Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.
Diseases of the muscles and their associated ligaments and other connective tissue and of the bones and cartilage viewed collectively.
The MUSCLES, bones (BONE AND BONES), and CARTILAGE of the body.
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.
Scales, questionnaires, tests, and other methods used to assess pain severity and duration in patients or experimental animals to aid in diagnosis, therapy, and physiological studies.
Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.
A form of therapy that employs a coordinated and interdisciplinary approach for easing the suffering and improving the quality of life of those experiencing pain.
Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.
Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.
Diseases caused by factors involved in one's employment.
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.
A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)
Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the THORAX; LUMBOSACRAL REGION; or the adjacent regions.
Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced.
The science of designing, building or equipping mechanical devices or artificial environments to the anthropometric, physiological, or psychological requirements of the people who will use them.
Facilities providing diagnostic, therapeutic, and palliative services for patients with severe chronic pain. These may be free-standing clinics or hospital-based and serve ambulatory or inpatient populations. The approach is usually multidisciplinary. These clinics are often referred to as "acute pain services". (From Br Med Bull 1991 Jul;47(3):762-85)
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)
Pain in the joint.
Muscular pain in numerous body regions that can be reproduced by pressure on TRIGGER POINTS, localized hardenings in skeletal muscle tissue. Pain is referred to a location distant from the trigger points. A prime example is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME.
Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.
Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.
Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.
Productive or purposeful activities.
Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.
Determination of the degree of a physical, mental, or emotional handicap. The diagnosis is applied to legal qualification for benefits and income under disability insurance and to eligibility for Social Security and workmen's compensation benefits.
Anxiety related to the execution of a task. (Campbell's Psychiatric Dictionary, 9th ed.)
The morphologic and physiological changes of the MUSCLES, bones (BONE AND BONES), and CARTILAGE of the body, i.e., MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM, during the prenatal and postnatal stages of development.
Processes and properties of the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.
Part of the body in humans and primates where the arms connect to the trunk. The shoulder has five joints; ACROMIOCLAVICULAR joint, CORACOCLAVICULAR joint, GLENOHUMERAL joint, scapulathoracic joint, and STERNOCLAVICULAR joint.
Congenital structural abnormalities and deformities of the musculoskeletal system.
An absence from work permitted because of illness or the number of days per year for which an employer agrees to pay employees who are sick. (Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 1981)
Assessment of physiological capacities in relation to job requirements. It is usually done by measuring certain physiological (e.g., circulatory and respiratory) variables during a gradually increasing workload until specific limitations occur with respect to those variables.
The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.
The total amount of work to be performed by an individual, a department, or other group of workers in a period of time.
Pain during the period after surgery.
The promotion and maintenance of physical and mental health in the work environment.
Procedures used by chiropractors to treat neuromusculoskeletal complaints.
Care of a highly technical and specialized nature, provided in a medical center, usually one affiliated with a university, for patients with unusually severe, complex, or uncommon health problems.
Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.
The field of nursing care concerned with the promotion, maintenance, and restoration of health.
Chronic absence from work or other duty.
Place or physical location of work or employment.
A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)
Therapeutic modalities frequently used in PHYSICAL THERAPY SPECIALTY by PHYSICAL THERAPISTS or physiotherapists to promote, maintain, or restore the physical and physiological well-being of an individual.
Persons with physical or mental disabilities that affect or limit their activities of daily living and that may require special accommodations.
Coordinate set of non-specific behavioral responses to non-psychiatric illness. These may include loss of APPETITE or LIBIDO; disinterest in ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; or withdrawal from social interaction.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
A physiological process by which the perception of pain at a local area of the body is inhibited by a second painful stimulus administered at a distal body site
Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.
Biological actions and functions of the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.
Cognitive and emotional processes encompassing magnification of pain-related stimuli, feelings of helplessness, and a generally pessimistic orientation.
Disorders having the presence of physical symptoms that suggest a general medical condition but that are not fully explained by a another medical condition, by the direct effects of a substance, or by another mental disorder. The symptoms must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. In contrast to FACTITIOUS DISORDERS and MALINGERING, the physical symptoms are not under voluntary control. (APA, DSM-V)
Input/output devices designed to receive data in an environment associated with the job to be performed, and capable of transmitting entries to, and obtaining output from, the system of which it is a part. (Computer Dictionary, 4th ed.)
Stress wherein emotional factors predominate.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Norway" is a country name and doesn't have a medical definition. If you have any medical or health-related questions, I'd be happy to help!
The process by which PAIN is recognized and interpreted by the brain.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Pain in the pelvic region of genital and non-genital origin and of organic or psychogenic etiology. Frequent causes of pain are distension or contraction of hollow viscera, rapid stretching of the capsule of a solid organ, chemical irritation, tissue ischemia, and neuritis secondary to inflammatory, neoplastic, or fibrotic processes in adjacent organs. (Kase, Weingold & Gershenson: Principles and Practice of Clinical Gynecology, 2d ed, pp479-508)
Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.
A state of harmony between internal needs and external demands and the processes used in achieving this condition. (From APA Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 8th ed)
Tumors or cancer located in muscle tissue or specific muscles. They are differentiated from NEOPLASMS, MUSCLE TISSUE which are neoplasms composed of skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle tissue, such as MYOSARCOMA or LEIOMYOMA.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.
The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, or eating.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Compounds capable of relieving pain without the loss of CONSCIOUSNESS.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
Standardized objective tests designed to facilitate the evaluation of personality.
Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.
Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy.
A type of pain that is perceived in an area away from the site where the pain arises, such as facial pain caused by lesion of the VAGUS NERVE, or throat problem generating referred pain in the ear.
A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment; the overall condition of a human life.
An increased sensation of pain or discomfort produced by mimimally noxious stimuli due to damage to soft tissue containing NOCICEPTORS or injury to a peripheral nerve.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sweden" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in Northern Europe. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to try to help answer them!
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with major depression present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.
Crafts, trades, professions, or other means of earning a living.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
Method for obtaining information through verbal responses, written or oral, from subjects.
Personal satisfaction relative to the work situation.
A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the study of inflammatory or degenerative processes and metabolic derangement of connective tissue structures which pertain to a variety of musculoskeletal disorders, such as arthritis.
Arthritis is a general term used to describe inflammation in the joints, often resulting in pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility, which can be caused by various conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or lupus.
Treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. The placement varies with the disease being treated. It is sometimes used in conjunction with heat, moxibustion, acupressure, or electric stimulation.
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
The region of the upper limb in animals, extending from the deltoid region to the HAND, and including the ARM; AXILLA; and SHOULDER.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Denmark" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in northern Europe. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer them.
The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures.
The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Finland" is not a medical term and does not have a medical definition. It is a country located in Northern Europe, known officially as the Republic of Finland. If you have any questions related to medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help with those!
Lack of stability of a joint or joint prosthesis. Factors involved are intra-articular disease and integrity of extra-articular structures such as joint capsule, ligaments, and muscles.
Care which provides integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with patients, and practicing in the context of family and community. (JAMA 1995;273(3):192)
The position or attitude of the body.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Cognitive mechanism based on expectations or beliefs about one's ability to perform actions necessary to produce a given effect. It is also a theoretical component of behavior change in various therapeutic treatments. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)
General or unspecified injuries to the posterior part of the trunk. It includes injuries to the muscles of the back.
A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family.
A regimen or plan of physical activities designed and prescribed for specific therapeutic goals. Its purpose is to restore normal musculoskeletal function or to reduce pain caused by diseases or injuries.
Moving or bringing something from a lower level to a higher one. The concept encompasses biomechanic stresses resulting from work done in transferring objects from one plane to another as well as the effects of varying techniques of patient handling and transfer.
The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.
A plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that an hypothesis can be tested properly.
Public attitudes toward health, disease, and the medical care system.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.
A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures.
Anti-inflammatory agents that are non-steroidal in nature. In addition to anti-inflammatory actions, they have analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions.They act by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins by inhibiting cyclooxygenase, which converts arachidonic acid to cyclic endoperoxides, precursors of prostaglandins. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis accounts for their analgesic, antipyretic, and platelet-inhibitory actions; other mechanisms may contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects.
'Joint diseases' is a broad term that refers to medical conditions causing inflammation, degeneration, or functional impairment in any part of a joint, including the cartilage, bone, ligament, tendon, or bursa, thereby affecting movement and potentially causing pain, stiffness, deformity, or reduced range of motion.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Great Britain is not a medical term, but a geographical name for the largest island in the British Isles, which comprises England, Scotland, and Wales, forming the major part of the United Kingdom.
Assessment of psychological variables by the application of mathematical procedures.
A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to health and disease in a human population within a given geographic area.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Surveillance of drugs, devices, appliances, etc., for efficacy or adverse effects, after they have been released for general sale.

Work-organisational and personal factors associated with upper body musculoskeletal disorders among sewing machine operators. (1/183)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the contribution of work-organisational and personal factors to the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among garment workers in Los Angeles. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of self-reported musculoskeletal symptoms among 520 sewing machine operators from 13 garment industry sewing shops. Detailed information on work-organisational factors, personal factors, and musculoskeletal symptoms were obtained in face-to-face interviews. The outcome of interest, upper body WMSD, was defined as a worker experiencing moderate or severe musculoskeletal pain. Unconditional logistic regression models were adopted to assess the association between both work-organisational factors and personal factors and the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain. RESULTS: The prevalence of moderate or severe musculoskeletal pain in the neck/shoulder region was 24% and for distal upper extremity it was 16%. Elevated prevalence of upper body pain was associated with age less than 30 years, female gender, Hispanic ethnicity, being single, having a diagnosis of a MSD or a systemic illness, working more than 10 years as a sewing machine operator, using a single sewing machine, work in large shops, higher work-rest ratios, high physical exertion, high physical isometric loads, high job demand, and low job satisfaction. CONCLUSION: Work-organisational and personal factors were associated with increased prevalence of moderate or severe upper body musculoskeletal pain among garment workers. Owners of sewing companies may be able to reduce or prevent WMSDs among employees by adopting rotations between different types of workstations thus increasing task variety; by either shortening work periods or increasing rest periods to reduce the work-rest ratio; and by improving the work-organisation to control psychosocial stressors. The findings may guide prevention efforts in the garment sector and have important public health implications for this workforce of largely immigrant labourers.  (+info)

Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and statin use. (2/183)

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Clinical effectiveness of customised sport shoe orthoses for overuse injuries in runners: a randomised controlled study. (3/183)

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The effect of aging on the density of the sensory nerve fiber innervation of bone and acute skeletal pain. (4/183)

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Association of HTR2A polymorphisms with chronic widespread pain and the extent of musculoskeletal pain: results from two population-based cohorts. (5/183)

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Attenuation of experimental pain by vibro-tactile stimulation in patients with chronic local or widespread musculoskeletal pain. (6/183)

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Distinguishing fibromyalgia from rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus in clinical questionnaires: an analysis of the revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR) and its variant, the Symptom Impact Questionnaire (SIQR), along with pain locations. (7/183)

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Carpal tunnel syndrome. (8/183)

Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common entrapment neuropathy, affecting approximately 3 to 6 percent of adults in the general population. Although the cause is not usually determined, it can include trauma, repetitive maneuvers, certain diseases, and pregnancy. Symptoms are related to compression of the median nerve, which results in pain, numbness, and tingling. Physical examination findings, such as hypalgesia, square wrist sign, and a classic or probable pattern on hand symptom diagram, are useful in making the diagnosis. Nerve conduction studies and electromyography can resolve diagnostic uncertainty and can be used to quantify and stratify disease severity. Treatment options are based on disease severity. Six weeks to three months of conservative treatment can be considered in patients with mild disease. Lifestyle modifications, including decreasing repetitive activity and using ergonomic devices, have been traditionally advocated, but have inconsistent evidence to support their effectiveness. Cock-up and neutral wrist splints and oral corticosteroids are considered first-line therapies, with local corticosteroid injections used for refractory symptoms. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, diuretics, and pyridoxine (vitamin B6) have been shown to be no more effective than placebo. Most conservative treatments provide short-term symptom relief, with little evidence supporting long-term benefits. Patients with moderate to severe disease should be considered for surgical evaluation. Open and endoscopic surgical approaches have similar five-year outcomes.  (+info)

Musculoskeletal pain is discomfort or pain that affects the muscles, bones, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. It can be caused by injury, overuse, or disease and can affect any part of the body, including the neck, back, shoulders, hips, and extremities. The pain can range from mild to severe and may be accompanied by stiffness, swelling, and decreased range of motion. Common causes of musculoskeletal pain include arthritis, fibromyalgia, tendinitis, bursitis, and muscle or ligament strain. Treatment for musculoskeletal pain depends on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, medication, and in some cases, surgery.

Musculoskeletal diseases are a group of medical conditions that affect the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and nerves. These diseases can cause pain, stiffness, limited mobility, and decreased function in the affected areas of the body. They include a wide range of conditions such as:

1. Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage in joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and loss of mobility.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation in the lining of the joints, resulting in swelling, pain, and bone erosion.
3. Gout: A form of arthritis caused by the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to severe pain, redness, and swelling.
4. Osteoporosis: A condition characterized by weakened bones that are more susceptible to fractures due to decreased bone density.
5. Fibromyalgia: A disorder that causes widespread muscle pain, fatigue, and tenderness in specific areas of the body.
6. Spinal disorders: Conditions affecting the spine, such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or degenerative disc disease, which can cause back pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness.
7. Soft tissue injuries: Damage to muscles, tendons, and ligaments, often caused by overuse, strain, or trauma.
8. Infections: Bone and joint infections (septic arthritis or osteomyelitis) can cause pain, swelling, and fever.
9. Tumors: Benign or malignant growths in bones, muscles, or soft tissues can lead to pain, swelling, and limited mobility.
10. Genetic disorders: Certain genetic conditions, such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, can affect the musculoskeletal system and cause various symptoms.

Treatment for musculoskeletal diseases varies depending on the specific condition but may include medications, physical therapy, exercise, surgery, or a combination of these approaches.

The Musculoskeletal System is a complex system composed of the bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and associated tissues that work together to provide form, support, stability, and movement to the body. It serves various functions including:

1. Protection: The musculoskeletal system protects vital organs by encasing them in bones, such as the ribcage protecting the lungs and heart, and the skull protecting the brain.
2. Support and Movement: Muscles and bones work together to enable movement and maintain posture. Muscles contract to pull on bones, causing joint motion and producing movements like walking, running, or jumping.
3. Storage: Bones act as a reservoir for essential minerals like calcium and phosphorus, which can be released into the bloodstream when needed.
4. Hematopoiesis: Within the bone marrow, hematopoietic cells produce blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
5. Endocrine Function: Bone tissue is also an endocrine organ, producing hormones like osteocalcin and FGF23 that regulate various physiological processes, such as energy metabolism and mineral homeostasis.

Dysfunctions or injuries in the musculoskeletal system can result in conditions like arthritis, fractures, muscle strains, tendonitis, and other painful or debilitating ailments that impact an individual's quality of life and mobility.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. It is a complex phenomenon that can result from various stimuli, such as thermal, mechanical, or chemical irritation, and it can be acute or chronic. The perception of pain involves the activation of specialized nerve cells called nociceptors, which transmit signals to the brain via the spinal cord. These signals are then processed in different regions of the brain, leading to the conscious experience of pain. It's important to note that pain is a highly individual and subjective experience, and its perception can vary widely among individuals.

Pain measurement, in a medical context, refers to the quantification or evaluation of the intensity and/or unpleasantness of a patient's subjective pain experience. This is typically accomplished through the use of standardized self-report measures such as numerical rating scales (NRS), visual analog scales (VAS), or categorical scales (mild, moderate, severe). In some cases, physiological measures like heart rate, blood pressure, and facial expressions may also be used to supplement self-reported pain ratings. The goal of pain measurement is to help healthcare providers better understand the nature and severity of a patient's pain in order to develop an effective treatment plan.

Chronic pain is defined as pain that persists or recurs for a period of 3 months or longer, beyond the normal healing time for an injury or illness. It can be continuous or intermittent and range from mild to severe. Chronic pain can have various causes, such as nerve damage, musculoskeletal conditions, or chronic diseases like cancer. It can significantly impact a person's quality of life, causing limitations in mobility, sleep disturbances, mood changes, and decreased overall well-being. Effective management of chronic pain often involves a multidisciplinary approach, including medications, physical therapy, psychological interventions, and complementary therapies.

Pain management is a branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of pain and improvement in the quality of life of patients with chronic pain. The goal of pain management is to reduce pain levels, improve physical functioning, and help patients cope mentally and emotionally with their pain. This may involve the use of medications, interventional procedures, physical therapy, psychological therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

The definition of pain management can vary depending on the medical context, but it generally refers to a multidisciplinary approach that addresses the complex interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to the experience of pain. Pain management specialists may include physicians, nurses, physical therapists, psychologists, and other healthcare professionals who work together to provide comprehensive care for patients with chronic pain.

Neck pain is discomfort or soreness in the neck region, which can extend from the base of the skull to the upper part of the shoulder blades, caused by injury, irritation, or inflammation of the muscles, ligaments, or nerves in the cervical spine. The pain may worsen with movement and can be accompanied by stiffness, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the neck, arms, or hands. In some cases, headaches can also occur as a result of neck pain.

Shoulder pain is a condition characterized by discomfort or hurt in the shoulder joint, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or surrounding structures. The shoulder is one of the most mobile joints in the body, and this mobility makes it prone to injury and pain. Shoulder pain can result from various causes, including overuse, trauma, degenerative conditions, or referred pain from other areas of the body.

The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint made up of three bones: the humerus (upper arm bone), scapula (shoulder blade), and clavicle (collarbone). The rotator cuff, a group of four muscles that surround and stabilize the shoulder joint, can also be a source of pain if it becomes inflamed or torn.

Shoulder pain can range from mild to severe, and it may be accompanied by stiffness, swelling, bruising, weakness, numbness, tingling, or reduced mobility in the affected arm. The pain may worsen with movement, lifting objects, or performing certain activities, such as reaching overhead or behind the back.

Medical evaluation is necessary to determine the underlying cause of shoulder pain and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Treatment options may include rest, physical therapy, medication, injections, or surgery, depending on the severity and nature of the condition.

Occupational diseases are health conditions or illnesses that occur as a result of exposure to hazards in the workplace. These hazards can include physical, chemical, and biological agents, as well as ergonomic factors and work-related psychosocial stressors. Examples of occupational diseases include respiratory illnesses caused by inhaling dust or fumes, hearing loss due to excessive noise exposure, and musculoskeletal disorders caused by repetitive movements or poor ergonomics. The development of an occupational disease is typically related to the nature of the work being performed and the conditions in which it is carried out. It's important to note that these diseases can be prevented or minimized through proper risk assessment, implementation of control measures, and adherence to safety regulations.

Low back pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by discomfort or pain in the lower part of the back, typically between the costal margin (bottom of the ribcage) and the gluteal folds (buttocks). It can be caused by several factors including strain or sprain of the muscles or ligaments, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, osteoarthritis, or other degenerative conditions affecting the spine. The pain can range from a dull ache to a sharp stabbing sensation and may be accompanied by stiffness, limited mobility, and radiating pain down the legs in some cases. Low back pain is often described as acute (lasting less than 6 weeks), subacute (lasting between 6-12 weeks), or chronic (lasting more than 12 weeks).

Fibromyalgia is a chronic disorder characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and cognitive difficulties. The pain typically occurs in specific tender points or trigger points, which are located on the neck, shoulders, back, hips, arms, and legs. These points are painful when pressure is applied.

The exact cause of fibromyalgia is unknown, but it appears to be related to abnormalities in the way the brain processes pain signals. It may also be associated with certain genetic factors, physical trauma, infection, or emotional stress. Fibromyalgia is more common in women than men and tends to develop between the ages of 20 and 50.

Fibromyalgia can be difficult to diagnose because its symptoms are similar to those of other conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and chronic fatigue syndrome. However, a diagnosis of fibromyalgia may be made if a person has widespread pain for at least three months and tenderness in at least 11 of 18 specific points on the body when pressure is applied.

There is no cure for fibromyalgia, but medications, therapy, and lifestyle changes can help manage its symptoms. Treatment may include pain relievers, antidepressants, anti-seizure drugs, physical therapy, counseling, stress reduction techniques, and regular exercise.

Back pain is a common symptom characterized by discomfort or soreness in the back, often occurring in the lower region of the back (lumbago). It can range from a mild ache to a sharp stabbing or shooting pain, and it may be accompanied by stiffness, restricted mobility, and difficulty performing daily activities. Back pain is typically caused by strain or sprain to the muscles, ligaments, or spinal joints, but it can also result from degenerative conditions, disc herniation, spinal stenosis, osteoarthritis, or other medical issues affecting the spine. The severity and duration of back pain can vary widely, with some cases resolving on their own within a few days or weeks, while others may require medical treatment and rehabilitation.

Pain threshold is a term used in medicine and research to describe the point at which a stimulus begins to be perceived as painful. It is an individual's subjective response and can vary from person to person based on factors such as their pain tolerance, mood, expectations, and cultural background.

The pain threshold is typically determined through a series of tests where gradually increasing levels of stimuli are applied until the individual reports feeling pain. This is often used in research settings to study pain perception and analgesic efficacy. However, it's important to note that the pain threshold should not be confused with pain tolerance, which refers to the maximum level of pain a person can endure.

I believe you may be looking for the term "human factors engineering" or "ergonomics," as there is no widely recognized medical definition for "human engineering." Human factors engineering is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on the design and integration of systems, products, and environments to optimize human well-being and overall system performance. This includes considering human capabilities, limitations, and characteristics in the design process to ensure safe, efficient, and effective interactions between humans and technology.

A pain clinic, also known as a pain management center or pain treatment center, is a healthcare facility that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of various types and levels of pain. These clinics are typically staffed with interdisciplinary teams of medical professionals, such as anesthesiologists, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, nurses, and physical therapists, who work together to provide comprehensive and personalized care for patients experiencing chronic or acute pain.

Pain clinics may offer a range of treatments, including medications, injections, nerve blocks, physical therapy, psychological counseling, and complementary therapies like acupuncture and massage. The goal of these clinics is to help patients manage their pain effectively, improve their quality of life, and increase their functionality and mobility.

It's important to note that while pain clinics can be very helpful for many people, it's essential to do your research and choose a reputable clinic with licensed and experienced medical professionals who prioritize patient safety and evidence-based treatments.

A chronic disease is a long-term medical condition that often progresses slowly over a period of years and requires ongoing management and care. These diseases are typically not fully curable, but symptoms can be managed to improve quality of life. Common chronic diseases include heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, arthritis, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They are often associated with advanced age, although they can also affect children and younger adults. Chronic diseases can have significant impacts on individuals' physical, emotional, and social well-being, as well as on healthcare systems and society at large.

Arthralgia is a medical term that refers to pain in the joints. It does not involve inflammation, which would be referred to as arthritis. The pain can range from mild to severe and may occur in one or multiple joints. Arthralgia can have various causes, including injuries, infections, degenerative conditions, or systemic diseases. In some cases, the underlying cause of arthralgia remains unknown. Treatment typically focuses on managing the pain and addressing the underlying condition if it can be identified.

Myofascial pain syndromes (MPS) are a group of chronic pain disorders characterized by the presence of trigger points in the musculoskeletal system. A trigger point is a hyperirritable spot within a taut band of skeletal muscle, which is often tender to palpation and can cause referred pain, meaning that the pain is felt in a different location than where the trigger point is located.

MPS can affect any muscle in the body, but they are most commonly found in the muscles of the neck, back, shoulders, and hips. The symptoms of MPS may include local or referred pain, stiffness, weakness, and reduced range of motion. The pain is often described as a deep, aching, or throbbing sensation that can be aggravated by physical activity, stress, or anxiety.

The exact cause of MPS is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to muscle overuse, injury, or chronic tension. Other factors that may contribute to the development of MPS include poor posture, vitamin deficiencies, hormonal imbalances, and emotional stress.

Treatment for MPS typically involves a combination of physical therapy, trigger point release techniques, pain management strategies, and self-care practices such as stretching, relaxation, and stress reduction. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage the pain and reduce muscle spasms.

A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.

Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs) are a group of conditions that result from repeated exposure to biomechanical stressors, often related to work activities. These disorders can affect the muscles, tendons, nerves, and joints, leading to symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, and reduced range of motion.

CTDs are also known as repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) or overuse injuries. They occur when there is a mismatch between the demands placed on the body and its ability to recover from those demands. Over time, this imbalance can lead to tissue damage and inflammation, resulting in chronic pain and functional limitations.

Examples of CTDs include carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, epicondylitis (tennis elbow), rotator cuff injuries, and trigger finger. Prevention strategies for CTDs include proper ergonomics, workstation design, body mechanics, taking regular breaks to stretch and rest, and performing exercises to strengthen and condition the affected muscles and joints.

In medicine, "intractable pain" is a term used to describe pain that is difficult to manage, control or relieve with standard treatments. It's a type of chronic pain that continues for an extended period, often months or even years, and does not respond to conventional therapies such as medications, physical therapy, or surgery. Intractable pain can significantly affect a person's quality of life, causing emotional distress, sleep disturbances, and reduced mobility. It is essential to distinguish intractable pain from acute pain, which is typically sharp and short-lived, resulting from tissue damage or inflammation.

Intractable pain may be classified as:

1. Refractory pain: Pain that persists despite optimal treatment with various modalities, including medications, interventions, and multidisciplinary care.
2. Incurable pain: Pain caused by a progressive or incurable disease, such as cancer, for which no curative treatment is available.
3. Functional pain: Pain without an identifiable organic cause that does not respond to standard treatments.

Managing intractable pain often requires a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals from various fields, including pain specialists, neurologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and physical therapists. Treatment options may include:

1. Adjuvant medications: Medications that are not primarily analgesics but have been found to help with pain relief, such as antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and muscle relaxants.
2. Interventional procedures: Minimally invasive techniques like nerve blocks, spinal cord stimulation, or intrathecal drug delivery systems that target specific nerves or areas of the body to reduce pain signals.
3. Psychological interventions: Techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness meditation, and relaxation training can help patients cope with chronic pain and improve their overall well-being.
4. Physical therapy and rehabilitation: Exercise programs, massage, acupuncture, and other physical therapies may provide relief for some types of intractable pain.
5. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM): Techniques like yoga, tai chi, hypnosis, or biofeedback can be helpful in managing chronic pain.
6. Lifestyle modifications: Dietary changes, stress management, and quitting smoking may also contribute to improved pain management.

In a medical or occupational health context, "work" is often used to refer to physical or mental activities that require energy expenditure and are performed as part of a job, daily routine, or exercise. However, there is also a specific medical concept called "work" that is used in the field of ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders.

In this context, work is defined as the product of force and distance, measured in joules (J) or newton-meters (Nm). It can be used to describe the amount of physical effort required to perform a specific task or activity, such as lifting an object or operating a machine.

For example, if a worker lifts a box that weighs 10 kilograms (kg) and raises it to a height of 0.5 meters (m), the work done can be calculated as follows:

Work = Force x Distance
Force = weight of the object (mass x gravity)
Distance = height raised

Force = 10 kg x 9.8 m/s^2 (acceleration due to gravity) = 98 N (newtons)
Work = 98 N x 0.5 m = 49 J or 49 Nm

This measurement of work can help assess the physical demands of a job and identify potential risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries, such as overexertion or repetitive strain.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

Disability Evaluation is the process of determining the nature and extent of a person's functional limitations or impairments, and assessing their ability to perform various tasks and activities in order to determine eligibility for disability benefits or accommodations. This process typically involves a medical examination and assessment by a licensed healthcare professional, such as a physician or psychologist, who evaluates the individual's symptoms, medical history, laboratory test results, and functional abilities. The evaluation may also involve input from other professionals, such as vocational experts, occupational therapists, or speech-language pathologists, who can provide additional information about the person's ability to perform specific tasks and activities in a work or daily living context. Based on this information, a determination is made about whether the individual meets the criteria for disability as defined by the relevant governing authority, such as the Social Security Administration or the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Performance anxiety is not a formal medical diagnosis, but it is a common term used to describe the experience of feeling anxious or stressed in situations where one's performance is being evaluated, such as public speaking, musical performances, or athletic competitions. It can lead to physical symptoms like increased heart rate, sweating, and trembling, as well as cognitive symptoms like difficulty concentrating and racing thoughts. In some cases, performance anxiety can interfere with a person's ability to function in these situations, leading to avoidance behaviors or poor performance. While it is normal to feel some level of nervousness or apprehension in high-pressure situations, performance anxiety becomes problematic when it causes significant distress or impairment in daily life.

Musculoskeletal development is a process that involves the growth and development of the muscles, bones, joints, and related tissues from birth through adulthood. This complex process is regulated by genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors and is critical for overall health, mobility, and quality of life.

During musculoskeletal development, bones grow in length and diameter, muscle mass increases, and joints become stronger and more stable. The process involves the coordinated growth and maturation of various tissues, including cartilage, tendons, ligaments, and nerves. Proper nutrition, physical activity, and injury prevention are essential for optimal musculoskeletal development.

Abnormalities in musculoskeletal development can lead to a range of conditions, such as muscular dystrophy, osteoporosis, scoliosis, and joint injuries. These conditions can have significant impacts on an individual's physical function, mobility, and overall health, making it essential to promote healthy musculoskeletal development throughout the lifespan.

Musculoskeletal physiological phenomena refer to the various functions, processes, and responses that occur in the musculoskeletal system. This system includes the muscles, bones, joints, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues that work together to support the body's structure, enable movement, and protect vital organs.

Musculoskeletal physiological phenomena can be categorized into several areas:

1. Muscle contraction and relaxation: This involves the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy through the sliding of actin and myosin filaments in muscle fibers, leading to muscle shortening or lengthening.
2. Bone homeostasis: This includes the maintenance of bone mass, density, and strength through a balance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts.
3. Joint movement and stability: The movement of joints is enabled by the interaction between muscles, tendons, ligaments, and articular cartilage, while stability is maintained through the passive tension provided by ligaments and the active contraction of muscles.
4. Connective tissue repair and regeneration: This involves the response of tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and muscles to injury or damage, including inflammation, cell proliferation, and matrix remodeling.
5. Neuromuscular control: The coordination of muscle activity through the integration of sensory information from proprioceptors (e.g., muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs) and motor commands from the central nervous system.
6. Skeletal development and growth: This includes the processes of bone formation, mineralization, and modeling during fetal development and childhood, as well as the maintenance of bone mass and strength throughout adulthood.
7. Aging and degeneration: The progressive decline in musculoskeletal function and structure with age, including sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass), osteoporosis (brittle bones), and joint degeneration (osteoarthritis).

Understanding these physiological phenomena is essential for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders and injuries.

In anatomical terms, the shoulder refers to the complex joint of the human body that connects the upper limb to the trunk. It is formed by the union of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder blade), and humerus (upper arm bone). The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket type of synovial joint, allowing for a wide range of movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation.

The shoulder complex includes not only the glenohumeral joint but also other structures that contribute to its movement and stability, including:

1. The acromioclavicular (AC) joint: where the clavicle meets the acromion process of the scapula.
2. The coracoclavicular (CC) ligament: connects the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle, providing additional stability to the AC joint.
3. The rotator cuff: a group of four muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) that surround and reinforce the shoulder joint, contributing to its stability and range of motion.
4. The biceps tendon: originates from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula and passes through the shoulder joint, helping with flexion, supination, and stability.
5. Various ligaments and capsular structures that provide additional support and limit excessive movement in the shoulder joint.

The shoulder is a remarkable joint due to its wide range of motion, but this also makes it susceptible to injuries and disorders such as dislocations, subluxations, sprains, strains, tendinitis, bursitis, and degenerative conditions like osteoarthritis. Proper care, exercise, and maintenance are essential for maintaining shoulder health and function throughout one's life.

Musculoskeletal abnormalities refer to structural and functional disorders that affect the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, muscles, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other related tissues. These abnormalities can result from genetic factors, trauma, overuse, degenerative processes, infections, or tumors. They may cause pain, stiffness, limited mobility, deformity, weakness, and susceptibility to injuries. Examples of musculoskeletal abnormalities include osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, scoliosis, kyphosis, lordosis, fractures, dislocations, tendinitis, bursitis, myopathies, and various congenital conditions.

"Sick leave" is not a medical term, but rather a term used in the context of employment and human resources. It refers to the time off from work that an employee is allowed to take due to illness or injury, for which they may still receive payment. The specific policies regarding sick leave, such as how much time is granted and whether it is paid or unpaid, can vary based on the employer's policies, labor laws, and collective bargaining agreements.

A Work Capacity Evaluation (WCE) is a set of systematic and objective procedures used to assess an individual's physical and cognitive abilities in relation to their ability to perform specific job tasks. It is typically conducted by a team of healthcare professionals, including occupational therapists, physiatrists, and kinesiologists, who evaluate the person's strength, endurance, flexibility, range of motion, sensation, balance, coordination, and cognitive abilities.

The goal of a WCE is to determine an individual's functional limitations and capabilities, and to provide recommendations regarding their ability to return to work or perform specific job tasks. The evaluation may include a variety of tests and measurements, such as lifting and carrying capacities, fine motor skills, visual tracking, and problem-solving abilities.

The results of the WCE can be used to develop a treatment plan, modify job duties, or determine eligibility for disability benefits. It is an important tool in helping individuals with injuries or disabilities return to work safely and effectively, while also ensuring that employers have the information they need to accommodate their employees' needs.

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

In the context of healthcare, workload refers to the amount and complexity of tasks or responsibilities that a healthcare professional is expected to perform within a given period. This can include direct patient care activities such as physical assessments, treatments, and procedures, as well as indirect care activities like documentation, communication with other healthcare team members, and quality improvement initiatives.

Workload can be measured in various ways, including the number of patients assigned to a provider, the amount of time spent on direct patient care, or the complexity of the medical conditions being managed. High workloads can impact the quality of care provided, as well as healthcare professional burnout and job satisfaction. Therefore, it is essential to monitor and manage workload effectively to ensure safe and high-quality patient care.

Postoperative pain is defined as the pain or discomfort experienced by patients following a surgical procedure. It can vary in intensity and duration depending on the type of surgery performed, individual pain tolerance, and other factors. The pain may be caused by tissue trauma, inflammation, or nerve damage resulting from the surgical intervention. Proper assessment and management of postoperative pain is essential to promote recovery, prevent complications, and improve patient satisfaction.

Occupational health is a branch of medicine that focuses on the physical, mental, and social well-being of workers in all types of jobs. The goal of occupational health is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and disabilities, while also promoting the overall health and safety of employees. This may involve identifying and assessing potential hazards in the workplace, implementing controls to reduce or eliminate those hazards, providing education and training to workers on safe practices, and conducting medical surveillance and screenings to detect early signs of work-related health problems.

Occupational health also involves working closely with employers, employees, and other stakeholders to develop policies and programs that support the health and well-being of workers. This may include promoting healthy lifestyles, providing access to mental health resources, and supporting return-to-work programs for injured or ill workers. Ultimately, the goal of occupational health is to create a safe and healthy work environment that enables employees to perform their jobs effectively and efficiently, while also protecting their long-term health and well-being.

Chiropractic manipulation, also known as spinal manipulative therapy, is a technique used by chiropractors to realign misaligned vertebrae in the spine (subluxations) with the goal of improving function, reducing nerve irritation, and alleviating pain. This technique involves using controlled force, direction, amplitude, and velocity to move joints beyond their passive range of motion but within their physiological limits. The purpose is to restore normal joint motion and function, which can help reduce pain and improve overall health and well-being. It is commonly used to treat musculoskeletal conditions such as low back pain, neck pain, and headaches.

Tertiary healthcare is a level of health services delivery that involves highly specialized care, often provided by tertiary care hospitals or centers. These facilities typically have advanced diagnostic and treatment capabilities, including access to specialized medical professionals such as surgeons, oncologists, neurologists, and other specialists who provide complex medical and surgical interventions.

Tertiary healthcare services are designed to address the needs of patients with more severe or complicated medical conditions that cannot be managed at primary or secondary care levels. These services often involve highly specialized procedures, such as organ transplants, cancer treatments, advanced neurosurgical procedures, and other complex interventions. Tertiary care facilities may also serve as referral centers for smaller hospitals and clinics, providing consultation, diagnosis, and treatment recommendations for patients with rare or difficult-to-diagnose conditions.

It's important to note that tertiary healthcare is not always accessible to everyone due to factors such as cost, location, and availability of specialized services. Access to tertiary care can vary widely depending on the healthcare system and resources available in a given region or country.

Rheumatic diseases are a group of disorders that cause pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or bones. They include conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), gout, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and many others. These diseases can also affect other body systems including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, kidneys, and nervous system. Rheumatic diseases are often chronic and may be progressive, meaning they can worsen over time. They can cause significant pain, disability, and reduced quality of life if not properly diagnosed and managed. The exact causes of rheumatic diseases are not fully understood, but genetics, environmental factors, and immune system dysfunction are believed to play a role in their development.

Here's a medical definition of "nursing" from Stedman's Medical Dictionary:

"The profession practiced by those who have completed a program of study, usually in a college or university, and who are licensed to provide nursing care under the direction of a physician. Nursing includes such functions as taking patient histories, administering and monitoring medications and treatments, applying dressings, instructing patients about care of their bodies and diseases, and assisting physicians during surgery and other medical procedures. Modern nursing also encompasses case management, health education, counseling, and collaboration with other healthcare professionals in the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic illnesses."

Absenteeism is a term used in the medical and occupational health fields to describe the habitual pattern of absence from work or school. It refers to an employee or student's repeated failure to show up for scheduled work or classes without a valid reason or excuse. Absenteeism can have various causes, including physical illness or injury, mental health issues, stress, burnout, disengagement, and poor job or school satisfaction. Chronic absenteeism can lead to negative consequences such as decreased productivity, increased healthcare costs, and reduced academic performance.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "workplace" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. The term "workplace" generally refers to a place where people work or carry out their jobs. It could be an office, a factory, a construction site, a retail store, or any other location where work-related activities take place.

If you're looking for a term related to health or medicine that describes a physical location, some examples might include "healthcare facility," "clinic," "hospital," "operating room," or "examination room." If you could provide more context or clarify what you're looking for, I'd be happy to help further!

Psychophysiologic Disorders, also known as psychosomatic disorders, refer to a category of mental health conditions where psychological stress and emotional factors play a significant role in causing physical symptoms. These disorders are characterized by the presence of bodily complaints for which no physiological explanation can be found, or where the severity of the symptoms is far greater than what would be expected from any underlying medical condition.

Examples of psychophysiologic disorders include:

* Conversion disorder: where physical symptoms such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing occur in the absence of a clear medical explanation.
* Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): where abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits are thought to be caused or worsened by stress and emotional factors.
* Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES): where episodes that resemble epileptic seizures occur without any electrical activity in the brain.
* Chronic pain syndromes: where pain persists for months or years beyond the expected healing time, often accompanied by depression and anxiety.

The diagnosis of psychophysiologic disorders typically involves a thorough medical evaluation to rule out other potential causes of the symptoms. Treatment usually includes a combination of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), relaxation techniques, stress management, and sometimes medication for co-occurring mental health conditions.

Physical therapy modalities refer to the various forms of treatment that physical therapists use to help reduce pain, promote healing, and restore function to the body. These modalities can include:

1. Heat therapy: This includes the use of hot packs, paraffin baths, and infrared heat to increase blood flow, relax muscles, and relieve pain.
2. Cold therapy: Also known as cryotherapy, this involves the use of ice packs, cold compresses, or cooling gels to reduce inflammation, numb the area, and relieve pain.
3. Electrical stimulation: This uses electrical currents to stimulate nerves and muscles, which can help to reduce pain, promote healing, and improve muscle strength and function.
4. Ultrasound: This uses high-frequency sound waves to penetrate deep into tissues, increasing blood flow, reducing inflammation, and promoting healing.
5. Manual therapy: This includes techniques such as massage, joint mobilization, and stretching, which are used to improve range of motion, reduce pain, and promote relaxation.
6. Traction: This is a technique that uses gentle pulling on the spine or other joints to help relieve pressure and improve alignment.
7. Light therapy: Also known as phototherapy, this involves the use of low-level lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to promote healing and reduce pain and inflammation.
8. Therapeutic exercise: This includes a range of exercises that are designed to improve strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination, and help patients recover from injury or illness.

Physical therapy modalities are often used in combination with other treatments, such as manual therapy and therapeutic exercise, to provide a comprehensive approach to rehabilitation and pain management.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "disabled persons" are those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which may hinder their participation in society on an equal basis with others. The term "disability" is not meant to be understood as a 'personal tragedy' but rather as a complex interaction between the features of a person's body and mind, the activities they wish to perform and the physical and social barriers they encounter in their environment.

It's important to note that the term 'disabled persons' has been largely replaced by 'people with disabilities' or 'persons with disabilities' in many contexts, as it is considered more respectful and empowering to put the person first, rather than focusing on their disability. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) uses the term "persons with disabilities" throughout its text.

Illness behavior is a term used in the field of medicine and psychology to describe the way an individual perceives, experiences, and responds to symptoms or illness. It encompasses the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are associated with being sick or experiencing discomfort. This can include seeking medical attention, adhering to treatment plans, and adjusting one's daily activities to accommodate the illness.

Illness behavior is not simply the presence of physical symptoms, but rather it is the way in which an individual interprets and responds to those symptoms. It can be influenced by a variety of factors, including cultural beliefs about health and illness, previous experiences with illness, personality traits, and mental health status.

It's important to note that illness behavior is not necessarily indicative of malingering or fabricating symptoms. Rather, it reflects the complex interplay between an individual's physical health, psychological factors, and social context. Understanding illness behavior can help healthcare providers better assess and manage their patients' symptoms and improve overall care.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control (DNIC) is a pain modulation mechanism that describes the inhibition of pain perception in response to a noxious stimulus. It is also known as "counter-irritation" or "pain inhibits pain." This phenomenon occurs when a diffuse noxious stimulus activates inhibitory neurons in the brainstem, which then suppress the activity of nociceptive neurons that transmit pain signals to the brain. As a result, the perception of pain from a concurrent or subsequent noxious stimulus is reduced. This mechanism is thought to contribute to the analgesic effects of certain treatments such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and acupuncture.

Muscular diseases, also known as myopathies, refer to a group of conditions that affect the functionality and health of muscle tissue. These diseases can be inherited or acquired and may result from inflammation, infection, injury, or degenerative processes. They can cause symptoms such as weakness, stiffness, cramping, spasms, wasting, and loss of muscle function.

Examples of muscular diseases include:

1. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD): A genetic disorder that results in progressive muscle weakness and degeneration due to a lack of dystrophin protein.
2. Myasthenia Gravis: An autoimmune disease that causes muscle weakness and fatigue, typically affecting the eyes and face, throat, and limbs.
3. Inclusion Body Myositis (IBM): A progressive muscle disorder characterized by muscle inflammation and wasting, typically affecting older adults.
4. Polymyositis: An inflammatory myopathy that causes muscle weakness and inflammation throughout the body.
5. Metabolic Myopathies: A group of inherited disorders that affect muscle metabolism, leading to exercise intolerance, muscle weakness, and other symptoms.
6. Muscular Dystonias: Involuntary muscle contractions and spasms that can cause abnormal postures or movements.

It is important to note that muscular diseases can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, mobility, and overall health. Proper diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing symptoms and improving outcomes.

Abdominal pain is defined as discomfort or painful sensation in the abdomen. The abdomen is the region of the body between the chest and the pelvis, and contains many important organs such as the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. Abdominal pain can vary in intensity from mild to severe, and can be acute or chronic depending on the underlying cause.

Abdominal pain can have many different causes, ranging from benign conditions such as gastritis, indigestion, or constipation, to more serious conditions such as appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease, or abdominal aortic aneurysm. The location, quality, and duration of the pain can provide important clues about its cause. For example, sharp, localized pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen may indicate appendicitis, while crampy, diffuse pain in the lower abdomen may suggest irritable bowel syndrome.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience severe or persistent abdominal pain, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, vomiting, or bloody stools. A thorough physical examination, including a careful history and a focused abdominal exam, can help diagnose the underlying cause of the pain and guide appropriate treatment.

Musculoskeletal physiological processes refer to the normal functioning and mechanical properties of the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, and associated tissues. These processes encompass a range of functions such as:

1. Muscle contraction and relaxation for movement and support of the body. This involves the conversion of chemical energy (from ATP) into mechanical energy, resulting in muscle shortening and force generation.
2. Bone homeostasis, which includes bone formation (osteogenesis) and bone resorption (osteoclastosis), ensuring the maintenance of bone strength, density, and structure.
3. Joint movement and stability, facilitated by the articulating surfaces of bones, supported by ligaments, and controlled by muscles. This involves the coordinated action of various tissues to enable smooth, pain-free motion while maintaining joint integrity.
4. Proprioception and neuromuscular control, which involve the integration of sensory information from muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors to maintain balance, posture, and coordinated movements.
5. Tendon function, allowing for the transmission of forces between muscles and bones, enabling movement and joint stability.
6. Biomechanical adaptations to mechanical loading, which involve changes in muscle, bone, and connective tissue structure and properties in response to exercise or disuse.
7. Inflammatory responses to injury or infection, which are essential for healing and recovery but can also contribute to pain and dysfunction if they become excessive or chronic.
8. Neurotransmitter and hormonal regulation of musculoskeletal function, such as the role of growth hormone, testosterone, estrogen, and cortisol in muscle and bone metabolism.
9. Cellular signaling pathways involved in musculoskeletal development, maintenance, repair, and regeneration.

Understanding these physiological processes is crucial for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various musculoskeletal disorders and diseases, such as osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, tendinopathies, and muscle injuries.

Catastrophizing is a term used in the medical field, particularly in psychology and psychiatry, to describe a cognitive distortion or a pattern of thinking in which an individual tends to exaggerate the severity or negative consequences of a situation or problem. It involves magnifying or blowing things out of proportion, expecting the worst-case scenario, and having a lack of faith in one's ability to cope with adversity.

Catastrophization can be a symptom of various mental health conditions, such as anxiety disorders, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It can also contribute to increased pain perception and disability in individuals with chronic pain conditions.

For example, a person who catastrophizes might think that if they make a small mistake at work, it will lead to them losing their job, which will then cause them to become homeless and destitute. This type of thinking can be debilitating and interfere with an individual's ability to function in daily life.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is often used to help individuals identify and challenge catastrophic thoughts, with the goal of replacing them with more balanced and realistic thinking patterns.

Somatoform disorders are a group of psychological disorders characterized by the presence of physical symptoms that cannot be fully explained by a medical condition or substance abuse. These symptoms cause significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The individual's belief about the symptoms is not consistent with the medical evaluation and often leads to excessive or repeated medical evaluations.

Examples of somatoform disorders include:

1. Somatization disorder: characterized by multiple physical symptoms that cannot be explained medically, affecting several parts of the body.
2. Conversion disorder: characterized by the presence of one or more neurological symptoms (such as blindness, paralysis, or difficulty swallowing) that cannot be explained medically and appear to have a psychological origin.
3. Pain disorder: characterized by chronic pain that is not fully explained by a medical condition.
4. Hypochondriasis: characterized by an excessive preoccupation with having a serious illness, despite reassurance from medical professionals.
5. Body dysmorphic disorder: characterized by the obsessive idea that some aspect of one's own body part or appearance is severely flawed and warrants exceptional measures to hide or fix it.

It's important to note that these disorders are not caused by intentional deceit or malingering, but rather reflect a genuine belief in the presence of physical symptoms and distress related to them.

A computer terminal is a device that enables a user to interact with a computer system. It typically includes an input device, such as a keyboard or a mouse, and an output device, such as a monitor or a printer. A terminal may also include additional features, such as storage devices or network connections. In modern usage, the term "computer terminal" is often used to refer specifically to a device that provides text-based access to a computer system, as opposed to a graphical user interface (GUI). These text-based terminals are sometimes called "dumb terminals," because they rely on the computer system to perform most of the processing and only provide a simple interface for input and output. However, this term can be misleading, as many modern terminals are quite sophisticated and can include features such as advanced graphics capabilities or support for multimedia content.

Psychological stress is the response of an individual's mind and body to challenging or demanding situations. It can be defined as a state of emotional and physical tension resulting from adversity, demand, or change. This response can involve a variety of symptoms, including emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and physiological components.

Emotional responses may include feelings of anxiety, fear, anger, sadness, or frustration. Cognitive responses might involve difficulty concentrating, racing thoughts, or negative thinking patterns. Behaviorally, psychological stress can lead to changes in appetite, sleep patterns, social interactions, and substance use. Physiologically, the body's "fight-or-flight" response is activated, leading to increased heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and other symptoms.

Psychological stress can be caused by a wide range of factors, including work or school demands, financial problems, relationship issues, traumatic events, chronic illness, and major life changes. It's important to note that what causes stress in one person may not cause stress in another, as individual perceptions and coping mechanisms play a significant role.

Chronic psychological stress can have negative effects on both mental and physical health, increasing the risk of conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, heart disease, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it's essential to identify sources of stress and develop effective coping strategies to manage and reduce its impact.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Norway" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in Northern Europe, known officially as the Kingdom of Norway. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help!

Pain perception refers to the neural and psychological processes involved in receiving, interpreting, and responding to painful stimuli. It is the subjective experience of pain, which can vary greatly among individuals due to factors such as genetics, mood, expectations, and past experiences. The perception of pain involves complex interactions between the peripheral nervous system (which detects and transmits information about tissue damage or potential harm), the spinal cord (where this information is processed and integrated with other sensory inputs), and the brain (where the final interpretation and emotional response to pain occurs).

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Pelvic pain is defined as discomfort or unpleasant sensation in the lower abdominal region, below the belly button, and between the hips. It can be acute (sudden and lasting for a short time) or chronic (persisting for months or even years), and it may be steady or intermittent, mild or severe. The pain can have various causes, including musculoskeletal issues, nerve irritation, infection, inflammation, or organic diseases in the reproductive, urinary, or gastrointestinal systems. Accurate diagnosis often requires a thorough medical evaluation to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Facial pain is a condition characterized by discomfort or pain felt in any part of the face. It can result from various causes, including nerve damage or irritation, injuries, infections, dental problems, migraines, or sinus congestion. The pain can range from mild to severe and may be sharp, dull, constant, or intermittent. In some cases, facial pain can also be associated with other symptoms such as headaches, redness, swelling, or changes in sensation. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause are essential for effective management of facial pain.

Psychological adaptation refers to the process by which individuals adjust and cope with stressors, challenges, or changes in their environment or circumstances. It involves modifying thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and copabilities to reduce the negative impact of these stressors and promote well-being. Psychological adaptation can occur at different levels, including intrapersonal (within the individual), interpersonal (between individuals), and cultural (within a group or society).

Examples of psychological adaptation include:

* Cognitive restructuring: changing negative thoughts and beliefs to more positive or adaptive ones
* Emotion regulation: managing and reducing intense or distressing emotions
* Problem-solving: finding solutions to practical challenges or obstacles
* Seeking social support: reaching out to others for help, advice, or comfort
* Developing coping strategies: using effective ways to deal with stressors or difficulties
* Cultivating resilience: bouncing back from adversity and learning from negative experiences.

Psychological adaptation is an important aspect of mental health and well-being, as it helps individuals adapt to new situations, overcome challenges, and maintain a sense of control and optimism in the face of stressors or changes.

Muscle neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the muscle tissue. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign muscle neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant muscle neoplasms, also known as soft tissue sarcomas, can grow quickly, invade nearby tissues, and metastasize (spread) to distant parts of the body.

Soft tissue sarcomas can arise from any of the muscles in the body, including the skeletal muscles (voluntary muscles that attach to bones and help with movement), smooth muscles (involuntary muscles found in the walls of blood vessels, digestive tract, and other organs), or cardiac muscle (the specialized muscle found in the heart).

There are many different types of soft tissue sarcomas, each with its own set of characteristics and prognosis. Treatment for muscle neoplasms typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, depending on the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor.

Logistic models, specifically logistic regression models, are a type of statistical analysis used in medical and epidemiological research to identify the relationship between the risk of a certain health outcome or disease (dependent variable) and one or more independent variables, such as demographic factors, exposure variables, or other clinical measurements.

In contrast to linear regression models, logistic regression models are used when the dependent variable is binary or dichotomous in nature, meaning it can only take on two values, such as "disease present" or "disease absent." The model uses a logistic function to estimate the probability of the outcome based on the independent variables.

Logistic regression models are useful for identifying risk factors and estimating the strength of associations between exposures and health outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders, and predicting the probability of an outcome given certain values of the independent variables. They can also be used to develop clinical prediction rules or scores that can aid in decision-making and patient care.

Acute pain is a type of pain that comes on suddenly and can be severe, but it typically lasts for a short period of time. It is often described as sharp or stabbing and can be caused by tissue damage, inflammation, or injury. Acute pain is the body's way of signaling that something is wrong and that action needs to be taken to address the underlying cause.

Acute pain is different from chronic pain, which is pain that persists for 12 weeks or longer. Chronic pain can be caused by a variety of factors, including ongoing medical conditions, nerve damage, or inflammation. It is important to seek medical attention if you are experiencing acute pain that does not improve or becomes severe, as it may be a sign of a more serious underlying condition.

Activities of Daily Living (ADL) are routine self-care activities that individuals usually do every day without assistance. These activities are widely used as a measure to determine the functional status and independence of a person, particularly in the elderly or those with disabilities or chronic illnesses. The basic ADLs include:

1. Personal hygiene: Bathing, washing hands and face, brushing teeth, grooming, and using the toilet.
2. Dressing: Selecting appropriate clothes and dressing oneself.
3. Eating: Preparing and consuming food, either independently or with assistive devices.
4. Mobility: Moving in and out of bed, chairs, or wheelchairs, walking independently or using mobility aids.
5. Transferring: Moving from one place to another, such as getting in and out of a car, bath, or bed.

There are also more complex Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs) that assess an individual's ability to manage their own life and live independently. These include managing finances, shopping for groceries, using the telephone, taking medications as prescribed, preparing meals, and housekeeping tasks.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Analgesics are a class of drugs that are used to relieve pain. They work by blocking the transmission of pain signals in the nervous system, allowing individuals to manage their pain levels more effectively. There are many different types of analgesics available, including both prescription and over-the-counter options. Some common examples include acetaminophen (Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin), and opioids such as morphine or oxycodone.

The choice of analgesic will depend on several factors, including the type and severity of pain being experienced, any underlying medical conditions, potential drug interactions, and individual patient preferences. It is important to use these medications as directed by a healthcare provider, as misuse or overuse can lead to serious side effects and potential addiction.

In addition to their pain-relieving properties, some analgesics may also have additional benefits such as reducing inflammation (like in the case of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs) or causing sedation (as with certain opioids). However, it is essential to weigh these potential benefits against the risks and side effects associated with each medication.

When used appropriately, analgesics can significantly improve a person's quality of life by helping them manage their pain effectively and allowing them to engage in daily activities more comfortably.

Occupational exposure refers to the contact of an individual with potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents as a result of their job or occupation. This can include exposure to hazardous substances such as chemicals, heavy metals, or dusts; physical agents such as noise, radiation, or ergonomic stressors; and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Occupational exposure can occur through various routes, including inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these hazards can increase the risk of developing acute or chronic health conditions, such as respiratory diseases, skin disorders, neurological damage, or cancer.

Employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to minimize occupational exposures through the implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and training programs. Regular monitoring and surveillance of workers' health can also help identify and prevent potential health hazards in the workplace.

Personality tests are psychological assessments used to measure an individual's personality traits, characteristics, and behaviors. These tests are designed to evaluate various aspects of an individual's personality, such as their temperament, interpersonal style, emotional stability, motivation, values, and preferences. The results of these tests can help healthcare professionals, researchers, and organizations better understand a person's behavior, predict their performance in different settings, and identify potential strengths and weaknesses.

There are several types of personality tests, including self-report measures, projective tests, and objective tests. Self-report measures, such as the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) or the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI), ask individuals to rate themselves on a series of statements or questions about their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Projective tests, like the Rorschach Inkblot Test or the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), present ambiguous stimuli that respondents must interpret, revealing unconscious thoughts, feelings, and motivations. Objective tests, such as the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) or the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), use a standardized set of questions to assess specific personality traits and characteristics.

It is important to note that while personality tests can provide valuable insights into an individual's behavior, they should not be used as the sole basis for making important decisions about a person's life, such as employment or mental health treatment. Instead, these tests should be considered one piece of a comprehensive assessment that includes other sources of information, such as interviews, observations, and collateral reports.

A Severity of Illness Index is a measurement tool used in healthcare to assess the severity of a patient's condition and the risk of mortality or other adverse outcomes. These indices typically take into account various physiological and clinical variables, such as vital signs, laboratory values, and co-morbidities, to generate a score that reflects the patient's overall illness severity.

Examples of Severity of Illness Indices include the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) system, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS), and the Mortality Probability Model (MPM). These indices are often used in critical care settings to guide clinical decision-making, inform prognosis, and compare outcomes across different patient populations.

It is important to note that while these indices can provide valuable information about a patient's condition, they should not be used as the sole basis for clinical decision-making. Rather, they should be considered in conjunction with other factors, such as the patient's overall clinical presentation, treatment preferences, and goals of care.

Clinical protocols, also known as clinical practice guidelines or care paths, are systematically developed statements that assist healthcare professionals and patients in making decisions about the appropriate healthcare for specific clinical circumstances. They are based on a thorough evaluation of the available scientific evidence and consist of a set of recommendations that are designed to optimize patient outcomes, improve the quality of care, and reduce unnecessary variations in practice. Clinical protocols may cover a wide range of topics, including diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and disease prevention, and are developed by professional organizations, government agencies, and other groups with expertise in the relevant field.

Referred pain is a type of pain that is felt in a part of the body other than its actual source. This occurs because the brain incorrectly interprets nerve signals from damaged tissues or organs. In the case of referred pain, the brain misinterprets the location of the pain signal and attributes it to a different area of the body.

Referred pain is often described as a dull, aching sensation rather than a sharp, stabbing pain. It can be difficult to diagnose because the source of the pain may not be immediately apparent. Common examples of referred pain include:

* Heart attack pain that is felt in the left arm or jaw
* Gallbladder pain that is felt in the right shoulder blade
* Kidney stones that cause pain in the lower back and abdomen
* Appendicitis that causes pain in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen, but can sometimes be referred to the lower left quadrant in pregnant women or those with a longer colon.

Referred pain is thought to occur because the nerves carrying pain signals from different parts of the body converge on the same neurons in the spinal cord before traveling to the brain. If these neurons are stimulated by pain signals from multiple sources, the brain may have difficulty distinguishing between them and may interpret the pain as coming from a single location.

Quality of Life (QOL) is a broad, multidimensional concept that usually includes an individual's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs, and their relationship to salient features of their environment. It reflects the impact of disease and treatment on a patient's overall well-being and ability to function in daily life.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines QOL as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns." It is a subjective concept, meaning it can vary greatly from person to person.

In healthcare, QOL is often used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and other research studies to assess the impact of interventions or treatments on overall patient well-being.

Hyperalgesia is a medical term that describes an increased sensitivity to pain. It occurs when the nervous system, specifically the nociceptors (pain receptors), become excessively sensitive to stimuli. This means that a person experiences pain from a stimulus that normally wouldn't cause pain or experiences pain that is more intense than usual. Hyperalgesia can be a result of various conditions such as nerve damage, inflammation, or certain medications. It's an important symptom to monitor in patients with chronic pain conditions, as it may indicate the development of tolerance or addiction to pain medication.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sweden" is not a medical term. It is a country located in northern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those!

Depression is a mood disorder that is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities. It can also cause significant changes in sleep, appetite, energy level, concentration, and behavior. Depression can interfere with daily life and normal functioning, and it can increase the risk of suicide and other mental health disorders. The exact cause of depression is not known, but it is believed to be related to a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. There are several types of depression, including major depressive disorder, persistent depressive disorder, postpartum depression, and seasonal affective disorder. Treatment for depression typically involves a combination of medication and psychotherapy.

In the context of medical terminology, "occupations" generally refers to the activities or tasks that a person performs as part of their daily life and routines. This can include both paid work or employment, as well as unpaid activities such as household chores, hobbies, and self-care. The term is often used in the field of occupational therapy, which focuses on helping individuals develop, recover, and maintain the skills needed for participation in their daily occupations and improving their overall quality of life. Additionally, Occupational Medicine is a medical specialty that focuses on the prevention and management of job-related injuries and illnesses, as well as promoting health and productivity in the workplace.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

A "self-report" in a medical context refers to the information or data provided by an individual about their own symptoms, experiences, behaviors, or health status. This can be collected through various methods such as questionnaires, surveys, interviews, or diaries. Self-reports are commonly used in research and clinical settings to assess various aspects of health, including physical and mental health symptoms, quality of life, treatment adherence, and substance use.

While self-reports can be a valuable source of information, they may also be subject to biases such as recall bias, social desirability bias, or response distortion. Therefore, it is important to consider the potential limitations and validity of self-reported data in interpreting the results. In some cases, self-reports may be supplemented with other sources of information, such as medical records, physiological measures, or observer ratings.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "job satisfaction" is not a medical term or concept. It falls under the domain of occupational or organizational psychology and refers to the degree to which employees like their jobs and are content with their role in the organization. High job satisfaction is generally associated with positive outcomes such as increased productivity, lower turnover rates, and better mental health. However, low job satisfaction can contribute to stress, burnout, and other negative health outcomes.

Rheumatology is a subspecialty of internal medicine that deals with the diagnosis and management of more than 200 diseases affecting the joints, muscles, and bones. These diseases are often complex, chronic, and systemic, meaning they can affect the whole body. Some common rheumatic diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, lupus, gout, osteoporosis, and various forms of vasculitis and connective tissue disorders.

Rheumatologists are medical doctors who have completed additional training in this field, becoming experts in the non-surgical treatment of musculoskeletal diseases. They use a combination of physical examination, patient history, laboratory testing, and imaging to diagnose and manage these conditions. Treatment may involve medications, lifestyle changes, physical therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

Arthritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation in one or more joints, leading to symptoms such as pain, stiffness, swelling, and reduced range of motion. There are many different types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, and lupus, among others.

Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and is caused by wear and tear on the joints over time. Rheumatoid arthritis, on the other hand, is an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the joint lining, causing inflammation and damage.

Arthritis can affect people of all ages, including children, although it is more common in older adults. Treatment for arthritis may include medications to manage pain and reduce inflammation, physical therapy, exercise, and in some cases, surgery.

Acupuncture therapy is a form of traditional Chinese medicine that involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body to stimulate the flow of energy (Qi), balance the vital force (Chi), and promote healing. It is based on the concept of meridians, or pathways, through which this energy flows. Acupuncture therapy is used to treat a variety of conditions, including pain, stress, anxiety, insomnia, digestive disorders, and reproductive health issues. According to Western medicine, acupuncture may work by stimulating the nervous system, increasing blood flow, and releasing natural pain-relieving chemicals called endorphins. It is generally considered safe when performed by a qualified practitioner using sterile needles.

Fatigue is a state of feeling very tired, weary, or exhausted, which can be physical, mental, or both. It is a common symptom that can be caused by various factors, including lack of sleep, poor nutrition, stress, medical conditions (such as anemia, diabetes, heart disease, or cancer), medications, and substance abuse. Fatigue can also be a symptom of depression or other mental health disorders. In medical terms, fatigue is often described as a subjective feeling of tiredness that is not proportional to recent activity levels and interferes with usual functioning. It is important to consult a healthcare professional if experiencing persistent or severe fatigue to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.

The term "upper extremity" is used in the medical field to refer to the portion of the upper limb that extends from the shoulder to the hand. This includes the arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, and hand. The upper extremity is responsible for various functions such as reaching, grasping, and manipulating objects, making it an essential part of a person's daily activities.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

I'm not sure I understand your question. "Denmark" is a country located in Northern Europe, and it is not a medical term or concept. It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, and it consists of the Jutland peninsula and several islands in the Baltic Sea. The capital city of Denmark is Copenhagen.

If you are looking for information about a medical condition that may be associated with Denmark, could you please provide more context or clarify your question? I would be happy to help you with more specific information if I can.

Health status is a term used to describe the overall condition of an individual's health, including physical, mental, and social well-being. It is often assessed through various measures such as medical history, physical examination, laboratory tests, and self-reported health assessments. Health status can be used to identify health disparities, track changes in population health over time, and evaluate the effectiveness of healthcare interventions.

Comorbidity is the presence of one or more additional health conditions or diseases alongside a primary illness or condition. These co-occurring health issues can have an impact on the treatment plan, prognosis, and overall healthcare management of an individual. Comorbidities often interact with each other and the primary condition, leading to more complex clinical situations and increased healthcare needs. It is essential for healthcare professionals to consider and address comorbidities to provide comprehensive care and improve patient outcomes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Finland" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Northern Europe, known officially as the Republic of Finland. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.

Joint instability is a condition characterized by the loss of normal joint function and increased risk of joint injury due to impaired integrity of the supporting structures, such as ligaments, muscles, or cartilage. This can result in excessive movement or laxity within the joint, leading to decreased stability and increased susceptibility to dislocations or subluxations. Joint instability may cause pain, swelling, and limited range of motion, and it can significantly impact a person's mobility and quality of life. It is often caused by trauma, degenerative conditions, or congenital abnormalities and may require medical intervention, such as physical therapy, bracing, or surgery, to restore joint stability.

Primary health care is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as:

"Essential health care that is based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford. It forms an integral part both of the country's health system, of which it is the central function and main focus, and of the overall social and economic development of the community. It is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system bringing health care as close as possible to where people live and work, and constitutes the first element of a continuing health care process."

Primary health care includes a range of services such as preventive care, health promotion, curative care, rehabilitation, and palliative care. It is typically provided by a team of health professionals including doctors, nurses, midwives, pharmacists, and other community health workers. The goal of primary health care is to provide comprehensive, continuous, and coordinated care to individuals and families in a way that is accessible, affordable, and culturally sensitive.

Posture is the position or alignment of body parts supported by the muscles, especially the spine and head in relation to the vertebral column. It can be described as static (related to a stationary position) or dynamic (related to movement). Good posture involves training your body to stand, walk, sit, and lie in positions where the least strain is placed on supporting muscles and ligaments during movement or weight-bearing activities. Poor posture can lead to various health issues such as back pain, neck pain, headaches, and respiratory problems.

"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.

For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.

It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.

Self-efficacy is not a medical term per se, but it is widely used in medical and health-related contexts. It is a concept from social cognitive theory that refers to an individual's belief in their ability to successfully perform specific tasks or achieve certain goals, particularly in the face of challenges or adversity.

In medical settings, self-efficacy can refer to a patient's confidence in their ability to manage their health condition, adhere to treatment plans, and engage in healthy behaviors. For example, a person with diabetes who has high self-efficacy may feel confident in their ability to monitor their blood sugar levels, follow a healthy diet, and exercise regularly, even if they encounter obstacles or setbacks.

Research has shown that self-efficacy is an important predictor of health outcomes, as individuals with higher self-efficacy are more likely to engage in positive health behaviors and experience better health outcomes than those with lower self-efficacy. Healthcare providers may seek to enhance patients' self-efficacy through education, counseling, and support to help them manage their health condition more effectively.

Back injuries refer to damages or traumas that affect the structures of the back, including the muscles, nerves, ligaments, bones, and other tissues. These injuries can occur due to various reasons such as sudden trauma (e.g., falls, accidents), repetitive stress, or degenerative conditions. Common types of back injuries include strains, sprains, herniated discs, fractured vertebrae, and spinal cord injuries. Symptoms may vary from mild discomfort to severe pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness, depending on the severity and location of the injury. Treatment options range from conservative measures like physical therapy and medication to surgical intervention in severe cases.

Family practice, also known as family medicine, is a medical specialty that provides comprehensive and continuous care to patients of all ages, genders, and stages of life. Family physicians are trained to provide a wide range of services, including preventive care, diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic illnesses, management of complex medical conditions, and providing health education and counseling.

Family practice emphasizes the importance of building long-term relationships with patients and their families, and takes into account the physical, emotional, social, and psychological factors that influence a person's health. Family physicians often serve as the primary point of contact for patients within the healthcare system, coordinating care with other specialists and healthcare providers as needed.

Family practice is a broad and diverse field, encompassing various areas such as pediatrics, internal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, geriatrics, and behavioral health. The goal of family practice is to provide high-quality, patient-centered care that meets the unique needs and preferences of each individual patient and their family.

Exercise therapy is a type of medical treatment that uses physical movement and exercise to improve a patient's physical functioning, mobility, and overall health. It is often used as a component of rehabilitation programs for individuals who have experienced injuries, illnesses, or surgeries that have impaired their ability to move and function normally.

Exercise therapy may involve a range of activities, including stretching, strengthening, balance training, aerobic exercise, and functional training. The specific exercises used will depend on the individual's needs, goals, and medical condition.

The benefits of exercise therapy include:

* Improved strength and flexibility
* Increased endurance and stamina
* Enhanced balance and coordination
* Reduced pain and inflammation
* Improved cardiovascular health
* Increased range of motion and joint mobility
* Better overall physical functioning and quality of life.

Exercise therapy is typically prescribed and supervised by a healthcare professional, such as a physical therapist or exercise physiologist, who has experience working with individuals with similar medical conditions. The healthcare professional will create an individualized exercise program based on the patient's needs and goals, and will provide guidance and support to ensure that the exercises are performed safely and effectively.

In a medical context, "lifting" generally refers to the act or process of physically moving or supporting an object or person with the use of one's muscles, particularly those in the back, legs, and arms. However, I am a large language model, not a doctor, and this definition is based on general usage rather than specific medical terminology.

Improper lifting techniques can lead to injuries, especially musculoskeletal ones. For this reason, healthcare professionals often provide guidelines for safe lifting, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a wide base of support, keeping the object close to the body, using leg muscles instead of the back, and avoiding twisting or bending at the waist.

In some cases, "lifting" may also refer to medical procedures where a surgeon raises a part of the body during surgery, but this is more commonly referred to as "elevation."

The odds ratio (OR) is a statistical measure used in epidemiology and research to estimate the association between an exposure and an outcome. It represents the odds that an event will occur in one group versus the odds that it will occur in another group, assuming that all other factors are held constant.

In medical research, the odds ratio is often used to quantify the strength of the relationship between a risk factor (exposure) and a disease outcome. An OR of 1 indicates no association between the exposure and the outcome, while an OR greater than 1 suggests that there is a positive association between the two. Conversely, an OR less than 1 implies a negative association.

It's important to note that the odds ratio is not the same as the relative risk (RR), which compares the incidence rates of an outcome in two groups. While the OR can approximate the RR when the outcome is rare, they are not interchangeable and can lead to different conclusions about the association between an exposure and an outcome.

A research design in medical or healthcare research is a systematic plan that guides the execution and reporting of research to address a specific research question or objective. It outlines the overall strategy for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to draw valid conclusions. The design includes details about the type of study (e.g., experimental, observational), sampling methods, data collection techniques, data analysis approaches, and any potential sources of bias or confounding that need to be controlled for. A well-defined research design helps ensure that the results are reliable, generalizable, and relevant to the research question, ultimately contributing to evidence-based practice in medicine and healthcare.

An "attitude to health" is a set of beliefs, values, and behaviors that an individual holds regarding their own health and well-being. It encompasses their overall approach to maintaining good health, preventing illness, seeking medical care, and managing any existing health conditions.

A positive attitude to health typically includes:

1. A belief in the importance of self-care and taking responsibility for one's own health.
2. Engaging in regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, getting enough sleep, and avoiding harmful behaviors such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
3. Regular check-ups and screenings to detect potential health issues early on.
4. Seeking medical care when necessary and following recommended treatment plans.
5. A willingness to learn about and implement new healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
6. Developing a strong support network of family, friends, and healthcare professionals.

On the other hand, a negative attitude to health may involve:

1. Neglecting self-care and failing to take responsibility for one's own health.
2. Engaging in unhealthy behaviors such as sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, lack of sleep, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
3. Avoidance of regular check-ups and screenings, leading to delayed detection and treatment of potential health issues.
4. Resistance to seeking medical care or following recommended treatment plans.
5. Closed-mindedness towards new healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
6. Lack of a support network or reluctance to seek help from others.

Overall, an individual's attitude to health can significantly impact their physical and mental well-being, as well as their ability to manage and overcome any health challenges that may arise.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

Longitudinal studies are a type of research design where data is collected from the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time, often years or even decades. These studies are used to establish patterns of changes and events over time, and can help researchers identify causal relationships between variables. They are particularly useful in fields such as epidemiology, psychology, and sociology, where the focus is on understanding developmental trends and the long-term effects of various factors on health and behavior.

In medical research, longitudinal studies can be used to track the progression of diseases over time, identify risk factors for certain conditions, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. For example, a longitudinal study might follow a group of individuals over several decades to assess their exposure to certain environmental factors and their subsequent development of chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease. By comparing data collected at multiple time points, researchers can identify trends and correlations that may not be apparent in shorter-term studies.

Longitudinal studies have several advantages over other research designs, including their ability to establish temporal relationships between variables, track changes over time, and reduce the impact of confounding factors. However, they also have some limitations, such as the potential for attrition (loss of participants over time), which can introduce bias and affect the validity of the results. Additionally, longitudinal studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, requiring significant resources and a long-term commitment from both researchers and study participants.

Orthopedics is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the musculoskeletal system, which includes the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and nerves. The goal of orthopedic care is to help patients maintain or restore their mobility, function, and quality of life through a variety of treatments, including medication, physical therapy, bracing, and surgery. Orthopedic surgeons are medical doctors who have completed additional training in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal conditions, and they may specialize in specific areas such as sports medicine, spine care, joint replacement, or pediatric orthopedics.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) are a class of medications that reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. They work by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are involved in the production of prostaglandins, chemicals that contribute to inflammation and cause blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable, leading to symptoms such as pain, redness, warmth, and swelling.

NSAIDs are commonly used to treat a variety of conditions, including arthritis, muscle strains and sprains, menstrual cramps, headaches, and fever. Some examples of NSAIDs include aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and celecoxib.

While NSAIDs are generally safe and effective when used as directed, they can have side effects, particularly when taken in large doses or for long periods of time. Common side effects include stomach ulcers, gastrointestinal bleeding, and increased risk of heart attack and stroke. It is important to follow the recommended dosage and consult with a healthcare provider if you have any concerns about using NSAIDs.

Joint diseases is a broad term that refers to various conditions affecting the joints, including but not limited to:

1. Osteoarthritis (OA): A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage and underlying bone, leading to pain, stiffness, and potential loss of function.
2. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): An autoimmune disorder causing inflammation in the synovial membrane lining the joints, resulting in swelling, pain, and joint damage if left untreated.
3. Infectious Arthritis: Joint inflammation caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections that spread through the bloodstream or directly enter the joint space.
4. Gout: A type of arthritis resulting from the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints, typically affecting the big toe and characterized by sudden attacks of severe pain, redness, and swelling.
5. Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA): An inflammatory joint disease associated with psoriasis, causing symptoms such as pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints and surrounding tissues.
6. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA): A group of chronic arthritis conditions affecting children, characterized by joint inflammation, pain, and stiffness.
7. Ankylosing Spondylitis: A form of arthritis primarily affecting the spine, causing inflammation, pain, and potential fusion of spinal vertebrae.
8. Bursitis: Inflammation of the fluid-filled sacs (bursae) that cushion joints, leading to pain and swelling.
9. Tendinitis: Inflammation or degeneration of tendons, which connect muscles to bones, often resulting in pain and stiffness near joints.

These conditions can impact the function and mobility of affected joints, causing discomfort and limiting daily activities. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing joint diseases and preserving joint health.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Great Britain" is not a medical concept or condition. It is a geographical and political term referring to the largest island in the British Isles, on which the majority of England, Scotland, and Wales are located. It's also used to refer to the political union of these three countries, which is called the United Kingdom. Therefore, it doesn't have a medical definition.

Psychometrics is a branch of psychology that deals with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, such as the development and standardization of tests used to measure intelligence, aptitude, personality, attitudes, and other mental abilities or traits. It involves the construction and validation of measurement instruments, including the determination of their reliability and validity, and the application of statistical methods to analyze test data and interpret results. The ultimate goal of psychometrics is to provide accurate, objective, and meaningful measurements that can be used to understand individual differences and make informed decisions in educational, clinical, and organizational settings.

Health surveys are research studies that collect data from a sample population to describe the current health status, health behaviors, and healthcare utilization of a particular group or community. These surveys may include questions about various aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, chronic conditions, lifestyle habits, access to healthcare services, and demographic information. The data collected from health surveys can be used to monitor trends in health over time, identify disparities in health outcomes, develop and evaluate public health programs and policies, and inform resource allocation decisions. Examples of national health surveys include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).

The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.

The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.

Product surveillance, postmarketing refers to the ongoing monitoring and evaluation of a pharmaceutical or medical device product after it has been approved and released on the market. This process is used to detect any safety issues, adverse effects, or product performance concerns that may not have been identified during clinical trials. The data collected from postmarketing surveillance helps regulatory agencies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to make informed decisions about the continued use, modification, or withdrawal of a product from the market. Postmarketing surveillance is an essential component of post-market risk management and helps ensure the safety and efficacy of medical products throughout their lifecycle.

... myofascial pain, and other types of musculoskeletal pain. It is published by Informa Healthcare. The editor-in-chief is I. Jon ... The Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research on chronic muscle and bone ...
"Amplified Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome". Hospital for Special Surgery. Pain Res Manag (2016). "SSRIs for Chronic Pain: What do ... "Amplified Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome in Children". Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital. "Amplified Musculoskeletal Pain ... diffuse idiopathic pain, intermittent amplified pain, and localized amplified pain. Complex regional pain syndrome is a term ... Amplified musculoskeletal pain syndrome (AMPS) is a long-term condition characterized by amplified pain without an identifiable ...
... which can ease the back pain and reduce the risk of chronic back pain returning. Although, for acute back pain exercises ... Back pain itself is not considered a diagnosis, but rather a symptom of underlying (in most cases musculoskeletal) problems. ... Most cases of back pain are related to issues in human musculoskeletal system and are not related to severe diseases. ... National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS). "Handout on Health: Back Pain". Publication Date ...
Most leg pain is transferred pain from our backs or hips. Foot injuries including plantar fasciitis is another source of pain ... Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Workplace - U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Musculoskeletal ... Musculoskeletal disorder Human musculoskeletal system Sprain Muscular system Siegel, Jerome H. (October 2007). "Risk of ... Pain is the body's natural way to alert an individual to rest. It is important to rest, if ignored can lead to further problems ...
... s (MSDs) are injuries or pain in the human musculoskeletal system, including the joints, ligaments, ... Injuries and pain in the musculoskeletal system caused by acute traumatic events like a car accident or fall are not considered ... Gatchel, R. J., & Kishino, N. (2011). Pain, musculoskeletal injuries, and return to work. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds ... "Musculoskeletal Pain: Tendonitis, Myalgia & More , Cleveland Clinic". my.clevelandclinic.org. Retrieved 2016-03-24. Worasak, ...
It is complex, multi-factorial, and likely to be also represented by a series of sub-groups driven by pain varying from ... The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body. It is made up of the bones of the ... The musculoskeletal system refers to the system having its muscles attached to an internal skeletal system and is necessary for ... The human musculoskeletal system (also known as the human locomotor system, and previously the activity system) is an organ ...
... and cost effectiveness in the treatment of musculoskeletal problems characterized by pain. Dr. Kahn has written four textbooks ... neck pain and back pain. The technology is highly effective in many instances where conventional therapies do not provide ... As a result of this therapeutic process, many pathologies are effectively resolved, eliminating pain and other symptoms. The ... A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials". BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 8 (8): 51. doi: ...
... other than cervical 724.1 Pain in thoracic spine 724.2 Lumbago 724.3 Sciatica 724.4 Back pain w/ radiation, unspec. 724.5 ... This is a shortened version of the thirteenth chapter of the ICD-9: Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System and Connective ... 719.1 Hemarthrosis 719.2 Villonodular synovitis 719.3 Palindromic rheumatism 719.4 Joint pain, unspec. 719.5 Stiffness of joint ... 729.2 Neuralgia neuritis and radiculitis unspecified 729.3 Panniculitis unspecified 729.4 Fasciitis unspecified 729.5 Pain in ...
Gerwin R (2005). "Differential Diagnosis of Trigger Points". Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. 12 (3): 23-8. doi:10.1300/ ... Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS), also known as chronic myofascial pain (CMP), is a syndrome characterized by chronic pain in ... Localized muscle pain Trigger points that activate the pain (MTrPs) Generally speaking, the muscular pain is steady, aching, ... Pain, Chronic pain syndromes, Rheumatology, Urologic pelvic pain syndrome). ...
... pain and musculoskeletal conditions; bariatric interventions; and cancer and inflammation. Notable attendees include Dr. Yves ...
... s including pain, are one of the more common reasons for physician visits for musculoskeletal symptoms. The ... pain will occur in the front or side of the shoulder and may travel down to the elbow and forearm. Pain may also occur when the ... and a history of issues that could lead to referred pain (pain felt at the shoulder but actually coming from another part of ... Shoulder pain may be localized or may be referred to areas around the shoulder or down the arm. Other regions within the body ( ...
Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. 22 (2): 216-223. doi:10.3109/10582452.2014.883012. S2CID 76330596. Ernst, E.; Pittler, M. H. ( ... A 2014 review found that A. montana was ineffective at concentrations of 10% or less for pain, swelling, and bruises. A 1998 ... Arnica irritates mucous membranes and may elicit stomach pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. It may produce contact dermatitis when ... "Systematic Review on the Efficacy of Topical Arnica montana for the Treatment of Pain, Swelling and Bruises". ...
Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. 19 (2): 66-75. doi:10.3109/10582452.2011.558989. S2CID 144893303. [unreliable medical source ... Brain fog affects 15% to 40% of those with chronic pain as their major illness. In such illnesses, pain processing may use up ... "Understanding the Experience and Impacts of Brain Fog in Chronic Pain: A Scoping Review". Canadian Journal of Pain. 7 (1). doi: ... Kucyi, Aaron; Davis, Karen D. (2015). "The dynamic pain connectome". Trends in Neurosciences. 38 (2): 86-95. doi:10.1016/j.tins ...
"A Systematic Review of Dextrose Prolotherapy for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain". Clinical Medicine Insights. Arthritis and ... SPD is associated with pelvic girdle pain and the names are often used interchangeably. The main symptom is usually pain or ... Sufferers frequently also experience pain in the lower back, hips, groin, lower abdomen, and legs. The severity of the pain can ... inflammation of the pubic symphysis Pelvic girdle pain, pregnancy related pelvic girdle pain Murkoff, Heidi (31 May 2016). What ...
Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain. 22 (2): 216-223. doi:10.3109/10582452.2014.883012. S2CID 76330596. "U.S. National Library of ... The efficacy of helenalin for treatment of pain and swelling, when applied topically, is not supported by the current available ... "Systematic Review on the Efficacy of Topical Arnica montanafor the Treatment of Pain, Swelling and Bruises". ...
... pain Chronic neuropathic pain Chronic headache and orofacial pain Chronic visceral pain Chronic musculoskeletal pain Childhood ... "Pediatric Chronic Pain Management - Academy of Integrative Pain Management Blog". Academy of Integrative Pain Management Blog. ... The ICD-11 provides seven categories for diagnosing chronic pain: Chronic primary pain Chronic cancer pain Chronic postsurgical ... "A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11". Pain. 156 (6): 1003-1007. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000160. ISSN 0304-3959. ...
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT) techniques are most commonly used to treat back pain and other musculoskeletal issues ... Posadzki P, Ernst E (February 2011). "Osteopathy for musculoskeletal pain patients: a systematic review of randomized ... Posadzki, P.; Ernst, E. (2011). "Osteopathy for Musculoskeletal Pain". Clinical Rheumatology. 30 (2): 285-91. doi:10.1007/ ... The same analysis also found moderate-quality evidence for pain reduction for nonspecific low back pain in postpartum women and ...
Sarwark JF (2010). Essentials of musculoskeletal care. Rosemont, Ill.: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. ISBN ... The pain is generally in the front of the knee and comes on gradually. Pain may worsen with sitting, excessive use, or climbing ... NSAIDs may reduce pain in the short term; overall, however, after three months pain is not improved. There is no evidence that ... Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS; not to be confused with jumper's knee) is knee pain as a result of problems between the ...
Musculoskeletal pain and discomfort. Dizziness, headache. Insomnia. Weight gain. Chills, fever, fatigue, flu-like illness. GnRH ... which can precipitate a range of clinical symptoms such as bone pain, urethral obstruction, and spinal cord compression. Drug ... degarelix is also associated with injection-site reactions such as injection-site pain, erythema or swelling. Injection-site ...
Best practice management of neck pain in the emergency department (part 6 of the musculoskeletal injuries rapid review series ... Neck pain, also known as cervicalgia, is a common problem, with two-thirds of the population having neck pain at some point in ... Neck pain affects about 5% of the global population as of 2010. Neck pain may come from any of the structures in the neck ... Neck pain, although felt in the neck, can be caused by numerous other spinal problems. Neck pain may arise due to muscular ...
"Shoulder Pain: The Difference Between a Nuisance and a Surgical Indication". Reuss, BL. Orlando Medical News, 2008. "Gender- ... Reuss, BL (2004). "Managing Ankle Injuries: Follow the Rules?". Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 21 (3): 155-164. " ... "Efficacy of Subacromial Bupivicaine Pain Catheter for Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair." Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery ... "Efficacy of Continuous Infusion Ropivacaine Interscalene Blocks Versus Placebo for Pain Control After Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff ...
The Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. Williams BS, Cohen SP (2009). "Greater Trochanteric Pain Syndrome: A Review of Anatomy ... The primary symptom is hip pain, especially hip pain on the outer (lateral) side of the joint. This pain may appear when the ... Greater trochanteric pain syndrome can remain incorrectly diagnosed for years, because it shares the same pattern of pain with ... The symptoms are pain in the hip region on walking, and tenderness over the upper part of the femur, which may result in the ...
"Amplified Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome (AMPS)". Children's Health. Athanasiou KA, Darling EM, Hu JC, DuRaine GD, Reddi AH ( ... The pain can be debilitating and prevent one from doing some activities. In dogs, this pain can significantly affect quality of ... The condition starts with minor pain during physical activity, but soon the pain can be continuous and even occur while in a ... All arthritides potentially feature pain. Pain patterns may differ depending on the arthritides and the location. Rheumatoid ...
The radicular pain that results from a radiculopathy should not be confused with referred pain, which is different both in ... Iyer S, Kim HJ (September 2016). "Cervical radiculopathy". Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 9 (3): 272-80. doi: ... Neck pain or back pain may also be present.[medical citation needed] Physical examination may reveal motor and sensory deficits ... However, the pain or other symptoms often radiate to the part of the body served by that nerve. For example, a nerve root ...
"Amplified Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome (AMPS)". Children's Health. Thierry, S; Fautrel, B; Lemelle, I; Guellemin, F (March ... this implies inflammatory-type joint pain versus mechanical-type joint pain).[citation needed] Swelling and pain usually result ... Increased pain is also correlated with poor sleep and higher fatigue in children with JIA. The causation of pain in JIA is ... There is variation in the exact exercise prescription which best promotes musculoskeletal health whilst reducing fatigue, pain ...
Clohisy DR, Mantyh PW (2005). "Bone cancer pain and the role of RANKL/OPG". Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions ... In addition to degenerative bone diseases, bone metastases can also induce pain and other abnormal health complexities that can ... Whyte MP, Mumm S (2005). "Heritable disorders of the RANKL/OPG/RANK signaling pathway". Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal ...
A successful DMOAD would be expected to show an improvement in patient pain and function with an improvement of the health of ... BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 18 (1): 396. doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1754-3. PMC 5596862. PMID 28899386. Stapledon CJ, Tsangari H ... "New targets in osteoarthritis are about more than just pain". Biocentury Innovations. Oo WM, Hunter DJ (January 2022). " ... September 2018). "Kartogenin inhibits pain behavior, chondrocyte inflammation, and attenuates osteoarthritis progression in ...
Musculoskeletal: pain in the limbs. British National Formulary 54 September 2007 the Swedish official drug catalog > Normorix ... Gastrointestinal: nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain. Skin: exanthema, itching. Respiratory system: shortness of breath, cough. ...
Management of Common Musculoskeletal Disorders. Third Edition. ISBN 0-397-55150-9 "Osteochondritis Dissecans". The Lecturio ... Knee pain is pain caused by wear and tear, such as osteoarthritis or a meniscal tear. Effective treatments for knee pain ... Sometimes knee pain may be related to another area from body. For example, knee pain can come from ankle, foot, hip joints or ... Knee pain is pain in or around the knee. The knee joint consists of an articulation between four bones: the femur, tibia, ...
Clohisy DR, Mantyh PW (2005). "Bone cancer pain and the role of RANKL/OPG". Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions ...
... myofascial pain, and other types of musculoskeletal pain. It is published by Informa Healthcare. The editor-in-chief is I. Jon ... The Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain is a quarterly peer-reviewed medical journal covering research on chronic muscle and bone ...
Musculoskeletal pain has an important impact on quality of peoples lives causing several complications. How can innovative ... Musculoskeletal pain has an important impact on quality of life.​. Chronic pain causes several complications, such as disturbed ... Enhancing mobility and easing pain in musculoskeletal conditions 11-Sep-2023. Last updated on 29-Aug-2023 at 13:10 GMT. ... They can be a valuable aid in pain management in some clinical conditions, such as fibromyalgiaor musculoskeletal disorders. ...
Find out how the multi-speciality team at the Johns Hopkins Musculoskeletal Center can diagnose and treat your hand and wrist ... Our musculoskeletal hand and wrist pain specialists offer treatments for a wide range of hand and wrist conditions in several ... General Pain Specialists In addition to a joint specialist, you may also be referred to a general pain specialist to help ... Our multi-specialty team includes experts in physical and occupational therapy, orthopaedics, pain management and plastic ...
Muscle and joint dysfunction in the pelvis and hip can cause leg pain and tenderness over the hip region. ... Pain from these structures can mimic radiculopathy or nerve pain. 1 Grimm BD, Blessinger BJ, Darden BV, Brigham CD, Kneisl JS, ... Pain that originates from muscles and/or joints of the pelvis or hip can travel down into the leg and may also affect the foot ... Deep aching pain in the hip and groin region that radiates to the front of the thigh and the knee, sometimes including areas ...
Evidence that statin use was associated with musculoskeletal pain among those with arthritis was lacking. ... statin use was associated with a higher prevalence of musculoskeletal pain, particularly in the lower extremities, among ... of self-reported musculoskeletal pain according to statin use and calculated prevalence ratio estimates of musculoskeletal pain ... Statin use and musculoskeletal pain among adults with and without arthritis Am J Med. 2012 Feb;125(2):176-82. doi: 10.1016/j. ...
Our review will include studies that measured change in pain intensity as the primary outcome using patient-reported ratings ( ... Therefore, nonpharmacological approaches for pain are being actively explored, and Tai Chi has attracted increased attention as ... a therapy for pain. Although clinical trials have shown that Tai Chi may be effective in treating CPMP, no systematic review ... i,Background,/i,. Chronic primary musculoskeletal pain (CPMP) is a major health problem that has physical and psychological ...
Back pain may be mild or extreme and cause lost job time, lost personal time and can significantly decrease quality of life. ... Lower back pain is second only to the common cold for why people seek medical care. ... Lower back pain is second only to the common cold for why people seek medical care. Back pain may be mild or extreme and cause ... Overlake Clinics Musculoskeletal Medicine provides comprehensive diagnostic and treatment options for back pain. These include ...
Exploring the effectiveness of immersive Virtual Reality interventions in the management of musculoskeletal pain: a state-of- ...
Musculoskeletal Pain - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the Merck Manuals - Medical Consumer ... Most pain... read more (NSAIDs), or, if pain is severe, opioids Opioid Pain Relievers Pain relievers (analgesics) are the main ... Mapap Arthritis Pain, Mapap Infants, Mapap Junior, M-PAP, Nortemp, Ofirmev, Pain & Fever , Pain and Fever , PAIN RELIEF , PAIN ... Causes of Musculoskeletal Pain Musculoskeletal pain can be caused by disorders of bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, ...
The Use of Complementary and Integrative Health Approaches for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in Younger US Veterans: An Economic ... Musculoskeletal pain (e.g., back pain, neck pain, osteoarthritis) is the most common type of chronic pain. [5] This pain also ... 40]). We captured the type of MSD pain in our chronic MSD pain cohort using ICD-9-CM codes for back pain, neck pain, joint pain ... The Musculoskeletal Diagnosis Cohort:. Examining Pain and Pain Care Among Veterans. Pain 2016 (Aug); 157 (8): 1696 1703 *. Tian ...
Poor perceived control over pain, and maladaptive pain coping. Although diffuse idiopathic musculoskeletal pain is probably not ... or musculoskeletal pain compared to peers without such pains.12 However, even if children with chronic pain do have more ... PAIN VARIABILITY. Pain is of course subjective: "pain is what the patient says it is and exists when the patient says it does", ... Self reports of pain using a pain diary have shown notable day to day variation in the severity of pain, although the degree of ...
... a Priority Setting Partnership for chronic musculoskeletal pain in Denmark, Scandinavian Journal of Pain, bind 23, nr. 2, s. ... a Priority Setting Partnership for chronic musculoskeletal pain in Denmark. Scandinavian Journal of Pain, 23(2), 402-415. ... a Priority Setting Partnership for chronic musculoskeletal pain in Denmark. I: Scandinavian Journal of Pain. 2023 ; Bind 23, Nr ... a Priority Setting Partnership for chronic musculoskeletal pain in Denmark. Scandinavian Journal of Pain. 2023 apr. 25;23(2): ...
PAIN. PAIN Reports. Pain Research Forum. Papers of the Week. Webinars and Podcasts. Events ... Pain Research Forum. / Papers of the Week. / Virtual Reality-Based Exercise Therapy for Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal ... Virtual Reality-Based Exercise Therapy for Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Scoping Review. ... Resources for Living with Pain. Global Alliance of Partners in Pain Advocacy (GAPPA). Events ...
Interventions to improve adherence to exercise for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults ... survey4 suggest that pain is the most common reason for which patients seek medical care. Chronic pain can be defined as pain ... Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is a major health problem and affects approximately 30% of the general population.3 Data ... AFP , 2015 , January-February , Interventions to improve adherence to exercise for chronic musculoskeletal pain in adults ...
Participants self-reported pain using the Musculoskeletal System Assessment Inventory and the Cornell Musculoskeletal ... Heart failure; Kinesiophobia; Musculoskeletal pain; Older adults National Category Nursing Identifiers. URN: urn:nbn:se:liu: ... Correlates of musculoskeletal pain and kinesiophobia in older adults with heart failure: A structural equation model. ... About 62% reported musculoskeletal pain, with knees (16.8%) and lower back (12.%) being the most painful locations. About 31% ...
Background: Call centre work with computers is associated with increased rates of upper body pain and musculoskeletal disorders ... Outcome measures were weekly pain severity scores and diagnosis of incident musculoskeletal disorder in the upper extremities ... The armboard also significantly reduced neck/shoulder pain (p = 0.01) and right upper extremity pain (p = 0.002) in comparison ... the effects of a wide forearm support surface and a trackball on upper body pain severity and incident musculoskeletal ...
Chronic musculoskeletal pain (MP) is a debilitating condition that affects over 100 million people in Europe and around one in ... Musculoskeletal pain in Europe: its impact and a comparison of population and medical perceptions of treatment in eight ... Musculoskeletal pain in Europe: its impact and a comparison of population and medical perceptions of treatment in eight ... Objectives: To describe the impact of musculoskeletal pain (MP); to compare management of MP by the population and by primary ...
An excess has been observed for musculoskeletal pains such as low back pain1 and temporomanibular joint disorders,2 other pains ... The prevalence of shoulder pain, low back pain, knee pain and chronic widespread pain increased with lower adult social class, ... Low back pain (27.9%) and shoulder pain (26.2%) were the most common regional pain syndromes, followed by knee pain (18.6%) and ... The pain will include those whose pain is arising from the shaded area as well as pain arising elsewhere that is radiating to ...
The Effect Of Percussive Therapy On Musculoskeletal Performance And Experiences Of Pain: A Systematic Literature Review ... The Effect Of Percussive Therapy On Musculoskeletal Performance And Experiences Of Pain: A Systematic Literature Review.. ... and experiences of musculoskeletal pain.. Study Design. Systematic literature review.. Methods. Data sources (CINAHL, Cochrane ... and on experiences of musculoskeletal pain.. Purpose. To determine the effect of PT delivered by massage guns on physiological ...
Both patients and doctors struggle with the hard condition of musculoskeletal pain. Regardless of age, gender, or economic ... Management of musculoskeletal pain: Focus on chronic musculoskeletal pain.. Both patients and doctors struggle with the hard ... Regardless of age, gender, or economic situation, many adults have gone through one or more bouts of musculoskeletal pain at ... Effective management of musculoskeletal pain must include both multidisciplinary techniques and multimodal analgesia as ...
Factors related to seeking health care among adolescents with musculoskeletal pain. Pain 2011;152:896-903. doi:10.1016/j.pain. ... Impact of self-reported musculoskeletal pain on health-related quality of life among young adults. Pain Med 2011;12:9-17. doi: ... Risk factors for persistence of multiple musculoskeletal pains in adolescence: a 2-year follow-up study. Eur J Pain 2010;14: ... The pain self-efficacy questionnaire: taking pain into account. Eur J Pain 2007;11:153-63. doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2005.12.008. ...
Musculoskeletal, joint and bone diseases and pain. Showing results 71. - 71. of 71 ...
Free pyschological support and counselling from Vita Heath group to help you to Live Well with musculoskeletal pain ... getUBetter is an easy, safe and effective way to help you self-manage your musculoskeletal pain at home, work and on the move. ... Living beyond your pain: Using acceptance and commitment therapy to ease pain (2006) ... field of Pain Medicine and works with sufferers of these and other chronic pain conditions in his roles as consultant in Pain ...
Metatarsophalangeal Joint Pain - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - ... Metatarsophalangeal joint pain is a common cause of metatarsalgia Metatarsalgia Metatarsalgia is a general term for pain in the ... Over time, pain may develop. Another cause of 1st metatarsophalangeal joint pain due to limited motion is direct trauma with ... Diagnose metatarsophalangeal joint pain by the absence of burning, numbness, tingling, and interspace pain (suggesting ...
Here are some ways sonographers can reduce musculoskeletal pain and injury. ... What Causes Musculoskeletal Pain and Injury?. A musculoskeletal injury, or a musculoskeletal disorder, is pain or injury caused ... Ways Sonographers Can Reduce Musculoskeletal Pain and Injury. HomeAll PostsBlogWays Sonographers Can Reduce Musculoskeletal... ... Ways To Reduce Musculoskeletal Pain and Injury. Fortunately, there are several ways sonographers can reduce musculoskeletal ...
Musculoskeletal Specialty Group: Screening Mechanical vs Non-mechanical Pain in a Routine Physical Examination. ... Maintain physiotherapists interest in pain management. *Upkeep physiotherapists role & reputation in pain management - we can ... Her clinical interest is in the management of spinal pain and chronic pain patients. ... She was the visiting lecturer in musculoskeletal rehabilitation and pain management in the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and ...
In an outpatient clinic in a primary care setting 32 patients with at least 2 weeks of pain and/or stiffness in the neck were ... in patients with neck pain using the Cybex Electronic Digital Inclinometer-320 (EDI-320). ... From: Reproducibility of cervical range of motion in patients with neck pain ...
Pain intensity and function capacity were assessed at baseline, day 7, and day 30 postoperatively using visual analogue scale ... Both groups showed a significant reduction of pain intensity (Day 0, mean 8.9, SD 1.0; Day 30, mean 2.2, SD 1.3 in bilateral ... The current study aimed to compare simultaneous bilateral versus unilateral total knee replacement on pain intensity and ... Simultaneous bilateral total knee replacement was associated with a similar reduction of pain intensity and recovery of ...
  • Providing a large forearm support combined with ergonomic training is an effective intervention to prevent upper body musculoskeletal disorders and reduce upper body pain associated with computer work among call centre employees. (bmj.com)
  • Whole Body Musculoskeletal Lesions In Military Working Dogs With Versus Without Lower Back Pain. (avmi.net)
  • The purpose of this prospective cross sectional study was to test the hypothesis that the number of whole body musculoskeletal lesions is associated with lower back pain in military working dogs. (avmi.net)
  • Discussion/Conclusion: Findings supported our hypothesis that lower back pain is associated with the number of whole body musculoskeletal lesions in military working dogs. (avmi.net)
  • Association between perceived union connection and upper body musculoskeletal pains among unionized construction apprentices. (cdc.gov)
  • They've also been used for many years to help people with severe, persistent non-cancer pain, like the pain associated with musculoskeletal conditions. (msk.org.au)
  • Because of the risks associated with their use, opioids aren't a first-line treatment for managing pain associated with musculoskeletal conditions. (msk.org.au)
  • It is well known that the management of musculoskeletal disorders includes both non-pharmacological treatments (physiotherapy and manual therapy) and pharmacological treatments such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and analgesics. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Now that the APHA officially champions "advocacy for public health legislation that supports the prevention and management of musculoskeletal disorders" (APHA policy 20114) and has been influenced to rethink musculoskeletal pain as a public health concern, how can chiropractors also learn from this? (dcpracticeinsights.com)
  • Aren't we already deeply involved in the management of low back pain and other causes of musculoskeletal pain? (dcpracticeinsights.com)
  • Fibromyalgia is a chronic rheumatic disease that is characterized by widespread muscle pain in the absence of inflammation signs. (nutraingredients.com)
  • The objective of manual therapy is to reduce pain and inflammation, improve joint mobility, and reduce muscle tension. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Medial Epicondylitis Medial epicondylitis is inflammation of the tendons of the muscles that flex or bend the palm toward the wrist, causing pain on the inner aspect of the elbow and forearm. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Joint pain (called arthralgia) may or may not be related to joint inflammation (called arthritis). (merckmanuals.com)
  • Many nutritional approaches such as dietary supplements have purported anti-inflammatory properties, and some have a long history of use for treating inflammation and the pain that is associated with musculoskeletal inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and tendinitis. (nih.gov)
  • NSAIDs are used for the treatment of many chronic pain conditions, and work by blocking the production of enzymes that make prostaglandins, a type of fatty acid that contributes to pain and inflammation. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Musculoskeletal pain in joints, muscles, fascia, tendons and nerves can arise from scar formation secondary to prior injury, repetitive trauma, prior surgery, abnormal biomechanics and/or inflammation. (advancedmmc.com)
  • Distal bicep tendon pain can be secondary to tendon inflammation (tendinitis) or tear. (mskultrasoundinjections.co.uk)
  • Fortunately, there are several ways sonographers can reduce musculoskeletal pain and injury in the workplace. (medicalpositioning.com)
  • The first step to reduce musculoskeletal pain and injury is to set up sonographer workstations properly. (medicalpositioning.com)
  • A splint can be used to hold a part of the body stable, thereby helping to reduce musculoskeletal pain and prevent added injury. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Conversely, among 3058 participants with arthritis, statin use was not associated with higher musculoskeletal pain in any region. (nih.gov)
  • Among participants with arthritis, no association was observed between musculoskeletal pain and statin use on adjusted analyses. (nih.gov)
  • In this population-based study, statin use was associated with a higher prevalence of musculoskeletal pain, particularly in the lower extremities, among individuals without arthritis. (nih.gov)
  • Evidence that statin use was associated with musculoskeletal pain among those with arthritis was lacking. (nih.gov)
  • Arthritis may cause swelling as well as pain. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory arthritis in which joints, usually including those of the hands and feet, are inflamed, resulting in swelling, pain, and often destruction of joints. (merckmanuals.com)
  • 3-month duration with an average of ≥3 on the visual analogue scale over the preceding 3 months, including non-specific conditions (eg, low back pain) and specific conditions (eg, juvenile idiopathic arthritis and other systemic arthritides), with/without pre-existing or current diagnosed mental health conditions. (bmj.com)
  • Based on available evidence, it is unclear whether supplementation of ginger is beneficial in treating rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or joint and muscle pain. (nih.gov)
  • became the Director of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) in February, 2021. (nih.gov)
  • This multi-year policy-making process, led by then Section Chair Paul Dougherty, DC, caused the APHA to officially widen its gaze to encompass the impact of conditions chiropractors and other manual therapy and health care providers witness every day: arthritis, low back pain, neck pain, osteoporosis, and many others. (dcpracticeinsights.com)
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) defines musculoskeletal disorders as "health problems of the musculoskeletal system, namely muscles, tendons, bone skeleton, cartilages, ligaments and nerves. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Overactivity of the anterior shin muscles in patients with pes cavus (high arch) and ankle equinus (shortened Achilles tendon that restricts ankle dorsiflexion) deformities tends to cause dorsal joint subluxations with retracted (clawed) digits and retrograde, increased submetatarsal head pressure and pain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A musculoskeletal injury, or a musculoskeletal disorder, is pain or injury caused by overuse or incorrect use of muscles and the body. (medicalpositioning.com)
  • MSDs MSDs are injuries and disorders of the musculoskeletal system such as: muscles, tendons and tendon sheathes, nerves, bursa, blood vessels, joints/spinal discs, and ligaments. (slideshare.net)
  • Put simply, musculoskeletal health is the working of joints and muscles, and the ability to perform the physical tasks of daily living comfortably. (staffordshire.gov.uk)
  • Musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions (that can affect your joints, bones, muscles and even nerves) are common. (pathfields.co.uk)
  • Cetilar ® ​ Tape is an inelastic adhesive tape, designed to reduce pain symptoms in the case of muscle and joint disorders such as sports trauma, sprains, tension, and contractures. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Musculoskeletal symptoms are common adverse effects of statins, yet little is known about the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and statin use in the general population. (nih.gov)
  • Patients with chronic pain generally suffer progressive autonomic symptoms, such as mental stress, anxiety, and sleep disorders [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Symptoms and signs include pain with walking and tenderness. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Parental chronic pain increases the risk of internalizing symptoms, including anxiety and depression, in adolescents. (medscape.com)
  • Interventions to improve the symptoms of chronic musculoskeletal pain, and approaches around social participation and engagement should be adopted in combination to ameliorate this potentially disabling scenario. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Shoulder Pain Symptoms Shoulder pain refers to any form of pain felt in the shoulder or around the shoulder joint. (londonpainclinic.com)
  • Initial symptoms (malaise, dizziness, nausea, abdominal pain, and dyspnea) may develop within several hours of exposure to 3 ppm of arsine (AIHA 1999). (cdc.gov)
  • Do you have any other symptoms such as numbness, tingling, back pain, or fever? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Conclusion: Neck pain in elderly men is common but symptoms and morbidity vary. (lu.se)
  • Clementi MA, Faraji P, Poppert Cordts K, MacDougall K, Wilson A, Palermo TM, Lewandowski Holley A. Parent Factors are Associated With Pain and Activity Limitations in Youth With Acute Musculoskeletal Pain: A Cohort Study. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Physical work demands and psychosocial working conditions as predictors of musculoskeletal pain: a cohort study comparing self-reported and job exposure matrix measurements. (bvsalud.org)
  • Manual therapy is a method of treatment used by physiotherapists and physiatrists, involving specialized manual techniques to solve patients' neuro-musculoskeletal dysfunctions. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Our multi-specialty team includes experts in physical and occupational therapy, orthopaedics, pain management and plastic surgery, serving adult and pediatric patients. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • 3 Data from a World Health Organization (WHO) survey 4 suggest that pain is the most common reason for which patients seek medical care. (racgp.org.au)
  • The study aimed to study the influence of musculoskeletal pain on kinesiophobia in patients with heart failure. (diva-portal.org)
  • Assessment of kinesiophobia in patients with heart failure with musculoskeletal pain is essential to improve self-care and overall quality of life. (diva-portal.org)
  • Virtual Reality-Based Exercise Therapy for Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Scoping Review. (iasp-pain.org)
  • This scoping review aimed to identify interventions utilizing virtual-reality-based exercise therapy in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Clinical trials were evaluated using the PEDro scale to assess the effectiveness of virtual-reality-based exercise therapy in chronic musculoskeletal pain patients. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The findings indicate that virtual-reality-based exercise therapy shows promising results in reducing pain, improving disability, enhancing range of motion, and increasing treatment satisfaction in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. (iasp-pain.org)
  • 55% or fewer patients who have seen a doctor are currently receiving prescription treatment for their pain. (bmj.com)
  • Both patients and doctors struggle with the hard condition of musculoskeletal pain. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Her clinical interest is in the management of spinal pain and chronic pain patients. (hongkongpa.com.hk)
  • Billy has extensive clinical experiences in both inpatient and outpatient settings with particular interest in managing patients with work-injury, chronic pain and vestibular problems. (hongkongpa.com.hk)
  • Failla MJ, Mintken PE, McDevitt AW, Michener LA. Trajectory of patient-rated outcomes and association with patient acceptable symptom state in patients with musculoskeletal shoulder pain. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Bialosky JE, Cleland JA, Mintken P, Beneciuk JM, Bishop MD. The healthcare buffet: preferences in the clinical decision-making process for patients with musculoskeletal pain. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Management of chronic pain in patients with multiple problems is complex, usually requiring specific treatment, simultaneous psychological treatment, and physical therapy (PT). (medscape.com)
  • When recommending over-the-counter, non-opioid medications for patients, there are two primary pain relief options for musculoskeletal pain: NSAIDs and analgesics. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • NSAIDs are recommended for treating patients with long-term musculoskeletal pain in the lower back and osteoarthritis. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Topical NSAIDs may also be used to treat patients with chronic pain and are recommended specifically for knee osteoarthritis, among other conditions. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Surgeries such as arthroplasty, arthroscopy, or soft tissue and cartilage repair, may be recommended for patients with severe musculoskeletal pain. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Occupational therapy techniques, which are structured to help patients struggling with cognitive, sensory, and physical issues develop skills, can also be used in the management of musculoskeletal pain. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Chiropractic adjustment, or spinal manipulation, may be an appropriate treatment for patients with certain musculoskeletal conditions such as lower back pain and neck pain. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Many of the patients who are referred to Advanced Musculoskeletal Medicine Consultants (AMMC) come to us after going from one health care provider to another and trying a range of traditional methods without relief from chronic musculoskeletal pain. (advancedmmc.com)
  • Home to several of the UK's most respected Pain Medicine Consultants, the London Pain Clinic is the one-stop practice for patients suffering from chronic pain. (londonpainclinic.com)
  • And some might think chiropractors are already involved in prevention of low back pain and other musculoskeletal pain, perhaps envisioning spinal manipulation for chronic low back pain, or assigned home care or supervised exercises for individual patients. (dcpracticeinsights.com)
  • Surgery may be indicated for patients with Haglund's deformity, heel spurs that cause pain, or a fracture. (nynjcmd.com)
  • Patients who can not manage heel pain using conservative methods after 6 to 12 months may consider a minimally-invasive or surgical procedure. (nynjcmd.com)
  • Patients with new thigh or groin pain should be evaluated to rule out an incomplete femoral fracture. (nih.gov)
  • Participants self-reported pain using the Musculoskeletal System Assessment Inventory and the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire. (diva-portal.org)
  • Musculoskeletal discomfort that is not properly controlled can have a negative impact on quality of life and cause serious socioeconomic issues. (alliedacademies.org)
  • One of the main sources of discomfort and pain for sonographers is the irregular stretching and twisting that they must do in an improperly arranged workspace. (medicalpositioning.com)
  • Pain and discomfort may be intermittent or constant. (nynjcmd.com)
  • The pain associated with fibromyalgia is generally chronic and persistent, predominantly in the muscle-tendon system, which involves more regions of the body, as neck, shoulder and arms. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Chronic primary musculoskeletal pain (CPMP), including chronic primary neck pain, chronic primary thoracic pain, chronic primary low back pain, and chronic primary limb pain, is the most common chronic pain and represents considerable global health and socioeconomic burden [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In 2017, low back pain was ranked the leading cause of disability (years lived with disability), with the prevalence of neck pain and other musculoskeletal conditions also being high [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • is a disorder that causes severe pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper and lower back, and hips. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Outcome measures were weekly pain severity scores and diagnosis of incident musculoskeletal disorder in the upper extremities or the neck/shoulder region based on physical examination performed by a physician blinded to intervention. (bmj.com)
  • Hazard rate ratios showed a protective effect of the armboard for neck/shoulder disorders (HR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.97) after adjusting for baseline pain levels and demographic and psychosocial factors. (bmj.com)
  • The armboard also significantly reduced neck/shoulder pain (p = 0.01) and right upper extremity pain (p = 0.002) in comparison to the control group. (bmj.com)
  • He has conducted a research topic on neck pain and it was published in Manual Therapy. (hongkongpa.com.hk)
  • Acupuncture is practiced to help relieve lower back pain, osteoarthritis, neck pain, tennis elbow, headaches and other conditions. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Business in the Community has partnered with Public Health England to produce this simple and informative step-by-step guide to support businesses to deal with back, neck, muscle and joint pain at work. (staffordshire.gov.uk)
  • This is examples of values you can search for.Neck pain, etc. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Severe neck pain, etc. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • We measured the prevalence of four MSPs (neck, shoulder, arm, and back pain) and difficulty in daily home activities, job activities, and sleeping caused by each of the four MSPs. (cdc.gov)
  • Results: We found that a one score increase in perceived union connection was associated with 5% decreased odds of reporting neck pain (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91-1.00) and back pain (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.91-0.99) after adjusting for confounders including self-reported ergonomic strain. (cdc.gov)
  • Background: The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and morbidity of neck pain with or without cervical rhizopathy, upper extremity motor deficit and/or thoracolumbar pain in elderly men. (lu.se)
  • Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional questionnaire study of 3,000 community-dwelling older men with a mean age of 75.4 ± 3.2 years (range 69-81) to determine if they had experienced neck pain with or without cervical rhizopathy/upper extremity motor deficit/thoracolumbar pain (yes/no) during the preceding 12 months, and if so, morbidity with the condition (no/minor/moderate/severe). (lu.se)
  • Results: Among the participants, 865 (29%) reported they had experienced neck and 1,619 (54%) thoracolumbar pain. (lu.se)
  • Among the men with neck pain, 59% had. (lu.se)
  • Among the men with neck pain, 59% had experienced only neck pain, 17% neck pain and cervical rhizopathy and 24% neck pain, rhizopathy and motor deficit. (lu.se)
  • the remaining 77% had both neck and thoracolumbar pain. (lu.se)
  • For men who only have neck pain, 1/8 rated their morbidity as severe, while almost half who also had cervical rhizopathy and motor deficit and almost 1/3 of those who also had thoracolumbar pain reported severe morbidity. (lu.se)
  • 42 trials with 8243 participants, mainly with osteoarthritis and back pain, were included. (racgp.org.au)
  • In spite of its long history of use, only a few small clinical trials have been conducted that support the use of willow bark extracts in chronic low-back pain and osteoarthritis. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, when the pain is purely due to biceps tendinitis, we prefer to perform ultrasound guided tendon fenestration or platelets-rich plasma (PRP) injection. (mskultrasoundinjections.co.uk)
  • Massage is a suitable pain management treatment in the short term but should be combined with or replaced by other methods such as stretching or an at-home exercise routine in the long term. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Stretching, on its own and in combination with other therapies and management methods, can be an effective tactic for reducing pain and increasing bodily motion and function. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Heel pain is usually the result of overuse and should respond well to conservative treatment methods. (nynjcmd.com)
  • In addition to a joint specialist, you may also be referred to a general pain specialist to help manage acute or chronic pain associated with your condition. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Pain ranges from mild to severe and from acute and short-lived to chronic and of long duration and may be local or widespread (diffuse). (merckmanuals.com)
  • Recent evidence suggests that opioids may be no more effective than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for acute treatment of pain in children with fractures, but the studies generally did not include evaluation of possible synergistic effects of the two drugs. (medscape.com)
  • For acute musculoskeletal pain, physical therapy may be recommended. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • In combination with protection, rest, compression, and elevation, icing is effective both for acute injuries and long-term musculoskeletal pain. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Opioids are used to treat severe pain associated with cancer or acute pain, for example following surgery. (msk.org.au)
  • Industrial medicine and acute musculoskeletal rehabilitation. (bvsalud.org)
  • 2. Medications for the treatment of acute musculoskeletal pain. (bvsalud.org)
  • The CMSG is one of the largest Cochrane review groups and produces reliable, up-to-date systematic reviews of interventions for the prevention, treat-ment or rehabilitation of musculoskeletal disorders. (racgp.org.au)
  • Our aim is to place the findings of recent Cochrane musculoskeletal reviews in a context immediately relevant to general practi-tioners (GPs) by summarising the findings of a review of interventions to improve adherence to exercise for adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP). (racgp.org.au)
  • This review assessed the effectiveness of different interventions to improve adherence to exercise therapy in people with chronic musculoskeletal pain. (racgp.org.au)
  • Developing successful interventions for chronic musculoskeletal pain requires valid, responsive, and reliable outcome measures. (va.gov)
  • With numerous years' experience in successfully treating over 90 chronic pain conditions, our experts can employ any one of a number of specialist interventions - from analgesic medications to nerve root injections and physiotherapy. (londonpainclinic.com)
  • Among the diseases that contribute to musculoskeletal problems, the fibromyalgic syndrome, or fibromyalgia, is the most disabling one. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Findings: Social isolation and loneliness is evident in people with chronic musculoskeletal diseases. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Smith, T 2017, ' 'On their own': social isolation, loneliness and chronic musculoskeletal pain in older adults ', Quality in Ageing and Older Adults , vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 87-92. (uea.ac.uk)
  • The aim of this article is to discuss some of these factors using musculoskeletal pain as the focus, although most of the issues are probably germane to other types of childhood pain such as recurrent abdominal pain and headache, as well as to chronic fatigue syndrome. (bmj.com)
  • Zuckerman et al reported that 22% of preschool children with recurrent abdominal pain also had recurrent headaches. (bmj.com)
  • An excess has been observed for musculoskeletal pains such as low back pain 1 and temporomanibular joint disorders, 2 other pains such as abdominal pain 3 and for pains with a specific pathophysiology such as neuropathic pain. (bmj.com)
  • shivering, abdominal pain, and dyspnea. (cdc.gov)
  • Analyses using Cox proportional hazard models and linear regression models adjusted for demographic factors, baseline pain levels, and psychosocial job factors. (bmj.com)
  • We set out to examine the prospective associations of physical work demands and psychosocial working conditions with musculoskeletal pain , comparing JEMs with individual-level self -reported exposures. (bvsalud.org)
  • These include physicians to evaluate the cause of pain with physical exams, imaging review, EMGs and injections. (overlakehospital.org)
  • Steroid injections fall into the category of treatment called pain intervention. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Incorporating steroid injections into treatment for musculoskeletal pain can help reduce the need to use analgesics. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Pain intervention therapies like steroid injections are minimally invasive and can typically be completed in day-care or outpatient settings. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • For example, one in four adults across Europe experiences musculoskeletal disorders [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • How frequently this "malignant" outcome occurs, and how many children with chronic pain become adults with chronic pain is uncertain, but is probably not rare. (bmj.com)
  • 11 Similarly a cross-sectional study in the UK of 2504 adults found that orofacial pain was 50% more common in persons living in areas with poor socioeconomic status, but that the excess was not explained by oral mechanical factors, facial trauma or psychological distress. (bmj.com)
  • Regardless of age, gender, or economic situation, many adults have gone through one or more bouts of musculoskeletal pain at some point in their life. (alliedacademies.org)
  • NSAIDs such as ibuprofen are commonly used pain medications for adults. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Therefore, nonpharmacological approaches for pain are being actively explored, and Tai Chi has attracted increased attention as a therapy for pain. (hindawi.com)
  • We addressed a key question regarding psychometric properties of selected self-report pain measures to assist in adoption of these measures as core outcomes in clinical trials and other research of nonpharmacological approaches to chronic musculoskeletal pain. (va.gov)
  • Unfortunately, clinicians generally seek to manage pain through biomedical approaches and do not comprehensively consider the psychological and physical factors associated with CPMP [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • By request of the 2016 State of the Art Conference on non-pharmacological approaches to chronic musculoskeletal pain, the Minneapolis VA Evidence-based Synthesis Program completed a rapid evidence review. (va.gov)
  • Lower back pain is second only to the common cold for why people seek medical care. (overlakehospital.org)
  • Back pain may be mild or extreme and cause lost job time, lost personal time and can significantly decrease quality of life. (overlakehospital.org)
  • Overlake Clinics Musculoskeletal Medicine provides comprehensive diagnostic and treatment options for back pain. (overlakehospital.org)
  • Our clinic provides an integrated approach to resolve your back pain. (overlakehospital.org)
  • We first confer with our specialist and then create a unique program specific to each patient for their back pain. (overlakehospital.org)
  • The most common types of CMP include back pain and knee pain. (racgp.org.au)
  • 6,7 Exercise and physical activity are beneficial for back and knee pain and are recommended by clinical guidelines. (racgp.org.au)
  • About 62% reported musculoskeletal pain, with knees (16.8%) and lower back (12. (diva-portal.org)
  • The prevalence of shoulder, forearm, low back, knee and chronic widespread pain at 45 years generally increased with lower adult social class. (bmj.com)
  • In a 7-year prospective study of 38 426 workers in Norway, those of lower socioeconomic status were more likely to develop disabling low back pain. (bmj.com)
  • There is some limited evidence that devil's claw may provide modest improvements in low-back pain over the short term. (nih.gov)
  • Since then, she has conducted a few clinical researches in low back pain, functional capacity evaluation and occupational safety and health. (hongkongpa.com.hk)
  • Introduction/Purpose: Lumbosacral disease is a common cause of lower back pain, disability, and early retirement for military working dogs. (avmi.net)
  • Because they are bred and selected for stoicism and high drive, affected dogs may initially mask their lower back pain, develop compensatory gait changes, and place additional stresses on other musculoskeletal structures. (avmi.net)
  • A previous study found an association between lower extremity overuse and lower back pain in human athletes (Nadler 1998). (avmi.net)
  • Five dogs were presented for lower back pain, and five dogs were presented for other reasons and had no clinically detected lower back pain. (avmi.net)
  • A board-certified veterinary radiologist unaware of lower back pain status viewed the scans and recorded location and characteristics for all observed musculoskeletal lesions. (avmi.net)
  • A statistician performed comparisons between dogs in the lower back pain group versus dogs in the no low back pain group using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). (avmi.net)
  • All dogs in the lower back pain positive group were German Shepherds. (avmi.net)
  • Dogs in the lower back pain group included 1 German Shepherd, 1 Labrador Retriever, and 3 Belgian Malinois. (avmi.net)
  • On average, dogs with lower back pain had a greater number of musculoskeletal lesions (60.6) throughout their whole body than dogs without lower back pain (21) (P=0.003). (avmi.net)
  • Further studies are needed to determine if whole body lesions occur in military working dogs before or after the onset of lower back pain. (avmi.net)
  • Studies evaluating the relationship between spinal column lesions and lower back pain in these dogs are also needed. (avmi.net)
  • All you need to know about how we treat back, nerve, head & face, groin pain and more, in a concise 20 page brochure. (londonpainclinic.com)
  • Back pain, etc. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Aches or pains in your back, hips, or sciatica? (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
  • Low back pain alone is the single largest source of years lived with disability, causing 83 million disability-adjusted life years in 2010. (dcpracticeinsights.com)
  • As a personal anecdote: I am a chiropractor working on a PhD in public health / epidemiology, and when I first tried to locate a public-health-educated PhD advisor to chair my dissertation committee, I couldn't find anyone who viewed low back pain as an "epidemiology problem. (dcpracticeinsights.com)
  • The researchers will apply scientific tools to better the understanding of how learning works within the brain of people living with musculoskeletal conditions and how this correlates with chronic pain outcomes in people presenting with lower back pain and fibromyalgia . (versusarthritis.org)
  • Back pain will always be number one. (medscape.com)
  • Significant findings from stepwise and logistic regression provide targets for workplace improvements, predicting: lower injury odds with more frequently having sufficient time to use equipment, higher back pain odds with more frequent bariatric handling, lower back pain odds with greater ease in following SPHM policies, and lower odds of upper extremity pain with more bariatric equipment, and with higher safety climate ratings. (cdc.gov)
  • For a one score increase in perceived union connection, the odds of reporting back pain causing difficulty in home activities, job activities, and sleeping was 9% (95% CI: 0.87-0.96), 8% (95% CI: 0.88-0.96), and 7% (95% CI: 0.89-0.98) lower, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • Our integrative medicine approach uses ultrasound diagnostic and ultrasound therapeutic solutions together with complementary therapies to treat chronic musculoskeletal pain. (advancedmmc.com)
  • Welcome to the transformative world of musculoskeletal ultrasound in pain medicine! (daradia.com)
  • Join a community of passionate professionals and dive into the realm of musculoskeletal ultrasound, where you will master the art of visualizing and evaluating soft tissues, joints, and nerves with unparalleled precision. (daradia.com)
  • Through interactive modules, live demonstrations, and hands-on practice (optional), you will unlock the potential of ultrasound as a powerful tool for pain management. (daradia.com)
  • Enroll now in the online fellowship in musculoskeletal ultrasound in pain medicine (Fellowship in MSK Pain) and shape the future of patient care. (daradia.com)
  • She was the visiting lecturer in musculoskeletal rehabilitation and pain management in the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong. (hongkongpa.com.hk)
  • 1 Such idiopathic pain conditions are usually "benign" in the sense that they are relatively easy to diagnose with a minimum of investigations, and are treated effectively with reassurance and use of simple measures including appropriate use of analgesics. (bmj.com)
  • Our musculoskeletal hand and wrist pain specialists offer treatments for a wide range of hand and wrist conditions in several convenient locations. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The Bone and Joint Decade (2000-2010), 3, 4 supported by World Health Organisation, is the umbrella for a number of global and local initiatives aimed at improving the quality of life of people with musculoskeletal conditions. (bmj.com)
  • Almost two-thirds of participants with persistent musculoskeletal pain reported comorbid mental health conditions. (bmj.com)
  • This study could reveal how learning is associated with chronic pain experienced in people living with musculoskeletal conditions. (versusarthritis.org)
  • We analysed associations between working conditions (individual and JEM level) at baseline and musculoskeletal pain at follow-up using multilevel modelling stratified by sex , adjusting for age, education and baseline pain . (bvsalud.org)
  • We found predominately comparable prospective associations between working conditions and pain , whether using JEMs or individual level exposures, with the exception of quantitative demands. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cetilar ® ​ Patch helps to restore mobility and function of the joints while relieving pain in the event of trauma, stretching, contractures and sprains. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Metatarsalgia Metatarsalgia is a general term for pain in the area of the metatarsophalangeal joints. (msdmanuals.com)
  • All of those actions put a lot of pressure on the joints, resulting in pain. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic primary musculoskeletal pain (CPMP) is a major health problem that has physical and psychological impacts as well as an associated economic burden. (hindawi.com)
  • Also leading to physical dysfunction, CPMP induces prolonged sleep deprivation and negative emotions such as anxiety and depression, which in turn exacerbate the susceptivity to pain and decline in the quality of life [ 6 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Pain management is also complicated by sleep, mental, and physical problems. (hindawi.com)
  • A holistic approach for treating pain should consider multiple factors including biological, physical, psychological, social, and other associated factors [ 9 , 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Additionally, our clinic has skilled providers from physical therapy, massage, and athletic training that work as a team to address your specific needs to improve your pain and restore your health. (overlakehospital.org)
  • Musculoskeletal Pain, Physical Function, and Quality of Life After Bariatric Surgery. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Chronic pain may lead to prolonged physical suffering, marital or family problems, loss of employment, and various adverse medical reactions from long-term therapy. (medscape.com)
  • The type of physical therapy will depend on the cause and location of the pain. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Despite a foundation of infectious disease control for population health, APHA does have sections that represent interests of a variety of groups engaged in many spheres of public health, including groups interested in physical activity, aging, ethics, and even musculoskeletal health. (dcpracticeinsights.com)
  • Your provider may recommend physical therapy for some causes of leg pain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Higher pain levels at follow-up was seen for employees with higher baseline physical work demands, women exposed to violence and men with lower decision authority, whether measured at the individual or JEM level. (bvsalud.org)
  • Results Participants described their daily experiences of living with persistent musculoskeletal pain, their fears and the challenges imposed by the invisibility of pain, and the two-way relationship between their pain and mental well-being. (bmj.com)
  • Conclusions Young people living with persistent musculoskeletal pain described the absence of age-appropriate pain services and clearly articulated their perceptions on the role of, and opportunities provided by, digital technologies to connect with and support improved pain healthcare. (bmj.com)
  • In-depth interviews with 23 young people with persistent musculoskeletal pain recruited through purposeful sampling from across Australian jurisdictions. (bmj.com)
  • However, extensive research now shows that opioids don't provide ' clinically important improvement in pain or function compared with other treatments ' for most people with persistent pain or chronic pain. (msk.org.au)
  • We estimated the prevalence of self-reported musculoskeletal pain according to statin use and calculated prevalence ratio estimates of musculoskeletal pain obtained from adjusted multiple logistic regression modeling. (nih.gov)
  • Markers for low socioeconomic status have been associated with a higher prevalence of musculoskeletal pain. (bmj.com)
  • Originality/value: There remains limited evidence around the prevalence and management of social isolation and loneliness for people with chronic musculoskeletal pain. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Despite its prevalence, we still don't know why some people get chronic pain, and others do not. (versusarthritis.org)
  • A recent study published in the international journal BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders involved subjects with shoulder tendinopathy. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Pain can occur when a muscle is affected by an injury, loss of blood flow to the muscle, infection, or a tumor. (merckmanuals.com)
  • What Causes Musculoskeletal Pain and Injury? (medicalpositioning.com)
  • Another way to reduce pain and injury in the medical field is by providing ergonomic equipment for all medical workers, including sonographers. (medicalpositioning.com)
  • If sonographers follow these tips for reducing musculoskeletal issues in the workplace, they will endure less inconvenience, pain, and injury during the course of their careers. (medicalpositioning.com)
  • The children were aged 6-17 years, had a musculoskeletal injury to either an upper or lower extremity, had pain scores above an established threshold on a visual analog scale, and otherwise had no restrictions against taking one of the study medications. (medscape.com)
  • Whether it is a new injury or a long-term condition we have put together some information to give you all the tools you need to manage your musculoskeletal health. (pathfields.co.uk)
  • One suggestion is that the processes in the brain that normally allow us to adapt to an injury and recover from it, are used excessively meaning that pain becomes exaggerated and prolonged. (versusarthritis.org)
  • Safe patient handling and mobility (SPHM) for increasingly bariatric patient populations: factors related to caregivers' self-reported pain and injury. (cdc.gov)
  • The survey was used to examine a comprehensive list of SPHM and non-SPHM variables, and their associations with self-reported musculoskeletal injury and pain. (cdc.gov)
  • abstract = "Purpose: In this paper, the concepts of social isolation and loneliness will be explored in relation to people with chronic musculoskeletal pain. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Increasingly the term biopsychosocial is being used to describe a model that more fully encompasses the biological, psychological, and social factors that may be important in the manifestations of chronic symptom complexes such as chronic pain and chronic fatigue syndrome. (bmj.com)
  • This study aims to determine to what extent the reporting of pain in adulthood varies by adult socioeconomic status, whether there are additional long-term effects of socioeconomic status in childhood and whether any such relationships are mediated through adult psychological ill health. (bmj.com)
  • 2 However, given that there is a relationship between psychological ill health and low social class, 12 and the consistent finding that psychological ill health is associated with pain reporting, and predicts its onset, 13 14 it may be a possible mediator of any observed relationship between social class and pain. (bmj.com)
  • Through this, biological, psychological and social factors will be examined to consider how we can identified people at risk of social isolation and loneliness who have chronic musculoskeletal pain and secondly how health professionals may intervene to reduce their effects. (uea.ac.uk)
  • While these pains can be annoying, if the issues causing these pains are not addressed, they can quickly morph into full-blown injuries or disorders. (medicalpositioning.com)
  • MSDs do not include musculoskeletal injuries or disorders that are the direct result of a fall, struck by, or against, caught in or on, vehicle collision, violence, etc. (slideshare.net)
  • The aim of this study was to establish research priorities for chronic musculoskeletal (MSK) pain by engaging with people living with chronic MSK pain, relatives to people living with chronic MSK pain, healthcare professionals (HCP), and researchers working with chronic MSK pain. (aau.dk)
  • In the initial survey, 1010 respondents (91% people living with chronic MSK pain/relatives, 9% HCPs/researchers) submitted 3121 potential questions. (aau.dk)
  • This study identified several specific research questions generated by people living with chronic MSK pain, relatives, HCPs, and researchers. (aau.dk)
  • Pain is the most common symptom of most musculoskeletal disorders. (merckmanuals.com)
  • This one year, randomised controlled intervention trial evaluated the effects of a wide forearm support surface and a trackball on upper body pain severity and incident musculoskeletal disorders among 182 call centre operators at a large healthcare company. (bmj.com)
  • Participants were recruited, at birth, in 1958 and were followed-up throughout childhood and adulthood, most recently at 45 years when information was collected on regional and widespread pain, and various potential mediating factors. (bmj.com)
  • Persons in the lowest social class (compared to the highest) experienced nearly a threefold increase in the risk of chronic widespread pain: relative risk: 2.9 (95% CI 1.8 to 4.6). (bmj.com)
  • Childhood social class also demonstrated a relationship with most regional pains and chronic widespread pain. (bmj.com)
  • Searches were conducted in four databases using descriptors related to virtual reality, exercise, and chronic musculoskeletal pain. (iasp-pain.org)
  • It has been suggested that chronic fatigue syndrome in adolescents and juvenile fibromyalgia syndrome (one form of chronic pain syndrome) may be overlapping clinical entities, that may be indistinguishable by current diagnostic criteria. (bmj.com)
  • Most authors consider ongoing pain lasting longer than 6 months as diagnostic, and others have used 3 months as the minimum criterion. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is a major health problem and affects approximately 30% of the general population. (racgp.org.au)
  • These results emphasise the importance and potential impact of measures to reduce social adversity, which will have the effect of improving musculoskeletal health in adult life and other major causes of morbidity. (bmj.com)
  • Chronic pain syndrome (CPS) is a common problem that presents a major challenge to health-care providers because of its complex natural history, unclear etiology, and poor response to therapy. (medscape.com)
  • By raising awareness of social isolation and loneliness in this population, people with chronic musculoskeletal pain may be better supported to reduce the negative impact that social isolation and loneliness can have on their health and well-being. (uea.ac.uk)
  • Although the session will focus on Ontario's experience at enforcing MSD hazards through its health and safety legislation, anyone with an interest in preventing musculoskeletal hazards in the workplace will gain an understanding of the vast array of MSD prevention resources that are available. (slideshare.net)
  • What is musculoskeletal (MSK) health? (staffordshire.gov.uk)
  • Having good musculoskeletal health is vital for a full working life. (staffordshire.gov.uk)
  • Below are some guides, websites, campaigns and resources to help you to support Musculoskeletal Health in your workplace. (staffordshire.gov.uk)
  • It contains all the information and resources you need to develop an evidence-based approach to musculoskeletal health that works for your business. (staffordshire.gov.uk)
  • The CHC section noted the musculoskeletal health policy gap in the APHA, and worked from within the organization to champion "Musculoskeletal Disorders as a Public Health Concern," now APHA policy 20114 . (dcpracticeinsights.com)
  • If the relationship with the APHA is a two-way street, how can the chiropractic profession improve in response to the way this large public health organization adapted to rethink musculoskeletal pain? (dcpracticeinsights.com)
  • However, to really prevent musculoskeletal pain, and to really think like public health agencies and practitioners, the chiropractic profession needs to widen its own gaze to consider the prevention of musculoskeletal pain at the population level. (dcpracticeinsights.com)
  • A self-administered validated questionnaire was used that included the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire and 12-item general health questionnaire (GHQ12). (who.int)
  • Improper body posture and long hours in front of these terminals can result in many health hazards, including eye strain and fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) [1]. (who.int)
  • 7 Many individuals with either a chronic pain syndrome or with chronic fatigue syndrome could be considered as having a somatoform disorder according to the DSM IV criteria. (bmj.com)
  • Introduction to the Biology of the Musculoskeletal System The musculoskeletal system provides form, stability, and movement to the human body. (merckmanuals.com)
  • One reason for believing that there is much commonality between children with chronic pain is that it is not unusual for a child to have, or to develop pain in more than one body system. (bmj.com)
  • The advent of the multidetector CT (MDCT) scanner has increased the applicability of this imaging technique for the assessment of the musculoskeletal system. (dieutridau.com)
  • Opioids attach to opioid receptors in the nervous system and slow down the messages between the body and brain, including pain messages. (msk.org.au)
  • CFAs are a mix of fatty acids of plant origin that have proven to be effective in reducing muscle joint and tendon pain. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Tendon and ligament pain is often less intense than bone pain. (merckmanuals.com)
  • Distal biceps tendon problems usually result in pain at the front of the elbow. (mskultrasoundinjections.co.uk)
  • Various neuromuscular, reproductive, gastrointestinal (GI), and urologic disorders may cause or contribute to chronic pain. (medscape.com)
  • Depending on the specifics of a patient's pain, non-pharmacological pain treatments or therapies may be used in place of or in addition to medication. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Lifestyle changes and at-home pain management techniques can be recommended instead of or in addition to pain medication and non-pharmacological treatments. (haleonhealthpartner.com)
  • Combining traditional and complimentary medicine treatments addresses all of the underlying causes resulting in a more permanent resolution of pain. (advancedmmc.com)
  • This could support the development of targeted treatments in the future, aimed to reduce pain outcomes and improve quality of life. (versusarthritis.org)