked to an increased risk of cancer.
* Infectious agents: Certain viruses, bacteria, and parasites can increase the risk of cancer. For example, human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major cause of cervical cancer, and hepatitis B and C viruses are leading causes of liver cancer.

It's important to note that exposure to environmental carcinogens does not guarantee that a person will develop cancer. The risk depends on many factors, including the level and duration of exposure, as well as individual susceptibility. However, reducing exposure to these agents can help reduce the overall risk of cancer.

Fungal spores are defined as the reproductive units of fungi that are produced by specialized structures called hyphae. These spores are typically single-celled and can exist in various shapes such as round, oval, or ellipsoidal. They are highly resistant to extreme environmental conditions like heat, cold, and dryness, which allows them to survive for long periods until they find a suitable environment to germinate and grow into a new fungal organism. Fungal spores can be found in the air, water, soil, and on various surfaces, making them easily dispersible and capable of causing infections in humans, animals, and plants.

Cyclobutanes are a class of organic compounds that contain a four-membered carbon ring. The carbons in this ring are bonded to each other in a cyclic arrangement, forming a square-like structure. These compounds can be found naturally or synthesized in the laboratory and play important roles in various chemical reactions and biological processes.

Cyclobutanes are relatively uncommon in nature due to the strain associated with having four carbons in a small ring. This strain makes the molecules more reactive, which can lead to interesting chemical properties. For example, cyclobutanes can undergo ring-opening reactions when exposed to heat or light, leading to the formation of new chemical bonds and the release of energy.

In biology, cyclobutane rings are found in certain types of DNA damage, such as those caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. These damages can lead to mutations and may contribute to the development of skin cancer. However, cells have mechanisms for repairing this type of DNA damage, helping to prevent these negative outcomes.

Overall, while cyclobutanes are relatively simple molecules, they have important implications in chemistry and biology, making them a fascinating area of study.

Mannans are a type of complex carbohydrate, specifically a heteropolysaccharide, that are found in the cell walls of certain plants, algae, and fungi. They consist of chains of mannose sugars linked together, often with other sugar molecules such as glucose or galactose.

Mannans have various biological functions, including serving as a source of energy for microorganisms that can break them down. In some cases, mannans can also play a role in the immune response and are used as a component of vaccines to stimulate an immune response.

In the context of medicine, mannans may be relevant in certain conditions such as gut dysbiosis or allergic reactions to foods containing mannans. Additionally, some research has explored the potential use of mannans as a delivery vehicle for drugs or other therapeutic agents.

"Food analysis" is not a medical term per se, but it falls under the broader field of food science and nutrition. Food analysis refers to the laboratory methods and techniques used to determine the composition and quality of food products. This can include testing for nutrients (such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals), contaminants (like heavy metals, pesticides, or allergens), and other components that may affect the safety, quality, or authenticity of food.

The results of food analysis can be used to ensure compliance with regulatory standards, develop new food products, assess the nutritional value of diets, investigate food-borne illnesses, and monitor trends in food consumption. While not a medical definition, food analysis is an important tool for promoting public health and preventing diet-related diseases.

Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) is not a universally accepted medical diagnosis, but it is a term used by the World Health Organization (WHO) to describe situations where building occupants experience acute health and comfort effects that seem to be linked to time spent in a building, without any specific illness or cause being identified.

The symptoms of SBS may include:

* Eye, nose, or throat irritation
* Headaches
* Dry cough
* Dry or itchy skin
* Dizziness and nausea
* Fatigue
* Difficulty concentrating
* Sensory irritability

These symptoms usually disappear after leaving the building. The causes of SBS are not well understood, but they are often attributed to inadequate ventilation, chemical contaminants from indoor or outdoor sources, biological contaminants such as mold or bacteria, and physical factors such as lighting, noise, or extremes of temperature or humidity.

It is important to note that the symptoms of SBS can also be caused by other factors, so it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional if you experience any of these symptoms. A thorough investigation of the building and its environment may also be necessary to identify potential causes and solutions.

Heterocyclic compounds with 4 or more rings refer to a class of organic compounds that contain at least four aromatic or non-aromatic rings in their structure, where one or more of the rings contains atoms other than carbon (heteroatoms) such as nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or selenium. These compounds are widely found in nature and have significant importance in medicinal chemistry due to their diverse biological activities. Many natural and synthetic drugs, pigments, vitamins, and antibiotics contain heterocyclic structures with four or more rings. The properties of these compounds depend on the size, shape, and nature of the rings, as well as the presence and position of functional groups.

Distillation is a laboratory technique or industrial process in which a mixture is heated to produce a vapor, which is then condensed and collected as a purified liquid. In the medical context, distillation may refer to the process of extracting or purifying certain substances, such as essential oils from plants or alcohol for use in medicinal preparations. It is also used in the production of pharmaceuticals and chemical compounds. The process works by taking advantage of differences in volatility between components in a mixture: those with lower boiling points vaporize first and are condensed separately, allowing for their isolation.

Silage is not typically considered a medical term. It is an agricultural term that refers to fermented, moist green fodder (such as grasses, clover, or corn) that are stored in a silo and used as animal feed. However, if contaminated with harmful bacteria like Listeria or mold, it can cause foodborne illness in animals and potentially in humans who consume the contaminated silage or products made from contaminated animals.

A poison is defined in the context of medicine as any substance that, when introduced into or absorbed by a living organism, causes injury, illness, or death. Poisons can be solids, liquids, or gases and can enter the body through various routes such as ingestion, inhalation, injection, or absorption through the skin. They work by disrupting normal physiological processes, damaging cells, or interfering with the functioning of enzymes or signaling molecules. Examples of poisons include heavy metals like lead and mercury, certain plants and mushrooms, some medications when taken in excessive amounts, and various chemicals found in household and industrial products.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Trichodermin" is not a widely recognized term in medical terminology. It is, however, a secondary metabolite produced by some species of fungi, specifically certain types of Trichoderma. It has been studied for its antimicrobial properties, particularly against other fungi. But it's not a term commonly used in medical contexts. If you have any more questions or need information on a different medical topic, I'd be happy to help!

A plant disease is a disorder that affects the normal growth and development of plants, caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or nematodes, as well as environmental factors like nutrient deficiencies, extreme temperatures, or physical damage. These diseases can cause various symptoms, including discoloration, wilting, stunted growth, necrosis, and reduced yield or productivity, which can have significant economic and ecological impacts.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hordeum" is not a medical term. It is actually the genus name for barley in botany. If you have any medical terms or concepts that you would like me to explain, please let me know!

Indoor air pollution refers to the contamination of air within buildings and structures due to presence of particles, gases, or biological materials that can harmfully affect the health of occupants. These pollutants can originate from various sources including cooking stoves, heating systems, building materials, furniture, tobacco products, outdoor air, and microbial growth. Some common indoor air pollutants include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and mold. Prolonged exposure to these pollutants can cause a range of health issues, from respiratory problems to cancer, depending on the type and level of exposure. Effective ventilation, air filtration, and source control are some of the strategies used to reduce indoor air pollution.

Beer is a fermented alcoholic beverage typically made from malted barley, hops, water, and yeast. The brewing process involves steeping the malt in water to create a sugary solution called wort, which is then boiled with hops for flavor and preservation. After cooling, the wort is fermented with yeast, which converts the sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide. There are many varieties of beer, including ales, lagers, stouts, and porters, that differ in their ingredients, brewing methods, and flavor profiles. The alcohol content of beer generally ranges from 3% to 12% ABV (alcohol by volume).

"Lolium" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. It is actually the genus name for a group of plants that are more commonly known as ryegrasses. These plants belong to the family Poaceae and include several species that are widely used as pasture, hay, or lawn grasses.

While not directly related to human health, these plants can have indirect effects on health, particularly in agricultural settings. For example, certain ryegrass species can host a parasitic nematode called "Haemonchus contortus," which can infect and cause disease in livestock that graze on the grass.

However, without further context, it's challenging to provide a specific medical definition for "Lolium." If you have more information or if this term is being used in a specific medical context, please provide those details so I can give a more accurate response.

"Food handling" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in the context of public health and food safety, it generally refers to the activities involved in the storage, preparation, and serving of food in a way that minimizes the risk of contamination and foodborne illnesses. This includes proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and wearing gloves, separating raw and cooked foods, cooking food to the correct temperature, and refrigerating or freezing food promptly. Proper food handling is essential for ensuring the safety and quality of food in various settings, including restaurants, hospitals, schools, and homes.

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a type of chromatography used to separate, identify, and quantify the components of a mixture. In TLC, the sample is applied as a small spot onto a thin layer of adsorbent material, such as silica gel or alumina, which is coated on a flat, rigid support like a glass plate. The plate is then placed in a developing chamber containing a mobile phase, typically a mixture of solvents.

As the mobile phase moves up the plate by capillary action, it interacts with the stationary phase and the components of the sample. Different components of the mixture travel at different rates due to their varying interactions with the stationary and mobile phases, resulting in distinct spots on the plate. The distance each component travels can be measured and compared to known standards to identify and quantify the components of the mixture.

TLC is a simple, rapid, and cost-effective technique that is widely used in various fields, including forensics, pharmaceuticals, and research laboratories. It allows for the separation and analysis of complex mixtures with high resolution and sensitivity, making it an essential tool in many analytical applications.

Prebiotics are non-digestible dietary components that selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria in the colon, thereby improving host health. They are typically carbohydrate-based food ingredients, such as fructooligosaccharides (FOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS), inulin, and other oligosaccharides, that resist digestion in the upper gastrointestinal tract and are fermented by gut microbiota in the large intestine. Prebiotics promote the proliferation of probiotic bacteria, enhance the gut barrier function, modulate the immune system, and contribute to overall health maintenance and disease prevention.

Benzoxepins are a class of heterocyclic organic compounds that contain a benzene fused to a oxepine ring. They are not commonly used in medical context, but some benzoxepin derivatives have been studied for their potential pharmacological activities. For example, certain benzoxepin compounds have been investigated for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. However, it is important to note that these compounds are still in the early stages of research and development and have not yet been approved for medical use.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of chromatography that separates and analyzes compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase under high pressure. The mobile phase, which can be a gas or liquid, carries the sample mixture through a column containing the stationary phase.

In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid, and it is pumped through the column at high pressures (up to several hundred atmospheres) to achieve faster separation times and better resolution than other types of liquid chromatography. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid, and it interacts differently with each component in the sample mixture, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.

HPLC is widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other fields to separate, identify, and quantify compounds present in complex mixtures. It can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, including drugs, hormones, vitamins, pigments, flavors, and pollutants. HPLC is also used in the preparation of pure samples for further study or use.

'Arachis hypogaea' is the scientific name for the peanut plant. It is a legume crop that grows underground, which is why it is also known as a groundnut. The peanut plant produces flowers above ground, and when the flowers are pollinated, the ovary of the flower elongates and grows downwards into the soil where the peanut eventually forms and matures.

The peanut is not only an important food crop worldwide but also has various industrial uses, including the production of biodiesel, plastics, and animal feed. The plant is native to South America and was domesticated by indigenous peoples in what is now Brazil and Peru thousands of years ago. Today, peanuts are grown in many countries around the world, with China, India, and the United States being the largest producers.

Paromomycin is an antiprotozoal medication, which belongs to the class of aminoglycoside antibiotics. It is primarily used to treat various intestinal infectious diseases caused by protozoa, such as amebiasis (an infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica) and giardiasis (an infection caused by Giardia lamblia). Paromomycin works by inhibiting the protein synthesis in the parasites, leading to their death. It is not typically used to treat bacterial infections in humans, as other aminoglycosides are.

It's important to note that paromomycin has limited systemic absorption and is primarily active within the gastrointestinal tract when taken orally. This makes it a valuable option for treating intestinal parasitic infections without causing significant harm to the beneficial bacteria in the gut or systemically affecting other organs.

Paromomycin is also used in veterinary medicine to treat various protozoal infections in animals, including leishmaniasis in dogs. The medication is available in different forms, such as tablets, capsules, and powder for oral suspension. As with any medication, paromomycin should be taken under the supervision of a healthcare professional, and its use may be subject to specific dosage, frequency, and duration guidelines.

There are six known types of mycotoxins that affect animals. The most common mycotoxin is aflatoxin. It can be very ... Studies on mycotoxins show that there are three ways to preventing them from contaminating feed. The first occurs before there ... The way the crops are stored after harvesting also plays an important role in staying mycotoxin free. If there is too much ... One way is the use of adsorbents that bind with the mycotoxins and pull them away from the feed. Another method for ...
... in which 13 mycotoxins or groups of mycotoxins are of concern. The process of assessing a regulated mycotoxin involves a wide ... Several mycotoxins reduce milk yield when ingested by dairy cattle. Contamination of medicinal plants with mycotoxins can ... Mycotoxins can also be removed chemically and biologically using antifungal/anti‐mycotoxins agents and antifungal plant ... Look up mycotoxin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Detailed listing and information on all Aspergillus mycotoxins ...
... is a trichothecene mycotoxin. It is a naturally occurring mold byproduct of Fusarium spp. fungus which is toxic ... CBRNE - T-2 Mycotoxins at eMedicine Marin, S.; Ramos, A. J.; Cano-Sancho, G.; Sanchis, V., Mycotoxins: Occurrence, toxicology, ... At the moment, there is no specific therapy for T-2 mycotoxin poisonings. Exposure of the mycotoxin is typically followed by ... Pitt, J. L., An introduction to mycotoxins. In Mycotoxin prevention and control in foodgrains, 1989.[page needed] Shultz, G. P ...
The World Mycotoxin Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering mycotoxins. It is published by Wageningen Academic ...
The US mycotoxin analyses were reported in the scientific literature in 1983 and 1984 and reported small amounts of mycotoxins ... turned up traces of mycotoxins, but also aflatoxin, Blackwater fever, and malaria.: 33 Surveys also showed that both mycotoxin- ... For example, a Canadian military laboratory found mycotoxins in the blood of five people from the area who had never been ... It is now recognized that mycotoxin contamination of foods such as wheat and maize is a common problem, particularly in ...
p. 4. "Mycotoxins". www.who.int. Retrieved 2022-04-14. "CDC , Bioterrorism Agents/Diseases (by category) , Emergency ... the fungi that have the greatest risk to the public are a specific set of molds that create a range of different mycotoxins, ...
This mycotoxin has been extensively studied in mice to discern its toxic properties. The severity of toxicity is dose-dependent ... Cyclopiazonic acid (α-CPA), a mycotoxin and a fungal neurotoxin, is made by the molds Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is an ... Bullerman LB (2003). "MYCOTOXINS , Classifications". Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition. pp. 4080-4089. doi:10.1016/B0 ... Mycotoxins, Tryptamine alkaloids, Nitrogen heterocycles, Enols, Ketones, Lactams, Heterocyclic compounds with 5 rings). ...
cite journal}}: Cite journal requires ,journal= (help) Bennett, JW; Klich, M (July 2003). "Mycotoxins". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. ... Alimentary toxic aleukia is a mycotoxin-induced condition characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia (aleukia), ...
... and investment in research and applications to reduce severity of the mycotoxin problem. These mycotoxins account for millions ... risk assessment and underestimated hazard of masked mycotoxins and joint mycotoxin effects or interaction". Environmental ... The trichothecene mycotoxins can be absorbed though topical, oral and inhalational routes and are highly toxic at the sub- ... "Chapter 34,: Trichothecene Mycotoxins". In Sidell FR, Takafuji ET, Franz DR (eds.). Medical Aspects Of Chemical And Biological ...
Zearalenone Mycotoxin Austwick, P. K. C. (1975-09-01). "MYCOTOXINS". British Medical Bulletin. 31 (3): 222-229. doi:10.1093/ ...
J. W. Bennett; M. Klich (2003). "Mycotoxins". Clin Microbiol Rev. 16 (3): 497-516. doi:10.1128/CMR.16.3.497-516.2003. PMC ...
Mycotoxins are synthesized by different types of moulds and are built by a wide group of toxins. Mycotoxins have a low ... Levels of Mycotoxins secretion can rely on varying temperatures, the ideal temperature for Mycotoxins to grow is from 20 ... Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites that are constructed by microfungi. Mycotoxins can be harmful because they can cause ... Foods that Mycotoxins are found in cereal, spices, and seeds. They can also be found in eggs, milk, and meat from animals that ...
Fermented foods and mycotoxins. Mycotoxins 51:25-28 Blanc, P. J., M. O. Loret, and G. Goma. 1995. Production of citrinin by ... Molds make mycotoxins; mushrooms and other macroscopic fungi make mushroom poisons. The distinction between a mycotoxin and a ... Mycotoxins are often arranged by physicians depending on what organ they effect. Mycotoxins can be categorized as nephrotoxins ... Mycotoxins are hard to define and are also very difficult to classify. Mycotoxins have diverse chemical structures, ...
... is one of a class of tremorigenic mycotoxins, is a potassium channel blocker, and is potentially genotoxic. Paxilline ... Evans, Tim J.; Gupta, Ramesh C. (2018-01-01). "Tremorgenic Mycotoxins". Veterinary Toxicology: 1033-1041. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12 ...
Trichothecene mycotoxins such as HT-2 and T-2 toxin, both produced by F. sporotrichioides, represent a concern for human health ... F. sporotrichioides produces the mycotoxins neosolaniol, nivalenol, NT-1 toxin, NT-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, and T-2 toxin, all of ... Other mycotoxins produced by F. sporotrichioides include butenolide, which causes mitochondrial damage in mammals and ... Fusarium head blight is caused by the release of mycotoxins from Fusarium species, which damage wheat kernels or spikelets. The ...
Mycotoxins in rice was not an unknown problem in Japan before the discovery of Penicillium. Several mycotoxins had already been ... The discovery of mycotoxins in rice led to the reinforcement of rice hygiene standards. This led to a drastic decrease in ... The first mycotoxin was researched further by Tatsuno and Shoji Shibata at the University of Tokyo and was eventually named ... The mycotoxin that infected the rice was isolated from Penicillium citrinum and was found to be a secondary metabolite called ...
... (CC), also known as islanditoxin is a mycotoxin produced by the fungus Penicillium islandicum that causes liver ... JSM Mycotoxins. 65: 12-23. doi:10.2520/myco.65.19. "Toxicology of Penicillium islandicum". Nature. 191 (4791): 864-865. 1961. ... "The cyclochlorotine mycotoxin is produced by the nonribosomal peptide synthetase CctN in Talaromyces islandicus (Penicillium ... Mycotoxins, Halogen-containing natural products, All stub articles, Biochemistry stubs). ...
Weidenbörner, Martin (24 January 2014). Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781461487272 - via ...
Additionally, mycotoxin contamination occurs at low levels and large quantities of cheese are rarely consumed, suggesting that ... While mycotoxins like roquefortine, isofumigaclavine A, mycophenolic acid and ferrichrome are present at low levels, penicillic ... Dobson, Alan D. W. (2017). "Mycotoxins in Cheese". Cheese (4th ed.). Academic Press. pp. 595-601. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-417012- ... Penicillium roqueforti, responsible for the greenish blue moldy aspect of blue cheese, produces several mycotoxins. ...
Candida (fungus), Mycotoxins). ...
Mycotoxins, such as nidulotoxins and aflatoxin B1, are typically produced in relatively low concentrations by A. versicolor. ... Additionally, mycotoxins can act as immunosuppressants, which may explain some increased prevalence of frequent infections ... Reijula, K; T Tuomi (May 2003). "Mycotoxins of Aspergilli; Exposure and health effects". Frontiers in Bioscience. 8 (5): s232-5 ... Nielsen, KF (March 2003). "Mycotoxin production by indoor molds". Fungal Genetics and Biology. 39 (2): 103-17. doi:10.1016/ ...
Galvano F., Ritieni A., Piva G., Pietri A. Mycotoxins in the human food chain. In: Diaz D.E., editor. The Mycotoxin Blue Book. ... "Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003". Coulombe R. A. (1993). "Biological action of mycotoxins". J ... Mycotoxic Fungi, Mycotoxins, Mycotoxicoses, an Encyclopaedic Handbook. 1st. Vol. 1. Marcel Dekker Inc.; New York, NY, USA: 1977 ... Agag B.I. (2004). "Mycotoxins in foods and feeds 1-Aflatoxins". Ass Univ. Bull. Environ. Res. 7 (1): 173-205. Butler W. H. ( ...
DUPLICATE Smith, Rachel Henderson (1991). Mycotoxins and Animal Foods. CRC Press. ISBN 0849349044. (Articles with short ... V. Betina (1993). Chromatography of Mycotoxins: Techniques and Applications. Elsevier. ISBN 0080858627. Vincent P. Gullo (2013 ...
"The Fungal Infection of Agricultural Produce and the Production of Mycotoxins". European Mycotoxins Awareness Network. Archived ... The term "toxic mold" refers to molds that produce mycotoxins, such as Stachybotrys chartarum, and not to all molds in general ... Some molds also produce mycotoxins that can pose serious health risks to humans and animals. Some studies claim that exposure ... Many molds also synthesize mycotoxins and siderophores which, together with lytic enzymes, inhibit the growth of competing ...
Smith, DUPLICATE; Henderson, Rachel (23 July 1991). Mycotoxins and Animal Foods. CRC Press. p. 586. ISBN 978-0-8493-4904-1. v t ... Mycotoxins, All stub articles, Organic compound stubs). ...
ISBN 978-1-4613-2167-5. Jonathan W. DeVries; Mary W. Trucksess; Lauren S. Jackson (2012). Mycotoxins and Food Safety. Springer ... ATCC V. Betina (1993). Chromatography of Mycotoxins: Techniques and Applications. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-085862-3. G.W. Gooday ...
85-. ISBN 978-1-4832-9785-9. Magan N, Olsen M (2004). Mycotoxins in Food: Detection and Control. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 356 ... Taleranol (β-zearalanol) Zeranol (α-zearalanol) Zearalanone Chelkowski J (28 June 2014). Fusarium: Mycotoxins, Taxonomy, ...
Mold and other mycotoxins. Phthalates are found in plastic wrap, plastic bottles, and plastic food storage containers, all of ...
Many species produce highly toxic mycotoxins. The ability of these Penicillium species to grow on seeds and other stored foods ... Pitt JI, Basílico JC, Abarca ML, López C (2000). "Mycotoxins and toxigenic fungi". Medical Mycology. 38 (Suppl 1): 41-46. doi: ...
For example, the mycotoxin OTA produced by this fungus was found to be present in airborne dust. Likewise, secondary ... The pig and chicken populations in the farms are the most affected by this fungus and its mycotoxins. Certain fungicides like ... These fungicides also decrease the capacity of this fungus to produce the mycotoxin OTA. Ozonated air can be used to prevent ... Di Paolo, N; Guarnieri, A; Garosi, G; Sacchi, G; Mangiarotti, AM; Di Paolo, M (1994). "Inhaled mycotoxins lead to acute renal ...
There are six known types of mycotoxins that affect animals. The most common mycotoxin is aflatoxin. It can be very ... Studies on mycotoxins show that there are three ways to preventing them from contaminating feed. The first occurs before there ... The way the crops are stored after harvesting also plays an important role in staying mycotoxin free. If there is too much ... One way is the use of adsorbents that bind with the mycotoxins and pull them away from the feed. Another method for ...
Mycotoxins induce adverse effects in humans and other vertebrate animals. Their production is determined by ecological and ... Mycotoxins.. Mycotoxins induce adverse effects in humans and other vertebrate animals. Their production is determined by ... Consequently, humans may be exposed to combinations of different foodborne mycotoxins. Although mycotoxins may be graded ... In temperate countries, mycotoxin residues in cereal grains are largely the result of fungal disease of standing crops in the ...
Comprehensive mycotoxin analysis solutions to ensure compliance with strict food and feed safety regulations. ... Regulatory limits have been set for a variety of mycotoxins around the world. Failure to conform to these limits can result in ... We provide reliable mycotoxin analysis to ensure your food and feed products comply with relevant international regulations. ... Mycotoxins are naturally occurring fungal metabolites that can harm animal and human health. Examples include aflatoxins, ...
Comprehensive mycotoxin analysis solutions to ensure compliance with strict food and feed safety regulations. ... Regulatory limits have been set for a variety of mycotoxins around the world. Failure to conform to these limits can result in ... We provide reliable mycotoxin analysis to ensure your food and feed products comply with relevant international regulations. ... Mycotoxins are naturally occurring fungal metabolites that can harm animal and human health. Examples include aflatoxins, ...
Overview Trichothecene mycotoxins are low molecular weight (250-500 Daltons) nonvolatile compounds produced by more than 350 ... 11] According to UNSCOM, Iraq researched trichothecene mycotoxins, including T-2 mycotoxin, and was capable of its possession. ... encoded search term (CBRNE - T-2 Mycotoxins) and CBRNE - T-2 Mycotoxins What to Read Next on Medscape ... CBRNE - T-2 Mycotoxins. Updated: Aug 08, 2023 * Author: Chan W Park, MD, FAAEM; Chief Editor: Zygmunt F Dembek, PhD, MS, MPH, ...
The trichothecene mycotoxins are a group of toxins produced by multiple genera of fungi. Some of these substances may be ... Li Y, Wang Z, Beier RC, Shen J, De Smet D, De Saeger S, Zhang S. T-2 toxin, a trichothecene mycotoxin: review of toxicity, ... Trichothecene mycotoxins. In: Zajtchuk R, Bellamy RF, eds. Textbook of military medicine: medical aspects of chemical and ... Meneely J, Ricci F, Van Egmond HP, Elliot C. Current Methods for Analysis for the Determination of Trichothecene Mycotoxins in ...
Half of the Romanian consumers are not aware of hazards such as mycotoxins and some pathogens, according to a study. ...
Home » Method Performance Reports » 2016 » Mycotoxin Contaminants Program » 2016-62 Equine Feed » Mycotoxin Proficiency Testing ...
... mycotoxin contamination should be on every feed producer and ... Effective mycotoxin management is about seeing the whole ... Alltech has developed a global solution to help control mycotoxins through a combination of mycotoxin management programs and ... The Alltech® Mycotoxin Management program provides a number of solutions to help you mitigate the threat you could face from ... mycotoxin contamination should be on every feed producer and farmers radar. ...
Mycotoxins in animal feeds can have a large impact on the productivity of livestock, and there is a risk that the mycotoxins ... The presence of mycotoxins in foodstuffs and feedstuffs is a serious concern for human health. The detection of mycotoxins is ... The presence of mycotoxins in foodstuffs and feedstuffs is a serious concern for human health. The detection of mycotoxins is ... https://www.mdpi.com/topics/mycotoxins_foods_developing_countries. clear Submit your Manuscript. ...
Citrinin is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin produced by several fungal strains belonging to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus and ... combination with other mycotoxins such as ochratoxin A have been described. e mycotoxin complex so formed, disrupted RNA ... All mycotoxins described here have been detected on these plants; mycotoxins within the group of trichothecenes are ... There are, however, some mycotoxins about which the level of knowledge is lower: the so-called emerging mycotoxins, which are ...
Mycotoxins are present in up to 80% of feed around the world, showing severe impact on animal health, welfare and performance ... of two webinar session in your preferrable time zone and join us to learn about the latest science and solutions on Mycotoxin ... Global Product Manager Mycotoxins) will provide details from the dsm-firmenich Mycotoxin Survey, the longest running survey on ... Mycotoxins are present in up to 80% of feed around the world, showing severe impact on animal health, welfare and performance ...
... we also wrap up our article series which has reviewed risk factors for mycotoxin contamination (September) and assessed this ... by sharing preliminary findings of the dsm-firmenich 2023 US corn mycotoxin survey and discussing how changes in the analytical ... growing seasons stressors to predict what mycotoxins may be found (October) ... Results reported in the survey represent the summation of mycotoxin levels detected per Mycotoxin Group. For example, B-Trich ...
Ergot (Clviceps purpurea) Ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris) Mycotoxins (mould toxins) and plant toxins (toxins produced by plants) ... Mycotoxins. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites formed by moulds (including Fusarium, Alternaria, Claviceps, Aspergillus and ... An increased number of people are worried about mycotoxins in food mycotoxins , risk communication , risk perception ... Mycotoxins (mould toxins) and plant toxins (toxins produced by plants) are among the natural toxins whose occurrence in food ...
Learn how Poulin Grain worked alongside Alltech to mitigate mycotoxin issues using its unique mycotoxin management program and ... Learn how Poulin Grain worked alongside Alltech to mitigate mycotoxin issues using its unique mycotoxin management program and ...
Fungi produce mycotoxins for a wide array of reasons, many of which remain unknown1. Mycotoxin production tends to increase ... Greco et al.4 found that contamination by mycotoxins occurs frequently in chicken feeds and although more than 500 mycotoxins ... Detection of Mycotoxins in Poultry Eggs. International Journal of Poultry Science, 18: 260-263. DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2019.260.263 ... The predominant mycotoxin for all analyzed samples was FU. The incidence of FU and ZON in all the samples was 94 and 82%, ...
The most problematic mycotoxins are aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON/vomitoxin), fumonisin, ochratoxin, T-2/HT-2 and zearalenone ... Testing for Mycotoxins. How to Test for Mycotoxins. Three primary methods are available for mycotoxin analysis. The HPLC and ... Testing for mycotoxins is quick, easy and accurate when using EnviroLogix mycotoxin test strips.. *. Aflatoxin. Learn More » ... What are Mycotoxins?. Mycotoxins are toxic chemicals produced by fungi and molds that especially threaten grain and food crops. ...
ABSORPTION, METABOLISM, AND ELIMINATION OF VETERINARY DRUGS AND MYCOTOXINS IN FOOD ANIMALS. Objective ... ABSORPTION, METABOLISM, AND ELIMINATION OF VETERINARY DRUGS AND MYCOTOXINS IN FOOD ANIMALS ...
Mycotoxins are fungal toxins to which exposure frequently results in incapacitation or even in death. Natural outbreaks of ... Due to its physical-chemical properties, high toxicity and relative ease to produce, mycotoxin T-2 is classified as apotential ... Currently there are no FDA approved medical countermeasures available for T-2 mycotoxin exposure. In thisproject, neutralizing ...
Mycotoxins are a costly, complicated problem for livestock and poultry producers. Learn how you can reduce your risk with Kemin ... Reporting of mycotoxins has greatly increased in recent years. In general, acute toxic effects of the major mycotoxins are ... Of the hundreds of known mycotoxins, the five main profit-robbing mycotoxins of concern to livestock and poultry producers are ... Mycotoxins are a costly, complicated problem for livestock and poultry producers. Not only are there hundreds of different ...
Studies on some herbal additives giving partial protection against toxic or immunosuppressive effects of some mycotoxins and ... Therefore, nanosilymarin could be considered as useful source for mitigating both radiation and mycotoxin-induced toxicity ... The radioprotective efficacy and preliminary studies against mycotoxin toxicity revealed that Silymarin nanoemulsion has ... On the basis of the above results 7 herbs were further screened in order to test their efficacy against targeted mycotoxins: ...
Tested group (Mycotoxin, mycotoxin binder and Herb-All LIVER). Positive control group (Mycotoxin and mycotoxin binder). ... Known mycotoxins. Currently, there are more than 100,000 fungal species reported. Most of known mycotoxins belong to one of 6 ... Could mycotoxins be responsible for the next pandemic?. 10-02 , Updated on 23-05 ,Mycotoxins , Article ... no mycotoxin binder can bind 100% of the present mycotoxins, the escaped portion from being bound can accumulate and induce ...
... the animal could be exposed to unknown and potentially unsafe levels of mycotoxin which could result in mycotoxin residues in ... Furthermore, any mycotoxins which are bound might not remain bound when the feed is consumed and exposed to the acid ... Products intended to be used for or promoted to bind mycotoxins and other harmful toxins are food additives under Section 402(a ... CVM is concerned that all mycotoxins are not uniformly bound by anticaking agents and that similar anticaking agents do not ...
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites synthesized by fungal molds as signature chemicals and calling cards deposited into ... Mycotoxins are intrinsically stealthy in both presence and action. Synergistic effects occur when different mycotoxins occur at ... Pinning down the culprit chemicals we call mycotoxins is much less easy. Hundreds of mycotoxins exist, each with its own unique ... Measuring up mycotoxin risks in petfood. The companion animal diet presents a unique and well-documented set of risks to our ...
TOPIC: Dr/lab low cost needed Cali- toxic from mycotoxins. Dr/lab low cost needed Cali- toxic from mycotoxins 9 years 2 months ... Dr/lab low cost needed Cali- toxic from mycotoxins 9 years 2 months ago #2 ...
DSM unveiled its 2021 mycotoxin survey results in a series of webinars and considers the global risk as severe. ... Mycotoxin risk remains high. DSM unveiled its 2021 mycotoxin survey results in a series of webinars and considers the global ... All fusarium mycotoxins are highly abundant in the Middle East and North Africa. For Sub-Saharan Africa, deoxynivalenol was ... A decrease of prevalence of major mycotoxins was found, but also a slight increase in aflatoxins, T-2 and fumonisins. The most ...
Mycotoxin management doesnt stop with inbound testing. Our customers have told us that they trust our TotalTox mycotoxin tests ... The Total Mycotoxin Solution is a suite of unified tools designed to support every aspect of mycotoxin management from inbound ... Introducing the Total Mycotoxin Solution. Unified tools to support every aspect of mycotoxin management from inbound screening ... The Total Mycotoxin Solution is the most comprehensive mycotoxin management program available on the market. Thats already a ...
Many patients with Lyme disease find they also have a problem with mycotoxins. ... Mycotoxins are poisonous compounds produced by fungi or mold. ... What it takes to treat mold and mycotoxin illness. Mycotoxins ... These pillars can be addressed gradually over time - many of my mycotoxin illness folks are highly sensitive, and so we need to ... In working with patients with mycotoxin illness, there are certain bases that need to be covered, certain pillars if you will, ...
Aspergillus avus Genetics and Genomics in Solving Mycotoxin Contamination of Food and Feed DOI link for Aspergillus avus ... Aspergillus avus Genetics and Genomics in Solving Mycotoxin Contamination of Food and Feed ... Genetics and Genomics in Solving Mycotoxin Contamination of Food and Feed. ...
Case Definition: Trichothecene Mycotoxin Poisoning Includes clinical description, lab criteria for diagnosis, & case ...
  • Fumonisins were the most recent mycotoxin found to affect humans and animals negatively. (wikipedia.org)
  • C. purpurea produces the ergot alkaloids, while the principal Fusarium mycotoxins include the trichothecenes, zearalenone and fumonisins. (cabi.org)
  • The steep increase in the reported occurrence of mycotoxins including zearalenone (ZEN), type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), aflatoxins (Afla), and fumonisins (FUM) in 2023 vs. 2022 will likely catch your attention. (dsm.com)
  • A decrease of prevalence of major mycotoxins was found, but also a slight increase in aflatoxins, T-2 and fumonisins. (aquafeed.com)
  • The most prevalent mycotoxins are deoxynivalenol, fumonisins and zearalenone. (aquafeed.com)
  • Deoxynivalenol is the most prevalent mycotoxin in all samples followed by zearalenone and fumonisins. (aquafeed.com)
  • The latest survey compiles the results of more than 30,000 analyses to give an overview of the main threats caused by the six main agricultural relevant mycotoxin groups including aflatoxins (Afla), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2), fumonisins (FUM) and ochratoxin A (OTA). (thedairysite.com)
  • GLOBAL - Analysis of 4027 feed and raw commodity samples from over 50 countries reveals that deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FUM) are the most common mycotoxins found in feedstuffs, according to results of the latest BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey. (thefishsite.com)
  • It details the incidence of the main mycotoxins occurring in agricultural commodities, which include: aflatoxins (Afla), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2), fumonisins (FUM) and ochratoxin A (OTA). (thefishsite.com)
  • Results from dsm-firmenich's latest half year survey (January - June) show that the Fusarium mycotoxins fumonisins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone are most frequently found. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • Aspergillus -derived mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, and fumonisins (members of the fusariotoxin group) can cause pathological damage to vital organs, including the kidney or liver. (frontiersin.org)
  • Some mycotoxins, such as aflatoxins (AF), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FUM) cause damage to intestinal epithelial tissue. (zinpro.com)
  • Of the 45 corn silage samples tested, surveillance suggests that mycotoxin occurrence is relatively similar for B-Trichothecenes and Fumonisins with substantial changes in the occurrence of Zearalenone (+35% points) and A-Trichothecenes (-65% points). (biomin.net)
  • The Committee evaluated the following eight mycotoxins that contaminate food: aflatoxin M1, fumonisins B1, B2 and B3, ochratoxin A, and the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol and T-2 and HT-2 toxins. (who.int)
  • This search identified 11 published reports related to measuring mycotoxins ( ochratoxins , aflatoxins , and fumonisins ) using DBS/DSS and VTS assays. (bvsalud.org)
  • GLOBAL - The BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey constitutes the longest running and most comprehensive survey of its kind, using state-of-the-art analytic tools. (thedairysite.com)
  • The most common fungi that produce mycotoxins include Fusarium, Aspergillus, and Penicillium. (wikipedia.org)
  • The potential use for T-2 mycotoxin as a biological weapon was later realized in Orenburg, Russia, during World War II when civilians consumed wheat that was unintentionally contaminated with the Fusarium fungi. (medscape.com)
  • Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites formed by moulds (including Fusarium , Alternaria , Claviceps , Aspergillus and Penicillium species). (bund.de)
  • Identifying mycotoxin-producing fungi is the relatively easy part, because no more than half a dozen genera are responsible for mycotoxin production-including Aspergillus and Penicillium (blue/green molds), Fusarium and Claviceps (see Table 1). (petfoodindustry.com)
  • All fusarium mycotoxins are highly abundant in the Middle East and North Africa. (aquafeed.com)
  • Fusarium graminareum can produce a variety of mycotoxins and prefers high moisture and temperatures from 59 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit. (petfoodindustry.com)
  • In 2021, George Mahuku, Senior Plant Pathologist for East Africa, was recognized as the Outstanding Scientist for his multiple contributions to mycotoxin management in maize and groundnut, Aflasafe activities in Tanzania and Uganda, and research for control of multiple maize (i.e., maize lethal necrosis) and banana diseases (e.g., black Sigatoka, Fusarium wilt, Xanthomonas wilt). (cgiar.org)
  • Mycotoxins are low-molecular-weight naturally occurring organic contaminants and are secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi, mainly Aspergillus , Penicillium, and Fusarium ( Bennett and Klich, 2003 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • There is limited data on the impact of mycotoxins on livestock production, as well as on the risks to human health, as a result of consuming contaminated livestock products. (mdpi.com)
  • Researchers continue to obtain data showing the occurrence and impact of mycotoxins that appear in most cereal grain commodities which are common ingredients in dry petfoods. (petfoodindustry.com)
  • However, breakthroughs are being made all the time in mycotoxin control and prevention, mycotoxin testing and the impact of mycotoxins on livestock. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • Many species of fungi produce secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The secondary metabolites produced by fungi during the course of digestion are called mycotoxins. (scialert.net)
  • Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites synthesized by fungal molds as signature chemicals and "calling cards" deposited into cereals and other crop commodities. (petfoodindustry.com)
  • Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that have toxic properties and, when ingested, can negatively impact animal performance, hematological and serum biochemical levels, and negatively affect the immune system. (asas.org)
  • The most common mycotoxin is aflatoxin. (wikipedia.org)
  • 4 found that contamination by mycotoxins occurs frequently in chicken feeds and although more than 500 mycotoxins have been characterized, the most significant ones from the commercial layers' perspective are Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, Vomitoxin (DON), T-2 toxin, Zearalenone and Fumonisin 5 . (scialert.net)
  • The common mycotoxins found in eggs are Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin, Zearalenone and Fumonisin 6 . (scialert.net)
  • The most problematic mycotoxins are aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON/vomitoxin), fumonisin, ochratoxin, T-2/HT-2 and zearalenone (F-2). (envirologix.com)
  • Of the hundreds of known mycotoxins, the five main profit-robbing mycotoxins of concern to livestock and poultry producers are: aflatoxin, deoxynivalenol, T-2 Toxin, zearalenone and fumonisin. (kemin.com)
  • [ 3 ] T-2 mycotoxin is the most extensively studied of the trichothecenes, and, according to current declassified literature, it is the only mycotoxin known to have been used as a biological weapon. (medscape.com)
  • Further analysis showed that Type B Trichothecenes, DON and other DON group mycotoxins had an average/sample of 2,087 ppb. (petfoodindustry.com)
  • Mycotoxins are naturally occurring fungal metabolites that can harm animal and human health. (sgs.com)
  • Feeding animals or birds moulted spoiled feed not only affect their productivity and health status but also human consumers as mycotoxins (their metabolites) are shed in milk (in the form of AFM1) and eggs. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by fungi. (frontiersin.org)
  • The toxicokinetic of mycotoxin metabolites is becoming better understood. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites caused by growth of microscopic. (who.int)
  • In temperate countries, mycotoxin residues in cereal grains are largely the result of fungal disease of standing crops in the field. (cabi.org)
  • Citrinin is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin produced by several fungal strains belonging to the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus and Monascus. (researchgate.net)
  • Alternatively, fungi may produce mycotoxins to protect dormant molds and fungal spores from other surviving fungal species and bacteria. (scialert.net)
  • Mycotoxins are fungal toxins to which exposure frequently results in incapacitation or even in death. (sbir.gov)
  • Moreover, insects and rodents make the crops more susceptible to fungal infection which increases the contamination with mycotoxins. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • The fungal diversity correlated with some specific mycotoxins in settled dust and with fibrinogen in the blood of exposed workers, but not with the personal exposure measurements of dust, glucans or spore counts. (stami.no)
  • Fungal toxins masked by other macromolecules thereby reducing detection levels of such mycotoxins. (bvsalud.org)
  • The grain supply is particularly susceptible because grains can become contaminated with mycotoxins during crop growth or during grain storage, establishing a need to test for mycotoxins at every stage in the food supply chain. (envirologix.com)
  • Why Should You Test for Mycotoxins? (envirologix.com)
  • They also require stringent certification for the technology and test kits used to test for mycotoxins. (envirologix.com)
  • Who Should Test for Mycotoxins? (envirologix.com)
  • Exactly where and when to test for mycotoxins is the subject of detailed study while modern regulatory efforts point to formalized Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) to encourage thorough understanding and response to potential threats. (petfoodindustry.com)
  • In recent years surveys have given us a real insight in to the distribution and prevalences of the various mycotoxins and Robert Nichol will share his views on the value and use of surveys before Jan Koesling will give a succinct overview on how we test for mycotoxins. (thecattlesite.com)
  • It contaminates various commodities of plant origin, cereals in particular, and is usually found together with another nephrotoxic mycotoxin, ochratoxin A. These two mycotoxins are believed to be involved in the etiology of endemic nephropathy. (researchgate.net)
  • mycotoxins ochratoxin A or patulin [2]. (researchgate.net)
  • Previous reports on mycotoxin contamination in spices, focused on the incidence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, but not on the multi-mycotoxin profile in South African spices. (ugent.be)
  • Climatic conditions such as drought, high temperatures, and pre-harvest rainfalls promote the occurrence of mycotoxins in grains. (frontiersin.org)
  • The occurrence of mycotoxins in Botswana has been scarcely studied. (frontiersin.org)
  • In the 1960s, about 100,000 turkey poults died near London, England due to peanut meal that was contaminated by Mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pigs are exposed to mycotoxins due to their cereal-based diet and are particularly susceptible to Aspergillus mycotoxins. (frontiersin.org)
  • [ 10 ] Although several United States chemical weapons experts have matched samples from the Laos conflict to trichothecene signature, these charges have been disputed by other weapons experts who contend T-2 mycotoxins may have occurred naturally in Laos and that exposure was due to the ingestion of contaminated foods. (medscape.com)
  • Victim reports from the 1991 Desert Storm campaign have also alleged the possibility of a T-2 mycotoxin exposure from a detonated Iraqi missile over a US military camp in Saudi Arabia. (medscape.com)
  • Selected trichothecene mycotoxins can be detected in human urine to assess for exposure (2). (cdc.gov)
  • A clinically compatible case in which a high index of suspicion (credible threat or patient history regarding location and time) exists for trichothecene mycotoxins exposure, or an epidemiologic link exists between this case and a laboratory-confirmed case. (cdc.gov)
  • Mycotoxins in animal feeds can have a large impact on the productivity of livestock, and there is a risk that the mycotoxins can be transferred into the animal products, and thus increasing their risk of exposure to humans. (mdpi.com)
  • These findings indicate that there may be a risk for animal exposure to mycotoxins through the consumption of mold-infected feeds, which may affect consumer health. (scialert.net)
  • Currently there are no FDA approved medical countermeasures available for T-2 mycotoxin exposure. (sbir.gov)
  • For producers, that means becoming aware of the major toxins and knowing the signs and symptoms of toxin exposure are critical to reduce the risk of mycotoxins eroding animal health and performance. (kemin.com)
  • The problem is recent research demonstrates that chronic, long-term exposure to dietary mycotoxins - when fed below regulatory threshold levels - may impact the immune system, intestinal integrity and physiology of animals. (kemin.com)
  • Together this means low level toxin exposure and/or mycotoxin co-contamination may have a greater effect in animal production systems than the acute toxic effects associated with consumption of high levels of mycotoxins. (kemin.com)
  • The first step is sometimes the hardest - trying to identify the source of mycotoxin exposure, and ensuring that there is no ongoing exposure. (lymedisease.org)
  • This indicated possible exposure of humans and animals in Botswana to mycotoxins. (frontiersin.org)
  • Currently the assessment of individual exposure to mycotoxins in man and animals is usually based on the analysis of toxin and/or metabolite contamination in the blood or urine. (frontiersin.org)
  • Sometimes exposure to specific molds which produce mycotoxins requires that persons receive skin testing and treatment to negate an allergic response to mycotoxins. (ehcd.com)
  • The avoidance of mold exposure in the home environment and in your diet and the injection treatment of molds and mycotoxins should be more cost effective than medication treatment with antifungal drugs, antihistamines, and their complications. (ehcd.com)
  • We have successfully treated at least 5,000 patients who suffered from mold and mycotoxin exposure. (ehcd.com)
  • Mycotoxins are a heterogeneous group of toxins produced by fungi that can grow in staple crops (e.g., maize , cereals ), resulting in health risks due to widespread exposure from human consumption and inhalation . (bvsalud.org)
  • Future work should expand the number of mycotoxins that can be measured in multimycotoxin assays, continue to improve multimycotoxin assay sensitivities of several biomarkers with low detection rates, and validate multimycotoxin assays across diverse populations with varying exposure levels . (bvsalud.org)
  • Comply with strict food safety regulations with our comprehensive mycotoxin testing solutions for food and feed products. (sgs.com)
  • Implementation of a comprehensive mycotoxin testing program for incoming grains at the feed mill can also help identify mycotoxin risks in ingredients before manufacturing feeds. (kemin.com)
  • The Total Mycotoxin Solution is the most comprehensive mycotoxin management program available on the market. (envirologix.com)
  • This can be further exacerbated by the increased use of byproducts in layer diets, which can contain up to three times more mycotoxins than grains. (scialert.net)
  • Among veterinarians and feed and animal producers, mycotoxins are well known to affect the health and development of chickens, cows, horses and other animals who eat moldy grains. (envirologix.com)
  • In most nations, mycotoxin prevalence in grains is regulated to protect citizens and production animals that consume the grain. (envirologix.com)
  • Mycotoxin testing of grains is vital to ensure a healthy population of citizens and production animals. (envirologix.com)
  • In this situation, removal of 60 to 70 percent of the starch will concentrate the level of mycotoxins in the distillers' grains. (zinpro.com)
  • The rule of thumb is that the mycotoxin content in distillers' grains will be concentrated three-times more than the corn when the starch is extracted. (zinpro.com)
  • Vertu™ PREP is a unique sample preparation tool which offers an industry-leading, 30-second extraction for mycotoxin testing in grains. (vicam.com)
  • The use of contaminated feedstocks in livestock nutrition may result in the transfer of mycotoxins to animal products, particularly milk and offal. (cabi.org)
  • Ever-present in the farm environment and a potential threat to the productivity of even the best-run livestock production operations, mycotoxin contamination should be on every feed producer and farmer's radar. (alltech.com)
  • Each year since 2004, dsm-firmenich (formerly Biomin) has conducted a global mycotoxin survey to characterize mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels in livestock feedstuffs. (dsm.com)
  • Mycotoxins are a costly, complicated problem for livestock and poultry producers. (kemin.com)
  • Hundreds of mycotoxins exist, each with its own unique chemistry and signature syndrome for companion animals, livestock and humans. (petfoodindustry.com)
  • While experts are forecasting a record-plus year for crop yields, an abundant harvest does not always indicate a problem-free crop to feed to livestock, and preliminary data conducted by Alltech's 37+ Mycotoxin Analysis Program is showing there might be issues to watch for. (petfoodindustry.com)
  • BANGKOK, THAILAND - Mycotoxins2009 is a special one day conference on mycotoxins that will provide you with a comprehensive insight into and an overview of a key hazard in modern livestock production that has been specially designed for the pig, poultry and dairy sectors and in particular for farmers, nutritionists, producers, veterinarians, feed mill managers, advisers and legislators. (thecattlesite.com)
  • Then British nutrition consultant, Dr Jon Ratcliff will consider the things to take into account when formulating livestock feed from ingredients that are or could be contaminated with mycotoxins before Hervé Demais from France describes how nanotechnology is being used in the fight against mycotoxins. (thecattlesite.com)
  • Although the kidney functions as the major excretory system in mammals, monitoring and screening for mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity is only now a developmental area in the field of livestock feed toxicology. (frontiersin.org)
  • Mycotoxins are known to have negative health and production effects on livestock and poultry animals. (zinpro.com)
  • Mycotoxins are toxic chemicals produced by fungi and molds that especially threaten grain and food crops. (envirologix.com)
  • Mycotoxins are poisonous compounds produced by fungi or mold. (lymedisease.org)
  • Mycotoxins are naturally produced by fungi that can contaminate feed raw materials in the field and in storage and detrimental to the health of animals. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • Mycotoxins are chemicals produced by fungi (molds) under certain conditions. (unl.edu)
  • Some other fungi that are known to produce mycotoxins include Claviceps and Alternaria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fungi produce mycotoxins for a wide array of reasons, many of which remain unknown 1 . (scialert.net)
  • In this review, the currently available techniques are summarized, which are used for screening mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity in farm animals. (frontiersin.org)
  • DSM unveiled its 2021 mycotoxin survey results in a series of webinars and considers the global risk as severe. (aquafeed.com)
  • DSM unveiled its 2021 mycotoxin survey results in a series of webinars. (aquafeed.com)
  • There are six known types of mycotoxins that affect animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Typically, I like to rotate binders to get the best coverage for different types of mycotoxins, since each has a slightly different binding affinity. (lymedisease.org)
  • Regulatory limits have been set for a variety of mycotoxins around the world. (sgs.com)
  • Due to its physical-chemical properties, high toxicity and relative ease to produce, mycotoxin T-2 is classified as apotential biological warfare agent. (sbir.gov)
  • This research has pointed towards the use of natural compounds in herbs as universal protectors or mitigators against toxicity of some deleterious agents such as mycotoxins and/or radiation. (europa.eu)
  • Catalase, Glutathione Reductase, Glutathione Peroxidase and Superoxide dismutase, etc at liver and intestine tissues revealed the protective effects of some target herbs against mycotoxin-induced toxicity. (europa.eu)
  • Aflatoxins have received more attention than any other group of mycotoxins, due to their acute toxicity with high mortality, alongside liver damage and carcinogenicity. (petfoodindustry.com)
  • Trichothecene mycotoxins are low molecular weight (250-500 Daltons) nonvolatile compounds produced by more than 350 species of fungi. (medscape.com)
  • Trichothecene mycotoxins are extremely stable proteins that are resistant to heat and ultraviolet light inactivation. (medscape.com)
  • The trichothecene mycotoxins are a group of toxins produced by multiple genera of fungi. (cdc.gov)
  • Studies measuring background levels of trichothecene mycotoxins in non-moldy homes and office buildings or nonagricultural outdoor environments are limited. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, the simple detection of trichothecene mycotoxins in environmental samples does not necessarily indicate an intentional contamination or a health threat. (cdc.gov)
  • Trichothecene mycotoxins. (cdc.gov)
  • Overall, results demonstrated that the use of a mycotoxin deactivator can mitigate the negative impacts on performance and oxidative stress when animals are subjected to diets contaminated by different levels of mycotoxins. (asas.org)
  • Mold and mycotoxin exposures have come to the forefront of illness due to faulty construction, leaks, and other forms of moisture intrusion which allow them to grow indoors. (ehcd.com)
  • Twenty-eight incapacitated individuals (average 43 years old, 7 males, 21 females, range 12-70) exposed to molds and mycotoxins were studied and treated with a protocol of cleaning up or changing their environment to be mold free. (csn-deutschland.de)
  • Many houses have been contaminated with molds and mycotoxins thus making the inhabitants ill. (ehcd.com)
  • Treatment response usually depends on the success of the remediation of all molds and mycotoxins from the buildings, furnishings and personal belongings. (ehcd.com)
  • Furthermore, inclusion of mold inhibitors, to control mold growth, as well as use of flow agents to neutralize toxins in diets can help producers minimize the impacts of mycotoxins on animal health and performance. (kemin.com)
  • The addition of a deactivator at two different levels of inclusion resulted in varying benefits to the piglets, and the addition of the deactivator at a low level did provide the ability to improve the performance of the piglets, but when at a high level of contamination, even increasing the deactivator inclusion by 5-fold was not enough to reduce the impacts of mycotoxins on feed intake, growth, and antioxidants status. (asas.org)
  • by Conference on Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Health (1976 : College Park, Md. (who.int)
  • Report of the Joint FAO/WHO/UNEP Conference on Mycotoxins held in Nairobi, 19-27 September 1977 / under the joint sponsorship of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme. (who.int)
  • However, uncertainties around test results may be caused by the heterogeneous distribution of mycotoxins in raw materials and finished food products due to so-called "hot spots. (petfoodindustry.com)
  • The detrimental health consequences of mycotoxins have led to the establishment of maximum allowable levels in food and feed by several regulatory authorities. (frontiersin.org)
  • The October edition of The Digest assessed the 2023 growing season and reported that many crop areas across the US experienced temperature extremes, precipitation anomalies, and other stressful weather events which have been associated with an increased risk for mycotoxins in crops. (dsm.com)
  • This article will share preliminary findings of the dsm-firmenich 2023 US corn mycotoxin survey and discuss how the analytical method changes at Romer Labs, Inc. that were announced in the August edition of The Digest may influence this year's survey results. (dsm.com)
  • Occurrence values represent the percentage of samples which tested positive (greater than LOD) for the respective mycotoxin group - Example: 10 out of 37 samples had detectable levels of aflatoxins = 27% occurrence of aflatoxins in 2023 so far. (dsm.com)
  • dsm-firmenich annual mycotoxin survey occurrence trend in 2023 US corn. (dsm.com)
  • Although we're anticipating 2023 to be a high mycotoxin pressure crop year, it's likely that at least a portion of these shifts in occurrence are an artifact of the enhanced sensitivities of the updated Romer Labs PLUS method. (dsm.com)
  • In 2023, we're excited to introduce the next step in our mycotoxin management evolution. (envirologix.com)
  • Therefore, this research was conducted to detect mycotoxin in poultry eggs in Diyala province. (scialert.net)
  • Possible approaches are considered, which could be used to detect mycotoxin induced nephropathy. (frontiersin.org)
  • β 2 -microglobulin (β 2 -MG) and N -acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) are the dominant biomarkers employed routinely in environmental toxicology research, while kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are also emerging as effective markers to identify mycotoxin induced nephropathy. (frontiersin.org)
  • Limits of Detection (LOD) and Limits of Quantitation (LOQ) for the Romer Labs LC-MS/MS Multi-Mycotoxin Methods. (dsm.com)
  • All companies dealing with grain should be aware of mycotoxin risks and detection options. (envirologix.com)
  • The HPLC and ELISA methods for mycotoxin detection are time-consuming, and both require expensive laboratory equipment. (envirologix.com)
  • Launched in 2020, TotalTox rapid mycotoxin detection kits brought the fastest and simplest on-site testing solution for mycotoxins to the grain and grain co-products market. (envirologix.com)
  • Used in conjunction with Vertu lateral flow strip tests for the early, accurate detection of up to six mycotoxins in a wide variety of sample types, lateral flow technology enables food and agricultural operations worldwide to protect humans and animals from potentially lethal effects of contamination. (vicam.com)
  • This topic welcomes publications which focus on any aspect of mycotoxins in animal feeds, and animal source foods in tropical and developing countries, including papers studying prevalence, risk factors, impact on animal health, and mitigation options. (mdpi.com)
  • Below we discuss trends of each of these feed ingredients regarding mycotoxin prevalence and contamination levels. (biomin.net)
  • 42% of samples have more than one mycotoxin, vs 66% in 2018, representing an improvement in co-contamination prevalence. (biomin.net)
  • The percent change in LOD values for the previous Romer Labs multi-mycotoxin method vs. the LOD values for the new Romer Labs PLUS method are reported in Table 2. (dsm.com)
  • The survey counted over 24,000 samples and over 112,000 analyses were conducted to detect the six main mycotoxins from raw commodities and feeds from 75 countries. (aquafeed.com)
  • The Alltech ® Mycotoxin Management program provides a number of solutions to help you mitigate the threat you could face from field or storage mycotoxins. (alltech.com)
  • Other Penicilliums, which can impact gut health and rumen function, are typically referred to as "storage mycotoxins" as they require little oxygen and can flourish rapidly in stored forages. (petfoodindustry.com)
  • Due to the limited number of samples analyzed to date as part of the annual dsm-firmenich US corn mycotoxin survey, only occurrence trends (Figure 1) are reported in this article. (dsm.com)
  • The annual dsm-firmenich US corn mycotoxin survey includes samples submitted for surveillance testing and does not include samples submitted with reported clinical signs on-farm. (dsm.com)
  • This year, we're excited to complete the mycotoxin diagnostics picture with the expansion of our gold-standard TotalTest laboratory services program to include LC-MS/MS testing for mycotoxins in wheat and corn. (envirologix.com)
  • The first 35 corn silage samples analyzed at the recently ISO/IEC 17025:2005 accredited Analytical Services Laboratory of Alltech using Alltech's 37+ analysis contained an average of 6.83 mycotoxins per sample. (petfoodindustry.com)
  • Corn that is stressed and damaged by weather events and insects is more susceptible to mycotoxins. (petfoodindustry.com)
  • Our September update from the annual Biomin® PROcheck mycotoxin survey in corn harvested in 2018 includes 725 samples from 32 states. (biomin.net)
  • The most notorious feed ingredients for mycotoxin contamination are whole cottonseed, grain silage, corn and corn byproducts like distillers' grain. (zinpro.com)
  • What's interesting about distiller byproducts is that the process that extracts the starch from the corn kernel does not remove the mycotoxins. (zinpro.com)
  • Our latest update from the annual Biomin® PROcheck mycotoxin survey comprising 109 samples of corn silage from the US and Canada is here. (biomin.net)
  • Of the 64 corn silage samples tested, surveillance suggests that mycotoxin occurrence is relatively similar to 2020 other than a substantial increase in Zearalenone occurrence (+36% points). (biomin.net)
  • 2 CVM Annual Report on Mycotoxins in Animal Food Report for Fiscal Year 2016 (FY16). (kemin.com)
  • Note below the October 2015 mycotoxin levels as compared to the April 2016 levels. (betterhealthguy.com)
  • Twenty years later, the trichothecene mycotoxin was discovered, and the T-2 toxin was isolated. (medscape.com)
  • Not only are there hundreds of different mycotoxins, all produced by different fungi and environmental factors, but each category of toxins and each toxin within those categories can impact animals and birds differently. (kemin.com)
  • Laying hens are susceptible to mycotoxins for a couple of reasons. (scialert.net)
  • Advancing Global Health Surveillance of Mycotoxin Exposures using Minimally Invasive Sampling Techniques: A State-of-the-Science Review. (bvsalud.org)
  • This review summarizes studies that have developed these assays to monitor mycotoxin exposures in human biological samples and highlights future directions to facilitate minimally invasive sampling techniques as global public health tools. (bvsalud.org)
  • Validated low- cost and ultrasensitive minimally invasive sampling methods should be deployed in human biomonitoring and public health surveillance studies to guide policy interventions to reduce inequities in global mycotoxin exposures. (bvsalud.org)
  • A new review paper published in the journal Toxins (April 2020) describes the major mycotoxins, their occurrence and their impact in dairy cattle diets in sub-Saharan Africa, highlighting the problems related to animal health, productivity and food safety and the latest post-harvest mitigation strategies to prevent and reduce contamination of dairy feed with mycotoxins. (cgiar.org)
  • Ursula Hofstetter looks at controlling mycotoxins in feed, Hsin-Yi Chen considers protecting animals from mycotoxins, Dr Stefaan Van Dyck looks at protecting consumers and William Chin considers where the future is for mycotoxin control. (thecattlesite.com)
  • Commenting on the results, Ursula Hofstetter, Head of Mycotoxin Risk Management at dsm-firmenich, said mycotoxins were an ever-present threat to animal health, performance and sustainability. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • Alltech has developed a global solution to help control mycotoxins through a combination of mycotoxin management programs and technologies. (alltech.com)
  • Learn how Poulin Grain worked alongside Alltech to mitigate mycotoxin issues using its unique mycotoxin management program and technologies like 37+. (alltech.com)
  • The preponderance of specialized fungi in particular niches determines the type and range of mycotoxins that may contaminate food or indoor environment. (cabi.org)
  • The way the crops are stored after harvesting also plays an important role in staying mycotoxin free. (wikipedia.org)
  • Worldwide, cereal-based crops are spoiled by toxigenic fungi and their mycotoxins. (mdpi.com)
  • In September, The Digest featured an article which described various factors that can increase the risk for mycotoxins in crops. (dsm.com)
  • For example, mycotoxins may be formed on harvested crops both in the field or during storage and thus lead to contamination of food and feed. (bund.de)
  • Whether producing, handling or processing any of these crops, Mycotoxin analysis is a necessary and appropriate risk-management measure. (envirologix.com)
  • Adverse effects of mycotoxin contamination include impaired reproduction, digestive disorders, carcinogenicity and reduced performance. (allaboutfeed.net)
  • Of the total sample pool 96% tested positive for at least one mycotoxin vs. 98% in 2018, while 61% of samples had more than one mycotoxin compared to 74% in 2018. (biomin.net)
  • 2018. "Study on Mycotoxin Contamination in South African Food Spices. (ugent.be)
  • Supplementation with Zn, Mn, Cu and Se is required to repair damage to cell membranes and to counteract the oxidative stress caused by mycotoxins. (zinpro.com)
  • Unlike most biological toxins that do not affect the skin, T-2 mycotoxin is a potent active dermal irritant. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 ] These properties make T-2 mycotoxin a potentially viable biological warfare agent. (medscape.com)
  • The allegations surrounding the use of T-2 mycotoxin as a biological warfare agent remains a controversy to this day. (medscape.com)
  • All were kept on commercial feed (includes commercial biological mycotoxin binder). (allaboutfeed.net)
  • The consequence of chemical and biological interaction between two or more mycotoxins invariably outweighs the additive effects of the individual chemicals. (petfoodindustry.com)
  • Along with moisture levels, factors such as temperature, grain condition, and the presence of chemical or biologicalcan determine whether or not mycotoxin producing fungi will grow. (wikipedia.org)
  • When mycotoxins enter the food supply, they can wreak havoc at every point along the chain-affecting everyone from farmers to grain mills to consumers of the grain. (envirologix.com)
  • Mycotoxins impact grain quality, diminish animal productivity, and create significant health and food safety risks for humans, production animals and pets. (envirologix.com)
  • Quick, accurate mycotoxin testing can make all the difference when screening for food safety of grain. (envirologix.com)
  • Symptoms of chronic mycotoxin consumption vary from a weakening of the immune system to liver cancer. (envirologix.com)
  • These comprehensive evaluations included assessment of metabolic, toxicological and epidemiological data, availability of analytical methods for the mycotoxin in food products, sampling protocols used for regulatory control, effects of processing on concentrations of the mycotoxin, assessment of food consumption and residue data for the determination of intake, and measures that may be taken to prevent and/or control contamination. (who.int)
  • Other methods of prevention include planting species that are able to defend naturally against mycotoxins, proper fertilization, weed control, and proper crop rotation. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result of indoor air-quality investigations involving mold and potentially mold-related health effects, mycotoxin analyses of bulk environmental samples are now commercially available through environmental microbiology laboratories in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Feed samples must be screened using specific analyses to determine the presence of mycotoxins. (dsm.com)
  • dsm-firmenich sponsors mycotoxin analyses for US customers through Romer Labs, Inc. in Union, MO. (dsm.com)
  • Mycotoxins (mould toxins) and plant toxins (toxins produced by plants) are among the natural toxins whose occurrence in food and animal feed is undesirable, but not completely avoidable. (bund.de)
  • If this were to occur, the animal could be exposed to unknown and potentially unsafe levels of mycotoxin which could result in mycotoxin residues in meat, milk, or eggs. (iowaagriculture.gov)
  • One quarter of the world's agricultural produce is contaminated with mycotoxins, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization. (envirologix.com)
  • Recommended practices for the prevention of mycotoxins in food, feed and their products / prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in collaboration with the United Nations Environment Programme. (who.int)