The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single ZYGOTE, as opposed to CHIMERISM in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote.
Abnormal number or structure of the SEX CHROMOSOMES. Some sex chromosome aberrations are associated with SEX CHROMOSOME DISORDERS and SEX CHROMOSOME DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT.
The possession of a third chromosome of any one type in an otherwise diploid cell.
A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.
A type of defective gonadal development in patients with a wide spectrum of chromosomal mosaic variants. Their karyotypes are of partial sex chromosome monosomy resulting from an absence or an abnormal second sex chromosome (X or Y). Karyotypes include 45,X/46,XX; 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX; 46,XXp-; 45,X/46,XY; 45,X/47,XYY; 46,XYpi; etc. The spectrum of phenotypes may range from phenotypic female to phenotypic male including variations in gonads and internal and external genitalia, depending on the ratio in each gonad of 45,X primordial germ cells to those with normal 46,XX or 46,XY constitution.
Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.
Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal chromosome constitution in which there is extra or missing chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment). (from Thompson et al., Genetics in Medicine, 5th ed, p429)
Pigmentation disorders are conditions that affect the production or distribution of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin, hair, and eye color, leading to changes in the color of these bodily features.
The presence in a cell of two paired chromosomes from the same parent, with no chromosome of that pair from the other parent. This chromosome composition stems from non-disjunction (NONDISJUNCTION, GENETIC) events during MEIOSIS. The disomy may be composed of both homologous chromosomes from one parent (heterodisomy) or a duplicate of one chromosome (isodisomy).
A group of rare autosomal dominant diseases, commonly characterized by atypical URTICARIA (hives) with systemic symptoms that develop into end-organ damage. The atypical hives do not involve T-cell or autoantibody. Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome includes three previously distinct disorders: Familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome; Muckle-Wells Syndrome; and CINCA Syndrome, that are now considered to represent a disease continuum, all caused by NLRP3 protein mutations.
The chromosomal constitution of cells which deviate from the normal by the addition or subtraction of CHROMOSOMES, chromosome pairs, or chromosome fragments. In a normally diploid cell (DIPLOIDY) the loss of a chromosome pair is termed nullisomy (symbol: 2N-2), the loss of a single chromosome is MONOSOMY (symbol: 2N-1), the addition of a chromosome pair is tetrasomy (symbol: 2N+2), the addition of a single chromosome is TRISOMY (symbol: 2N+1).
Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.
The human female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in humans.
A type of IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION in which target sequences are stained with fluorescent dye so their location and size can be determined using fluorescence microscopy. This staining is sufficiently distinct that the hybridization signal can be seen both in metaphase spreads and in interphase nuclei.
The record of descent or ancestry, particularly of a particular condition or trait, indicating individual family members, their relationships, and their status with respect to the trait or condition.
'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term referring to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual, which may be genetic or environmental in origin, and can affect various systems and organs of the body.
Group of genetically determined disorders characterized by the blistering of skin and mucosae. There are four major forms: acquired, simple, junctional, and dystrophic. Each of the latter three has several varieties.
An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a high incidence of bilateral acoustic neuromas as well as schwannomas (NEURILEMMOMA) of other cranial and peripheral nerves, and other benign intracranial tumors including meningiomas, ependymomas, spinal neurofibromas, and gliomas. The disease has been linked to mutations of the NF2 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2) on chromosome 22 (22q12) and usually presents clinically in the first or second decade of life.
The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.
Aberrant chromosomes with no ends, i.e., circular.
A method for diagnosis of fetal diseases by sampling the cells of the placental chorionic villi for DNA analysis, presence of bacteria, concentration of metabolites, etc. The advantage over amniocentesis is that the procedure can be carried out in the first trimester.
A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).
An educational process that provides information and advice to individuals or families about a genetic condition that may affect them. The purpose is to help individuals make informed decisions about marriage, reproduction, and other health management issues based on information about the genetic disease, the available diagnostic tests, and management programs. Psychosocial support is usually offered.
Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation EMBRYO; FETUS; or pregnant female before birth.
The male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans and in some other male-heterogametic species in which the homologue of the X chromosome has been retained.
Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the OVUM; ZYGOTE; or BLASTOCYST prior to implantation. CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS is performed to determine the presence or absence of genetic disease.
Staining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. Applications include the determination of chromosome rearrangements in malformation syndromes and cancer, the chemistry of chromosome segments, chromosome changes during evolution, and, in conjunction with cell hybridization studies, chromosome mapping.
A number of syndromes with defective gonadal developments such as streak GONADS and dysgenetic testes or ovaries. The spectrum of gonadal and sexual abnormalities is reflected in their varied sex chromosome (SEX CHROMOSOMES) constitution as shown by the karyotypes of 45,X monosomy (TURNER SYNDROME); 46,XX (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, 46XX); 46,XY (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, 46,XY); and sex chromosome MOSAICISM; (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, MIXED). Their phenotypes range from female, through ambiguous, to male. This concept includes gonadal agenesis.
Any detectable and heritable alteration in the lineage of germ cells. Mutations in these cells (i.e., "generative" cells ancestral to the gametes) are transmitted to progeny while those in somatic cells are not.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
The short, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group G in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 21 and 22 and the Y chromosome.
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)
A characteristic symptom complex.
The medium-sized, acrocentric human chromosomes, called group D in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 13, 14, and 15.
The human male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms at various stages during GAMETOGENESIS.

Comparative analysis of cell distribution in the pigment epithelium and the visual cell layer of chimaeric mice. (1/1468)

In chimaeras of both rdrdCC in equilibrium ++ cc and rdrdcc in equilibrium ++CC combinations two types of distribution were observed. In a majority of the chimaeras both retinal layers were chimaeric; whereas in a few cases the pigment epithelium was chimaeric but the visual cell layer was made of ++ cells only. No spatial relation was observed in the distribution of the cells in the two layers. The two eyes of the individuals were nearly always identical with regard to occurrence of chimaerism in the two layers. The findings are discussed in the light of the possible site and mode of expression of the rd gene.  (+info)

Analysis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 gene and haplotype analysis: (CCG)1-2 polymorphism and contribution to founder effect. (2/1468)

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 is a familial spinocerebellar ataxia with autosomal dominant inheritance. The gene responsible was recently cloned and this disorder was found to be the result of a CAG expansion in its open reading frame. We analysed 13 SCA2 patients in seven unrelated families in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. In four of the seven families, we detected CCG or CCGCCG interruptions in only the expanded alleles. Cosegregation of these polymorphisms with SCA2 patients was established within each family. Together with the results of haplotype analyses, we considered that at least two founders were present in our area and that these (CCG)1-2 polymorphisms may make analysis of founder effects easier. By sequencing analysis we found that although the number of the long CAG repeat varied in each subclone of expanded alleles, these polymorphisms did not change their configuration. This finding suggests that CCG or CCGCCG sequences are stable when surrounded by the long CAG repeat and a single CAG. Moreover, the presence of these polymorphisms may lead to miscounting the repeat size by conventional estimation using a size marker such as an M13 sequencing ladder. Therefore we should consider these polymorphisms and accurately determine the repeat size by sequencing.  (+info)

Dual role of extramacrochaetae in cell proliferation and cell differentiation during wing morphogenesis in Drosophila. (3/1468)

The Extramacrochaetae (emc) gene encodes a transcription factor with an HLH domain without the basic region involved in interaction with DNA present in other proteins that have this domain. EMC forms heterodimers with bHLH proteins preventing their binding to DNA, acting as a negative regulator. The function of emc is required in many developmental processes during the development of Drosophila, including wing morphogenesis. Mitotic recombination clones of both null and gain-of-function alleles of emc, indicate that during wing morphogenesis, emc participates in cell proliferation within the intervein regions (vein patterning), as well as in vein differentiation. The study of relationships between emc and different genes involved in wing development reveal strong genetic interactions with genes of the Ras signalling pathway (torpedo, vein, veinlet and Gap), blistered, plexus and net, in both adult wing phenotypes and cell behaviour in genetic mosaics. These interactions are also analyzed as variations of emc expression patterns in mutant backgrounds for these genes. In addition, cell proliferation behaviour of emc mutant cells varies depending on the mutant background. The results show that genes of the Ras signalling pathway are co-operatively involved in the activity of emc during cell proliferation, and later antagonistically during cell differentiation, repressing EMC expression.  (+info)

Germ-line mosaicism in tuberous sclerosis: how common? (4/1468)

Two-thirds of cases of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) are sporadic and usually are attributed to new mutations, but unaffected parents sometimes have more than one affected child. We sought to determine how many of these cases represent germ-line mosaicism, as has been reported for other genetic diseases. In our sample of 120 families with TSC, 7 families had two affected children and clinically unaffected parents. These families were tested for mutations in the TSC1 and TSC2 genes, by Southern blotting and by single-strand conformational analysis. Unique variants were detected in six families. Each variant was present and identical in both affected children of a family but was absent in both parents and the unaffected siblings. Sequencing of the variants yielded two frameshift mutations, one missense mutation, and two nonsense mutations in TSC2 and one nonsense mutation in TSC1. To determine which parent contributed the affected gametes, the families were analyzed for linkage to TSC1 and TSC2, by construction of haplotypes with markers flanking the two genes. Linkage analysis and loss-of-heterozygosity studies indicated maternal origin in three families, paternal origin in one family, and either being possible in two families. To evaluate the possibility of low-level somatic mosaicism for TSC, DNA from lymphocytes of members of the six families were tested by allele-specific PCR. In all the families, the mutant allele was detected only in the known affected individuals. We conclude that germ-line mosaicism was present in five families with mutations in the TSC2 gene and in one family with the causative mutation in the TSC1 gene. The results have implications for genetic counseling of families with seemingly sporadic TSC.  (+info)

Recurrence of Marfan syndrome as a result of parental germ-line mosaicism for an FBN1 mutation. (5/1468)

Mutations in the FBN1 gene cause Marfan syndrome (MFS), a dominantly inherited connective tissue disease. Almost all the identified FBN1mutations have been family specific, and the rate of new mutations is high. We report here a de novo FBN1mutation that was identified in two sisters with MFS born to clinically unaffected parents. The paternity and maternity were unequivocally confirmed by genotyping. Although one of the parents had to be an obligatory carrier for the mutation, we could not detect the mutation in the leukocyte DNA of either parent. To identify which parent was a mosaic for the mutation we analyzed several tissues from both parents, with a quantitative and sensitive solid-phase minisequencing method. The mutation was not, however, detectable in any of the analyzed tissues. Although the mutation could not be identified in a sperm sample from the father or in samples of multiple tissue from the mother, we concluded that the mother was the likely mosaic parent and that the mutation must have occurred during the early development of her germ-line cells. Mosaicism confined to germ-line cells has rarely been reported, and this report of mosaicism for the FBN1 mutation in MFS represents an important case, in light of the evaluation of the recurrence risk in genetic counseling of families with MFS.  (+info)

Chromosome abnormalities in human embryos. (6/1468)

The presence of numerical chromosome abnormalities in human embryos was studied using fluorescence in-situ hybridization with four or more chromosome-specific probes. When most cells of an embryo are analysed, this technique allows differentiation to be made between aneuploidy, mosaicism, haploidy and polyploidy. Abnormal types of fertilization, such as unipronucleated, tripronucleated zygotes and zygotes with uneven pronuclei, were studied using this technique. We have found a strong correlation between some types of dysmorphism with chromosomal abnormalities. In addition, the more impaired the development of an embryo, the more chromosomal abnormalities were detected in those embryos. Maternal age and other factors were linked to an increase in chromosome abnormalities (hormonal regimes, temperature changes), but not to intracytoplasmic sperm injection.  (+info)

Identification of mutations that cause cell migration defects in mosaic clones. (7/1468)

Cell movement is an important feature of animal development, wound healing and tumor metastasis; however, the mechanisms underlying cell motility remain to be elucidated. To further our understanding, it would be useful to identify all of the proteins that are essential for a cell to migrate, yet such information is not currently available for any cell type. We have carried out a screen for mutations affecting border cell migration in Drosophila. Mutations that cause defects in mosaic clones were identified, so that genes that are also required for viability could be detected. From 6000 mutagenized lines, 20 mutations on chromosome 2R were isolated that cause defects in border cell position. One of the mutations was dominant while all of the recessive mutations appeared to be homozygous lethal. This lethality was used to place the mutations into 16 complementation groups. Many of the mutations failed to complement cytologically characterized deficiencies, allowing their rapid mapping. Mutations in three loci altered expression of a marker gene in the border cells, whereas the remaining mutations did not. One mutation, which caused production of supernumerary border cells, was found to disrupt the costal-2 locus, indicating a role for Hedgehog signaling in border cell development. This screen identified many new loci required for border cell migration and our results suggest that this is a useful approach for elucidating the mechanisms involved in cell motility.  (+info)

Dicentric X isochromosomes in man. (8/1468)

Four cases of Turner's syndrome are presented in which an apparent X isochromosome i(Xq) has been found to possess two regions of centromeric heterochromatin. It is suggested that these chromosomes were isodicentric structures capable of functioning as monocentric elements as a result of the inactivation of one centromere. The prevalence of mosaicism is believed to be a consequence of the dicentric nature of these chromosomes, and it is considered possible that a high proportion of X isochromosmes are structurally dicentric. Banding patterns showed that the exchange site involved in the formation of the dicentric chromosome was different in at least three of the cases.  (+info)

Mosaicism, in the context of genetics and medicine, refers to the presence of two or more cell lines with different genetic compositions in an individual who has developed from a single fertilized egg. This means that some cells have one genetic makeup, while others have a different genetic makeup. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as errors during cell division after fertilization.

Mosaicism can involve chromosomes (where whole or parts of chromosomes are present in some cells but not in others) or it can involve single genes (where a particular gene is present in one form in some cells and a different form in others). The symptoms and severity of mosaicism can vary widely, depending on the type and location of the genetic difference and the proportion of cells that are affected. Some individuals with mosaicism may not experience any noticeable effects, while others may have significant health problems.

Sex chromosome aberrations refer to structural and numerical abnormalities in the sex chromosomes, which are typically represented as X and Y chromosomes in humans. These aberrations can result in variations in the number of sex chromosomes, such as Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY), Turner syndrome (45,X), and Jacobs/XYY syndrome (47,XYY). They can also include structural changes, such as deletions, duplications, or translocations of sex chromosome material.

Sex chromosome aberrations may lead to a range of phenotypic effects, including differences in physical characteristics, cognitive development, fertility, and susceptibility to certain health conditions. The manifestation and severity of these impacts can vary widely depending on the specific type and extent of the aberration, as well as individual genetic factors and environmental influences.

It is important to note that while sex chromosome aberrations may pose challenges and require medical management, they do not inherently define or limit a person's potential, identity, or worth. Comprehensive care, support, and education can help individuals with sex chromosome aberrations lead fulfilling lives and reach their full potential.

Trisomy is a genetic condition where there is an extra copy of a particular chromosome, resulting in 47 chromosomes instead of the typical 46 in a cell. This usually occurs due to an error in cell division during the development of the egg, sperm, or embryo.

Instead of the normal pair, there are three copies (trisomy) of that chromosome. The most common form of trisomy is Trisomy 21, also known as Down syndrome, where there is an extra copy of chromosome 21. Other forms include Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) and Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), which are associated with more severe developmental issues and shorter lifespans.

Trisomy can also occur in a mosaic form, where some cells have the extra chromosome while others do not, leading to varying degrees of symptoms depending on the proportion of affected cells.

Turner Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects females, caused by complete or partial absence of one X chromosome. The typical karyotype is 45,X0 instead of the normal 46,XX in women. This condition leads to distinctive physical features and medical issues in growth, development, and fertility. Characteristic features include short stature, webbed neck, low-set ears, and swelling of the hands and feet. Other potential symptoms can include heart defects, hearing and vision problems, skeletal abnormalities, kidney issues, and learning disabilities. Not all individuals with Turner Syndrome will have every symptom, but most will require medical interventions and monitoring throughout their lives to address various health concerns associated with the condition.

Gonadal dysgenesis, mixed is a medical condition that refers to the abnormal development and function of the gonads (ovaries or testes). In this form of gonadal dysgenesis, both ovarian and testicular tissues are present in the same individual, but they are not properly organized or functioning. This can lead to ambiguous genitalia, infertility, and an increased risk of developing gonadal tumors. The condition is often associated with genetic disorders such as Turner, Klinefelter, or other sex chromosome abnormalities.

Karyotyping is a medical laboratory test used to study the chromosomes in a cell. It involves obtaining a sample of cells from a patient, usually from blood or bone marrow, and then staining the chromosomes so they can be easily seen under a microscope. The chromosomes are then arranged in pairs based on their size, shape, and other features to create a karyotype. This visual representation allows for the identification and analysis of any chromosomal abnormalities, such as extra or missing chromosomes, or structural changes like translocations or inversions. These abnormalities can provide important information about genetic disorders, diseases, and developmental problems.

Chromosome disorders are a group of genetic conditions caused by abnormalities in the number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosomes are thread-like structures located in the nucleus of cells that contain most of the body's genetic material, which is composed of DNA and proteins. Normally, humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes.

Chromosome disorders can result from changes in the number of chromosomes (aneuploidy) or structural abnormalities in one or more chromosomes. Some common examples of chromosome disorders include:

1. Down syndrome: a condition caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in intellectual disability, developmental delays, and distinctive physical features.
2. Turner syndrome: a condition that affects only females and is caused by the absence of all or part of one X chromosome, resulting in short stature, lack of sexual development, and other symptoms.
3. Klinefelter syndrome: a condition that affects only males and is caused by an extra copy of the X chromosome, resulting in tall stature, infertility, and other symptoms.
4. Cri-du-chat syndrome: a condition caused by a deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 5, resulting in intellectual disability, developmental delays, and a distinctive cat-like cry.
5. Fragile X syndrome: a condition caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome, resulting in intellectual disability, behavioral problems, and physical symptoms.

Chromosome disorders can be diagnosed through various genetic tests, such as karyotyping, chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Treatment for these conditions depends on the specific disorder and its associated symptoms and may include medical interventions, therapies, and educational support.

Pigmentation disorders are conditions that affect the production or distribution of melanin, the pigment responsible for the color of skin, hair, and eyes. These disorders can cause changes in the color of the skin, resulting in areas that are darker (hyperpigmentation) or lighter (hypopigmentation) than normal. Examples of pigmentation disorders include melasma, age spots, albinism, and vitiligo. The causes, symptoms, and treatments for these conditions can vary widely, so it is important to consult a healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and treatment plan.

Uniparental disomy (UPD) is a chromosomal abnormality where an individual receives two copies of a chromosome, or part of a chromosome, from one parent and no copies from the other parent. This occurs when there is an error in gamete formation, such as nondisjunction or segregation defects during meiosis, resulting in the production of gametes with abnormal numbers of chromosomes.

There are two types of UPD: heterodisomy and isodisomy. Heterodisomy occurs when an individual receives two different copies of a chromosome from one parent, while isodisomy occurs when an individual receives two identical copies of a chromosome from one parent.

UPD can have significant genetic consequences, particularly if the affected chromosome contains imprinted genes, which are genes that are expressed differently depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or father. UPD can lead to abnormal gene expression and may result in developmental disorders, growth abnormalities, and increased risk of certain diseases, such as Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome.

It is important to note that UPD is a rare event and occurs in less than 1% of the population. However, it can have serious health consequences, and genetic counseling and testing may be recommended for individuals with a family history of chromosomal abnormalities or developmental disorders.

Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS) are a group of rare, hereditary autoinflammatory disorders caused by mutations in the NLRP3 gene, which encodes the cryopyrin protein. The mutation leads to overactivation of the inflammasome, an intracellular complex that regulates the activation of inflammatory cytokines, resulting in uncontrolled inflammation.

CAPS include three clinical subtypes:

1. Familial Cold Autoinflammatory Syndrome (FCAS): This is the mildest form of CAPS and typically presents in infancy or early childhood with recurrent episodes of fever, urticaria-like rash, and joint pain triggered by cold exposure.
2. Muckle-Wells Syndrome (MWS): This subtype is characterized by more severe symptoms than FCAS, including recurrent fever, urticaria-like rash, joint pain, and progressive hearing loss. Patients with MWS are also at risk for developing amyloidosis, a serious complication that can lead to kidney failure.
3. Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease (NOMID): Also known as chronic infantile neurological cutaneous and articular syndrome (CINCA), this is the most severe form of CAPS. It presents at birth or in early infancy with fever, urticaria-like rash, joint inflammation, and central nervous system involvement, including chronic meningitis, developmental delay, and hearing loss.

Treatment for CAPS typically involves targeted therapies that block the overactive inflammasome, such as IL-1 inhibitors. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent long-term complications and improve quality of life for patients with these disorders.

Aneuploidy is a medical term that refers to an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell. Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of cells that contain genetic information in the form of genes.

In humans, the normal number of chromosomes in a cell is 46, arranged in 23 pairs. Aneuploidy occurs when there is an extra or missing chromosome in one or more of these pairs. For example, Down syndrome is a condition that results from an extra copy of chromosome 21, also known as trisomy 21.

Aneuploidy can arise during the formation of gametes (sperm or egg cells) due to errors in the process of cell division called meiosis. These errors can result in eggs or sperm with an abnormal number of chromosomes, which can then lead to aneuploidy in the resulting embryo.

Aneuploidy is a significant cause of birth defects and miscarriages. The severity of the condition depends on which chromosomes are affected and the extent of the abnormality. In some cases, aneuploidy may have no noticeable effects, while in others it can lead to serious health problems or developmental delays.

Chromosome aberrations refer to structural and numerical changes in the chromosomes that can occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to mutagenic agents. These changes can affect the genetic material encoded in the chromosomes, leading to various consequences such as developmental abnormalities, cancer, or infertility.

Structural aberrations include deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, and rings, which result from breaks and rearrangements of chromosome segments. Numerical aberrations involve changes in the number of chromosomes, such as aneuploidy (extra or missing chromosomes) or polyploidy (multiples of a complete set of chromosomes).

Chromosome aberrations can be detected and analyzed using various cytogenetic techniques, including karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). These methods allow for the identification and characterization of chromosomal changes at the molecular level, providing valuable information for genetic counseling, diagnosis, and research.

A chromosome is a thread-like structure that contains genetic material, made up of DNA and proteins, in the nucleus of a cell. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes, in each cell of the body, with the exception of the sperm and egg cells which contain only 23 chromosomes.

The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes in humans. Females typically have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The X chromosome contains hundreds of genes that are responsible for various functions in the body, including some related to sexual development and reproduction.

Humans inherit one X chromosome from their mother and either an X or a Y chromosome from their father. In females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated during embryonic development, resulting in each cell having only one active X chromosome. This process, known as X-inactivation, helps to ensure that females have roughly equal levels of gene expression from the X chromosome, despite having two copies.

Abnormalities in the number or structure of the X chromosome can lead to various genetic disorders, such as Turner syndrome (X0), Klinefelter syndrome (XXY), and fragile X syndrome (an X-linked disorder caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene).

In situ hybridization, fluorescence (FISH) is a type of molecular cytogenetic technique used to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes through the use of fluorescent probes. This technique allows for the direct visualization of genetic material at a cellular level, making it possible to identify chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions, duplications, translocations, and other rearrangements.

The process involves denaturing the DNA in the sample to separate the double-stranded molecules into single strands, then adding fluorescently labeled probes that are complementary to the target DNA sequence. The probe hybridizes to the complementary sequence in the sample, and the location of the probe is detected by fluorescence microscopy.

FISH has a wide range of applications in both clinical and research settings, including prenatal diagnosis, cancer diagnosis and monitoring, and the study of gene expression and regulation. It is a powerful tool for identifying genetic abnormalities and understanding their role in human disease.

I must clarify that the term "pedigree" is not typically used in medical definitions. Instead, it is often employed in genetics and breeding, where it refers to the recorded ancestry of an individual or a family, tracing the inheritance of specific traits or diseases. In human genetics, a pedigree can help illustrate the pattern of genetic inheritance in families over multiple generations. However, it is not a medical term with a specific clinical definition.

'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term that refers to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or can develop later in life (acquired). They can affect various organs and systems of the body and can vary greatly in severity and impact on a person's health and well-being.

Multiple abnormalities can occur due to genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, exposure to teratogens (substances that cause birth defects), and maternal infections during pregnancy are some of the common causes of multiple congenital abnormalities.

Examples of multiple congenital abnormalities include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and VATER/VACTERL association. Acquired multiple abnormalities can result from conditions such as trauma, infection, degenerative diseases, or cancer.

The medical evaluation and management of individuals with multiple abnormalities depend on the specific abnormalities present and their impact on the individual's health and functioning. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals is often involved in the care of these individuals to address their complex needs.

Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB) is a group of rare inherited skin disorders that are characterized by the development of blisters, erosions, and scarring following minor trauma or friction. The condition results from a genetic defect that affects the structural proteins responsible for anchoring the epidermis (outer layer of the skin) to the dermis (inner layer of the skin).

There are several types of EB, which vary in severity and clinical presentation. These include:

1. Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex (EBS): This is the most common form of EB, and it typically affects the skin's superficial layers. Blistering tends to occur after minor trauma or friction, and healing usually occurs without scarring. There are several subtypes of EBS, which vary in severity.
2. Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa (JEB): This form of EB affects the deeper layers of the skin, and blistering can occur spontaneously or following minor trauma. Healing often results in scarring, and affected individuals may also experience nail loss, dental abnormalities, and fragile mucous membranes.
3. Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa (DEB): DEB affects the deeper layers of the skin, and blistering can lead to significant scarring, contractures, and fusion of fingers and toes. There are two main subtypes of DEB: recessive DEB (RDEB), which is more severe and associated with a higher risk of skin cancer, and dominant DEB (DDEB), which tends to be milder.
4. Kindler Syndrome: This is a rare form of EB that affects both the epidermis and dermis. Blistering can occur spontaneously or following minor trauma, and affected individuals may experience photosensitivity, poikiloderma (a mottled skin appearance), and oral and gastrointestinal abnormalities.

Treatment for EB typically focuses on managing symptoms, preventing blister formation and infection, and promoting wound healing. There is currently no cure for EB, but research is ongoing to develop new therapies and treatments.

Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) is a genetic disorder characterized by the development of non-cancerous tumors in the nervous system, particularly on the nerves related to hearing and balance. It's also known as central neurofibromatosis or bilateral acoustic neuroma syndrome.

The primary feature of NF2 is the growth of schwannomas, which are tumors that develop from the cells surrounding nerve fibers. These typically grow on the vestibular nerve, leading to hearing loss, ringing in the ears (tinnitus), and balance problems. Bilateral acoustic neuromas (schwannomas affecting both vestibular nerves) are a hallmark of this condition.

Other common features include:

1. Meningiomas: These are tumors that grow in the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
2. Ependymomas: These are tumors that develop from the ependymal cells lining the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) in the brain or the spinal cord canal.
3. Neurofibromas: Unlike in Neurofibromatosis type 1, these are less common and typically don't become cancerous.
4. Skin changes: While not as prevalent as in NF1, some people with NF2 may have skin freckles, café-au-lait spots, or skin tumors.
5. Eye problems: Some individuals may experience cataracts, retinal abnormalities, or optic nerve tumors (optic gliomas).
6. Other potential symptoms: Headaches, facial weakness or numbness, and difficulty swallowing or speaking.

NF2 is an autosomal dominant disorder, meaning that a person has a 50% chance of inheriting the condition if one of their parents has it. However, about half of all NF2 cases result from spontaneous genetic mutations with no family history of the disorder.

The X chromosome is one of the two types of sex-determining chromosomes in humans (the other being the Y chromosome). It's one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that make up a person's genetic material. Females typically have two copies of the X chromosome (XX), while males usually have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).

The X chromosome contains hundreds of genes that are responsible for the production of various proteins, many of which are essential for normal bodily functions. Some of the critical roles of the X chromosome include:

1. Sex Determination: The presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines whether an individual is male or female. If there is no Y chromosome, the individual will typically develop as a female.
2. Genetic Disorders: Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, they are less likely to be affected by X-linked genetic disorders than males. Males, having only one X chromosome, will express any recessive X-linked traits they inherit.
3. Dosage Compensation: To compensate for the difference in gene dosage between males and females, a process called X-inactivation occurs during female embryonic development. One of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell, resulting in a single functional copy per cell.

The X chromosome plays a crucial role in human genetics and development, contributing to various traits and characteristics, including sex determination and dosage compensation.

A ring chromosome is a structurally abnormal chromosome that has formed a circle or ring shape. This occurs when both ends of the chromosome break off and the resulting fragments join together to form a circular structure. Ring chromosomes can vary in size, and the loss of genetic material during the formation of the ring can lead to genetic disorders and developmental delays. The effects of a ring chromosome depend on the location of the breakpoints and the amount of genetic material lost. Some individuals with ring chromosomes may have mild symptoms, while others may have severe disabilities or health problems.

Chorionic villi sampling (CVS) is a prenatal testing procedure that involves taking a small sample of the chorionic villi, which are finger-like projections of the placenta that contain fetal cells. The sample is then tested for genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome.

CVS is typically performed between the 10th and 12th weeks of pregnancy and carries a small risk of miscarriage (about 1 in 100 to 1 in 200 procedures). The results of CVS can provide important information about the health of the fetus, allowing parents to make informed decisions about their pregnancy. However, it is important to note that CVS does not detect all genetic disorders and may produce false positive or false negative results in some cases. Therefore, follow-up testing may be necessary.

Klinefelter Syndrome: A genetic disorder in males, caused by the presence of one or more extra X chromosomes, typically resulting in XXY karyotype. It is characterized by small testes, infertility, gynecomastia (breast enlargement), tall stature, and often mild to moderate intellectual disability. The symptoms can vary greatly among individuals with Klinefelter Syndrome. Some men may not experience any significant health problems and may never be diagnosed, while others may have serious medical or developmental issues that require treatment. It is one of the most common chromosomal disorders, affecting about 1 in every 500-1,000 newborn males.

Genetic counseling is a process of communication and education between a healthcare professional and an individual or family, aimed at understanding, adapting to, and managing the medical, psychological, and familial implications of genetic contributions to disease. This includes providing information about the risk of inherited conditions, explaining the implications of test results, discussing reproductive options, and offering support and resources for coping with a genetic condition. Genetic counselors are trained healthcare professionals who specialize in helping people understand genetic information and its impact on their health and lives.

Prenatal diagnosis is the medical testing of fetuses, embryos, or pregnant women to detect the presence or absence of certain genetic disorders or birth defects. These tests can be performed through various methods such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniocentesis, or ultrasound. The goal of prenatal diagnosis is to provide early information about the health of the fetus so that parents and healthcare providers can make informed decisions about pregnancy management and newborn care. It allows for early intervention, treatment, or planning for the child's needs after birth.

The Y chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes in humans and many other animals, along with the X chromosome. The Y chromosome contains the genetic information that helps to determine an individual's sex as male. It is significantly smaller than the X chromosome and contains fewer genes.

The Y chromosome is present in males, who inherit it from their father. Females, on the other hand, have two X chromosomes, one inherited from each parent. The Y chromosome includes a gene called SRY (sex-determining region Y), which initiates the development of male sexual characteristics during embryonic development.

It is worth noting that the Y chromosome has a relatively high rate of genetic mutation and degeneration compared to other chromosomes, leading to concerns about its long-term viability in human evolution. However, current evidence suggests that the Y chromosome has been stable for at least the past 25 million years.

Preimplantation Diagnosis (PID) is a genetic testing procedure performed on embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF), before they are implanted in the uterus. The purpose of PID is to identify genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities in the embryos, allowing only those free of such issues to be transferred to the uterus, thereby reducing the risk of passing on genetic diseases to offspring. It involves biopsying one or more cells from an embryo and analyzing its DNA for specific genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities. PID is often recommended for couples with a known history of genetic disorders or those who have experienced multiple miscarriages or failed IVF cycles.

Chromosome banding is a technique used in cytogenetics to identify and describe the physical structure and organization of chromosomes. This method involves staining the chromosomes with specific dyes that bind differently to the DNA and proteins in various regions of the chromosome, resulting in a distinct pattern of light and dark bands when viewed under a microscope.

The most commonly used banding techniques are G-banding (Giemsa banding) and R-banding (reverse banding). In G-banding, the chromosomes are stained with Giemsa dye, which preferentially binds to the AT-rich regions, creating a characteristic banding pattern. The bands are numbered from the centromere (the constriction point where the chromatids join) outwards, with the darker bands (rich in A-T base pairs and histone proteins) labeled as "q" arms and the lighter bands (rich in G-C base pairs and arginine-rich proteins) labeled as "p" arms.

R-banding, on the other hand, uses a different staining procedure that results in a reversed banding pattern compared to G-banding. The darker R-bands correspond to the lighter G-bands, and vice versa. This technique is particularly useful for identifying and analyzing specific regions of chromosomes that may be difficult to visualize with G-banding alone.

Chromosome banding plays a crucial role in diagnosing genetic disorders, identifying chromosomal abnormalities, and studying the structure and function of chromosomes in both clinical and research settings.

Gonadal dysgenesis is a condition characterized by the abnormal development of the gonads, which are the reproductive organs that produce sex hormones and gametes (sperm or eggs). In individuals with gonadal dysgenesis, the gonads may be underdeveloped, structurally abnormal, or completely absent. This condition can affect people of any gender and is often associated with other genetic disorders, such as Turner or Klinefelter syndromes.

The clinical presentation of gonadal dysgenesis varies widely depending on the severity of the disorder and the presence of other associated conditions. Some individuals may have normal sexual development and fertility, while others may experience delayed puberty, infertility, or ambiguous genitalia. Gonadal dysgenesis can also increase the risk of developing gonadal tumors, particularly in individuals with complete or partial absence of the gonads.

The diagnosis of gonadal dysgenesis is typically made through a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and genetic testing. Treatment may include hormone replacement therapy to support sexual development and prevent complications associated with hormonal imbalances. In some cases, surgical removal of the gonads may be recommended to reduce the risk of tumor development.

A germ-line mutation is a genetic change that occurs in the egg or sperm cells (gametes), and thus can be passed down from parents to their offspring. These mutations are present throughout the entire body of the offspring, as they are incorporated into the DNA of every cell during embryonic development.

Germ-line mutations differ from somatic mutations, which occur in other cells of the body that are not involved in reproduction. While somatic mutations can contribute to the development of cancer and other diseases within an individual, they are not passed down to future generations.

It's important to note that germ-line mutations can have significant implications for medical genetics and inherited diseases. For example, if a parent has a germ-line mutation in a gene associated with a particular disease, their offspring may have an increased risk of developing that disease as well.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

Human chromosomes are thread-like structures that contain genetic material, composed of DNA and proteins, present in the nucleus of human cells. Each chromosome is a single, long DNA molecule that carries hundreds to thousands of genes.

Chromosomes 21, 22, and Y are three of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. Here's what you need to know about each:

* Chromosome 21 is the smallest human autosomal chromosome, with a total length of about 47 million base pairs. It contains an estimated 200-300 genes and is associated with several genetic disorders, most notably Down syndrome, which occurs when there is an extra copy of this chromosome (trisomy 21).
* Chromosome 22 is the second smallest human autosomal chromosome, with a total length of about 50 million base pairs. It contains an estimated 500-600 genes and is associated with several genetic disorders, including DiGeorge syndrome and cat-eye syndrome.
* The Y chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes (the other being the X chromosome) and is found only in males. It is much smaller than the X chromosome, with a total length of about 59 million base pairs and an estimated 70-200 genes. The Y chromosome determines maleness by carrying the gene for the testis-determining factor (TDF), which triggers male development in the embryo.

It's worth noting that while we have a standard set of 23 pairs of chromosomes, there can be variations and abnormalities in the number or structure of these chromosomes that can lead to genetic disorders.

Intellectual disability (ID) is a term used when there are significant limitations in both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. This disability originates before the age of 18.

Intellectual functioning, also known as intelligence, refers to general mental capacity, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, and other cognitive skills. Adaptive behavior includes skills needed for day-to-day life, such as communication, self-care, social skills, safety judgement, and basic academic skills.

Intellectual disability is characterized by below-average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living. It can be mild, moderate, severe, or profound, depending on the degree of limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.

It's important to note that people with intellectual disabilities have unique strengths and limitations, just like everyone else. With appropriate support and education, they can lead fulfilling lives and contribute to their communities in many ways.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

Human chromosomes 13-15 are part of a set of 23 pairs of chromosomes found in the cells of the human body. Chromosomes are thread-like structures that contain genetic material, or DNA, that is inherited from each parent. They are responsible for the development and function of all the body's organs and systems.

Chromosome 13 is a medium-sized chromosome and contains an estimated 114 million base pairs of DNA. It is associated with several genetic disorders, including cri du chat syndrome, which is caused by a deletion on the short arm of the chromosome. Chromosome 13 also contains several important genes, such as those involved in the production of enzymes and proteins that help regulate growth and development.

Chromosome 14 is a medium-sized chromosome and contains an estimated 107 million base pairs of DNA. It is known to contain many genes that are important for the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, as well as genes involved in the production of immune system proteins. Chromosome 14 is also associated with a number of genetic disorders, including Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, which is caused by a deletion on the short arm of the chromosome.

Chromosome 15 is a medium-sized chromosome and contains an estimated 102 million base pairs of DNA. It is associated with several genetic disorders, including Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome, which are caused by abnormalities in the expression of genes on the chromosome. Chromosome 15 also contains important genes involved in the regulation of growth and development, as well as genes that play a role in the production of neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the brain.

It is worth noting that while chromosomes 13-15 are important for normal human development and function, abnormalities in these chromosomes can lead to a variety of genetic disorders and developmental issues.

Human Y chromosomes are one of the two sex-determining chromosomes in humans (the other being the X chromosome). They are found in the 23rd pair of human chromosomes and are significantly smaller than the X chromosome.

The Y chromosome is passed down from father to son through the paternal line, and it plays a crucial role in male sex determination. The SRY gene (sex-determining region Y) on the Y chromosome initiates the development of male sexual characteristics during embryonic development.

In addition to the SRY gene, the human Y chromosome contains several other genes that are essential for sperm production and male fertility. However, the Y chromosome has a much lower gene density compared to other chromosomes, with only about 80 protein-coding genes, making it one of the most gene-poor chromosomes in the human genome.

Because of its small size and low gene density, the Y chromosome is particularly susceptible to genetic mutations and deletions, which can lead to various genetic disorders and male infertility. Nonetheless, the Y chromosome remains a critical component of human genetics and evolution, providing valuable insights into sex determination, inheritance patterns, and human diversity.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Germ cells are the reproductive cells, also known as sex cells, that combine to form offspring in sexual reproduction. In females, germ cells are called ova or egg cells, and in males, they are called spermatozoa or sperm cells. These cells are unique because they carry half the genetic material necessary for creating new life. They are produced through a process called meiosis, which reduces their chromosome number by half, ensuring that when two germ cells combine during fertilization, the normal diploid number of chromosomes is restored.

... , also called gonadal mosaicism, is a type of genetic mosaicism where more than one set of genetic ... Pure germline mosaicism refers to mosaicism found exclusively in the gametes and not in any somatic cells. Germline mosaicism ... somatic mosaicism is a type of genetic mosaicism found in somatic cells. Germline mosaicism can be present at the same time as ... Germinal mosaicism in Noonan syndrome: A family with two affected siblings of normal parents. Am J Med Genet Part A 152A:2850- ...
"Risk of fetal mosaicism when placental mosaicism is diagnosed by chorionic villus sampling". American Journal of Obstetrics and ... "Molecular cytogenetic detection of confined gonadal mosaicism in a conceptus with trisomy 16 placental mosaicism". American ... This type of mosaicism is most often associated with normal pregnancy outcome. Type 2 CPM- The error occurs in a non-fetal cell ... This type of mosaicism is described in normal pregnancies and is sometimes associated with delayed growth of the fetus. Type 3 ...
"Mosaicism". Genetics. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2003. 76-80. Trent, Courtney (16 March 2022). "Are All Calico Cats ...
"Lesson 3: Mosaicism". Retrieved 2007-10-16. "Genetics of Calico Color". "Genetic Mosaicism". Retrieved 2007-10-28. "Lesson 1: ... Mosaicism also results from a phenomenon known as X-inactivation. All female mammals have two X chromosomes. To prevent lethal ...
Having two or more different cell types is called mosaicism. Diploid-triploid mosaicism can be associated with truncal obesity ... Diploid-triploid mosaicism (DTM) is a chromosome disorder. Individuals with diploid-triploid syndrome have some cells with ... "Diploid-triploid mosaicism". Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD). 22 March 2010. Retrieved 31 March 2014. " ... Those with diploid triploid mosaicism have some cells which are triploid, meaning that they have three copies of chromosomes, ...
This situation is called mosaicism. The frequency and cruelty of tuberculosis disease at the end of the 800 will lead him to ...
The lines are not unique to humans and can be observed in other non-human animals with mosaicism. Alfred Blaschko is credited ... Moss C, Larkins S, Stacey M, Blight A, Farndon PA, Davison EV (September 1993). "Epidermal mosaicism and Blaschko's lines". ... Molho-Pessach, Vered; Schaffer, Julie V. (2011-03-01). "Blaschko lines and other patterns of cutaneous mosaicism". Clinics in ... Molho-Pessach V, Schaffer JV (2011-03-01). "Blaschko lines and other patterns of cutaneous mosaicism". Clinics in Dermatology. ...
This mixture is called mosaicism. A higher degree[clarification needed] (percentage) of mosaicism appears to be associated with ... Yet, the degree of mosaicism does not determine response to drug treatment. Since the range in age of onset of seizures and IQ ... The ring 20 abnormality may be limited to as few as 5% of cells, so a screen for chromosomal mosaicism is critical. Newer array ... When not all cells contain a ring chromosome 20, the individual has ring 20 chromosomal mosaicism. Ring Chromosome 20 syndrome ...
This is called germline mosaicism. There are at least 33 mutations in the Sox2 gene that have been known to cause anophthalmia ...
... maternal chromosomes may have mosaicism. A number of fetal nucleic acid molecules derived from aneuploid chromosomes can be ...
The cause is genetic mosaicism; that is, some of, or most of, the germ cells of one parent have a dominant form of OI, but not ... of cases of OI types II and III are attributable to genetic mosaicism.: 532 People with OI are either born with defective ... that their future children will have OI due to genetic mosaicism.: 100, 1513 The disability rights critique of prenatal ... parsing the risk between parental mosaicism for dominant mutations and autosomal recessive inheritance". Genetics in Medicine. ...
Thorpe, Jeremy; Osei-Owusa, Ikeoluwa; Erlanger Avigdor, Bracha; Tupler, Rossella; Pevsner, Jonathan (2022-09-11). "Mosaicism in ...
"Genome mosaicism and organismal lineages" (PDF). Trends in Genetics. 20 (5): 254-60. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.530.7843. doi:10.1016/j. ...
June 2017). "The genomic mosaicism of hybrid speciation". Science Advances. 3 (6): e1602996. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E2996E. doi: ...
Utine GE, Aktas D (2006). "Mosaicism for terminal deletion of 4q". Genetic Counseling. 17 (2): 205-209. PMID 16970039. Kalsi G ...
Jacquot S, Merienne K, Pannetier S, Blumenfeld S, Schinzel A, Hanauer A (1999). "Germline mosaicism in Coffin-Lowry syndrome". ...
Mosaicism affects height in Turner syndrome; a large population sample drawn from the UK Biobank found women with 45,X0 ... The chromosomal abnormality is often present in just some cells, in which case it is known as Turner syndrome with mosaicism. ... The phenotype of Turner syndrome is affected by mosaicism, where cell lines with a single sex chromosome are combined with ... Kidney malformations in Turner syndrome may be more common in mosaicism than in the full 45,X0 karyotype. Serious complications ...
This disorder is called "numerical mosaicism". This mosaicism, especially of diploidy and polyploidy, can lead to the failure ... Over time many specialists have switched to blastocyst biopsies, which provide a lower level of mosaicism, but blastomere ...
Kapur, Saroj; Karam, Susan (1991). "Germ-line mosaicism in Waardenburg syndrome". Clinical Genetics. 39 (3): 194-198. doi: ...
MVCV causes vein clearing and yellow mosaicism. This virus has been reported from Tasmania, Brazil, the former Czechoslovakia, ...
Häne BG, Rogers RC, Schwartz CE (1999). "Germline mosaicism in X-linked myotubular myopathy". Clin. Genet. 56 (1): 77-81. doi: ...
Complete trisomy 8 is usually a gestational lethal condition, whereas trisomy 8 mosaicism is less severe and individuals with a ... Individuals with trisomy 8 mosaicism are more likely to survive into childhood and adulthood, and exhibit a characteristic and ... Trisomy 8 mosaicism affects wide areas of chromosome 8, containing many genes, and can thus be associated with a range of ... It can appear with or without mosaicism. Complete trisomy 8 causes severe abnormalities on the developing fetus and can be a ...
Mosaicism Parasitic twin Landy, Helain Jody; Weiner, Stuart; Corson, Stephen L.; Batzer, Frances R.; Bolognese, Ronald J. (July ...
It is similar to but distinct from mosaicism. chloroplast chloroplast DNA (cpDNA, chDNA, ctDNA) The set of DNA molecules ...
Kunishima S, Takaki K, Ito Y, Saito H (April 2009). "Germinal mosaicism in MYH9 disorders: a family with two affected siblings ... Kunishima S, Kitamura K, Matsumoto T, Sekine T, Saito H (June 2014). "Somatic mosaicism in MYH9 disorders: the need to ... Sporadic forms mainly derive from de novo mutations; rare cases have been explained by germinal or somatic mosaicism. The ... "First description of somatic mosaicism in MYH9 disorders". British Journal of Haematology. 128 (3): 360-5. doi:10.1111/j.1365- ...
mosaicism The presence of two or more populations of cells with different genotypes in an individual organism which has ... Mosaicism is similar to but distinct from chimerism. motif Any distinctive or recurring sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic ...
Mosaicism with a tetrasomy X cell line generally appears more severe than typical trisomy X. Like trisomy X, tetrasomy X has a ... Mosaicism, where both 47,XXX and other cell lines are present, occurs in approximately 10% of cases. Mosaic trisomy X has ... Tang R, Lin L, Guo Z, Hou H, Yu Q (July 2019). "Ovarian reserve evaluation in a woman with 45,X/47,XXX mosaicism: A case report ... Women with this mosaicism experience premature ovarian failure; the average age of menopause in these women is around 30, with ...
DesGroseilliers M, Fortin F, Lemyre E, Lemieux N (2006). "Complex mosaicism in sex reversed SRY+ male twins". Cytogenetic and ...
Mosaicism is the occurrence of two or more cell lines with different genotypes within a single individual. It is different from ... Hultén, Maj A.; Jonasson, Jon; Nordgren, Ann; Iwarsson, Erik (2010-09-01). "Germinal and Somatic Trisomy 21 Mosaicism: How ... Youssoufian, Hagop; Pyeritz, Reed E. (2002-10-01). "Mechanisms and consequences of somatic mosaicism in humans". Nature Reviews ...
ISBN 978-0-07-143900-8. Benn, Peter (1998-09-01). "Trisomy 16 and trisomy 16 mosaicism: A review". American Journal of Medical ... 2006). "Postnatal follow-up of prenatally diagnosed trisomy 16 mosaicism". Prenatal Diagnosis. 26 (6): 548-558. doi:10.1002/pd. ... and pathogenesis of trisomy 16 mosaicism". Journal of Medical Genetics. 40 (3): 175-82. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.3.175. PMC 1735382. ...
Germline mosaicism, also called gonadal mosaicism, is a type of genetic mosaicism where more than one set of genetic ... Pure germline mosaicism refers to mosaicism found exclusively in the gametes and not in any somatic cells. Germline mosaicism ... somatic mosaicism is a type of genetic mosaicism found in somatic cells. Germline mosaicism can be present at the same time as ... Germinal mosaicism in Noonan syndrome: A family with two affected siblings of normal parents. Am J Med Genet Part A 152A:2850- ...
Mosaicism is a condition in which cells within the same person have a different genetic makeup. This condition can affect any ... Mosaicism is a condition in which cells within the same person have a different genetic makeup. This condition can affect any ... Mosaicism is caused by an error in cell division very early in the development of the unborn baby. Examples of mosaicism ... Mosaicism is a condition in which cells within the same person have a different genetic makeup. This condition can affect any ...
... here we have the opportunity to study two populations of cells differing only with regard to the mutation causing mosaicism. ... The concept of cutaneous mosaicism is important for gene mapping because ... Mosaicism in human skin. Understanding the patterns and mechanisms Arch Dermatol. 1993 Nov;129(11):1460-70. ... Observations: Mosaicism may produce different cutaneous patterns such as the lines of Blaschko, the checkerboard pattern, the ...
mosaicism from Neuroscience News features breaking science news from research labs, scientists and colleges around the world. ...
Network aims to transform our understanding of how somatic mosaicism in human cells influences biology and disease. ... Program Snapshot The Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues (SMaHT) ... The Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues (SMaHT) Network aims to transform our understanding of how somatic mosaicism in ... We know that over time, somatic mosaicism can lead to diseases like cancer, but we dont know how much somatic mosaicism there ...
... Hum Mol ... We used a genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array to study patients with chromosome aneuploidy mosaicism, UPD ...
Tag: somatic mosaicism. * May 11, 2023. WashU Medicine joins national effort to ID genetic differences within the body. WashU ...
A patient with 45XO-48XYYY mosaicism. Message subject: (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Journal of Medical Genetics ...
title = "Placental mosaicism in the era of chromosomal microarrays",. abstract = "Objective: Placental mosaicism for a subset ... Placental mosaicism in the era of chromosomal microarrays. I: European Journal of Medical Genetics. 2020 ; Bind 63, Nr. 4. ... Placental mosaicism in the era of chromosomal microarrays. European Journal of Medical Genetics. 2020 apr.;63(4):103778. Epub ... Objective: Placental mosaicism for a subset of a chromosome, a structural chromosomal aberration, is thought to be a very rare ...
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Centers RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.. ...
Genetic Mosaicism: How Mutations That Arise in the Embryo May Cause Cancer Later in Life. August 22, 2022 by Silvia Licciulli, ... Home > Cancer Research Catalyst > Genetic Mosaicism: How Mutations That Arise in the Embryo May Cause Cancer Later in Life ... Can genetic mosaicism lead to cancer? In most cases, malignant transformation is driven by somatic mutations that occur at some ... Such a pattern is defined as genetic mosaicism. A mosaic is an artwork composed of many pieces of different materials inlaid ...
Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues (SMaHT) Program: Organizational Center (U24 Clinical Trial Not Allowed) RFA-RM-22-009. ... Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues (SMaHT) Program: Organizational Center (U24 Clinical Trial Not Allowed) ... The purpose of the Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues (SMaHT) Network is to propel discovery of new biological processes in ... and dynamic somatic mosaicism. Although small-scale studies show causal roles for somatic variants in development, aging ...
Mosaicism, somatic mutation, and environmental change in long-lived plants. Researchers. * Professor Rob Lanfear (Primary ...
XY mosaicism: report on 14 patients from a Brazilian hospital. A retrospective study ... CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, or mixed gonadal dysgenesis, is considered to be a rare disorder of sex ... The aim of our study was to investigate the clinical and cytogenetic characteristics of patients with this mosaicism.DESIGN AND ... 45,X/46,XY mosaicism: report on 14 patients from a Brazilian hospital. A retrospective study. ...
Our Austin fertility center explains what to know about embryo mosaicism. ... When mosaicism involves chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 18, 21, 22, X or Y, the risk increases for a child to be born with a ... How does the report show mosaicism?. The biopsy of the trophectoderm layer, the group of cells that make up the placenta, goes ... The effects of mosaicism depend on many factors, including where abnormal cells are located in the embryo and the proportion of ...
... Login ... First description of late-onset autoinflammatory disease due to somatic NLRC4 mosaicism. ... First description of late-onset autoinflammatory disease due to somatic NLRC4 mosaicism. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022 Apr;74(4): ... compatible with gene mosaicism. Structural modeling analyses suggested that this missense variant might favor the open, active ...
Participants with mosaicism have on average milder phenotypes, suggesting that mosaicism can be a major modifier of SCN1A- ... Mosaicism of de novo pathogenic SCN1A variants in epilepsy is a frequent phenomenon that correlates with variable phenotypes. ... Detection of mosaicism has important implications for genetic counseling and can be achieved by deep sequencing of unique reads ... Results: Mosaicism was present for 7.5% of de novo pathogenic SCN1A variants in symptomatic patients. Mosaic participants were ...
Meyer-Mueller, C., Osborn, M. J., Tolar, J., Boull, C., & Ebens, C. L. (2022). Revertant Mosaicism in Epidermolysis Bullosa. ... Revertant Mosaicism in Epidermolysis Bullosa. Cameron Meyer-Mueller, Mark J. Osborn, Jakub Tolar, Christina Boull, Christen L. ... Revertant Mosaicism in Epidermolysis Bullosa. / Meyer-Mueller, Cameron; Osborn, Mark J.; Tolar, Jakub et al. In: Biomedicines, ... Meyer-Mueller, C, Osborn, MJ, Tolar, J, Boull, C & Ebens, CL 2022, Revertant Mosaicism in Epidermolysis Bullosa, Biomedicines ...
Genetic mosaicism is defined as the presence of two or more genetically distinct cell populations in a single individual. Ever ... Neurocutaneous Manifestations of Genetic Mosaicism.. Maurice A M van Steensel. Journal of Pediatric Genetics 2015 September ... more disorders are found to be manifestations of mosaicism and together constitute a significant proportion of the morbidity ...
Revertant Mosaicism in Epidermolysis Bullosa. Cameron Meyer-Mueller, Mark J. Osborn, Jakub Tolar, Christina Boull, Christen L. ... Dive into the research topics of Revertant Mosaicism in Epidermolysis Bullosa. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
2000) Trisomy 12 mosaicism confirmed in multiple organs from a liveborn child. Am J Med Genet 95:444-449. PubMed ... 1995) Mosaicism for trisomy 12: four cases with varying outcomes. Prenatal Diagnosis 15(11):1017-1026. PubMed ... TRISOMY 12 MOSAICISM. Currently, the majority of cases of trisomy 12 detected prenatally have had normal outcomes. However, ... Two cases of trisomy 12 were reported in a large study of chromosomal mosaicism detected on CVS. The trisomy 12 findings were ...
... with no reports of fetal mosaicism in this large cohort. [34] Thus far, there has been one report of fetal mosaicism resulting ... Mosaicism. Self-correction refers to evidence that mosaic embryos are able to halt the proliferation of abnormal cells and that ... However, embryo mosaicism, which refers to two or more cell populations with different chromosomal complements being present ... Kahraman S, Cetinkaya M, Yuksel B, Yesil M, Pirkevi Cetinkaya C. The birth of a baby with mosaicism resulting from a known ...
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Mosaicism may be more common than assumed and should be considered regardless of the nature of the mutation. ... Parental mosaicism has been identified, with documented cases involving truncating mutations or gene rearrangements. We ... Mosaicism of a missense SCN1A mutation and Dravet syndrome in a Roma/Gypsy family. ...
Paediatric IBD Mosaicism. This is a DNA sequencing study investigating genetic mechanisms underpinning childhood inflammatory ...
Volver a los detalles del artículo Clinical patterns of pigmentary mosaicism - our experience Descargar Descargar PDF ...
Its freaked me out a bit, well a lot It says they found coarse mosaicism and fine punctation, does anyone know what this means ... It says they found coarse mosaicism and fine punctation, does anyone know what this means? Nothing was said to me at the time ...
The improved yield of mosaicism detection by CNV-seq was largely due to the ability to detect low level mosaicism below 20%. In ... Of the 67 positive mosaic cases, the levels of mosaicism defined by CNV-seq ranged from 6 to 92% compared to the ratio from 3 ... A total of 72 mosaicism cases identified by karyotyping or CMA were recruited to the study. There were 67 mosaic samples co- ... for detecting low-level mosaicism. However, a retrospective back-to-back comparison evaluating accuracy, efficacy, and ...
... PONTI, Giovanni. ;PELLACANI, Giovanni;TOMASI, Aldo;PERCESEPE, ... Whereas both blood karyotypes obtained from peripheral lymphocyte cultures were normal, a 16% trisomy 2 mosaicism was found in ... Whereas both blood karyotypes obtained from peripheral lymphocyte cultures were normal, a 16% trisomy 2 mosaicism was found in ... Hypomelanosis of Ito with a trisomy 2 mosaicism: a case report / Ponti, Giovanni; Pellacani, Giovanni; Tomasi, Aldo; Percesepe ...
No genomic mosaicism in a putative hybrid butterfly species. Kronforst, M. R., C. Salazar, M. Linares and L. E. Gilbert. 2007. ... No genomic mosaicism in a putative hybrid butterfly species. May 1, 2007. /in p {display: inline; font-size: 1.1em; font-weight ... No genomic mosaicism in a putative hybrid butterfly species. Proc. R. Soc. B 274: 1255-1264. ... 23No genomic mosaicism in a putative hybrid butterfly species. ...
  • Two cases of trisomy 12 were reported in a large study of chromosomal mosaicism detected on CVS. (bcchr.ca)
  • Chromosomal mosaicism is defined as the presence of two or more different cell lines in an organism that originate from the same embryo. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Ontogenetic and pathogenetic views on somatic chromosomal mosaicism. (thieme-connect.com)
  • The Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues (SMaHT) Network aims to transform our understanding of how somatic mosaicism in human cells influences biology and disease. (nih.gov)
  • This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) invites applications to establish the Organizational Center for the Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues (SMaHT) Network. (nih.gov)
  • The purpose of the Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues (SMaHT) Network is to propel discovery of new biological processes in human health and disease that are mediated by genomic variation in somatic tissues. (nih.gov)
  • In the paper Germline and somatic mosaicism in transgenic mice published in 1986, Thomas M.Wilkie, Ralph L.Brinster, and Richard D.Palmiter analyzed a germline mosaicism experiment done on 262 transgenic mice and concluded that 30% of founder transgenic mice are mosaic in the germline. (wikipedia.org)
  • They may not discover that they have mosaicism until they give birth to a child who has the non-mosaic form of the disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Sometimes a child born with the non-mosaic form will not survive, but a child born with mosaicism will. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Notably, the authors found that among patients carrying mosaic variants who underwent previous germline genetic testing, most had been reported as not carrying germline mutations, and only half of those who had an evaluable medical history met the criteria for germline genetic testing, suggesting that in certain cases when a germline mutation is ruled out, mosaicism may be the culprit. (aacr.org)
  • If you learn that some of your embryos have mosaicism, you might have questions about transferring mosaic embryos. (txfertility.com)
  • Mosaicism at prenatal level constitutes a challenge in genetic counseling, particularly in the case of mosaic trisomy 5, due to its low incidence. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Confirmation of mosaicism and uniparental disomy in amniocytes, after detection of mosaic chromosome abnormalities in chorionic villi. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Rapid diagnosis of pseudomosaicism in a case of Level II mosaicism for trisomy 5 in a single colony from an in situ culture of amniocytes and a review of mosaic trisomy 5 at amniocentesis. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Mosaicism (or mosaic Down syndrome) is diagnosed when there is a mixture of two types of cells, some with the usual 46 chromosomes and some with 47 chromosomes. (downsyndrome-singapore.org)
  • The concept of cutaneous mosaicism is important for gene mapping because here we have the opportunity to study two populations of cells differing only with regard to the mutation causing mosaicism. (nih.gov)
  • 1997) summarized findings in 23 cases of trisomy 12 mosaicism detected in amniotic fluid--20 of which were female and only three were male. (bcchr.ca)
  • 2000) reported a case of trisomy 12 diagnosed in a newborn and summarized results for 4 other cases of trisomy 12 mosaicism diagnosed postnatally. (bcchr.ca)
  • Brosens JJ, Overton C, Lavery SA, Thornton S. (1996) Trisomy 12 mosaicism diagnosed by amniocentesis. (bcchr.ca)
  • 2000) Trisomy 12 mosaicism confirmed in multiple organs from a liveborn child. (bcchr.ca)
  • English CJ, Goodship JA, Jackson A, Lowry M, Wolstenholme J. (1994) Trisomy 12 mosaicism in a 7 year old girl with dysmorphic features and normal mental development. (bcchr.ca)
  • That said, diverging from Mendelian gene inheritance patterns, a parent with a recessive allele can produce offspring expressing the phenotype as dominant through germline mosaicism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Regarding cytogenetics, we did not observe any direct correlation between percentages of cell lines and phenotype.CONCLUSIONS: 45,X/46,XY mosaicism can present with a wide variety of phenotypes resulting from the involvement of different aspects of the individual. (figshare.com)
  • Variations in the degree of mosaicism between tissues explained the phenotype. (lu.se)
  • Similarly, autosomal mutations resulting in genomic mosaicism may be either lethal or nonlethal. (nih.gov)
  • Germline mosaicism can be present at the same time as somatic mosaicism or individually, depending on when the conditions occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pure germline mosaicism refers to mosaicism found exclusively in the gametes and not in any somatic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Germline mosaicism can be caused either by a mutation that occurs after conception, or by epigenetic regulation, alterations to DNA such as methylation that do not involve changes in the DNA coding sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • With such mutation within the gamete cells, a pair of medically typical individuals may have repeated succession of children who suffer from certain genetic disorders such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy and osteogenesis imperfecta because of germline mosaicism. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, if these parents produce more than one child with an AD disorder, germline mosaicism is more likely the cause than a sporadic mutation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Germline mosaicism disorders are usually inherited in a pattern that suggests that the condition is dominant in either or both of the parents. (wikipedia.org)
  • Diseases caused by germline mosaicism can be difficult to diagnose as genetically-inherited because the mutant alleles are not likely to be present in the somatic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • If the disease is a result of pure germline mosaicism, then the disease causing mutant allele would never be present in the somatic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Germline mosaicism may contribute to the inheritance of many genetic conditions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conditions that are inherited by means of germline mosaicism are often mistaken as being the result of de novo mutations. (wikipedia.org)
  • The frequency of germline mosaicism is not known due to the sporadic nature of the mutations causing it and the difficulty in obtaining the gametes that must be tested to diagnose it. (wikipedia.org)
  • Autosomal dominant or X-linked familial disorders often prompt prenatal testing for germline mosaicism. (wikipedia.org)
  • The recurrence rate of conditions caused by germline mosaicism varies greatly between subjects. (wikipedia.org)
  • NGS analyses did not detect germline variants in any of the known autoinflammatory disease-associated genes, but they identified the p.Ser171Phe NLRC4 variant in unfractionated blood, with an allele fraction (2-4%) compatible with gene mosaicism. (upf.edu)
  • Germline and somatic mosaicism for FGFR2 mutation in the mother of a child with Crouzon syndrome: Implications for genetic testing in "paternal age-effect" syndromes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, even if this is the major mode of origin of mutations in paternal age-effect disorders, germline mosaicism may also occur. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These findings highlight the complexity of mosaicism for structural chromosomal aberrations in prenatal samples in the chromosomal microarray era. (aau.dk)
  • The pre- and postnatal genetic tests (noninvasive prenatal testing, array comparative genomic hybridization, karyotype in amniotic fluid cells, karyotype in peripheral blood, and uniparental disomy analysis) revealed the fetal chromosomal status and indicated etiology giving rise to the mosaicism, suggesting a prezygotic meiotic error corrected through late trisomic rescue in the zygote. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Prenatal detection of trisomy 5 mosaicism with normal outcome. (thieme-connect.com)
  • We used a genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array to study patients with chromosome aneuploidy mosaicism, UPD and one individual with XX/XY chimerism to gain insight into the developmental mechanism and timing of these events. (nih.gov)
  • Objective: Placental mosaicism for a subset of a chromosome, a structural chromosomal aberration, is thought to be a very rare finding in chorionic villus samples. (aau.dk)
  • Functional mosaicism may be caused by either male-lethal or nonlethal X-linked mutations. (nih.gov)
  • Parental mosaicism has been identified, with documented cases involving truncating mutations or gene rearrangements. (edu.au)
  • By cataloging the extent of somatic mosaicism in different cell types, disease states, and life stages, the SMaHT Network will lead to new understandings of how much somatic mosaicism influences fetal development, disease processes, and aging. (nih.gov)
  • This kind of mosaicism may be more frequent than previously anticipated, and the fetal involvement seems difficult to predict. (aau.dk)
  • 1997) European collaborative research on mosaicism in CVS (EUCROMIC)--fetal and extrafetal cell lineages in 192 gestations with CVS mosaicism involving single autosomal trisomy. (bcchr.ca)
  • Fetal trisomy 5 mosaicism: case report and literature review. (thieme-connect.com)
  • We evaluated 128 participants with de novo, pathogenic SCN1A variants to investigate whether mosaicism, caused by postzygotic mutation, is a major modifier in SCN1A-related epilepsy. (uu.nl)
  • Methods: Mosaicism was investigated by reanalysis of the pathogenic SCN1A variants using single molecule molecular inversion probes and next generation sequencing with high coverage. (uu.nl)
  • Results: Mosaicism was present for 7.5% of de novo pathogenic SCN1A variants in symptomatic patients. (uu.nl)
  • Participants with mosaicism have on average milder phenotypes, suggesting that mosaicism can be a major modifier of SCN1A-related diseases. (uu.nl)
  • In this review, the various genetic mechanisms leading to mosaicism and the resulting cutaneous patterns are considered. (nih.gov)
  • Variants occur widely throughout the genome and across the lifespan via a variety of genomic and biological mechanisms, creating stochastic, clonal, and dynamic somatic mosaicism. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we present clinical and laboratory data on five cases with such mosaicism for structural chromosomal aberrations. (aau.dk)
  • The aim of our study was to investigate the clinical and cytogenetic characteristics of patients with this mosaicism.DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective study in a referral hospital in southern Brazil.METHODS: Our sample consisted of patients diagnosed at the clinical genetics service of a referral hospital in southern Brazil, from 1975 to 2012. (figshare.com)
  • The clinical picture was complicated by the co-existent diagnosis of confined placental mosaicism (CPM) for tetrasomy 9p. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Mosaicism and clinical genetics. (thieme-connect.com)
  • The clinical picture and exclude the presence of any mosaicism. (who.int)
  • A diagnosis of mosaicism may cause confusion and uncertainty. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The goal of the SMaHT Network is to determine how somatic mosaicism impacts human biology and health. (nih.gov)
  • We need additional research to fully understand the effect of mosaicism on embryo developmental potential. (txfertility.com)
  • Genetic mosaicism is only detected occasionally when there are no obvious health or developmental issues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The development of new genetic, cellular, and recombinant protein therapies has shown promise, and this review summarizes a unique gene and cell therapy phenomenon termed revertant mosaicism (RM). (umn.edu)
  • A day-5 biopsy is affected by lower-level mosaicism and provides more cells for testing. (medscape.com)
  • Results: In five of 100 consecutively collected samples (5/100), mosaicism for a structural chromosomal aberration was detected. (aau.dk)
  • Conclusion: Chromosomal microarray can detect placental mosaicism for structural chromosomal aberrations. (aau.dk)
  • Ever more disorders are found to be manifestations of mosaicism and together constitute a significant proportion of the morbidity confronting pediatric specialists. (qxmd.com)
  • We have developed a method (MAD) to detect genetic mosaicisms using SNP array data that has been used to assess association between mosaicisms and aging, cancer, and other disorders. (isglobal.org)
  • Detecting mosaicism in embryos is an evolving science. (txfertility.com)
  • On day 3, one or two cells are removed, and around one third of the embryos are affected by mosaicism, influencing the diagnostic accuracy of the test. (medscape.com)
  • Whereas both blood karyotypes obtained from peripheral lymphocyte cultures were normal, a 16% trisomy 2 mosaicism was found in cultured skinfibroblasts derived from a hypopigmented skin area of her father. (unimore.it)
  • conversely, somatic mosaicism is a type of genetic mosaicism found in somatic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mosaicism is a condition in which cells within the same person have a different genetic makeup. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Somatic mosaicism refers to the post-conception changes to our DNA that lead to genetic variation among cells within an individual. (nih.gov)
  • The effects of mosaicism depend on many factors, including where abnormal cells are located in the embryo and the proportion of cells that are abnormal. (txfertility.com)
  • We know that over time, somatic mosaicism can lead to diseases like cancer, but we don't know how much somatic mosaicism there is in our personal genomes or how much it influences human biology. (nih.gov)
  • Borrowing the term from art, genetic mosaicism describes the presence of two or more genetically diverse cell populations in an organism. (aacr.org)
  • Genetic mosaicism is defined as the presence of two or more genetically distinct cell populations in a single individual. (qxmd.com)
  • The clinico-pathological characterisation of focal cortical dysplasia type IIb genetically defined by MTOR mosaicism. (bvsalud.org)
  • Research has indicated that mosaicism affecting CSGs can be associated with hereditary predisposition syndromes. (aacr.org)
  • 1. Subject has Fragile X syndrome with a molecular genetic confirmation of the full FMR1 mutation or mosaicism. (who.int)
  • Somatic mosaicism is challenging to study because low frequency variants are hard to detect, and repetitive regions of DNA are difficult to sequence reliably. (nih.gov)
  • The accuracy of chromosomal microarray testing for identification of embryonic mosaicism in human blastocysts. (thieme-connect.com)
  • Allelic ratios of pathogenic variants were used to determine whether mosaicism was likely. (uu.nl)
  • Mosaicism may produce different cutaneous patterns such as the lines of Blaschko, the checkerboard pattern, the phylloid pattern, and a patchy pattern without midline separation. (nih.gov)
  • CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: 45,X/46,XY mosaicism, or mixed gonadal dysgenesis, is considered to be a rare disorder of sex development. (figshare.com)
  • A bias towards females has been noted in other cases of trisomy mosaicism (e.g. trisomy 16) and suggests either preferential survival of female mosaics or a greater tendency to mosaicism in females. (bcchr.ca)
  • Mosaicism is caused by an error in cell division very early in the development of the unborn baby. (medlineplus.gov)