Microspheres
Delayed-Action Preparations
Drug Carriers
Drug Compounding
Lactic Acid
Polymers
Chitosan
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
Drug Delivery Systems
Holmium
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Technology, Pharmaceutical
Gelatin
Hexuronic Acids
Glucuronic Acid
Polyvinyl Alcohol
Polystyrenes
Yttrium Radioisotopes
Alginates
Biocompatible Materials
Scandium
Dogs
Polymethacrylic Acids
Excipients
Cerium Radioisotopes
Surface Properties
Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin
Emulsions
Radioisotopes
Absorbable Implants
Polyglactin 910
Porosity
Strontium Radioisotopes
Iridoid Glycosides
Solubility
Polyesters
Acrylic Resins
Arteriovenous Anastomosis
Suspensions
Biodegradation, Environmental
Hepatic Artery
Acrylates
Serum Albumin, Bovine
Hemodynamics
Embolization, Therapeutic
Tin Radioisotopes
Glass
Rabbits
Tablets, Enteric-Coated
Hydrogels
Collateral Circulation
Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
Methylcellulose
Oils
Pancreatin
Staphylococcal Toxoid
Cerium Isotopes
Durapatite
Diffusion
Polyethylene Glycols
5'-Nucleotidase activity of mouse peritoneal macrophages. II. Cellular distribution and effects of endocytosis. (1/3739)
The diazonium salt of sulfanilic acid (DASA) can inactivate about 80% of the total 5'-nucleotidase of viable macrophages. The remaining 20% can be inactivated if the cells are first lysed in detergent, and presumably represents an intracellular pool of 5'-nucleotidase. The bulk of this pool may represent cytoplasmic vesicles derived from plasma membrane by endocytosis. This internal compartment is expanded up to threefold immediately after the cells have ingested a large latex load. This is consistent with previous observations on the internalization of 5'-nucleotidase in latex phagosomes. In latex-filled cells this intracellular pool of enzyme is inactivated over a few hours, and the cells then slowly increase their enzyme activity to nearly normal levels. However, 24 h after latex ingestion the metabolism of 5'-nucleotidase in these recovered cells is abnormal, as the rate of enzyme degradation is about twice the normal rate, and the DASA-insensitive enzyme pool in these cells is strikingly diminished. This may reflect effects of the accumulated indigestible particles on the fate of incoming pinocytic vesicles or on newly synthesized plasma membrane precursor. Another endocytic stimulus, concanavalin A, also reduces the total cell 5'-nucleotidase activity. This effect, which is time and temperature dependent, can be prevented by the competitive sugar alpha-methyl mannose. The concanavalin A inhibition can be reversed in the absence of new protein synthesis or in cells cultivated in serum-free conditions. It is not known whether the effect of concanavalin A on 5'-nucleotidase depends upon the interiorizaiton of plasma membrane or is strictly associated with events at the cell surface. (+info)In vitro and in vivo activities of NS-718, a new lipid nanosphere incorporating amphotericin B, against Aspergillus fumigatus. (2/3739)
We evaluated the in vitro and in vivo potencies of a new lipid nanosphere that incorporates amphotericin B (AmB), NS-718, against Aspergillus fumigatus. The in vitro activity of NS-718 (the MIC at which 90% of strains are inhibited [MIC90], 0.25 microgram/ml) against 18 isolates of A. fumigatus was similar to that of deoxycholate AmB (D-AmB; Fungizone; MIC90, 0.25 microgram/ml), but NS-718 was more potent than liposomal AmB (L-AmB; AmBi-some; MIC90, 1.0 microgram/ml). The in vivo efficacy of NS-718 in a rat model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was compared with those of D-AmB and L-AmB. A low dose (1 mg/kg of body weight) of L-AmB was ineffective (survival rate, 0%), although equivalent doses of D-AmB and NS-718 were more effective (survival rate, 17%). However, a higher dose of NS-718 (3 mg/kg) was more effective (survival rate, 100%) than equivalent doses of D-AmB and L-AmB (survival rate, 0%). To explain these differences, pharmacokinetic studies showed higher concentrations of AmB in the plasma of rats treated with NS-718 than in the plasma of those treated with D-AmB. Our results suggest that NS-718, a new preparation of AmB, is a promising antifungal agent with activity against pulmonary aspergillosis. (+info)Quantitative study of polymer conformation and dynamics by single-particle tracking. (3/3739)
We present a new method for analyzing the dynamics of conformational fluctuations of individual flexible polymer molecules. In single-particle tracking (SPT), one end of the polymer molecule is tethered to an immobile substratum. A microsphere attached to the other end serves as an optical marker. The conformational fluctuations of the polymer molecule can be measured by optical microscopy via the motion of the microsphere. The bead-and-spring theory for polymer dynamics is further developed to account for the microsphere, and together the measurement and the theory yield quantitative information about molecular conformations and dynamics under nonperturbing conditions. Applying the method to measurements carried out on DNA molecules provides information complementary to recent studies of single DNA molecules under extensional force. Combining high precision measurements with the theoretical analysis presented here creates a powerful tool for studying conformational dynamics of biological and synthetic macromolecules at the single-molecule level. (+info)Adhesion energy of receptor-mediated interaction measured by elastic deformation. (4/3739)
We investigated the role of receptor binding affinity in surface adhesion. A sensitive technique was developed to measure the surface energy of receptor-mediated adhesion. The experimental system involved a functionalized elastic agarose bead resting on a functionalized glass coverslip. Attractive intersurface forces pulled the two surfaces together, deforming the bead to produce an enlarged contact area. The Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) model was used to relate the surface energy of the interaction to the elasticity of the bead and the area of contact. The surface energies for different combinations of modified surfaces in solution were obtained from reflection interference contrast microscopy (RICM) measurements of the contact area formed by the bead and the coverslip. Studies with surfaces functionalized with ligand-receptor pairs showed that the relationship between surface energy and the association constant of the ligand binding has two regimes. At low binding affinity, surface energy increased linearly with the association constant, while surface energy increased logarithmically with the association constant in the high affinity regime. (+info)A region of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis invasin protein enhances integrin-mediated uptake into mammalian cells and promotes self-association. (5/3739)
Invasin allows efficient entry into mammalian cells by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. It has been shown that the C-terminal 192 amino acids of invasin are essential for binding of beta1 integrin receptors and subsequent uptake. By analyzing the internalization of latex beads coated with invasin derivatives, an additional domain of invasin was shown to be required for efficient bacterial internalization. A monomeric derivative encompassing the C-terminal 197 amino acids was inefficient at promoting entry of latex beads, whereas dimerization of this derivative by antibody significantly increased uptake. By using the DNA-binding domain of lambda repressor as a reporter for invasin self-interaction, we have demonstrated that a region of the invasin protein located N-terminal to the cell adhesion domain of invasin is able to self-associate. Chemical cross-linking studies of purified and surface-exposed invasin proteins, and the dominant-interfering effect of a non-functional invasin derivative are consistent with the presence of a self-association domain that is located within the region of invasin that enhances bacterial uptake. We conclude that interaction of homomultimeric invasin with multiple integrins establishes tight adherence and receptor clustering, thus providing a signal for internalization. (+info)Effect of acute normovolemic hemodilution on distribution of blood flow and tissue oxygenation in dog skeletal muscle. (6/3739)
Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) is efficient in reducing allogenic blood transfusion needs during elective surgery. Tissue oxygenation is maintained by increased cardiac output and oxygen extraction and, presumably, a more homogeneous tissue perfusion. The aim of this study was to investigate blood flow distribution and oxygenation of skeletal muscle. ANH from hematocrit of 36 +/- 3 to 20 +/- 1% was performed in 22 splenectomized, anesthetized beagles (17 analyzed) ventilated with room air. Normovolemia was confirmed by measurement of blood volume. Distribution of perfusion within skeletal muscle was determined by using radioactive microspheres. Tissue oxygen partial pressure was assessed with a polarographic platinum surface electrode. Cardiac index (3.69 +/- 0.79 vs. 4.79 +/- 0.73 l. min-1. m-2) and muscle perfusion (4.07 +/- 0.44 vs. 5.18 +/- 0.36 ml. 100 g-1. min-1) were increased at hematocrit of 20%. Oxygen delivery to skeletal muscle was reduced to 74% of baseline values (0.64 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.48 +/- 0.03 ml O2. 100 g-1. min-1). Nevertheless, tissue PO2 was preserved (27.4 +/- 1.3 vs. 29.9 +/- 1. 4 Torr). Heterogeneity of muscle perfusion (relative dispersion) was reduced after ANH (20.0 +/- 2.2 vs. 13.9 +/- 1.5%). We conclude that a more homogeneous distribution of perfusion is one mechanism for the preservation of tissue oxygenation after moderate ANH, despite reduced oxygen delivery. (+info)Estimation of rat muscle blood flow by microdialysis probes perfused with ethanol, [14C]ethanol, and 3H2O. (7/3739)
We used the perfused rat hindquarter to evaluate whether the microdialysis ethanol technique can be used to qualitatively estimate nutritive skeletal muscle blood flow. Four microdialysis probes were inserted in different hindlimb muscles in each of 16 rats. Hindquarters were perfused at blood flow rates ranging from 0 to 21 ml. 100 g-1. min-1. The microdialysis probes were perfused at 2 microliter/min with perfusate containing ethanol, [14C]ethanol, and 3H2O. Within and between experiments outflow-to-inflow ratios (o/i) generally varied inversely with blood flow. When a low flow or no flow was maintained in hindquarters, o/i ratios first increased with time (for at least 60 min) and then leveled off. The long time constant impaired detection of rapid oscillations in blood flow, especially at low blood flow rates. Contractions per se apparently decreased o/i ratios independent of blood flow. Ethanol and [14C]ethanol o/i ratios did not differ. 3H2O o/i paralleled ethanol and [14C]ethanol o/i ratios but it was significantly lower. In conclusion, differences in skeletal muscle blood flow can be detected by the microdialysis technique. However, the slow changes in o/i, in particular at low blood flow rates, limit the usefulness of the technique for measuring dynamic changes in blood flow; caution must also be exerted during muscle contractions. 3H2O and [14C]ethanol are good alternatives to ethanol in the determination of blood flow by microdialysis. (+info)DNA hybridization on microparticles: determining capture-probe density and equilibrium dissociation constants. (8/3739)
Many DNA-probe assays utilize oligonucleotide-coated microparticles for capture of complementary nucleic acids from solution. During development of these assays, as well as in other particle-based nucleic acid applications, it is useful to know both the amount of duplex formation expected under various experimental conditions and the coating density of the capture oligonucleotide on the particle surface. We examined the simplest form of a DNA-probe microparticle assay: hybridization of a particle-bound capture oligonucleotide to its solution-phase complement. Fluorescein-labeled solution-phase oligonucleotide was hybridized to varying amounts of particles, and the amount of labeled oligonucleotide remaining in solution at equilibrium was measured. We present a simple two-state, all-or-none model for bimolecular hybridization of non-self-complementary sequences that can be used to calculate the equilibrium dissociation constant ( Kd ) from hybridization data. With experimental conditions where both the Kd value and the concentration of capture probe in the reaction are small relative to the concentration of labeled complementary oligonucleotide in the reaction, density of the capture probe on the particle's surface can also be determined. Kd values for particle-based hybridization were different from those obtained from solution-phase thermodynamic parameters. At higher temperatures, hybridization on particles was more efficient than hybridization in solution. (+info)Microspheres are tiny, spherical particles that range in size from 1 to 1000 micrometers in diameter. They are made of biocompatible and biodegradable materials such as polymers, glass, or ceramics. In medical terms, microspheres have various applications, including drug delivery systems, medical imaging, and tissue engineering.
In drug delivery, microspheres can be used to encapsulate drugs and release them slowly over time, improving the efficacy of the treatment while reducing side effects. They can also be used for targeted drug delivery, where the microspheres are designed to accumulate in specific tissues or organs.
In medical imaging, microspheres can be labeled with radioactive isotopes or magnetic materials and used as contrast agents to enhance the visibility of tissues or organs during imaging procedures such as X-ray, CT, MRI, or PET scans.
In tissue engineering, microspheres can serve as a scaffold for cell growth and differentiation, promoting the regeneration of damaged tissues or organs. Overall, microspheres have great potential in various medical applications due to their unique properties and versatility.
Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is a synthetic polymer of glycolic acid, which is commonly used in surgical sutures. It is a biodegradable material that degrades in the body through hydrolysis into glycolic acid, which can be metabolized and eliminated from the body. PGA sutures are often used for approximating tissue during surgical procedures due to their strength, handling properties, and predictable rate of absorption. The degradation time of PGA sutures is typically around 60-90 days, depending on factors such as the size and location of the suture.
I couldn't find a medical definition specifically for "delayed-action preparations." However, in the context of pharmacology, it may refer to medications or treatments that have a delayed onset of action. These are designed to release the active drug slowly over an extended period, which can help to maintain a consistent level of the medication in the body and reduce the frequency of dosing.
Examples of delayed-action preparations include:
1. Extended-release (ER) or controlled-release (CR) formulations: These are designed to release the drug slowly over several hours, reducing the need for frequent dosing. Examples include extended-release tablets and capsules.
2. Transdermal patches: These deliver medication through the skin and can provide a steady rate of drug delivery over several days. Examples include nicotine patches for smoking cessation or fentanyl patches for pain management.
3. Injectable depots: These are long-acting injectable formulations that slowly release the drug into the body over weeks to months. An example is the use of long-acting antipsychotic injections for the treatment of schizophrenia.
4. Implantable devices: These are small, biocompatible devices placed under the skin or within a body cavity that release a steady dose of medication over an extended period. Examples include hormonal implants for birth control or drug-eluting stents used in cardiovascular procedures.
Delayed-action preparations can improve patient compliance and quality of life by reducing dosing frequency, minimizing side effects, and maintaining consistent therapeutic levels.
In the context of medical and health sciences, particle size generally refers to the diameter or dimension of particles, which can be in the form of solid particles, droplets, or aerosols. These particles may include airborne pollutants, pharmaceutical drugs, or medical devices such as nanoparticles used in drug delivery systems.
Particle size is an important factor to consider in various medical applications because it can affect the behavior and interactions of particles with biological systems. For example, smaller particle sizes can lead to greater absorption and distribution throughout the body, while larger particle sizes may be filtered out by the body's natural defense mechanisms. Therefore, understanding particle size and its implications is crucial for optimizing the safety and efficacy of medical treatments and interventions.
A drug carrier, also known as a drug delivery system or vector, is a vehicle that transports a pharmaceutical compound to a specific site in the body. The main purpose of using drug carriers is to improve the efficacy and safety of drugs by enhancing their solubility, stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery, while minimizing unwanted side effects.
Drug carriers can be made up of various materials, including natural or synthetic polymers, lipids, inorganic nanoparticles, or even cells and viruses. They can encapsulate, adsorb, or conjugate drugs through different mechanisms, such as physical entrapment, electrostatic interaction, or covalent bonding.
Some common types of drug carriers include:
1. Liposomes: spherical vesicles composed of one or more lipid bilayers that can encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs.
2. Polymeric nanoparticles: tiny particles made of biodegradable polymers that can protect drugs from degradation and enhance their accumulation in target tissues.
3. Dendrimers: highly branched macromolecules with a well-defined structure and size that can carry multiple drug molecules and facilitate their release.
4. Micelles: self-assembled structures formed by amphiphilic block copolymers that can solubilize hydrophobic drugs in water.
5. Inorganic nanoparticles: such as gold, silver, or iron oxide nanoparticles, that can be functionalized with drugs and targeting ligands for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
6. Cell-based carriers: living cells, such as red blood cells, stem cells, or immune cells, that can be loaded with drugs and used to deliver them to specific sites in the body.
7. Viral vectors: modified viruses that can infect cells and introduce genetic material encoding therapeutic proteins or RNA interference molecules.
The choice of drug carrier depends on various factors, such as the physicochemical properties of the drug, the route of administration, the target site, and the desired pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Therefore, selecting an appropriate drug carrier is crucial for achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes and minimizing side effects.
Drug compounding is the process of combining, mixing, or altering ingredients to create a customized medication to meet the specific needs of an individual patient. This can be done for a variety of reasons, such as when a patient has an allergy to a certain ingredient in a mass-produced medication, or when a patient requires a different dosage or formulation than what is available commercially.
Compounding requires specialized training and equipment, and compounding pharmacists must follow strict guidelines to ensure the safety and efficacy of the medications they produce. Compounded medications are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but the FDA does regulate the ingredients used in compounding and has oversight over the practices of compounding pharmacies.
It's important to note that while compounding can provide benefits for some patients, it also carries risks, such as the potential for contamination or incorrect dosing. Patients should only receive compounded medications from reputable pharmacies that follow proper compounding standards and procedures.
Lactic acid, also known as 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, is a chemical compound that plays a significant role in various biological processes. In the context of medicine and biochemistry, lactic acid is primarily discussed in relation to muscle metabolism and cellular energy production. Here's a medical definition for lactic acid:
Lactic acid (LA): A carboxylic acid with the molecular formula C3H6O3 that plays a crucial role in anaerobic respiration, particularly during strenuous exercise or conditions of reduced oxygen availability. It is formed through the conversion of pyruvate, catalyzed by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), when there is insufficient oxygen to complete the final step of cellular respiration in the Krebs cycle. The accumulation of lactic acid can lead to acidosis and muscle fatigue. Additionally, lactic acid serves as a vital intermediary in various metabolic pathways and is involved in the production of glucose through gluconeogenesis in the liver.
In the context of medical definitions, polymers are large molecules composed of repeating subunits called monomers. These long chains of monomers can have various structures and properties, depending on the type of monomer units and how they are linked together. In medicine, polymers are used in a wide range of applications, including drug delivery systems, medical devices, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Some examples of polymers used in medicine include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL).
Chitosan is a complex carbohydrate that is derived from the exoskeletons of crustaceans, such as shrimp and crabs. It is made up of chains of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine and d-glucosamine units. Chitosan has been studied for its potential medical and health benefits, including its ability to lower cholesterol levels, promote weight loss, and help control blood sugar levels. It is also used in wound care products due to its antibacterial and absorbent properties. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits and establish recommended dosages and safety guidelines.
Pharmaceutical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the design, synthesis, and development of chemical entities used as medications. It involves the study of drugs' physical, chemical, and biological properties, as well as their interactions with living organisms. This field also encompasses understanding the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs in the body, which are critical factors in drug design and development. Pharmaceutical chemists often work closely with biologists, medical professionals, and engineers to develop new medications and improve existing ones.
Drug delivery systems (DDS) refer to techniques or technologies that are designed to improve the administration of a pharmaceutical compound in terms of its efficiency, safety, and efficacy. A DDS can modify the drug release profile, target the drug to specific cells or tissues, protect the drug from degradation, and reduce side effects.
The goal of a DDS is to optimize the bioavailability of a drug, which is the amount of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation and is available at the site of action. This can be achieved through various approaches, such as encapsulating the drug in a nanoparticle or attaching it to a biomolecule that targets specific cells or tissues.
Some examples of DDS include:
1. Controlled release systems: These systems are designed to release the drug at a controlled rate over an extended period, reducing the frequency of dosing and improving patient compliance.
2. Targeted delivery systems: These systems use biomolecules such as antibodies or ligands to target the drug to specific cells or tissues, increasing its efficacy and reducing side effects.
3. Nanoparticle-based delivery systems: These systems use nanoparticles made of polymers, lipids, or inorganic materials to encapsulate the drug and protect it from degradation, improve its solubility, and target it to specific cells or tissues.
4. Biodegradable implants: These are small devices that can be implanted under the skin or into body cavities to deliver drugs over an extended period. They can be made of biodegradable materials that gradually break down and release the drug.
5. Inhalation delivery systems: These systems use inhalers or nebulizers to deliver drugs directly to the lungs, bypassing the digestive system and improving bioavailability.
Overall, DDS play a critical role in modern pharmaceutical research and development, enabling the creation of new drugs with improved efficacy, safety, and patient compliance.
Holmium is a chemical element with the symbol Ho and atomic number 67. It's a rare earth metal that belongs to the lanthanide series. In the field of medicine, holmium is used in the form of holmium oxide (HoO) as a component in some medical devices, particularly in laser surgery.
The Holmium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Ho:YAG) laser is commonly used in urology for the treatment of kidney stones and various urological conditions. The holmium laser emits light at a wavelength of 2100 nanometers, which is highly absorbed by water and tissue, making it an effective tool for cutting and coagulating tissues with minimal thermal damage to surrounding areas.
It's important to note that direct medical applications of holmium as an element are not common, but rather its use in the form of compounds or medical devices is more prevalent.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a type of electron microscopy that uses a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface of a sample and produce a high-resolution image. In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of a specimen, and secondary electrons are emitted from the sample due to interactions between the electrons and the atoms in the sample. These secondary electrons are then detected by a detector and used to create an image of the sample's surface topography. SEM can provide detailed images of the surface of a wide range of materials, including metals, polymers, ceramics, and biological samples. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and electronics for the examination and analysis of surfaces at the micro- and nanoscale.
Medical technology, also known as health technology, refers to the use of medical devices, medicines, vaccines, procedures, and systems for the purpose of preventing, diagnosing, or treating disease and disability. This can include a wide range of products and services, from simple devices like tongue depressors and bandages, to complex technologies like MRI machines and artificial organs.
Pharmaceutical technology, on the other hand, specifically refers to the application of engineering and scientific principles to the development, production, and control of pharmaceutical drugs and medical devices. This can include the design and construction of manufacturing facilities, the development of new drug delivery systems, and the implementation of quality control measures to ensure the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
Both medical technology and pharmaceutical technology play crucial roles in modern healthcare, helping to improve patient outcomes, reduce healthcare costs, and enhance the overall quality of life for individuals around the world.
Gelatin is not strictly a medical term, but it is often used in medical contexts. Medically, gelatin is recognized as a protein-rich substance that is derived from collagen, which is found in the skin, bones, and connective tissue of animals. It is commonly used in the production of various medical and pharmaceutical products such as capsules, wound dressings, and drug delivery systems due to its biocompatibility and ability to form gels.
In a broader sense, gelatin is a translucent, colorless, flavorless food ingredient that is derived from collagen through a process called hydrolysis. It is widely used in the food industry as a gelling agent, thickener, stabilizer, and texturizer in various foods such as candies, desserts, marshmallows, and yogurts.
It's worth noting that while gelatin has many uses, it may not be suitable for vegetarians or those with dietary restrictions since it is derived from animal products.
Hexuronic acids are a type of uronic acid that contains six carbon atoms and is commonly found in various biological tissues and polysaccharides, such as pectins, heparin, and certain glycoproteins. The most common hexuronic acids are glucuronic acid and iduronic acid, which are formed from the oxidation of the corresponding hexoses, glucose and galactose, respectively. Hexuronic acids play important roles in various biological processes, including the detoxification and excretion of xenobiotics, the formation of proteoglycans, and the regulation of cell growth and differentiation.
Glucuronic acid is a physiological important organic acid, which is a derivative of glucose. It is formed by the oxidation of the primary alcohol group of glucose to form a carboxyl group at the sixth position. Glucuronic acid plays a crucial role in the detoxification process in the body as it conjugates with toxic substances, making them water-soluble and facilitating their excretion through urine or bile. This process is known as glucuronidation. It is also a component of various polysaccharides, such as heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, which are found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polyvinyl Alcohol" is not a medical term. It is a chemical compound used in various industrial and commercial applications, including the production of adhesives, paints, and medical devices. Polyvinyl Alcohol is a type of synthetic polymer made from the polymerization of vinyl acetate monomer, followed by alcoholysis to replace the acetate groups with hydroxyl groups.
In a medical context, Polyvinyl Alcohol might be used in certain medical devices or applications, such as contact lenses, eye drops, and drug delivery systems, due to its biocompatibility and resistance to protein absorption. However, it is not a term commonly used to describe a medical condition or treatment.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polystyrenes" is not a medical term. Polystyrene is a type of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbon polymer that is used in a variety of commercial and industrial products, such as packaging materials, insulation, and disposable cutlery. It's important to note that some polystyrene products may contain potentially harmful chemicals, such as styrene, which can leach out into food or drink, posing potential health risks. However, the medical community primarily deals with the health effects of exposure to these chemicals rather than defining the material itself.
Yttrium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes or variants of the element Yttrium, which is a rare earth metal. These radioisotopes are artificially produced and have unstable nuclei that emit radiation in the form of gamma rays or high-speed particles. Examples of yttrium radioisotopes include Yttrium-90 and Yttrium-86, which are used in medical applications such as radiotherapy for cancer treatment and molecular imaging for diagnostic purposes.
Yttrium-90 is a pure beta emitter with a half-life of 64.1 hours, making it useful for targeted radionuclide therapy. It can be used to treat liver tumors, leukemia, and lymphoma by attaching it to monoclonal antibodies or other targeting agents that selectively bind to cancer cells.
Yttrium-86 is a positron emitter with a half-life of 14.7 hours, making it useful for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. It can be used to label radiopharmaceuticals and track their distribution in the body, providing information on the location and extent of disease.
It is important to note that handling and use of radioisotopes require specialized training and equipment due to their potential radiation hazards.
A capsule is a type of solid pharmaceutical dosage form in which the drug is enclosed in a small shell or container, usually composed of gelatin or other suitable material. The shell serves to protect the drug from degradation, improve its stability and shelf life, and facilitate swallowing by making it easier to consume. Capsules come in various sizes and colors and can contain one or more drugs in powder, liquid, or solid form. They are typically administered orally but can also be used for other routes of administration, such as rectal or vaginal.
Alginates are a type of polysaccharide derived from brown algae or produced synthetically, which have gelling and thickening properties. In medical context, they are commonly used as a component in wound dressings, dental impressions, and bowel cleansing products. The gels formed by alginates can provide a protective barrier to wounds, help maintain a moist environment, and promote healing. They can also be used to create a mold of the mouth or other body parts in dental and medical applications. In bowel cleansing, sodium alginates are often combined with sodium bicarbonate and water to form a solution that expands and stimulates bowel movements, helping to prepare the colon for procedures such as colonoscopy.
Biocompatible materials are non-toxic and non-reacting substances that can be used in medical devices, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems without causing harm or adverse reactions to living tissues or organs. These materials are designed to mimic the properties of natural tissues and are able to integrate with biological systems without being rejected by the body's immune system.
Biocompatible materials can be made from a variety of substances, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. The specific properties of these materials, such as their mechanical strength, flexibility, and biodegradability, are carefully selected to meet the requirements of their intended medical application.
Examples of biocompatible materials include titanium used in dental implants and joint replacements, polyethylene used in artificial hips, and hydrogels used in contact lenses and drug delivery systems. The use of biocompatible materials has revolutionized modern medicine by enabling the development of advanced medical technologies that can improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
Regional blood flow (RBF) refers to the rate at which blood flows through a specific region or organ in the body, typically expressed in milliliters per minute per 100 grams of tissue (ml/min/100g). It is an essential physiological parameter that reflects the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues while removing waste products. RBF can be affected by various factors such as metabolic demands, neural regulation, hormonal influences, and changes in blood pressure or vascular resistance. Measuring RBF is crucial for understanding organ function, diagnosing diseases, and evaluating the effectiveness of treatments.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Scandium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol Sc and atomic number 21. It is a silvery-white metal that is soft, workable, and highly resistant to corrosion. In medicine, scandium and its compounds are not used in therapy or diagnosis.
Coronary circulation refers to the circulation of blood in the coronary vessels, which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium) and drain deoxygenated blood from it. The coronary circulation system includes two main coronary arteries - the left main coronary artery and the right coronary artery - that branch off from the aorta just above the aortic valve. These arteries further divide into smaller branches, which supply blood to different regions of the heart muscle.
The left main coronary artery divides into two branches: the left anterior descending (LAD) artery and the left circumflex (LCx) artery. The LAD supplies blood to the front and sides of the heart, while the LCx supplies blood to the back and sides of the heart. The right coronary artery supplies blood to the lower part of the heart, including the right ventricle and the bottom portion of the left ventricle.
The veins that drain the heart muscle include the great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, and the small cardiac vein, which merge to form the coronary sinus. The coronary sinus empties into the right atrium, allowing deoxygenated blood to enter the right side of the heart and be pumped to the lungs for oxygenation.
Coronary circulation is essential for maintaining the health and function of the heart muscle, as it provides the necessary oxygen and nutrients required for proper contraction and relaxation of the myocardium. Any disruption or blockage in the coronary circulation system can lead to serious consequences, such as angina, heart attack, or even death.
I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.
If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.
Polymethacrylic acids are not typically referred to as a medical term, but rather as a chemical one. They are a type of synthetic polymer made up of repeating units of methacrylic acid (MAA). These polymers have various applications in different industries, including the medical field.
In medicine, polymethacrylates are often used in the formulation of controlled-release drug delivery systems, such as beads or microspheres, due to their ability to swell and shrink in response to changes in pH or temperature. This property allows for the gradual release of drugs encapsulated within these polymers over an extended period.
Polymethacrylates are also used in dental applications, such as in the production of artificial teeth and dentures, due to their durability and resistance to wear. Additionally, they can be found in some surgical sealants and adhesives.
While polymethacrylic acids themselves may not have a specific medical definition, their various forms and applications in medical devices and drug delivery systems contribute significantly to the field of medicine.
Excipients are inactive substances that serve as vehicles or mediums for the active ingredients in medications. They make up the bulk of a pharmaceutical formulation and help to stabilize, preserve, and enhance the delivery of the active drug compound. Common examples of excipients include binders, fillers, coatings, disintegrants, flavors, sweeteners, and colors. While excipients are generally considered safe and inert, they can sometimes cause allergic reactions or other adverse effects in certain individuals.
Cerium is a naturally occurring element found in the Earth's crust, and it has several radioisotopes, which are radioactive isotopes or forms of cerium. These isotopes have unstable nuclei that emit radiation as they decay into more stable forms. Here are some examples of cerium radioisotopes:
* Cerium-134: This radioisotope has a half-life of about 3.12 days, which means that half of its atoms will decay into other elements in this time period. It decays by emitting beta particles and gamma rays.
* Cerium-137: This is a long-lived radioisotope with a half-life of about 2.5 years. It decays by emitting beta particles and gamma rays, and it can be used in medical imaging and cancer treatment. However, if released into the environment, it can pose a radiation hazard to humans and other organisms.
* Cerium-141: This radioisotope has a half-life of about 32.5 days, and it decays by emitting beta particles and gamma rays. It is produced in nuclear reactors and can be used for research purposes.
* Cerium-144: This radioisotope has a half-life of about 284 days, and it decays by emitting beta particles and gamma rays. It is produced in nuclear reactors and can be used for research purposes.
It's important to note that handling and working with radioisotopes requires proper training and protective measures to ensure safety and prevent radiation exposure.
Surface properties in the context of medical science refer to the characteristics and features of the outermost layer or surface of a biological material or structure, such as cells, tissues, organs, or medical devices. These properties can include physical attributes like roughness, smoothness, hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, and electrical conductivity, as well as chemical properties like charge, reactivity, and composition.
In the field of biomaterials science, understanding surface properties is crucial for designing medical implants, devices, and drug delivery systems that can interact safely and effectively with biological tissues and fluids. Surface modifications, such as coatings or chemical treatments, can be used to alter surface properties and enhance biocompatibility, improve lubricity, reduce fouling, or promote specific cellular responses like adhesion, proliferation, or differentiation.
Similarly, in the field of cell biology, understanding surface properties is essential for studying cell-cell interactions, cell signaling, and cell behavior. Cells can sense and respond to changes in their environment, including variations in surface properties, which can influence cell shape, motility, and function. Therefore, characterizing and manipulating surface properties can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of cellular processes and offer new strategies for developing therapies and treatments for various diseases.
Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin is a radiopharmaceutical preparation used in diagnostic imaging. It consists of radioactive technetium-99m (^99m^Tc) chemically bonded to human serum albumin, which has been aggregated to increase its size and alter its clearance from the body.
The resulting compound is injected into the patient's bloodstream, where it accumulates in the reticuloendothelial system (RES), including the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. The radioactive emission of technetium-99m can then be detected by a gamma camera, producing images that reflect the distribution and function of the RES.
This imaging technique is used to diagnose and monitor various conditions, such as liver disease, inflammation, or tumors. It provides valuable information about the patient's health status and helps guide medical decision-making.
An emulsion is a type of stable mixture of two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water, which are normally unable to mix together uniformly. In an emulsion, one liquid (the dispersed phase) is broken down into small droplets and distributed throughout the other liquid (the continuous phase), creating a stable, cloudy mixture.
In medical terms, emulsions can be used in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. For example, certain medications may be formulated as oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions to improve their absorption, stability, or palatability. Similarly, some skincare products and makeup removers contain emulsifiers that help create stable mixtures of water and oils, allowing for effective cleansing and moisturizing.
Emulsions can also occur naturally in the body, such as in the digestion of fats. The bile salts produced by the liver help to form small droplets of dietary lipids (oil) within the watery environment of the small intestine, allowing for efficient absorption and metabolism of these nutrients.
Radioisotopes, also known as radioactive isotopes or radionuclides, are variants of chemical elements that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, or conversion electrons. These isotopes are formed when an element's nucleus undergoes natural or artificial radioactive decay.
Radioisotopes can be produced through various processes, including nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and particle bombardment in a cyclotron or other types of particle accelerators. They have a wide range of applications in medicine, industry, agriculture, research, and energy production. In the medical field, radioisotopes are used for diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy, and in the labeling of molecules for research purposes.
It is important to note that handling and using radioisotopes requires proper training, safety measures, and regulatory compliance due to their ionizing radiation properties, which can pose potential health risks if not handled correctly.
Absorbable implants are medical devices that are designed to be placed inside the body during a surgical procedure, where they provide support, stabilization, or other functions, and then gradually break down and are absorbed by the body over time. These implants are typically made from materials such as polymers, proteins, or ceramics that have been engineered to degrade at a controlled rate, allowing them to be resorbed and eliminated from the body without the need for a second surgical procedure to remove them.
Absorbable implants are often used in orthopedic, dental, and plastic surgery applications, where they can help promote healing and support tissue regeneration. For example, absorbable screws or pins may be used to stabilize fractured bones during the healing process, after which they will gradually dissolve and be absorbed by the body. Similarly, absorbable membranes may be used in dental surgery to help guide the growth of new bone and gum tissue around an implant, and then be resorbed over time.
It's important to note that while absorbable implants offer several advantages over non-absorbable materials, such as reduced risk of infection and improved patient comfort, they may also have some limitations. For example, the mechanical properties of absorbable materials may not be as strong as those of non-absorbable materials, which could affect their performance in certain applications. Additionally, the degradation products of absorbable implants may cause local inflammation or other adverse reactions in some patients. As with any medical device, the use of absorbable implants should be carefully considered and discussed with a qualified healthcare professional.
Polyglactin 910 is a type of synthetic absorbable suture made from copolymers of lactide and glycolide. It is designed to gradually break down and be absorbed by the body over time, typically within 56 to 70 days after being used in surgical wounds. This property makes it an ideal choice for soft tissue approximation and laceration repairs.
Polyglactin 910 sutures are often used in various surgical procedures, including orthopedic, ophthalmic, cardiovascular, and general surgery. They come in different sizes and forms, such as plain, reverse cutting, and braided, to suit various surgical needs.
The gradual absorption of Polyglactin 910 sutures helps minimize scarring and reduces the need for suture removal procedures. However, it is essential to note that inflammation may occur during the degradation process, which could potentially lead to adverse reactions in some individuals. Proper wound care and follow-up with healthcare professionals are crucial to ensure optimal healing and manage any potential complications.
In the context of medical terminology, "porosity" is not a term that is frequently used to describe human tissues or organs. However, in dermatology and cosmetics, porosity refers to the ability of the skin to absorb and retain moisture or topical treatments.
A skin with high porosity has larger pores and can absorb more products, while a skin with low porosity has smaller pores and may have difficulty absorbing products. It is important to note that this definition of porosity is not a medical one but is instead used in the beauty industry.
Strontium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element strontium. Strontium is an alkaline earth metal that is found in nature and has several isotopes, some of which are stable and some of which are radioactive. The radioactive isotopes of strontium, also known as strontium radionuclides, decay and emit radiation in the form of beta particles.
Strontium-89 (^89Sr) and strontium-90 (^90Sr) are two common radioisotopes of strontium that are used in medical applications. Strontium-89 is a pure beta emitter with a half-life of 50.5 days, which makes it useful for the treatment of bone pain associated with metastatic cancer. When administered, strontium-89 is taken up by bones and irradiates the bone tissue, reducing pain and improving quality of life in some patients.
Strontium-90, on the other hand, has a longer half-life of 28.8 years and emits more powerful beta particles than strontium-89. It is used as a component in radioactive waste and in some nuclear weapons, but it is not used in medical applications due to its long half-life and high radiation dose.
It's important to note that exposure to strontium radioisotopes can be harmful to human health, especially if ingested or inhaled. Therefore, handling and disposal of strontium radioisotopes require special precautions and regulations.
Iridoid glycosides are a type of naturally occurring compounds that are found in various plants, including the Lamiaceae (mint) family and the Plantaginaceae (plantain) family. These compounds consist of an iridoid moiety, which is a cyclic molecule derived from the terpene iridodial, linked to a sugar group. Iridoid glycosides have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, including anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, and analgesic effects. Some examples of plants that contain iridoid glycosides include gardenia, olive, and valerian. It is important to note that while some iridoid glycosides have been found to have medicinal benefits, others may be toxic in high concentrations, so it is essential to use them under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Solubility is a fundamental concept in pharmaceutical sciences and medicine, which refers to the maximum amount of a substance (solute) that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent (usually water) at a specific temperature and pressure. Solubility is typically expressed as mass of solute per volume or mass of solvent (e.g., grams per liter, milligrams per milliliter). The process of dissolving a solute in a solvent results in a homogeneous solution where the solute particles are dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent.
Understanding the solubility of drugs is crucial for their formulation, administration, and therapeutic effectiveness. Drugs with low solubility may not dissolve sufficiently to produce the desired pharmacological effect, while those with high solubility might lead to rapid absorption and short duration of action. Therefore, optimizing drug solubility through various techniques like particle size reduction, salt formation, or solubilization is an essential aspect of drug development and delivery.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polyesters" is not a medical term. It is a term used in materials science and textile industry to describe a type of synthetic fiber made from polymers characterized by the presence of ester groups in their main chain. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to help with those instead!
Acrylic resins are a type of synthetic polymer made from methacrylate monomers. They are widely used in various industrial, commercial, and medical applications due to their unique properties such as transparency, durability, resistance to breakage, and ease of coloring or molding. In the medical field, acrylic resins are often used to make dental restorations like false teeth and fillings, medical devices like intraocular lenses, and surgical instruments. They can also be found in orthopedic implants, bone cement, and other medical-grade plastics. Acrylic resins are biocompatible, meaning they do not typically cause adverse reactions when in contact with living tissue. However, they may release small amounts of potentially toxic chemicals over time, so their long-term safety in certain applications is still a subject of ongoing research.
An arteriovenous (AV) anastomosis is a connection or short channel between an artery and a vein that bypasses the capillary bed. In a normal physiological condition, blood flows from the arteries to the capillaries, where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with the surrounding tissues, and then drains into veins. However, in an AV anastomosis, blood flows directly from the artery to the vein without passing through the capillary network.
AV anastomoses can occur naturally or be created surgically for various medical purposes. For example, they may be created during bypass surgery to reroute blood flow around a blocked or damaged vessel. In some cases, AV anastomoses may also develop as a result of certain medical conditions, such as cirrhosis or arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). AVMs are abnormal connections between arteries and veins that can lead to the formation of an AV anastomosis.
It is important to note that while AV anastomoses can be beneficial in certain medical situations, they can also have negative consequences if they occur inappropriately or become too large. For example, excessive AV anastomoses can lead to high-flow shunts, which can cause tissue damage and other complications.
A hydrogel is a biomaterial that is composed of a three-dimensional network of crosslinked polymers, which are able to absorb and retain a significant amount of water or biological fluids while maintaining their structure. Hydrogels are similar to natural tissues in their water content, making them suitable for various medical applications such as contact lenses, wound dressings, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.
Hydrogels can be synthesized from a variety of materials, including synthetic polymers like polyethylene glycol (PEG) or natural polymers like collagen, hyaluronic acid, or chitosan. The properties of hydrogels, such as their mechanical strength, degradation rate, and biocompatibility, can be tailored to specific applications by adjusting the type and degree of crosslinking, the molecular weight of the polymers, and the addition of functional groups or drugs.
Hydrogels have shown great potential in medical research and clinical practice due to their ability to mimic the natural environment of cells and tissues, provide sustained drug release, and promote tissue regeneration.
In the context of medical definitions, "suspensions" typically refers to a preparation in which solid particles are suspended in a liquid medium. This is commonly used for medications that are administered orally, where the solid particles disperse upon shaking and settle back down when left undisturbed. The solid particles can be made up of various substances such as drugs, nutrients, or other active ingredients, while the liquid medium is often water, oil, or alcohol-based.
It's important to note that "suspensions" in a medical context should not be confused with the term as it relates to pharmacology or physiology, where it may refer to the temporary stopping of a bodily function or the removal of something from a solution through settling or filtration.
Environmental biodegradation is the breakdown of materials, especially man-made substances such as plastics and industrial chemicals, by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi in order to use them as a source of energy or nutrients. This process occurs naturally in the environment and helps to break down organic matter into simpler compounds that can be more easily absorbed and assimilated by living organisms.
Biodegradation in the environment is influenced by various factors, including the chemical composition of the substance being degraded, the environmental conditions (such as temperature, moisture, and pH), and the type and abundance of microorganisms present. Some substances are more easily biodegraded than others, and some may even be resistant to biodegradation altogether.
Biodegradation is an important process for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, as it helps to prevent the accumulation of harmful substances in the environment. However, some man-made substances, such as certain types of plastics and industrial chemicals, may persist in the environment for long periods of time due to their resistance to biodegradation, leading to negative impacts on wildlife and ecosystems.
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in developing biodegradable materials that can break down more easily in the environment as a way to reduce waste and minimize environmental harm. These efforts have led to the development of various biodegradable plastics, coatings, and other materials that are designed to degrade under specific environmental conditions.
The hepatic artery is a branch of the celiac trunk or abdominal aorta that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver. It typically divides into two main branches, the right and left hepatic arteries, which further divide into smaller vessels to supply different regions of the liver. The hepatic artery also gives off branches to supply other organs such as the gallbladder, pancreas, and duodenum.
It's worth noting that there is significant variability in the anatomy of the hepatic artery, with some individuals having additional branches or variations in the origin of the vessel. This variability can have implications for surgical procedures involving the liver and surrounding organs.
Acrylates are a group of chemical compounds that are derived from acrylic acid. They are commonly used in various industrial and commercial applications, including the production of plastics, resins, paints, and adhesives. In the medical field, acrylates are sometimes used in the formation of dental restorations, such as fillings and dentures, due to their strong bonding properties and durability.
However, it is important to note that some people may have allergic reactions or sensitivities to acrylates, which can cause skin irritation, allergic contact dermatitis, or other adverse effects. Therefore, medical professionals must use caution when working with these materials and ensure that patients are informed of any potential risks associated with their use.
Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) is not a medical term per se, but a biochemical term. It is widely used in medical and biological research. Here's the definition:
Bovine Serum Albumin is a serum albumin protein derived from cows. It is often used as a stabilizer, an emulsifier, or a protein source in various laboratory and industrial applications, including biochemical experiments, cell culture media, and diagnostic kits. BSA has a high solubility in water and can bind to many different types of molecules, making it useful for preventing unwanted interactions between components in a solution. It also has a consistent composition and is relatively inexpensive compared to human serum albumin, which are factors that contribute to its widespread use.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "magnetics" is not a term that is commonly used in medical definitions. It is a term more frequently used in physics and engineering to refer to things related to magnets or magnetic fields. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to try to help with those!
Hemodynamics is the study of how blood flows through the cardiovascular system, including the heart and the vascular network. It examines various factors that affect blood flow, such as blood volume, viscosity, vessel length and diameter, and pressure differences between different parts of the circulatory system. Hemodynamics also considers the impact of various physiological and pathological conditions on these variables, and how they in turn influence the function of vital organs and systems in the body. It is a critical area of study in fields such as cardiology, anesthesiology, and critical care medicine.
Therapeutic embolization is a medical procedure that involves intentionally blocking or obstructing blood vessels to stop excessive bleeding or block the flow of blood to a tumor or abnormal tissue. This is typically accomplished by injecting small particles, such as microspheres or coils, into the targeted blood vessel through a catheter, which is inserted into a larger blood vessel and guided to the desired location using imaging techniques like X-ray or CT scanning. The goal of therapeutic embolization is to reduce the size of a tumor, control bleeding, or block off abnormal blood vessels that are causing problems.
Tin radioisotopes refer to specific variants of the element tin that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation as they decay towards a more stable state. These isotopes are often produced in nuclear reactors or particle accelerators and can be used in a variety of medical applications, such as:
1. Medical Imaging: Tin-117m, for example, is used as a radiopharmaceutical in medical imaging studies to help diagnose various conditions, including bone disorders and liver diseases.
2. Radiation Therapy: Tin-125 can be used in the treatment of certain types of cancer, such as prostate cancer, through brachytherapy - a type of radiation therapy that involves placing a radioactive source directly into or near the tumor.
3. Radioisotope Production: Tin-106 is used as a parent isotope in the production of other medical radioisotopes, such as iodine-125 and gallium-67.
It's important to note that handling and using radioisotopes requires specialized training and equipment due to their potential radiation hazards.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Glass" is not a medical term. Glass is a non-crystalline amorphous solid that is often transparent and has various uses in everyday life, including medical devices and equipment. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, please provide them, and I'll be happy to help.
An injection is a medical procedure in which a medication, vaccine, or other substance is introduced into the body using a needle and syringe. The substance can be delivered into various parts of the body, including into a vein (intravenous), muscle (intramuscular), under the skin (subcutaneous), or into the spinal canal (intrathecal or spinal).
Injections are commonly used to administer medications that cannot be taken orally, have poor oral bioavailability, need to reach the site of action quickly, or require direct delivery to a specific organ or tissue. They can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as drawing blood samples (venipuncture) or injecting contrast agents for imaging studies.
Proper technique and sterile conditions are essential when administering injections to prevent infection, pain, and other complications. The choice of injection site depends on the type and volume of the substance being administered, as well as the patient's age, health status, and personal preferences.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rabbits" is a common name used to refer to the Lagomorpha species, particularly members of the family Leporidae. They are small mammals known for their long ears, strong legs, and quick reproduction.
However, if you're referring to "rabbits" in a medical context, there is a term called "rabbit syndrome," which is a rare movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the fingers, resembling those of a rabbit chewing. It is also known as "finger-chewing chorea." This condition is usually associated with certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and typically resolves when the medication is stopped or adjusted.
Enteric-coated tablets are a pharmaceutical formulation in which a tablet is coated with a polymeric material that is resistant to stomach acid. This coating allows the tablet to pass through the stomach intact and dissolve in the small intestine, where the pH is more neutral.
The enteric coating serves two main purposes:
1. It protects the active ingredient(s) from degradation by stomach acid, which can be particularly important for drugs that are unstable in acidic environments or that irritate the stomach lining.
2. It controls the release of the drug into the body, ensuring that it is absorbed in the small intestine rather than the stomach. This can help to improve the bioavailability of the drug and reduce side effects.
Enteric-coated tablets are commonly used for drugs that treat conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract, such as ulcers or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). They may also be used for drugs that have a narrow therapeutic index, meaning that the difference between an effective dose and a toxic dose is small. By controlling the release of these drugs into the body, enteric coating can help to ensure that they are absorbed at a consistent rate and reduce the risk of adverse effects.
Pulmonary circulation refers to the process of blood flow through the lungs, where blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. This is a vital part of the overall circulatory system, which delivers nutrients and oxygen to the body's cells while removing waste products like carbon dioxide.
In pulmonary circulation, deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation returns to the right atrium of the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava. The blood then moves into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve and gets pumped into the pulmonary artery when the right ventricle contracts.
The pulmonary artery divides into smaller vessels called arterioles, which further branch into a vast network of tiny capillaries in the lungs. Here, oxygen from the alveoli diffuses into the blood, binding to hemoglobin in red blood cells, while carbon dioxide leaves the blood and is exhaled through the nose or mouth.
The now oxygenated blood collects in venules, which merge to form pulmonary veins. These veins transport the oxygen-rich blood back to the left atrium of the heart, where it enters the systemic circulation once again. This continuous cycle enables the body's cells to receive the necessary oxygen and nutrients for proper functioning while disposing of waste products.
Hydrogels are defined in the medical and biomedical fields as cross-linked, hydrophilic polymer networks that have the ability to swell and retain a significant amount of water or biological fluids while maintaining their structure. They can be synthesized from natural, synthetic, or hybrid polymers.
Hydrogels are known for their biocompatibility, high water content, and soft consistency, which resemble natural tissues, making them suitable for various medical applications such as contact lenses, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, wound dressing, and biosensors. The physical and chemical properties of hydrogels can be tailored to specific uses by adjusting the polymer composition, cross-linking density, and network structure.
Collateral circulation refers to the alternate blood supply routes that bypass an obstructed or narrowed vessel and reconnect with the main vascular system. These collateral vessels can develop over time as a result of the body's natural adaptation to chronic ischemia (reduced blood flow) caused by various conditions such as atherosclerosis, thromboembolism, or vasculitis.
The development of collateral circulation helps maintain adequate blood flow and oxygenation to affected tissues, minimizing the risk of tissue damage and necrosis. In some cases, well-developed collateral circulations can help compensate for significant blockages in major vessels, reducing symptoms and potentially preventing the need for invasive interventions like revascularization procedures. However, the extent and effectiveness of collateral circulation vary from person to person and depend on factors such as age, overall health status, and the presence of comorbidities.
Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a type of infrared spectroscopy that uses the Fourier transform mathematical technique to convert the raw data obtained from an interferometer into a more interpretable spectrum. This technique allows for the simultaneous collection of a wide range of wavelengths, resulting in increased sensitivity and speed compared to traditional dispersive infrared spectroscopy.
FTIR spectroscopy measures the absorption or transmission of infrared radiation by a sample as a function of frequency, providing information about the vibrational modes of the molecules present in the sample. This can be used for identification and quantification of chemical compounds, analysis of molecular structure, and investigation of chemical interactions and reactions.
In summary, FTIR spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique that uses infrared radiation to study the vibrational properties of molecules, with increased sensitivity and speed due to the use of Fourier transform mathematical techniques and an interferometer.
Methylcellulose is a semisynthetic, inert, viscous, and tasteless white powder that is soluble in cold water but not in hot water. It is derived from cellulose through the process of methylation. In medical contexts, it is commonly used as a bulk-forming laxative to treat constipation, as well as a lubricant in ophthalmic solutions and a suspending agent in pharmaceuticals.
When mixed with water, methylcellulose forms a gel-like substance that can increase stool volume and promote bowel movements. It is generally considered safe for most individuals, but like any medication or supplement, it should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider.
In the context of medicine and pharmacology, oils are typically defined as lipid-based substances that are derived from plants or animals. They are made up of molecules called fatty acids, which can be either saturated or unsaturated. Oils are often used in medical treatments and therapies due to their ability to deliver active ingredients through the skin, as well as their moisturizing and soothing properties. Some oils, such as essential oils, are also used in aromatherapy for their potential therapeutic benefits. However, it's important to note that some oils can be toxic or irritating if ingested or applied to the skin in large amounts, so they should always be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
Intra-arterial injection is a type of medical procedure where a medication or contrast agent is delivered directly into an artery. This technique is used for various therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.
For instance, intra-arterial chemotherapy may be used to deliver cancer drugs directly to the site of a tumor, while intra-arterial thrombolysis involves the administration of clot-busting medications to treat arterial blockages caused by blood clots. Intra-arterial injections are also used in diagnostic imaging procedures such as angiography, where a contrast agent is injected into an artery to visualize the blood vessels and identify any abnormalities.
It's important to note that intra-arterial injections require precise placement of the needle or catheter into the artery, and are typically performed by trained medical professionals using specialized equipment.
Pancreatin is a mixture of digestive enzymes, including amylase, lipase, and proteases, naturally produced by the pancreas in humans and other mammals. These enzymes aid in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, respectively, in the small intestine. Pancreatin is often used as a replacement therapy for individuals with conditions like cystic fibrosis, chronic pancreatitis, or pancreatectomy, who have impaired pancreatic function and struggle to digest food properly. It can be obtained from animal pancreases, typically from pigs, and is available in various forms such as tablets, capsules, or powders for medical use.
Staphylococcal toxoid is a modified form of a toxin produced by the Staphylococcus aureus bacterium, which has been made less toxic through chemical treatment or irradiation. It is used in vaccines to stimulate an immune response and provide protection against staphylococcal infections. The toxoid induces the production of antibodies that recognize and neutralize the harmful effects of the original toxin, without causing the adverse reactions associated with the live toxin. This type of vaccine is used to prevent diseases such as staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and toxic shock syndrome.
Cerium is a naturally occurring element found in the Earth's crust, and it has several stable and unstable (radioactive) isotopes. Isotopes are variants of an element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. The unstable cerium isotopes undergo radioactive decay, emitting radiation in the process.
The stable isotopes of cerium include:
* Cerium-140 (^140 Ce)
* Cerium-142 (^142 Ce)
The unstable or radioactive isotopes of cerium include:
* Cerium-135 (^135 Ce), with a half-life of about 2.2 trillion years
* Cerium-136 (^136 Ce), with a half-life of about 13 days
* Cerium-137 (^137 Ce), with a half-life of about 30 years
* Cerium-138 (^138 Ce), with a half-life of about 4.5 days
* Cerium-139 (^139 Ce), with a half-life of about 137 days
* Cerium-141 (^141 Ce), with a half-life of about 32 days
* Cerium-143 (^143 Ce), with a half-life of about 1.4 days
* Cerium-144 (^144 Ce), with a half-life of about 285 days
These radioactive isotopes are produced in nuclear reactions, such as those that occur in nuclear reactors or during nuclear weapons testing. They can be used for medical and industrial purposes, but they must be handled carefully due to their radioactivity.
Glycolates are a type of chemical compound that contain the group COOCH2, which is derived from glycolic acid. In a medical context, glycolates are often used in dental and medical materials as they can be biodegradable and biocompatible. For example, they may be used in controlled-release drug delivery systems or in bone cement. However, it's important to note that some glycolate compounds can also be toxic if ingested or otherwise introduced into the body in large amounts.
Dura Mater: The tough, outer membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord.
Hydroxyapatite: A naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite, also known as dahllite, with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH), is the primary mineral component of biological apatites found in bones and teeth.
Therefore, "Durapatite" isn't a recognized medical term, but it seems like it might be a combination of "dura mater" and "hydroxyapatite." If you meant to ask about a material used in medical or dental applications that combines properties of both dura mater and hydroxyapatite, please provide more context.
Diffusion, in the context of medicine and physiology, refers to the process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly distributed throughout a space or solution. This passive transport mechanism does not require energy and relies solely on the random motion of particles. Diffusion is a vital process in many biological systems, including the exchange of gases in the lungs, the movement of nutrients and waste products across cell membranes, and the spread of drugs and other substances throughout tissues.
Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are a family of synthetic, water-soluble polymers with a wide range of molecular weights. They are commonly used in the medical field as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations due to their ability to improve drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability. PEGs can also be used as laxatives to treat constipation or as bowel cleansing agents prior to colonoscopy examinations. Additionally, some PEG-conjugated drugs have been developed for use in targeted cancer therapies.
In a medical context, PEGs are often referred to by their average molecular weight, such as PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 1500, and so on. Higher molecular weight PEGs tend to be more viscous and have longer-lasting effects in the body.
It's worth noting that while PEGs are generally considered safe for use in medical applications, some people may experience allergic reactions or hypersensitivity to these compounds. Prolonged exposure to high molecular weight PEGs has also been linked to potential adverse effects, such as decreased fertility and developmental toxicity in animal studies. However, more research is needed to fully understand the long-term safety of PEGs in humans.
Optical microsphere
Glass microsphere
Microsphere (disambiguation)
Expandable microsphere
Microsphere (software company)
Microbead (research)
Perfluorocarbon emulsions
Perfusion
Perfusion scanning
Proteinoid
Sunghoon Kwon
Sidney W. Fox
SIR-Spheres
Nanosensors (company)
Sirtex
Microbead
Acne
Spencer Silver
Shlomo Margel
Anthony Czarnik
Yttrium-90
Stephen Arnold (scientist)
Microparticle
Nitrilotriacetic acid
Polycaprolactone
Yitzhak Mastai
Physics of magnetic resonance imaging
Droplet-based microfluidics
Uterine artery embolization
Chemical sensor array
Optical microsphere - Wikipedia
microsphere
Surface Modification of SPIONs in PHBV Microspheres for Biomedical Applications | Scientific Reports
Microsphere technology and applications | RTI
Preparation and Characterization of Silica-Coated Magnetic-Fluorescent Bifunctional Microspheres | Discover Nano
Lumason (sulfur hexafluoride lipid microsphere) FDA Approval History - Drugs.com
T 0079/99 (Solid lipid microspheres/GASCO, MARIA ROSA) 03-12-1999 | Epo.org
Microsphere management of liver mets gains strength
Hollow glass microspheres Leading local media on chemical materials, nano-ma
APS -APS March Meeting 2022 - Event - Neutrality of matter search with levitated microspheres
Risperidone Microspheres - Health Information Library | PeaceHealth
225h) Evaluating the Role of Carbon Microspheres in an Aqueous Lubricant - the Stribeck Curve Analysis | AIChE
Cisplatin | Dry Powder Inhalation | Microspheres | Pulmonary Delivery
Microspheres and single molecule detection - Institut Fresnel
Quantum Dots & Microspheres | Thermo Fisher Scientific - US
KKN-MIC-00 - Collagen microspheres
Hollow SnO2-C Microspheres as an Anode Material - ChemistryViews
microspheres Cruise,industry,technology,materials,energy conser
Facile fabrication of golf ball-like hollow microspheres of organic-inorganic silica - Journal of Materials Chemistry (RSC...
Microspheres Market by Raw Material, Type, Application, 2022
Ligand exchange triggered controlled-release targeted drug delivery system based on core-shell superparamagnetic mesoporous...
Transcatheter occlusion or embolization for tumor destruction, percutaneous, any method, using yttrium-90 microspheres S2095 -...
Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres in respirable sizes enhance an In vitro T cell response to recombinant Mycobacterium...
Fundamental tests of physics with optically trapped microspheres
Dr. Kim on the FDA Approval of TheraSphere Y-90 Glass Microspheres in HCC
MICROSPHERE-BASED PASSIVE MATERIAL FOR LOW-TEMPERATURE DIVING SUITS - Video Portal - Naval Postgraduate School
Use of Novel Stable Albumen Microspheres to Produce Enhancement of Echocardiographic Images of the Myocardium | Clinical...
Measuring gravity at micron scale and other fun tricks with optically levitated microspheres | PIRSA
Latex Microspheres3
- An array of latex microspheres replaces the complex microscope objective commonly used in fluorescence microscopy. (fresnel.fr)
- Applied Polytech offers uniform polystyrene latex microspheres that may be used as-is for self arrangement of microspheres, filter membrane screening, fluid dynamics research, photonic crystal film formation, instrument calibration, particle size standard and chromatographic media or coated with proteins via adsorption for use in diagnostic tests and assays. (appliedpolytech.com)
- Our carboxylate-modified polystyrene latex microspheres are suitable for the covalent immobilization of proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, turbidimetric assay, flow cytometric immunoassay, and homogenous immunoassay. (appliedpolytech.com)
Polymeric3
- Powder Systems Limited (PSL) Asia-Pacific manager, Pierre Landais, will present on Thursday 25 August, during the Aseptic Process & Technology plenary session, on the hot topic of Sterile Manufacturing of Polymeric Microsphere Drug Delivery Devices. (manufacturingchemist.com)
- With over 35 years experience, Estapor® Microspheres is a leading brand of polymeric supports for in vitro diagnostics, life sciences, biotechnology, cosmetics, electronics and environment applications. (merckmillipore.com)
- Methodology: The technique employing phagocytosis of synthetic polymeric microspheres was used for evaluation of phagocytic activity. (who.int)
Hollow Glass Microspheres12
- Average density" is the quotient obtained by dividing the mass of a sample of hollow glass microspheres by the true volume of that mass of hollow glass microspheres as measured by a gas pycnometer. (mis-asia.com)
- HOLLOW GLASS MI The energy consumption required to manufacture HOLLOW GLASS MICROSPHERES POWDERs, as described in Examples 1-4 of U.S. Patent No. 4,391,646 (Howell), can range from about 8 to about 50 kW-h per kg of product made. (mis-asia.com)
- Provided here are improved energy-efficient processes for producing HOLLOW GLASS MICROSPHERES POWDERs having high strength-to-density ratios compared w Attempts to form monocellular HOLLOW GLASS MICROSPHERES POWDERs from a feed comprising a blowing agent using electrical furnaces were not successful because the short residence times used in a flame-forming process could not be attained. (mis-asia.com)
- That lack of control on the time scale means that forming conditions can only be optimal for a part of the particle size distribution, so HOLLOW GLASS MICROSPHERES POWDER yields tend to be low. (mis-asia.com)
- Despite the multitude and size of the markets into which HOLLOW GLASS MICROSPHERES POWDERs have penetrated, Hollow glass microspheres ("HOLLOW GLASS MICROSPHERES POWDERs"), also referred to as "glass bubbles," are balloon-like glass structures having a median diameter of fewer than 500 micrometers. (mis-asia.com)
- HOLLOW GLASS MICROSPHERES POWDERs are currently made using a process where a milled glass powder (or "glass frit") that contains a suitable blowing agent is flame-heated to temperatures at which the glass begins to soften. (mis-asia.com)
- Hollow Glass Microspheres (HGMS) are near-perfect engineered spherical bubbles of thin-walled glass, approximately 50 microns in size, with a low density of between 0.1-0.4 g/cc. (mis-asia.com)
- Hollow glass microspheres are used to achieve high levels of Total Solar Reflectance (TSR) in coatin Global market analysis of hollow glass MicrospheresThe global hollow glass microsphere market is expected to grow from USD 4.2 billion in 2020 to USD 9.5 billion by 2028, at a CAGR of 9.3% during the forecast period of 2021-2028. (mis-asia.com)
- This silica can be used to create glass paint computers, and other subst Hollow glass microspheres, sometimes termed microballoons or glass bubbles, have diameters ranging from 10 to 300 micrometers. (iberocruceros.com)
- Hollow glass microspheres, sometimes termed microballoons or glass bubbles, have diameters ranging from 10 to 300 micrometers. (iberocruceros.com)
- In this study, bamboo powder and/or hollow glass microspheres were added to thermoplastic cassava starch in order to overcome its drawbacks. (techscience.com)
- The addition of hollow glass microspheres provides an optimal balance between hydrophobicity and mechanical strength. (techscience.com)
Yttrium-90 microspheres2
- With more than 6000 patients treated in the U.S. alone in the past three years, a significant body of peer-reviewed literature has been published to aid in understanding how and in which patient population to use this treatment, particularly yttrium-90 microspheres. (diagnosticimaging.com)
- Internal radiotherapy with yttrium-90 microspheres has demonstrated consistent and useful tumor reductions. (diagnosticimaging.com)
Fluorescent5
- You can also choose from our widest selection of fluorescent, colored or white, surfactant-free, ultraclean microspheres and nanospheres that set the bar for highest performance, quality and precision. (thermofisher.com)
- Our fluorescent microspheres are used for a wide range of applications including blood flow, flow cytometer and microscope calibration, in vivo imaging and more. (thermofisher.com)
- Welcome to the Fluorescent Microsphere Resource Center (FMRC). (iths.org)
- The primary purpose of the FMRC is to facilitate communications and disseminate information about microsphere methods in general and fluorescent microspheres in specific. (iths.org)
- Solid glass microspheres hemispherically coated with fluorescent coatings, a fluorescent coating is precisely applied to half of the core sphere, making the glass spheres appear colorful and fluorescent at daylight and exhibit bright fluorescent response under UV light. (microspheres.us)
Polymer microspheres1
- In this work, the solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) emulsion-solvent extraction/evaporation method was utilized to fabricate magnetic polymer microspheres incorporating SPIONs in PHBV. (nature.com)
Dielectric microspheres3
- Here we demonstrate that dielectric microspheres offer a relevant cost-effective alternative to more advanced lenses and objectives. (fresnel.fr)
- 8] H. Aouani, P. Schön, S. Brasselet, H. Rigneault, J. Wenger, Two-photon fluorescence correlation spectroscopy with high count rates and low background using dielectric microspheres, Biomed. (fresnel.fr)
- I will describe a new program of measurements in fundamental physics using optically levitated dielectric microspheres. (pirsa.org)
Biodegradable3
- Microspheres are free flowing powders consisting of proteins or synthetic polymers which are biodegradable in nature. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- In conclusion, this thesis describes the application of novel biodegradable microspheres made from a hydrophilic polyester, poly(D,L-lactide-co-hydroxymethyl glycolide) (PLHMGA) for controlled delivery of peptide and protein pharmaceuticals. (uu.nl)
- Liposomes, albumin microspheres, soluble synthetic polymers, DNA complexes, protein-drug conjugates, and carrier erythrocytes among others have been employed as biodegradable drug carriers. (bvsalud.org)
Optically1
- We report on a neutrality of matter test conducted with optically levitated microspheres. (aps.org)
Beads3
- Solid glass beads and microspheres used in blast cleaners, shot peening, and reflective paints can be made simply by passing finely fritted glass through a hot flame. (britannica.com)
- No other material can provide a complete substit What is Hollow glass?Hollow glass microsphere technology was developed in the 1950s as an outgrowth of the manufacture of solid glass beads. (mis-asia.com)
- The atelocollagen microspheres (KKN-MIC-00) is prepared from bovine dermal Type I atelocollagen which provides a 3D matrix similar an in vivo environment for cell culture This product has been successfully used as microcarrier beads for culturing fibroblasts, epithelial cells and osteoblasts, and has proven effective for the long-term maintenance of cell cultures. (reprocell.com)
PLGA10
- Recombinant Ag85B was expressed from two Escherichia coli strains and encapsulated by spray-drying in PLGA microspheres with/without adjuvants. (rti.org)
- THP-1 macrophage-like cells exposed with PLGA-rAg85B microspheres induced the DB-1 cells to produce IL-2 at a level that was two orders of magnitude larger than the response elicited by soluble rAg85B. (rti.org)
- PLGA microspheres in respirable sizes were effective in delivering rAg85B in an immunologically relevant manner to macrophages. (rti.org)
- In this study, the capabilities of composite poly(lactic- co -glycolic acid) (PLGA) and calcium peroxide (CaO 2 ) sintered microsphere scaffolds were investigated as an alternative to current bone repair strategies. (confex.com)
- Scaffold Fabrication: 0%, 0.5%, and 1% 85:15 PLGA/CaO 2 microspheres were fabricated via the single emulsion technique. (confex.com)
- The encapsulation and release of macromolecular hydrophilic Dextran Blue as well as peptide/proteins (e.g. lysozyme, BSA and octreotide) from poly(lactic-co-hydroxymethyl glycolic acid) (PLHMGA) microspheres was investigated and results were compared to the data obtained for PLGA microspheres. (uu.nl)
- One of the major challenges with PLGA microspheres is prevention of the drop of pH inside degrading microspheres which is detrimental for the integrity of acid labile molecules such as peptides and proteins. (uu.nl)
- The microclimate pH (μpH) of degrading PLHMGA microspheres was studied and the results were compared with that of PLGA. (uu.nl)
- On the contrary, confocal images of PLGA microspheres during incubation showed that these microspheres developed a low pH during degradation. (uu.nl)
- PLHMGA microspheres showed superior properties over their PLGA counterpart, a FDA approved polymer, regarding the control over degradation and release rate. (uu.nl)
Silica3
- Introduction of Hollow Glass MicrospheresHollow glass microspheres, also known as microbubbles, glass bubbles or air bubbles, are mainly composed of a combined borosilicate-soda lime glass formulation, which has the advantages of high heat and chemical resistance and lo What is quartz-silica dust? (mis-asia.com)
- The framework components indicated the presence of silica and polymethylsilsesquioxane, and polymethylsilsesquioxane was distributed on the surface of the microspheres. (rsc.org)
- We report a new controlled-release targeted drug delivery system based on core-shell structured silica mesoporous microspheres capped with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles . (rsc.org)
Particle size distrib1
- With precise particle size control technology, EPRUI supplies monodisperse microspheres with narrow particle size distribution. (epruibiotech.com)
Nanospheres1
- Irreversible adsorption of gold nanospheres on fiber optical tapers and microspheres. (cdc.gov)
Liposomes1
- Delivery platforms such as microspheres, liposomes, complexes with cyclodextrins, and conjugation with macromolecules have been explored for inhalational application [8]. (ijpsonline.com)
Monodisperse3
- EPRUI Biotech Co. Ltd is the top monodisperse microspheres supplier in the world who is able to supply 20nm-1000um various kinds of microbeads with precise particle size control technology. (epruibiotech.com)
- The annual output of monodisperse microspheres reaches hundreds of kilos. (epruibiotech.com)
- A novel application of thermally induced phase separation ( TIPS ) is described enabling the rapid formation of monodisperse porous microspheres . (bvsalud.org)
Fabricate1
- In the preliminary studies, 45-63 µm porogen were used to fabricate porous microspheres from phosphate-based glass (PBG) via flame spheroidisation technique. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Single emulsion technique1
- The methods used for the preparation of microspheres include spray drying, solvent evaporation, single emulsion technique, double emulsion technique, phase separation concertation technique, spray drying and spray congealing, solvent extraction, quassi emulsion solvent diffusion. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
Suitable5
- They reported that these magnetic biopolymer microspheres could exhibit significant effect on magnetic contrast capability suitable for MRI application, demonstrating that the microspheres could be suitable also as drug delivery vehicles, in addition, such PHBV/SPION microspheres exhibited biocompatibility towards human T-lymphoma suspension cells and adherent colon carcinoma HT-29 cells. (nature.com)
- The first section of this study involves the modification of SPIONs to obtain adequate stability of SPIONs in suspension and suitable interaction between hydrophobic PHBV solution and the surfaces of SPIONs during preparation of magnetic microspheres, which is presented in the second part of the study. (nature.com)
- Microspheres suitable for aerosol delivery to the lungs (3.4-4.3 mu m median diameter) and targeting alveolar macrophages were manufactured. (rti.org)
- The second part of this work involved transferring this proof-of-concept processing method to manufacture porous microspheres, particularly environmentally friendly, low-cost materials such as waste recycled glass and naturally occurring magnetite with suitable micropollutant removal capacities. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- The influence of starting phosphate glass particle size and varied porogen ratios were investigated for optimising the surface area and porosity profile of phosphate-based glass (PBG) microspheres suitable for removing Acid Red 88 (AR88) dye from water. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Formulation2
- Being part of the Aseptic Process and Technology during day one of the conference is a great opportunity to discuss with pharma and bio manufacturing professionals the current conundrum of microsphere formulation manufacturing. (manufacturingchemist.com)
- Novel approaches to product formulation incorporating microsphere technology may improve treatment tolerability, encourage adherence, and contribute to better long-term therapeutic outcomes. (jcadonline.com)
Lipid1
- Lumason (sulfur hexafluoride lipid microsphere) is a contrast agent used for ultrasound imaging. (drugs.com)
Methodology1
- This study also showed successful manufacture of porous recycled glass microspheres (PRGMs) using a revised methodology considering higher viscosity profiles and melt temperatures of recycled glasses (RG) compared to PBG. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Radioactive1
- Radioactive microsphere therapy is gaining in popularity among specialists who deal with both primary and metastatic solid tumors in the liver. (diagnosticimaging.com)
Porosity2
- The porosity levels of PBG microspheres were optimised by exploring the manufacturing process parameters for enabling enhanced and successful separation of micropollutants from water. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- The surface and cross-sectional morphological properties of the microspheres were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion analysis, which revealed the surface pores to be 5-45 µm with interconnected porosity of the microspheres manufactured. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Iron oxide1
- The presence of functional groups of lauric acid, oleic acid and iron oxide in the PHBV microspheres was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). (nature.com)
Electrostatic1
- The dye interaction with surface of the microspheres were observed via electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding and Lewis acid‐base interaction without any internal or external functionalisation of the microspheres. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Morphological1
- Furthermore, SEM images suggest that in comparison to pristine scaffolds, CaO 2 loading did not cause morphological changes on the microsphere surfaces. (confex.com)
POWDER1
- In the present study, chitosan-loaded cisplatin microspheres were prepared and evaluated for dry powder inhalation delivery of cisplatin for local action of the drug in lungs, and thereby achieve improved therapy in lung cancer. (ijpsonline.com)
Porous6
- To date, no research has demonstrated the use of flame-spheroidised porous microspheres for wastewater treatment. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- As a proof of concept, porous phosphate-based glass (PBG) microspheres developed using flame spheroidisation process were explored for dye removal from water. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- The porous microspheres with greater surface area gave better batch adsorption profile compared to microspheres with less surface area. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- To further improve the adsorption property of porous PBG microspheres, the influence of smaller size porogen (≤5 µm) followed by heat-treatment was investigated. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- Furthermore, enhanced column adsorption capacity was observed for heat-treated microspheres which was attributed to the unique geometry and microstructure that provided sufficient residence time for the dye molecules to diffuse into the porous structure. (nottingham.ac.uk)
- Moreover, the combined TIPS /oil-in- water emulsion technique allows for the production of microspheres with isotropic pore morphology with interconnected spherical pores of 30-70microm and well-formed porous microspheres of 10-200microm in diameter with an open porous surface. (bvsalud.org)
Content1
- Cisplatin-loaded chitosan microspheres were prepared by emulsification and ionotropic gelation method, and characterized for drug content, particle size, densities, flow properties, moisture content, and surface topography by SEM and in vitro drug release was evaluated in simulated lung fluid at 37 0 at pH 7.4. (ijpsonline.com)
Evaporation2
- In this study, the production of PHBV microspheres with modified SPIONs was chosen via emulsion-solvent extraction/evaporation method. (nature.com)
- Microspheres can be successfully made from PLHMGA, by the double emulsion extraction-evaporation method. (uu.nl)
Spherical2
- Everything about microspheres and research utilizing precision spherical particles. (microspheres.us)
- We are compiling a digital database on everything that has to do with microspheres and creating a destination for scientists working with precision spherical particles. (microspheres.us)
Efficacy3
- The improved efficacy, reduced toxicity, improved patient compliance and convenience of microspheres has led to increasing demand in drug delivery system. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- Microsphere formulations of topical tretinoin and benzoyl peroxide currently on the market have demonstrated good efficacy and tolerability and are expected to encourage adherence and long-term therapeutic benefit. (jcadonline.com)
- To evaluate the efficacy and safety of EqualSpheres microspheres loaded with vinorelbine in the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer and obstructive lesions who have failed standard treatments. (who.int)
Diameter1
- The atelocollagen microspheres (KKN-MIC-00) are 200-400 µn;m in diameter. (reprocell.com)
Applications6
- These results confirmed that the fabricated magnetic PHBV microspheres are potential candidates for use in biomedical applications. (nature.com)
- Microspheres open new opportunities for low-cost and highly parallel means to develop new microscopy techniques, with applications to biophotonics, plasmonics, and optical data storage. (fresnel.fr)
- We offer the widest selection of ultraclean, surfactant-free microspheres for research and commercial applications. (thermofisher.com)
- Rise in demand from the current and emerging applications such as medical technology drives the market for microspheres. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- Increasing demand in other applications such as cosmetics & personal care, oil & gas, and life science is expected to boost the growth of microsphere market during the forecast period. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- The results reported in this thesis highlight the great potential of PLHMGA microspheres for biopharmaceutical applications. (uu.nl)
Concentrations2
- It was revealed that the magnetic PHBV microspheres were non-toxic when assessed with mouse embryotic fibroblast cells (MEF) at different concentrations of microspheres. (nature.com)
- Microsphere technology eliminates the rapid delivery of high concentrations of active drug to the application site and instead facilitates controlled release of potentially irritating drugs. (jcadonline.com)
Proteins1
- EDAC-mediated coupling is often used for the covalent immobilization of amine-terminated proteins, DNA, or other molecules on carboxyl-functionalized PS and PS/DVB microspheres. (appliedpolytech.com)
Adsorption1
- Use of smaller porogen followed by heat-treatment caused further pore narrowing with the pore size distribution analysis revealing a shift from macropore to mesopores (2-50 nm), giving a surface area recorded 1.33 m2/g (using N2 gas) for microsphere heat treated at 520°C. The effect of heat-treatment (125 mg/g) demonstrated significant differences in the adsorption studies compared to non-heat-treated microspheres (83 mg/g). (nottingham.ac.uk)
Technology2
- None of this research or treatment application would be possible without a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates the latest in imaging technology to localize tumors, evaluate extent of disease, assess the safety of future microsphere treatment, and confirm treatment success. (diagnosticimaging.com)
- Microsphere Technology: Hype or Help? (jcadonline.com)
Suspension1
- Microspheres with particle size below 3um are supplied as a 10% solids suspension (100mg/mL) in de-ionized water (Milli-Q water) but can also choose from 10-100 mg/mL just let us know! (appliedpolytech.com)
Successfully2
- 14 successfully prepared multifunctional PHBV microspheres incorporating SPIONs. (nature.com)
- The release of biopharmaceuticals and degradation of the microspheres could be successfully tailored by synthesis of copolymers differing in copolymer composition. (uu.nl)
Drug delivery2
- The controlled and sustained release of microspheres makes it applicable to be used in drug delivery system. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
- Microspheres used as drug delivery devices are revolutionary because they provide exceptional advantages from controlled and sustained release capabilities to medicine protection and longer shelf life for vaccines, cancer treatment, diabetes or hormonal disorder medication. (manufacturingchemist.com)
Tumor2
- Carcinoid tumor in the liver treated with microspheres has demonstrated excellent response and reversal of clinical symptoms. (diagnosticimaging.com)
- The patient experienced 70% reduction in his serum tumor marker value and significant reduction in carcinoid symptoms after a single microsphere treatment. (diagnosticimaging.com)
Therapy2
- The following pictorial demonstrates how imaging is used in microsphere therapy. (diagnosticimaging.com)
- Researchers at the Third Annual Symposium on Liver-Directed Microsphere Therapy presented compelling pretreatment and post-treatment PET scans of patients who received internal radiotherapy for unresectable and chemorefractory tumors from breast, colon, bile duct, pancreatic, esophageal, neuroendocrine, and melanoma cancers. (diagnosticimaging.com)
Microscope1
- Scaffold Imaging: Composite microspheres were analyzed qualitatively for surface integrity using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). (confex.com)
Acid1
- As the degradation of the microspheres progressed, the acid degradation products (lactic and hydroxymethyl glycolic acid and their oligomers) which are responsible for pH drop, were released into the degradation medium as was confirmed by a decrease in pH of the surrounding medium. (uu.nl)