Designated locations along nerves or organ meridians for inserting acupuncture needles.
The occupational discipline of the traditional Chinese methods of ACUPUNCTURE THERAPY for treating disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians.
Unequal curvature of the refractive surfaces of the eye. Thus a point source of light cannot be brought to a point focus on the retina but is spread over a more or less diffuse area. This results from the radius of curvature in one plane being longer or shorter than the radius at right angles to it. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The total area or space visible in a person's peripheral vision with the eye looking straightforward.
Classical loci in ACUPUNCTURE. They are main and collateral channels, regarded as a network of passages, through which vital energy (Qi) circulates and along which acupoints (ACUPUNCTURE POINTS) are distributed. The meridians are a series of 14 lines upon which more than 400 acupoints are located on the body. (The Pinyin Chinese-English Dictionary, p. 359; Dr. Wu Lancheng, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing)
The measurement of curvature and shape of the anterior surface of the cornea using techniques such as keratometry, keratoscopy, photokeratoscopy, profile photography, computer-assisted image processing and videokeratography. This measurement is often applied in the fitting of contact lenses and in diagnosing corneal diseases or corneal changes including keratoconus, which occur after keratotomy and keratoplasty.
An objective determination of the refractive state of the eye (NEARSIGHTEDNESS; FARSIGHTEDNESS; ASTIGMATISM). By using a RETINOSCOPE, the amount of correction and the power of lens needed can be determined.
Refraction of LIGHT effected by the media of the EYE.
A form of acupuncture with electrical impulses passing through the needles to stimulate NERVE TISSUE. It can be used for ANALGESIA; ANESTHESIA; REHABILITATION; and treatment for diseases.
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the EYE parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the RETINA when accommodation (ACCOMMODATION, OCULAR) is relaxed. This results from an overly curved CORNEA or from the eyeball being too long from front to back. It is also called nearsightedness.
Treatment of disease by inserting needles along specific pathways or meridians. The placement varies with the disease being treated. It is sometimes used in conjunction with heat, moxibustion, acupressure, or electric stimulation.
The condition of where images are correctly brought to a focus on the retina.
A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)
The dioptric adjustment of the EYE (to attain maximal sharpness of retinal imagery for an object of regard) referring to the ability, to the mechanism, or to the process. Ocular accommodation is the effecting of refractive changes by changes in the shape of the CRYSTALLINE LENS. Loosely, it refers to ocular adjustments for VISION, OCULAR at various distances. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A layer of acellular matrix that lies beneath the CORNEAL EPITHELIUM and above the CORNEAL STROMA. It consists of randomly arranged COLLAGEN fibers in a condensed bed of intercellular substance. It provides stability and strength to the cornea.
An area approximately 1.5 millimeters in diameter within the macula lutea where the retina thins out greatly because of the oblique shifting of all layers except the pigment epithelium layer. It includes the sloping walls of the fovea (clivus) and contains a few rods in its periphery. In its center (foveola) are the cones most adapted to yield high visual acuity, each cone being connected to only one ganglion cell. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Centers for storing various parts of the eye for future use.
The vital life force in the body, supposedly able to be regulated by acupuncture. It corresponds roughly to the Greek pneuma, the Latin spiritus, and the ancient Indian prana. The concept of life-breath or vital energy was formulated as an indication of the awareness of man, originally directed externally toward nature or society but later turned inward to the self or life within. (From Comparison between Concepts of Life-Breath in East and West, 15th International Symposium on the Comparative History of Medicine - East and West, August 26-September 3, 1990, Shizuoka, Japan, pp. ix-x)
Area of the OCCIPITAL LOBE concerned with the processing of visual information relayed via VISUAL PATHWAYS.
The ability to detect sharp boundaries (stimuli) and to detect slight changes in luminance at regions without distinct contours. Psychophysical measurements of this visual function are used to evaluate visual acuity and to detect eye disease.
Deviations from the average or standard indices of refraction of the eye through its dioptric or refractive apparatus.
Partial or complete loss of vision in one half of the visual field(s) of one or both eyes. Subtypes include altitudinal hemianopsia, characterized by a visual defect above or below the horizontal meridian of the visual field. Homonymous hemianopsia refers to a visual defect that affects both eyes equally, and occurs either to the left or right of the midline of the visual field. Binasal hemianopsia consists of loss of vision in the nasal hemifields of both eyes. Bitemporal hemianopsia is the bilateral loss of vision in the temporal fields. Quadrantanopsia refers to loss of vision in one quarter of the visual field in one or both eyes.
A plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida.
Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS embedded in a large amount of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX.
Commercially prepared reagent sets, with accessory devices, containing all of the major components and literature necessary to perform one or more designated diagnostic tests or procedures. They may be for laboratory or personal use.
Method of measuring and mapping the scope of vision, from central to peripheral of each eye.
Investigative technique commonly used during ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY in which a series of bright light flashes or visual patterns are used to elicit brain activity.
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
The transparent anterior portion of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers: stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM; BOWMAN MEMBRANE; CORNEAL STROMA; DESCEMET MEMBRANE; and mesenchymal CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM. It serves as the first refracting medium of the eye. It is structurally continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, receiving its nourishment by permeation through spaces between the lamellae, and is innervated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE via the ciliary nerves and those of the surrounding conjunctiva which together form plexuses. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
The positioning and accommodation of eyes that allows the image to be brought into place on the FOVEA CENTRALIS of each eye.
The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience.
Clarity or sharpness of OCULAR VISION or the ability of the eye to see fine details. Visual acuity depends on the functions of RETINA, neuronal transmission, and the interpretative ability of the brain. Normal visual acuity is expressed as 20/20 indicating that one can see at 20 feet what should normally be seen at that distance. Visual acuity can also be influenced by brightness, color, and contrast.
Set of cell bodies and nerve fibers conducting impulses from the eyes to the cerebral cortex. It includes the RETINA; OPTIC NERVE; optic tract; and geniculocalcarine tract.
A species of ciliate protozoa used extensively in genetic research.
The awareness of the spatial properties of objects; includes physical space.
A system of traditional medicine which is based on the beliefs and practices of the Chinese culture.
A pair of ophthalmic lenses in a frame or mounting which is supported by the nose and ears. The purpose is to aid or improve vision. It does not include goggles or nonprescription sun glasses for which EYE PROTECTIVE DEVICES is available.
Images seen by one eye.
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
The resistance to the flow of either alternating or direct electrical current.
Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.
A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis (ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS) in patients receiving antibiotic therapy.
The science dealing with the correlation of the physical characteristics of a stimulus, e.g., frequency or intensity, with the response to the stimulus, in order to assess the psychologic factors involved in the relationship.
The process in which light signals are transformed by the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS into electrical signals which can then be transmitted to the brain.
The blending of separate images seen by each eye into one composite image.
A nonspecific term referring to impaired vision. Major subcategories include stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia and toxic amblyopia. Stimulus deprivation-induced amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex. A discrepancy between visual information received by the visual cortex from each eye results in abnormal cortical development. STRABISMUS and REFRACTIVE ERRORS may cause this condition. Toxic amblyopia is a disorder of the OPTIC NERVE which is associated with ALCOHOLISM, tobacco SMOKING, and other toxins and as an adverse effect of the use of some medications.
Awareness of oneself in relation to time, place and person.
Passive agglutination tests in which antigen is adsorbed onto latex particles which then clump in the presence of antibody specific for the adsorbed antigen. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure.
Immunologic techniques based on the use of: (1) enzyme-antibody conjugates; (2) enzyme-antigen conjugates; (3) antienzyme antibody followed by its homologous enzyme; or (4) enzyme-antienzyme complexes. These are used histologically for visualizing or labeling tissue specimens.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Tongues of skin and subcutaneous tissue, sometimes including muscle, cut away from the underlying parts but often still attached at one end. They retain their own microvasculature which is also transferred to the new site. They are often used in plastic surgery for filling a defect in a neighboring region.
Adjustment of the eyes under conditions of low light. The sensitivity of the eye to light is increased during dark adaptation.
Techniques for securing together the edges of a wound, with loops of thread or similar materials (SUTURES).
The organ of sight constituting a pair of globular organs made up of a three-layered roughly spherical structure specialized for receiving and responding to light.
Studies determining the effectiveness or value of processes, personnel, and equipment, or the material on conducting such studies. For drugs and devices, CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG EVALUATION; and DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL are available.
Voluntary or reflex-controlled movements of the eye.
Intestinal infection with organisms of the genus CRYPTOSPORIDIUM. It occurs in both animals and humans. Symptoms include severe DIARRHEA.
Lining of the STOMACH, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. The surface cells produce MUCUS that protects the stomach from attack by digestive acid and enzymes. When the epithelium invaginates into the LAMINA PROPRIA at various region of the stomach (CARDIA; GASTRIC FUNDUS; and PYLORUS), different tubular gastric glands are formed. These glands consist of cells that secrete mucus, enzymes, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, or hormones.
Misalignment of the visual axes of the eyes. In comitant strabismus the degree of ocular misalignment does not vary with the direction of gaze. In noncomitant strabismus the degree of misalignment varies depending on direction of gaze or which eye is fixating on the target. (Miller, Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p641)
An organization of cells into an organ-like structure. Organoids can be generated in culture. They are also found in certain neoplasms.
A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.
Substances of fungal origin that have antigenic activity.
Perception of three-dimensionality.
The minimum amount of stimulus energy necessary to elicit a sensory response.
An abrupt voluntary shift in ocular fixation from one point to another, as occurs in reading.
Imaging techniques used to colocalize sites of brain functions or physiological activity with brain structures.
The electric response evoked in the cerebral cortex by visual stimulation or stimulation of the visual pathways.
Visual impairments limiting one or more of the basic functions of the eye: visual acuity, dark adaptation, color vision, or peripheral vision. These may result from EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; VISUAL PATHWAY diseases; OCCIPITAL LOBE diseases; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS; and other conditions (From Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p132).
Mental process to visually perceive a critical number of facts (the pattern), such as characters, shapes, displays, or designs.
The scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. Analysis of the crystal structure of materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and registering the diffraction image of the rays (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY). (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Positive test results in subjects who do not possess the attribute for which the test is conducted. The labeling of healthy persons as diseased when screening in the detection of disease. (Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Mental processing of chromatic signals (COLOR VISION) from the eye by the VISUAL CORTEX where they are converted into symbolic representations. Color perception involves numerous neurons, and is influenced not only by the distribution of wavelengths from the viewed object, but also by its background color and brightness contrast at its boundary.
The domestic cat, Felis catus, of the carnivore family FELIDAE, comprising over 30 different breeds. The domestic cat is descended primarily from the wild cat of Africa and extreme southwestern Asia. Though probably present in towns in Palestine as long ago as 7000 years, actual domestication occurred in Egypt about 4000 years ago. (From Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed, p801)
An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.
A conical fibro-serous sac surrounding the HEART and the roots of the great vessels (AORTA; VENAE CAVAE; PULMONARY ARTERY). Pericardium consists of two sacs: the outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium. The latter consists of an outer parietal layer facing the fibrous pericardium, and an inner visceral layer (epicardium) resting next to the heart, and a pericardial cavity between these two layers.
The real or apparent movement of objects through the visual field.
A 14-amino acid peptide named for its ability to inhibit pituitary GROWTH HORMONE release, also called somatotropin release-inhibiting factor. It is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, the gut, and other organs. SRIF can also inhibit the release of THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE; PROLACTIN; INSULIN; and GLUCAGON besides acting as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. In a number of species including humans, there is an additional form of somatostatin, SRIF-28 with a 14-amino acid extension at the N-terminal.
Focusing on certain aspects of current experience to the exclusion of others. It is the act of heeding or taking notice or concentrating.
Neurons of the innermost layer of the retina, the internal plexiform layer. They are of variable sizes and shapes, and their axons project via the OPTIC NERVE to the brain. A small subset of these cells act as photoreceptors with projections to the SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS, the center for regulating CIRCADIAN RHYTHM.
Cell surface proteins that bind somatostatin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Somatostatin is a hypothalamic hormone, a pancreatic hormone, and a central and peripheral neurotransmitter. Activated somatostatin receptors on pituitary cells inhibit the release of growth hormone; those on endocrine and gastrointestinal cells regulate the absorption and utilization of nutrients; and those on neurons mediate somatostatin's role as a neurotransmitter.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.
The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.
Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion.
The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.
The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

The effects of electroacupuncture at the heart meridian on myocardial contractile function in rabbits with myocardial ischemia. (1/15)

Acute myocardial ischemia was induced by intravenous injection of pituitrin, and electroacupuncture (EA) was applied at the Heart and Lung Meridians (HM and LM), 3 points on each meridian. The changes in the left intraventricular pressure (LVP), the maximum rise rate of intraventricular pressure (LVP dp/dtmax), the area of cardiac force loop (ACFL), and the maximum shortening velocity of myocardial contractile element (Vmax) were observed. As a result, there were significant differences in the improvement of LVP, LVP dp/dtmax, ACFL and Vmax between EA at HM and LM. The regulatory action of EA at HM on the myocardial contractile function was significantly better than that of EA at LM, indicating that HM has a close relationship with the myocardial contractile function.  (+info)

Relationship of acupuncture points and meridians to connective tissue planes. (2/15)

Acupuncture meridians traditionally are believed to constitute channels connecting the surface of the body to internal organs. We hypothesize that the network of acupuncture points and meridians can be viewed as a representation of the network formed by interstitial connective tissue. This hypothesis is supported by ultrasound images showing connective tissue cleavage planes at acupuncture points in normal human subjects. To test this hypothesis, we mapped acupuncture points in serial gross anatomical sections through the human arm. We found an 80% correspondence between the sites of acupuncture points and the location of intermuscular or intramuscular connective tissue planes in postmortem tissue sections. We propose that the anatomical relationship of acupuncture points and meridians to connective tissue planes is relevant to acupuncture's mechanism of action and suggests a potentially important integrative role for interstitial connective tissue.  (+info)

Electrical impedance along connective tissue planes associated with acupuncture meridians. (3/15)

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture points and meridians are commonly believed to possess unique electrical properties. The experimental support for this claim is limited given the technical and methodological shortcomings of prior studies. Recent studies indicate a correspondence between acupuncture meridians and connective tissue planes. We hypothesized that segments of acupuncture meridians that are associated with loose connective tissue planes (between muscles or between muscle and bone) visible by ultrasound have greater electrical conductance (less electrical impedance) than non-meridian, parallel control segments. METHODS: We used a four-electrode method to measure the electrical impedance along segments of the Pericardium and Spleen meridians and corresponding parallel control segments in 23 human subjects. Meridian segments were determined by palpation and proportional measurements. Connective tissue planes underlying those segments were imaged with an ultrasound scanner. Along each meridian segment, four gold-plated needles were inserted along a straight line and used as electrodes. A parallel series of four control needles were placed 0.8 cm medial to the meridian needles. For each set of four needles, a 3.3 kHz alternating (AC) constant amplitude current was introduced at three different amplitudes (20, 40, and 80 microAmps) to the outer two needles, while the voltage was measured between the inner two needles. Tissue impedance between the two inner needles was calculated based on Ohm's law (ratio of voltage to current intensity). RESULTS: At the Pericardium location, mean tissue impedance was significantly lower at meridian segments (70.4 +/- 5.7 Omega) compared with control segments (75.0 +/- 5.9 Omega) (p = 0.0003). At the Spleen location, mean impedance for meridian (67.8 +/- 6.8 Omega) and control segments (68.5 +/- 7.5 Omega) were not significantly different (p = 0.70). CONCLUSION: Tissue impedance was on average lower along the Pericardium meridian, but not along the Spleen meridian, compared with their respective controls. Ultrasound imaging of meridian and control segments suggested that contact of the needle with connective tissue may explain the decrease in electrical impedance noted at the Pericardium meridian. Further studies are needed to determine whether tissue impedance is lower in (1) connective tissue in general compared with muscle and (2) meridian-associated vs. non meridian-associated connective tissue.  (+info)

Treatment of heroinism with acupuncture at points of the Du Channel. (4/15)

To observe the effectiveness of acupuncture at points of the Du Channel in treating heroinism, seventy patients with heroinism were randomly divided into a treatment group (n= 35) and a control group (n=35). A 10-day decrescendo therapy of methadone and acupuncture at points of the Du Channel were adopted in the treatment group, while the 10-day decrescendo therapy of methadone was simply performed in the control group. The scoring and grading of the abstinence symptoms were recorded and evaluated for both groups. 31 cases in the treatment group and 26 cases in the control group completed the entire treatment process, and a significant difference (P<0.01) in scores of abstinence symptoms before and after treatment was noticed in the two groups. The obvious difference in scores of abstinence symptoms on the first, second, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth day in the treatment group was superior to those in the control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Particularly for such symptoms as perspiration, anxiety and pain in the muscle and bone, the result in the treatment group was much better than that in the control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Acupuncture at points of the Du Channel has an auxiliary therapeutic effect on abstinence symptoms of heroinism, which can effectively help alleviate the abstinence symptoms.  (+info)

Acupuncture treatment of children nocturnal enuresis--a report of 56 cases. (5/15)

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of acupuncture in treating nocturnal enuresis in children. METHOD: Shenmen (HT 7) and Weizhong (BL 40) are selected as the main points. Zhongji (CV 3) and Shenshu (BL 23) are added for warming and supplementing the lower origin, and Qihai (CV 6) and Taiyuan (LU 9) for supplementing the middle-jiao and reinforcing the qi, Taichong (LR 3) and Xingjian (LR 2) for clearing away the damp-heat. RESULTS: 56 cases were treated with a total effective rate of 96%. CONCLUSION: Nocturnal enuresis is a condition due to imbalance between the Heart Channel and Bladder Channel. Shenmen (HT 7), a point pertaining to the Heart Channel of Hand-Shaoyin and Weizhong (BL 40), a point pertaining to the Bladder Channel of Foot-Taiyang are selected as the main points, with a good result.  (+info)

Contralateral acupuncture versus ipsilateral acupuncture in the rehabilitation of post-stroke hemiplegic patients: a systematic review. (6/15)

 (+info)

Electrical impedance of acupuncture meridians: the relevance of subcutaneous collagenous bands. (7/15)

 (+info)

Ancient Chinese medicine and mechanistic evidence of acupuncture physiology. (8/15)

 (+info)

Acupuncture points, also known as "acupoints," are specific locations on the body that are used in acupuncture therapy. These points are believed to correspond to underlying pathways, or meridians, through which vital energy, or "qi" (pronounced "chee"), flows.

Acupuncture points are typically found along these meridians and are thought to have specific therapeutic properties. According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, stimulating these points with needles, heat, pressure, or electrical impulses can help restore the balance of qi and promote healing in the body.

There are over 360 acupuncture points identified in TCM, each with its own name, location, and set of indications for use. Modern research has attempted to identify the anatomical structures underlying these points, with some studies suggesting that they may correspond to nerve bundles, blood vessels, or other physiological features. However, the exact mechanisms by which acupuncture works remain a topic of ongoing scientific investigation and debate.

Acupuncture is a form of traditional Chinese medicine that involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body to stimulate the body's natural healing processes. According to traditional Chinese medicine theory, energy (known as "qi" or "chi") flows through the body along pathways called meridians. Acupuncture is believed to help restore the flow of qi and improve the balance of the body's energy.

In modern medical practice, acupuncture is often used to treat pain, including chronic pain, muscle stiffness, and headaches. It is also sometimes used to treat conditions such as nausea and vomiting, insomnia, and addiction. The precise mechanism by which acupuncture works is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve the release of natural pain-relieving chemicals called endorphins, as well as other physiological changes in the body. Acupuncture is generally considered safe when performed by a qualified practitioner, and side effects are typically mild and temporary.

Astigmatism is a common eye condition that occurs when the cornea or lens has an irregular shape, causing blurred or distorted vision. The cornea and lens are typically smooth and curved uniformly in all directions, allowing light to focus clearly on the retina. However, if the cornea or lens is not smoothly curved and has a steeper curve in one direction than the other, it causes light to focus unevenly on the retina, leading to astigmatism.

Astigmatism can cause blurred vision at all distances, as well as eye strain, headaches, and fatigue. It is often present from birth and can be hereditary, but it can also develop later in life due to eye injuries or surgery. Astigmatism can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK.

Visual fields refer to the total area in which objects can be seen while keeping the eyes focused on a central point. It is the entire area that can be observed using peripheral (side) vision while the eye gazes at a fixed point. A visual field test is used to detect blind spots or gaps (scotomas) in a person's vision, which could indicate various medical conditions such as glaucoma, retinal damage, optic nerve disease, brain tumors, or strokes. The test measures both the central and peripheral vision and maps the entire area that can be seen when focusing on a single point.

In the context of traditional Chinese medicine, meridians are believed to be energy pathways or channels within the body through which Qi (vital energy) flows. There are said to be 12 main meridians and eight extra meridians that connect various organs and systems in the body. According to this belief, blockages or imbalances in the flow of Qi through these meridians can lead to illness or disease.

It's important to note that this concept of meridians is not recognized by modern Western medicine. The anatomical structures and physiological functions of meridians have not been scientifically validated, and the theories surrounding them are considered alternative or complementary medicine approaches.

Corneal topography is a non-invasive medical imaging technique used to create a detailed map of the surface curvature of the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. This procedure provides valuable information about the shape and condition of the cornea, helping eye care professionals assess various eye conditions such as astigmatism, keratoconus, and other corneal abnormalities. It can also be used in contact lens fitting, refractive surgery planning, and post-surgical evaluation.

Retinoscopy is a diagnostic technique used in optometry and ophthalmology to estimate the refractive error of the eye, or in other words, to determine the prescription for eyeglasses or contact lenses. This procedure involves shining a light into the patient's pupil and observing the reflection off the retina while introducing different lenses in front of the patient's eye. The examiner then uses specific movements and observations to determine the amount and type of refractive error, such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, or presbyopia. Retinoscopy is a fundamental skill for eye care professionals and helps ensure that patients receive accurate prescriptions for corrective lenses.

Ocular refraction is a medical term that refers to the bending of light as it passes through the optical media of the eye, including the cornea and lens. This process allows the eye to focus light onto the retina, creating a clear image. The refractive power of the eye is determined by the curvature and transparency of these structures.

In a normal eye, light rays are bent or refracted in such a way that they converge at a single point on the retina, producing a sharp and focused image. However, if the curvature of the cornea or lens is too steep or too flat, the light rays may not converge properly, resulting in a refractive error such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), or astigmatism.

Ocular refraction can be measured using a variety of techniques, including retinoscopy, automated refraction, and subjective refraction. These measurements are used to determine the appropriate prescription for corrective lenses such as eyeglasses or contact lenses. In some cases, ocular refractive errors may be corrected surgically through procedures such as LASIK or PRK.

Electroacupuncture is a form of acupuncture where a small electric current is passed between pairs of acupuncture needles. This technique is used to stimulate the acupoints more strongly and consistently than with manual acupuncture. The intensity of the electrical impulses can be adjusted depending on the patient's comfort level and the desired therapeutic effect. Electroacupuncture is often used to treat conditions such as chronic pain, muscle spasms, and paralysis. It may also be used in the treatment of addiction, weight loss, and stroke rehabilitation.

Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a common refractive error of the eye. It occurs when the eye is either too long or the cornea (the clear front part of the eye) is too curved. As a result, light rays focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it, causing distant objects to appear blurry while close objects remain clear.

Myopia typically develops during childhood and can progress gradually or rapidly until early adulthood. It can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK. Regular eye examinations are essential for people with myopia to monitor any changes in their prescription and ensure proper correction.

While myopia is generally not a serious condition, high levels of nearsightedness can increase the risk of certain eye diseases, including cataracts, glaucoma, retinal detachment, and myopic degeneration. Therefore, it's crucial to manage myopia effectively and maintain regular follow-ups with an eye care professional.

Acupuncture therapy is a form of traditional Chinese medicine that involves the insertion of thin needles into specific points on the body to stimulate the flow of energy (Qi), balance the vital force (Chi), and promote healing. It is based on the concept of meridians, or pathways, through which this energy flows. Acupuncture therapy is used to treat a variety of conditions, including pain, stress, anxiety, insomnia, digestive disorders, and reproductive health issues. According to Western medicine, acupuncture may work by stimulating the nervous system, increasing blood flow, and releasing natural pain-relieving chemicals called endorphins. It is generally considered safe when performed by a qualified practitioner using sterile needles.

Emmetropia is a term used in optometry and ophthalmology to describe a state where the eye's optical power is perfectly matched to the length of the eye. As a result, light rays entering the eye are focused directly on the retina, creating a clear image without the need for correction with glasses or contact lenses. It is the opposite of myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), or astigmatism, where the light rays are not properly focused on the retina, leading to blurry vision. Emmetropia is considered a normal and ideal eye condition.

Hyperopia, also known as farsightedness, is a refractive error in which the eye does not focus light directly on the retina when looking at a distant object. Instead, light is focused behind the retina, causing close-up objects to appear blurry. This condition usually results from the eyeball being too short or the cornea having too little curvature. It can be corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery.

Ocular accommodation is the process by which the eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies. This is primarily achieved by the lens of the eye changing shape through the action of the ciliary muscles inside the eye. When you look at something far away, the lens becomes flatter, and when you look at something close up, the lens thickens. This ability to adjust focus allows for clear vision at different distances.

The Bowman membrane, also known as the Bowman's capsule, is a part of the nephron in the kidney. It is the outermost layer of the renal corpuscle and surrounds the glomerulus. The primary function of the Bowman membrane is to filter blood and produce urine.

The Bowman membrane is composed of two layers: an inner visceral layer, which is closely applied to the glomerular capillaries, and an outer parietal layer, which forms the inner lining of the Bowman's capsule. The space between these two layers is called the urinary space or Bowman's space.

The filtration process in the Bowman membrane allows for the passage of small molecules such as water, glucose, and amino acids from the blood into the urinary space, while larger molecules like proteins and blood cells are retained in the bloodstream. The fluid that passes through the Bowman membrane then flows into the tubular part of the nephron, where it is further modified before being excreted as urine.

The fovea centralis, also known as the macula lutea, is a small pit or depression located in the center of the retina, an light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. It is responsible for sharp, detailed vision (central vision) and color perception. The fovea contains only cones, the photoreceptor cells that are responsible for color vision and high visual acuity. It has a higher concentration of cones than any other area in the retina, allowing it to provide the greatest detail and color discrimination. The center of the fovea is called the foveola, which contains the highest density of cones and is avascular, meaning it lacks blood vessels to avoid interfering with the light passing through to the photoreceptor cells.

An Eye Bank is an organization that collects, stores, and distributes donated human eyes for corneal transplantation and other ocular medical research purposes. The eye bank's primary function is to ensure the quality of the donated tissue and make it available for those in need of sight-restoring procedures.

The cornea, the clear front part of the eye, can be surgically transplanted from a deceased donor to a recipient with corneal damage or disease, thereby improving or restoring their vision. The eye bank's role includes obtaining consent for donation, retrieving the eyes from the donor, evaluating the tissue for suitability, preserving it properly, and then allocating it to surgeons for transplantation.

Eye banks follow strict medical guidelines and adhere to ethical standards to ensure the safety and quality of the donated tissues. The process involves screening potential donors for infectious diseases and other conditions that may affect the quality or safety of the cornea. Once deemed suitable, the corneas are carefully removed, preserved in specific solutions, and stored until they are needed for transplantation.

In addition to corneal transplants, eye banks also support research and education in ophthalmology by providing human eye tissues for various studies aimed at advancing our understanding of eye diseases and developing new treatments.

"Qi" is a concept in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and martial arts that refers to a vital energy or life force that is believed to flow through the body. It is considered to be essential for maintaining good health and can be influenced by various factors such as diet, exercise, emotions, and environment. However, it's important to note that "Qi" is not a term recognized in modern Western medicine and its definition and significance are based on cultural and philosophical beliefs rather than scientific evidence.

The visual cortex is the part of the brain that processes visual information. It is located in the occipital lobe, which is at the back of the brain. The visual cortex is responsible for receiving and interpreting signals from the retina, which are then transmitted through the optic nerve and optic tract.

The visual cortex contains several areas that are involved in different aspects of visual processing, such as identifying shapes, colors, and movements. These areas work together to help us recognize and understand what we see. Damage to the visual cortex can result in various visual impairments, such as blindness or difficulty with visual perception.

Contrast sensitivity is a measure of the ability to distinguish between an object and its background based on differences in contrast, rather than differences in luminance. Contrast refers to the difference in light intensity between an object and its immediate surroundings. Contrast sensitivity is typically measured using specially designed charts that have patterns of parallel lines with varying widths and contrast levels.

In clinical settings, contrast sensitivity is often assessed as part of a comprehensive visual examination. Poor contrast sensitivity can affect a person's ability to perform tasks such as reading, driving, or distinguishing objects from their background, especially in low-light conditions. Reduced contrast sensitivity is a common symptom of various eye conditions, including cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration.

Refractive errors are a group of vision conditions that include nearsightedness (myopia), farsightedness (hyperopia), astigmatism, and presbyopia. These conditions occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, causing blurred or distorted vision.

Myopia is a condition where distant objects appear blurry while close-up objects are clear. This occurs when the eye is too long or the cornea is too curved, causing light to focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it.

Hyperopia, on the other hand, is a condition where close-up objects appear blurry while distant objects are clear. This happens when the eye is too short or the cornea is not curved enough, causing light to focus behind the retina.

Astigmatism is a condition that causes blurred vision at all distances due to an irregularly shaped cornea or lens.

Presbyopia is a natural aging process that affects everyone as they get older, usually around the age of 40. It causes difficulty focusing on close-up objects and can be corrected with reading glasses, bifocals, or progressive lenses.

Refractive errors can be diagnosed through a comprehensive eye exam and are typically corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery such as LASIK.

Hemianopsia is a medical term that refers to a loss of vision in half of the visual field in one or both eyes. It can be either homonymous (the same side in both eyes) or heteronymous (different sides in each eye). Hemianopsia usually results from damage to the optic radiations or occipital cortex in the brain, often due to stroke, trauma, tumor, or other neurological conditions. It can significantly impact a person's daily functioning and may require visual rehabilitation to help compensate for the vision loss.

Tamaricaceae is not a medical term, but a botanical term referring to a family of flowering plants known as the tamarisk family. It includes trees and shrubs that are often found in dry or saline habitats. Some species in this family have been used in traditional medicine, although it's important to note that the use of botanicals for medicinal purposes should be done under the guidance of a healthcare provider due to potential risks and interactions with other medications.

Connective tissue is a type of biological tissue that provides support, strength, and protection to various structures in the body. It is composed of cells called fibroblasts, which produce extracellular matrix components such as collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans. These components give connective tissue its unique properties, including tensile strength, elasticity, and resistance to compression.

There are several types of connective tissue in the body, each with its own specific functions and characteristics. Some examples include:

1. Loose or Areolar Connective Tissue: This type of connective tissue is found throughout the body and provides cushioning and support to organs and other structures. It contains a large amount of ground substance, which allows for the movement and gliding of adjacent tissues.
2. Dense Connective Tissue: This type of connective tissue has a higher concentration of collagen fibers than loose connective tissue, making it stronger and less flexible. Dense connective tissue can be further divided into two categories: regular (or parallel) and irregular. Regular dense connective tissue, such as tendons and ligaments, has collagen fibers that run parallel to each other, providing great tensile strength. Irregular dense connective tissue, such as the dermis of the skin, has collagen fibers arranged in a more haphazard pattern, providing support and flexibility.
3. Adipose Tissue: This type of connective tissue is primarily composed of fat cells called adipocytes. Adipose tissue serves as an energy storage reservoir and provides insulation and cushioning to the body.
4. Cartilage: A firm, flexible type of connective tissue that contains chondrocytes within a matrix of collagen and proteoglycans. Cartilage is found in various parts of the body, including the joints, nose, ears, and trachea.
5. Bone: A specialized form of connective tissue that consists of an organic matrix (mainly collagen) and an inorganic mineral component (hydroxyapatite). Bone provides structural support to the body and serves as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate ions.
6. Blood: Although not traditionally considered connective tissue, blood does contain elements of connective tissue, such as plasma proteins and leukocytes (white blood cells). Blood transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.

Reagent kits, diagnostic are prepackaged sets of chemical reagents and other components designed for performing specific diagnostic tests or assays. These kits are often used in clinical laboratories to detect and measure the presence or absence of various biomarkers, such as proteins, antibodies, antigens, nucleic acids, or small molecules, in biological samples like blood, urine, or tissues.

Diagnostic reagent kits typically contain detailed instructions for their use, along with the necessary reagents, controls, and sometimes specialized equipment or supplies. They are designed to simplify the testing process, reduce human error, and increase standardization, ensuring accurate and reliable results. Examples of diagnostic reagent kits include those used for pregnancy tests, infectious disease screening, drug testing, genetic testing, and cancer biomarker detection.

A visual field test is a method used to measure an individual's entire scope of vision, which includes what can be seen straight ahead and in peripheral (or side) vision. During the test, the person being tested is asked to focus on a central point while gradually identifying the appearance of objects moving into their peripheral vision. The visual field test helps detect blind spots (scotomas) or gaps in the visual field, which can be caused by various conditions such as glaucoma, brain injury, optic nerve damage, or retinal disorders. It's an essential tool for diagnosing and monitoring eye-related diseases and conditions.

Photic stimulation is a medical term that refers to the exposure of the eyes to light, specifically repetitive pulses of light, which is used as a method in various research and clinical settings. In neuroscience, it's often used in studies related to vision, circadian rhythms, and brain function.

In a clinical context, photic stimulation is sometimes used in the diagnosis of certain medical conditions such as seizure disorders (like epilepsy). By observing the response of the brain to this light stimulus, doctors can gain valuable insights into the functioning of the brain and the presence of any neurological disorders.

However, it's important to note that photic stimulation should be conducted under the supervision of a trained healthcare professional, as improper use can potentially trigger seizures in individuals who are susceptible to them.

The retina is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrates and some cephalopods. It receives light that has been focused by the cornea and lens, converts it into neural signals, and sends these to the brain via the optic nerve. The retina contains several types of photoreceptor cells including rods (which handle vision in low light) and cones (which are active in bright light and are capable of color vision).

In medical terms, any pathological changes or diseases affecting the retinal structure and function can lead to visual impairment or blindness. Examples include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, and retinitis pigmentosa among others.

The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. It plays a crucial role in focusing vision. The cornea protects the eye from harmful particles and microorganisms, and it also serves as a barrier against UV light. Its transparency allows light to pass through and get focused onto the retina. The cornea does not contain blood vessels, so it relies on tears and the fluid inside the eye (aqueous humor) for nutrition and oxygen. Any damage or disease that affects its clarity and shape can significantly impact vision and potentially lead to blindness if left untreated.

Ocular fixation is a term used in ophthalmology and optometry to refer to the ability of the eyes to maintain steady gaze or visual focus on an object. It involves the coordinated movement of the extraocular muscles that control eye movements, allowing for clear and stable vision.

In medical terminology, fixation specifically refers to the state in which the eyes are aligned and focused on a single point in space. This is important for maintaining visual perception and preventing blurring or double vision. Ocular fixation can be affected by various factors such as muscle weakness, nerve damage, or visual processing disorders.

Assessment of ocular fixation is often used in eye examinations to evaluate visual acuity, eye alignment, and muscle function. Abnormalities in fixation may indicate the presence of underlying eye conditions or developmental delays that require further investigation and treatment.

Visual perception refers to the ability to interpret and organize information that comes from our eyes to recognize and understand what we are seeing. It involves several cognitive processes such as pattern recognition, size estimation, movement detection, and depth perception. Visual perception allows us to identify objects, navigate through space, and interact with our environment. Deficits in visual perception can lead to learning difficulties and disabilities.

Visual acuity is a measure of the sharpness or clarity of vision. It is usually tested by reading an eye chart from a specific distance, such as 20 feet (6 meters). The standard eye chart used for this purpose is called the Snellen chart, which contains rows of letters that decrease in size as you read down the chart.

Visual acuity is typically expressed as a fraction, with the numerator representing the testing distance and the denominator indicating the smallest line of type that can be read clearly. For example, if a person can read the line on the eye chart that corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/20, it means they have normal vision at 20 feet. If their visual acuity is 20/40, it means they must be as close as 20 feet to see what someone with normal vision can see at 40 feet.

It's important to note that visual acuity is just one aspect of overall vision and does not necessarily reflect other important factors such as peripheral vision, depth perception, color vision, or contrast sensitivity.

Visual pathways, also known as the visual system or the optic pathway, refer to the series of specialized neurons in the nervous system that transmit visual information from the eyes to the brain. This complex network includes the retina, optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, pulvinar, and the primary and secondary visual cortices located in the occipital lobe of the brain.

The process begins when light enters the eye and strikes the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) in the retina, converting the light energy into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted to bipolar cells and subsequently to ganglion cells, whose axons form the optic nerve. The fibers from each eye's nasal hemiretina cross at the optic chiasma, while those from the temporal hemiretina continue without crossing. This results in the formation of the optic tract, which carries visual information from both eyes to the opposite side of the brain.

The majority of fibers in the optic tract synapse with neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a part of the thalamus. The LGN sends this information to the primary visual cortex, also known as V1 or Brodmann area 17, located in the occipital lobe. Here, simple features like lines and edges are initially processed. Further processing occurs in secondary (V2) and tertiary (V3-V5) visual cortices, where more complex features such as shape, motion, and depth are analyzed. Ultimately, this information is integrated to form our perception of the visual world.

Tetrahymena pyriformis is not a medical term, but rather it's a species of ciliated protozoan that is commonly used in biological research. Here's a scientific definition:

Tetrahymena pyriformis is a free-living, freshwater ciliate protozoan species with a pear-shaped (pyriform) morphology. It belongs to the genus Tetrahymena and the family Euplotidae in the phylum Ciliophora. This microorganism is widely used as a model organism in various research fields, including cell biology, genetics, and molecular biology. Its relatively large size (50-60 µm), rapid growth rate, and ease of culturing make it an ideal subject for experimental studies. Tetrahymena pyriformis has complex cellular structures, such as macronuclei and micronuclei, which are involved in its reproduction and genetic inheritance. Additionally, this species is known for its ability to undergo rapid evolutionary changes, making it a valuable tool for studying evolution and adaptation.

Space perception, in the context of neuroscience and psychology, refers to the ability to perceive and understand the spatial arrangement of objects and their relationship to oneself. It involves integrating various sensory inputs such as visual, auditory, tactile, and proprioceptive information to create a coherent three-dimensional representation of our environment.

This cognitive process enables us to judge distances, sizes, shapes, and movements of objects around us. It also helps us navigate through space, reach for objects, avoid obstacles, and maintain balance. Disorders in space perception can lead to difficulties in performing everyday activities and may be associated with neurological conditions such as stroke, brain injury, or neurodevelopmental disorders like autism.

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a system of medicine that has been developed in China over thousands of years. It is based on the philosophy that the body's vital energy (Qi) circulates through a network of channels called meridians, and that disease results from an imbalance or blockage in this flow of Qi.

TCM uses a variety of treatments to restore balance and promote health, including acupuncture, herbal medicine, moxibustion (the burning of herbs near the skin), cupping, dietary therapy, and tuina (Chinese massage). The use of Chinese herbal medicines is a major component of TCM, with formulas often consisting of combinations of several different herbs tailored to the individual patient's needs.

In addition to these treatments, TCM practitioners may also use diagnostic techniques such as pulse diagnosis and tongue examination to assess a person's overall health and determine the underlying cause of their symptoms. The goal of TCM is not only to treat specific symptoms or diseases but to address the root causes of illness and promote overall wellness.

Eyeglasses are a medical device used to correct vision problems. Also known as spectacles, they consist of frames that hold one or more lenses through which a person looks to see clearly. The lenses may be made of glass or plastic and are designed to compensate for various visual impairments such as nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism, or presbyopia. Eyeglasses can be custom-made to fit an individual's face and prescription, and they come in a variety of styles, colors, and materials. Some people wear eyeglasses all the time, while others may only need to wear them for certain activities such as reading or driving.

Monocular vision refers to the ability to see and process visual information using only one eye. It is the type of vision that an individual has when they are using only one eye to look at something, while the other eye may be covered or not functioning. This can be contrasted with binocular vision, which involves the use of both eyes working together to provide depth perception and a single, combined visual field.

Monocular vision is important for tasks that only require the use of one eye, such as when looking through a microscope or using a telescope. However, it does not provide the same level of depth perception and spatial awareness as binocular vision. In some cases, individuals may have reduced visual acuity or other visual impairments in one eye, leading to limited monocular vision in that eye. It is important for individuals with monocular vision to have regular eye exams to monitor their eye health and ensure that any visual impairments are detected and treated promptly.

A stomach ulcer, also known as a gastric ulcer, is a sore that forms in the lining of the stomach. It's caused by a breakdown in the mucous layer that protects the stomach from digestive juices, allowing acid to come into contact with the stomach lining and cause an ulcer. The most common causes are bacterial infection (usually by Helicobacter pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Stomach ulcers may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, heartburn, and nausea. If left untreated, they can lead to more serious complications like internal bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.

Electric impedance is a measure of opposition to the flow of alternating current (AC) in an electrical circuit or component, caused by both resistance (ohmic) and reactance (capacitive and inductive). It is expressed as a complex number, with the real part representing resistance and the imaginary part representing reactance. The unit of electric impedance is the ohm (Ω).

In the context of medical devices, electric impedance may be used to measure various physiological parameters, such as tissue conductivity or fluid composition. For example, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) uses electrical impedance to estimate body composition, including fat mass and lean muscle mass. Similarly, electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a medical imaging technique that uses electric impedance to create images of internal organs and tissues.

Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses low-coherence light to capture high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissues, particularly the retina and other ocular structures. OCT works by measuring the echo time delay of light scattered back from different depths within the tissue, creating a detailed map of the tissue's structure. This technique is widely used in ophthalmology to diagnose and monitor various eye conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.

'Clostridium difficile' (also known as 'C. difficile' or 'C. diff') is a type of Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that can be found in the environment, including in soil, water, and human and animal feces. It is a common cause of healthcare-associated infections, particularly in individuals who have recently received antibiotics or have other underlying health conditions that weaken their immune system.

C. difficile produces toxins that can cause a range of symptoms, from mild diarrhea to severe colitis (inflammation of the colon) and potentially life-threatening complications such as sepsis and toxic megacolon. The most common toxins produced by C. difficile are called TcdA and TcdB, which damage the lining of the intestine and cause inflammation.

C. difficile infections (CDIs) can be difficult to treat, particularly in severe cases or in patients who have recurrent infections. Treatment typically involves discontinuing any unnecessary antibiotics, if possible, and administering specific antibiotics that are effective against C. difficile, such as metronidazole, vancomycin, or fidaxomicin. In some cases, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may be recommended as a last resort for patients with recurrent or severe CDIs who have not responded to other treatments.

Preventing the spread of C. difficile is critical in healthcare settings, and includes measures such as hand hygiene, contact precautions, environmental cleaning, and antibiotic stewardship programs that promote the appropriate use of antibiotics.

Psychophysics is not a medical term per se, but rather a subfield of psychology and neuroscience that studies the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they produce. It involves the quantitative investigation of psychological functions, such as how brightness or loudness is perceived relative to the physical intensity of light or sound.

In medical contexts, psychophysical methods may be used in research or clinical settings to understand how patients with neurological conditions or sensory impairments perceive and respond to different stimuli. This information can inform diagnostic assessments, treatment planning, and rehabilitation strategies.

Ocular vision refers to the ability to process and interpret visual information that is received by the eyes. This includes the ability to see clearly and make sense of the shapes, colors, and movements of objects in the environment. The ocular system, which includes the eye and related structures such as the optic nerve and visual cortex of the brain, works together to enable vision.

There are several components of ocular vision, including:

* Visual acuity: the clarity or sharpness of vision
* Field of vision: the extent of the visual world that is visible at any given moment
* Color vision: the ability to distinguish different colors
* Depth perception: the ability to judge the distance of objects in three-dimensional space
* Contrast sensitivity: the ability to distinguish an object from its background based on differences in contrast

Disorders of ocular vision can include refractive errors such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, as well as more serious conditions such as cataracts, glaucoma, and macular degeneration. These conditions can affect one or more aspects of ocular vision and may require medical treatment to prevent further vision loss.

Binocular vision refers to the ability to use both eyes together to create a single, three-dimensional image of our surroundings. This is achieved through a process called binocular fusion, where the images from each eye are aligned and combined in the brain to form a unified perception.

The term "binocular vision" specifically refers to the way that our visual system integrates information from both eyes to create depth perception and enhance visual clarity. When we view an object with both eyes, they focus on the same point in space and send slightly different images to the brain due to their slightly different positions. The brain then combines these images to create a single, three-dimensional image that allows us to perceive depth and distance.

Binocular vision is important for many everyday activities, such as driving, reading, and playing sports. Disorders of binocular vision can lead to symptoms such as double vision, eye strain, and difficulty with depth perception.

Amblyopia is a medical condition that affects the visual system, specifically the way the brain and eyes work together. It is often referred to as "lazy eye" and is characterized by reduced vision in one or both eyes that is not correctable with glasses or contact lenses alone. This occurs because the brain favors one eye over the other, causing the weaker eye to become neglected and underdeveloped.

Amblyopia can result from various conditions such as strabismus (eye misalignment), anisometropia (significant difference in prescription between the two eyes), or deprivation (such as a cataract that blocks light from entering the eye). Treatment for amblyopia typically involves correcting any underlying refractive errors, patching or blurring the stronger eye to force the weaker eye to work, and/or vision therapy. Early intervention is crucial to achieve optimal visual outcomes.

In a medical context, "orientation" typically refers to an individual's awareness and understanding of their personal identity, place, time, and situation. It is a critical component of cognitive functioning and mental status. Healthcare professionals often assess a person's orientation during clinical evaluations, using tests that inquire about their name, location, the current date, and the circumstances of their hospitalization or visit.

There are different levels of orientation:

1. Person (or self): The individual knows their own identity, including their name, age, and other personal details.
2. Place: The individual is aware of where they are, such as the name of the city, hospital, or healthcare facility.
3. Time: The individual can accurately state the current date, day of the week, month, and year.
4. Situation or event: The individual understands why they are in the healthcare setting, what happened leading to their hospitalization or visit, and the nature of any treatments or procedures they are undergoing.

Impairments in orientation can be indicative of various neurological or psychiatric conditions, such as delirium, dementia, or substance intoxication or withdrawal. It is essential for healthcare providers to monitor and address orientation issues to ensure appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and patient safety.

Latex fixation tests are diagnostic procedures used to detect the presence of certain antigens or antibodies in a patient's sample, such as blood or serum. These tests use latex particles that are coated with specific antigens or antibodies that can bind to complementary antigens or antibodies present in the sample. When the sample is added to the latex reagent, if the specific antigen or antibody is present, they will bind to the latex particles, forming an agglutination reaction that can be seen as a visible clumping or agglutination of the latex particles.

Latex fixation tests are commonly used in the diagnosis of infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and genetic disorders. For example, a latex fixation test may be used to detect the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae antigens in a patient's sputum sample or to identify the presence of rheumatoid factor (RF) antibodies in a patient's blood sample. These tests are known for their simplicity, speed, and sensitivity, making them a valuable tool in clinical laboratories.

The corpus callosum is the largest collection of white matter in the brain, consisting of approximately 200 million nerve fibers. It is a broad, flat band of tissue that connects the two hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to communicate and coordinate information processing. The corpus callosum plays a crucial role in integrating sensory, motor, and cognitive functions between the two sides of the brain. Damage to the corpus callosum can result in various neurological symptoms, including difficulties with movement, speech, memory, and social behavior.

Immunoenzyme techniques are a group of laboratory methods used in immunology and clinical chemistry that combine the specificity of antibody-antigen reactions with the sensitivity and amplification capabilities of enzyme reactions. These techniques are primarily used for the detection, quantitation, or identification of various analytes (such as proteins, hormones, drugs, viruses, or bacteria) in biological samples.

In immunoenzyme techniques, an enzyme is linked to an antibody or antigen, creating a conjugate. This conjugate then interacts with the target analyte in the sample, forming an immune complex. The presence and amount of this immune complex can be visualized or measured by detecting the enzymatic activity associated with it.

There are several types of immunoenzyme techniques, including:

1. Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): A widely used method for detecting and quantifying various analytes in a sample. In ELISA, an enzyme is attached to either the capture antibody or the detection antibody. After the immune complex formation, a substrate is added that reacts with the enzyme, producing a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically.
2. Immunoblotting (Western blot): A method used for detecting specific proteins in a complex mixture, such as a protein extract from cells or tissues. In this technique, proteins are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred to a membrane, where they are probed with an enzyme-conjugated antibody directed against the target protein.
3. Immunohistochemistry (IHC): A method used for detecting specific antigens in tissue sections or cells. In IHC, an enzyme-conjugated primary or secondary antibody is applied to the sample, and the presence of the antigen is visualized using a chromogenic substrate that produces a colored product at the site of the antigen-antibody interaction.
4. Immunofluorescence (IF): A method used for detecting specific antigens in cells or tissues by employing fluorophore-conjugated antibodies. The presence of the antigen is visualized using a fluorescence microscope.
5. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): A method used for detecting and quantifying specific antigens or antibodies in liquid samples, such as serum or culture supernatants. In ELISA, an enzyme-conjugated detection antibody is added after the immune complex formation, and a substrate is added that reacts with the enzyme to produce a colored product that can be measured spectrophotometrically.

These techniques are widely used in research and diagnostic laboratories for various applications, including protein characterization, disease diagnosis, and monitoring treatment responses.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

A surgical flap is a specialized type of surgical procedure where a section of living tissue (including skin, fat, muscle, and/or blood vessels) is lifted from its original site and moved to another location, while still maintaining a blood supply through its attached pedicle. This technique allows the surgeon to cover and reconstruct defects or wounds that cannot be closed easily with simple suturing or stapling.

Surgical flaps can be classified based on their vascularity, type of tissue involved, or method of transfer. The choice of using a specific type of surgical flap depends on the location and size of the defect, the patient's overall health, and the surgeon's expertise. Some common types of surgical flaps include:

1. Random-pattern flaps: These flaps are based on random blood vessels within the tissue and are typically used for smaller defects in areas with good vascularity, such as the face or scalp.
2. Axial pattern flaps: These flaps are designed based on a known major blood vessel and its branches, allowing them to cover larger defects or reach distant sites. Examples include the radial forearm flap and the anterolateral thigh flap.
3. Local flaps: These flaps involve tissue adjacent to the wound and can be further classified into advancement, rotation, transposition, and interpolation flaps based on their movement and orientation.
4. Distant flaps: These flaps are harvested from a distant site and then transferred to the defect after being tunneled beneath the skin or through a separate incision. Examples include the groin flap and the latissimus dorsi flap.
5. Free flaps: In these flaps, the tissue is completely detached from its original blood supply and then reattached at the new site using microvascular surgical techniques. This allows for greater flexibility in terms of reach and placement but requires specialized expertise and equipment.

Surgical flaps play a crucial role in reconstructive surgery, helping to restore form and function after trauma, tumor removal, or other conditions that result in tissue loss.

Dark adaptation is the process by which the eyes adjust to low levels of light. This process allows the eyes to become more sensitive to light and see better in the dark. It involves the dilation of the pupils, as well as chemical changes in the rods and cones (photoreceptor cells) of the retina. These changes allow the eye to detect even small amounts of light and improve visual acuity in low-light conditions. Dark adaptation typically takes several minutes to occur fully, but can be faster or slower depending on various factors such as age, prior exposure to light, and certain medical conditions. It is an important process for maintaining good vision in a variety of lighting conditions.

Suture techniques refer to the various methods used by surgeons to sew or stitch together tissues in the body after an injury, trauma, or surgical incision. The main goal of suturing is to approximate and hold the edges of the wound together, allowing for proper healing and minimizing scar formation.

There are several types of suture techniques, including:

1. Simple Interrupted Suture: This is one of the most basic suture techniques where the needle is passed through the tissue at a right angle, creating a loop that is then tightened to approximate the wound edges. Multiple stitches are placed along the length of the incision or wound.
2. Continuous Locking Suture: In this technique, the needle is passed continuously through the tissue in a zigzag pattern, with each stitch locking into the previous one. This creates a continuous line of sutures that provides strong tension and support to the wound edges.
3. Running Suture: Similar to the continuous locking suture, this technique involves passing the needle continuously through the tissue in a straight line. However, instead of locking each stitch, the needle is simply passed through the previous loop before being tightened. This creates a smooth and uninterrupted line of sutures that can be easily removed after healing.
4. Horizontal Mattress Suture: In this technique, two parallel stitches are placed horizontally across the wound edges, creating a "mattress" effect that provides additional support and tension to the wound. This is particularly useful in deep or irregularly shaped wounds.
5. Vertical Mattress Suture: Similar to the horizontal mattress suture, this technique involves placing two parallel stitches vertically across the wound edges. This creates a more pronounced "mattress" effect that can help reduce tension and minimize scarring.
6. Subcuticular Suture: In this technique, the needle is passed just below the surface of the skin, creating a smooth and barely visible line of sutures. This is particularly useful in cosmetic surgery or areas where minimizing scarring is important.

The choice of suture technique depends on various factors such as the location and size of the wound, the type of tissue involved, and the patient's individual needs and preferences. Proper suture placement and tension are crucial for optimal healing and aesthetic outcomes.

The eye is the organ of sight, primarily responsible for detecting and focusing on visual stimuli. It is a complex structure composed of various parts that work together to enable vision. Here are some of the main components of the eye:

1. Cornea: The clear front part of the eye that refracts light entering the eye and protects the eye from harmful particles and microorganisms.
2. Iris: The colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light reaching the retina by adjusting the size of the pupil.
3. Pupil: The opening in the center of the iris that allows light to enter the eye.
4. Lens: A biconvex structure located behind the iris that further refracts light and focuses it onto the retina.
5. Retina: A layer of light-sensitive cells (rods and cones) at the back of the eye that convert light into electrical signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via the optic nerve.
6. Optic Nerve: The nerve that carries visual information from the retina to the brain.
7. Vitreous: A clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina, providing structural support to the eye.
8. Conjunctiva: A thin, transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids.
9. Extraocular Muscles: Six muscles that control the movement of the eye, allowing for proper alignment and focus.

The eye is a remarkable organ that allows us to perceive and interact with our surroundings. Various medical specialties, such as ophthalmology and optometry, are dedicated to the diagnosis, treatment, and management of various eye conditions and diseases.

"Evaluation studies" is a broad term that refers to the systematic assessment or examination of a program, project, policy, intervention, or product. The goal of an evaluation study is to determine its merits, worth, and value by measuring its effects, efficiency, and impact. There are different types of evaluation studies, including formative evaluations (conducted during the development or implementation of a program to provide feedback for improvement), summative evaluations (conducted at the end of a program to determine its overall effectiveness), process evaluations (focusing on how a program is implemented and delivered), outcome evaluations (assessing the short-term and intermediate effects of a program), and impact evaluations (measuring the long-term and broad consequences of a program).

In medical contexts, evaluation studies are often used to assess the safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of new treatments, interventions, or technologies. These studies can help healthcare providers make informed decisions about patient care, guide policymakers in developing evidence-based policies, and promote accountability and transparency in healthcare systems. Examples of evaluation studies in medicine include randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compare the outcomes of a new treatment to those of a standard or placebo treatment, observational studies that examine the real-world effectiveness and safety of interventions, and economic evaluations that assess the costs and benefits of different healthcare options.

Eye movements, also known as ocular motility, refer to the voluntary or involuntary motion of the eyes that allows for visual exploration of our environment. There are several types of eye movements, including:

1. Saccades: rapid, ballistic movements that quickly shift the gaze from one point to another.
2. Pursuits: smooth, slow movements that allow the eyes to follow a moving object.
3. Vergences: coordinated movements of both eyes in opposite directions, usually in response to a three-dimensional stimulus.
4. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR): automatic eye movements that help stabilize the gaze during head movement.
5. Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN): rhythmic eye movements that occur in response to large moving visual patterns, such as when looking out of a moving vehicle.

Abnormalities in eye movements can indicate neurological or ophthalmological disorders and are often assessed during clinical examinations.

Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrheal disease caused by microscopic parasites called Cryptosporidium. The parasites are found in the feces of infected animals and humans. People can become infected with Cryptosporidium by ingesting contaminated water or food, or by coming into contact with infected persons or animals.

The infection can cause a wide range of symptoms, including watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. In people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, the infection can be severe and even life-threatening.

Cryptosporidiosis is typically treated with increased fluid intake to prevent dehydration, and in some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage symptoms. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands thoroughly after using the bathroom or changing diapers, can help prevent the spread of Cryptosporidium.

Gastric mucosa refers to the innermost lining of the stomach, which is in contact with the gastric lumen. It is a specialized mucous membrane that consists of epithelial cells, lamina propria, and a thin layer of smooth muscle. The surface epithelium is primarily made up of mucus-secreting cells (goblet cells) and parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, and chief cells, which produce pepsinogen.

The gastric mucosa has several important functions, including protection against self-digestion by the stomach's own digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The mucus layer secreted by the epithelial cells forms a physical barrier that prevents the acidic contents of the stomach from damaging the underlying tissues. Additionally, the bicarbonate ions secreted by the surface epithelial cells help neutralize the acidity in the immediate vicinity of the mucosa.

The gastric mucosa is also responsible for the initial digestion of food through the action of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. The intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells plays a crucial role in the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.

The gastric mucosa is constantly exposed to potential damage from various factors, including acid, pepsin, and other digestive enzymes, as well as mechanical stress due to muscle contractions during digestion. To maintain its integrity, the gastric mucosa has a remarkable capacity for self-repair and regeneration. However, chronic exposure to noxious stimuli or certain medical conditions can lead to inflammation, erosions, ulcers, or even cancer of the gastric mucosa.

Strabismus is a condition of the ocular muscles where the eyes are not aligned properly and point in different directions. One eye may turn inward, outward, upward, or downward while the other one remains fixed and aligns normally. This misalignment can occur occasionally or constantly. Strabismus is also commonly referred to as crossed eyes or walleye. The condition can lead to visual impairments such as amblyopia (lazy eye) and depth perception problems if not treated promptly and effectively, usually through surgery, glasses, or vision therapy.

Organoids are 3D tissue cultures grown from stem cells that mimic the structure and function of specific organs. They are used in research to study development, disease, and potential treatments. The term "organoid" refers to the fact that these cultures can organize themselves into structures that resemble rudimentary organs, with differentiated cell types arranged in a pattern similar to their counterparts in the body. Organoids can be derived from various sources, including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), or adult stem cells, and they provide a valuable tool for studying complex biological processes in a controlled laboratory setting.

"Macaca mulatta" is the scientific name for the Rhesus macaque, a species of monkey that is native to South, Central, and Southeast Asia. They are often used in biomedical research due to their genetic similarity to humans.

Fungal antigens are substances found on or produced by fungi that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. They can be proteins, polysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system. Fungal antigens can be used in diagnostic tests to identify fungal infections, and they can also be targets of immune responses during fungal infections. In some cases, fungal antigens may contribute to the pathogenesis of fungal diseases by inducing inflammatory or allergic reactions. Examples of fungal antigens include the cell wall components of Candida albicans and the extracellular polysaccharide galactomannan produced by Aspergillus fumigatus.

Depth perception is the ability to accurately judge the distance or separation of an object in three-dimensional space. It is a complex visual process that allows us to perceive the world in three dimensions and to understand the spatial relationships between objects.

Depth perception is achieved through a combination of monocular cues, which are visual cues that can be perceived with one eye, and binocular cues, which require input from both eyes. Monocular cues include perspective (the relative size of objects), texture gradients (finer details become smaller as distance increases), and atmospheric perspective (colors become less saturated and lighter in value as distance increases). Binocular cues include convergence (the degree to which the eyes must turn inward to focus on an object) and retinal disparity (the slight difference in the images projected onto the two retinas due to the slightly different positions of the eyes).

Deficits in depth perception can occur due to a variety of factors, including eye disorders, brain injuries, or developmental delays. These deficits can result in difficulties with tasks such as driving, sports, or navigating complex environments. Treatment for depth perception deficits may include vision therapy, corrective lenses, or surgery.

Sensory thresholds are the minimum levels of stimulation that are required to produce a sensation in an individual, as determined through psychophysical testing. These tests measure the point at which a person can just barely detect the presence of a stimulus, such as a sound, light, touch, or smell.

There are two types of sensory thresholds: absolute and difference. Absolute threshold is the minimum level of intensity required to detect a stimulus 50% of the time. Difference threshold, also known as just noticeable difference (JND), is the smallest change in intensity that can be detected between two stimuli.

Sensory thresholds can vary between individuals and are influenced by factors such as age, attention, motivation, and expectations. They are often used in clinical settings to assess sensory function and diagnose conditions such as hearing or vision loss.

A saccade is a quick, rapid, and ballistic conjugate eye movement that shifts the point of fixation from one target to another. It helps in rapidly repositioning the fovea (the central part of the retina with the highest visual acuity) to focus on different targets of interest in the visual scene. Saccades are essential for efficient scanning and exploration of our environment, allowing us to direct our high-resolution vision towards various points of interest. They typically take only about 20-200 milliseconds to complete and can reach peak velocities of up to 500 degrees per second or more, depending on the amplitude of the movement. Saccades are a critical component of normal visual function and are often studied in fields such as ophthalmology, neurology, and neuroscience.

Brain mapping is a broad term that refers to the techniques used to understand the structure and function of the brain. It involves creating maps of the various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes in the brain by correlating these processes with physical locations or activities within the nervous system. Brain mapping can be accomplished through a variety of methods, including functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, electroencephalography (EEG), and others. These techniques allow researchers to observe which areas of the brain are active during different tasks or thoughts, helping to shed light on how the brain processes information and contributes to our experiences and behaviors. Brain mapping is an important area of research in neuroscience, with potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Evoked potentials, visual, also known as visually evoked potentials (VEPs), are electrical responses recorded from the brain following the presentation of a visual stimulus. These responses are typically measured using electroencephalography (EEG) and can provide information about the functioning of the visual pathways in the brain.

There are several types of VEPs, including pattern-reversal VEPs and flash VEPs. Pattern-reversal VEPs are elicited by presenting alternating checkerboard patterns, while flash VEPs are elicited by flashing a light. The responses are typically analyzed in terms of their latency (the time it takes for the response to occur) and amplitude (the size of the response).

VEPs are often used in clinical settings to help diagnose and monitor conditions that affect the visual system, such as multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis, and brainstem tumors. They can also be used in research to study the neural mechanisms underlying visual perception.

Vision disorders refer to a wide range of conditions that affect the visual system and result in various symptoms, such as blurry vision, double vision, distorted vision, impaired depth perception, and difficulty with visual tracking or focusing. These disorders can be categorized into several types, including:

1. Refractive errors: These occur when the shape of the eye prevents light from focusing directly on the retina, resulting in blurry vision. Examples include myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), astigmatism, and presbyopia (age-related loss of near vision).
2. Strabismus: Also known as crossed eyes or walleye, strabismus is a misalignment of the eyes where they point in different directions, which can lead to double vision or loss of depth perception.
3. Amblyopia: Often called lazy eye, amblyopia is a condition where one eye has reduced vision due to lack of proper visual development during childhood. It may be caused by strabismus, refractive errors, or other factors that interfere with normal visual development.
4. Accommodative disorders: These involve problems with the focusing ability of the eyes, such as convergence insufficiency (difficulty focusing on close objects) and accommodative dysfunction (inability to maintain clear vision at different distances).
5. Binocular vision disorders: These affect how the eyes work together as a team, leading to issues like poor depth perception, eye strain, and headaches. Examples include convergence insufficiency, divergence excess, and suppression.
6. Ocular motility disorders: These involve problems with eye movement, such as nystagmus (involuntary eye movements), strabismus, or restricted extraocular muscle function.
7. Visual processing disorders: These affect the brain's ability to interpret and make sense of visual information, even when the eyes themselves are healthy. Symptoms may include difficulty with reading, recognizing shapes and objects, and understanding spatial relationships.
8. Low vision: This term refers to significant visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with glasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery. It includes conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataracts.
9. Blindness: Complete loss of sight in both eyes, which can be caused by various factors such as injury, disease, or genetic conditions.

Visual pattern recognition is the ability to identify and interpret patterns in visual information. In a medical context, it often refers to the process by which healthcare professionals recognize and diagnose medical conditions based on visible signs or symptoms. This can involve recognizing the characteristic appearance of a rash, wound, or other physical feature associated with a particular disease or condition. It may also involve recognizing patterns in medical images such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs.

In the field of radiology, for example, visual pattern recognition is a critical skill. Radiologists are trained to recognize the typical appearances of various diseases and conditions in medical images. This allows them to make accurate diagnoses based on the patterns they see. Similarly, dermatologists use visual pattern recognition to identify skin abnormalities and diseases based on the appearance of rashes, lesions, or other skin changes.

Overall, visual pattern recognition is an essential skill in many areas of medicine, allowing healthcare professionals to quickly and accurately diagnose medical conditions based on visible signs and symptoms.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is not strictly a medical definition, but it is a technique commonly used in the field of medical research and diagnostics. XRD is a form of analytical spectroscopy that uses the phenomenon of X-ray diffraction to investigate the crystallographic structure of materials. When a beam of X-rays strikes a crystal, it is scattered in specific directions and with specific intensities that are determined by the arrangement of atoms within the crystal. By measuring these diffraction patterns, researchers can determine the crystal structures of various materials, including biological macromolecules such as proteins and viruses.

In the medical field, XRD is often used to study the structure of drugs and drug candidates, as well as to analyze the composition and structure of tissues and other biological samples. For example, XRD can be used to investigate the crystal structures of calcium phosphate minerals in bone tissue, which can provide insights into the mechanisms of bone formation and disease. Additionally, XRD is sometimes used in the development of new medical imaging techniques, such as phase-contrast X-ray imaging, which has the potential to improve the resolution and contrast of traditional X-ray images.

A "false positive reaction" in medical testing refers to a situation where a diagnostic test incorrectly indicates the presence of a specific condition or disease in an individual who does not actually have it. This occurs when the test results give a positive outcome, while the true health status of the person is negative or free from the condition being tested for.

False positive reactions can be caused by various factors including:

1. Presence of unrelated substances that interfere with the test result (e.g., cross-reactivity between similar molecules).
2. Low specificity of the test, which means it may detect other conditions or irrelevant factors as positive.
3. Contamination during sample collection, storage, or analysis.
4. Human errors in performing or interpreting the test results.

False positive reactions can have significant consequences, such as unnecessary treatments, anxiety, and increased healthcare costs. Therefore, it is essential to confirm any positive test result with additional tests or clinical evaluations before making a definitive diagnosis.

Color perception refers to the ability to detect, recognize, and differentiate various colors and color patterns in the visual field. This complex process involves the functioning of both the eyes and the brain.

The eye's retina contains two types of photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. Rods are more sensitive to light and dark changes and help us see in low-light conditions, but they do not contribute much to color vision. Cones, on the other hand, are responsible for color perception and function best in well-lit conditions.

There are three types of cone cells, each sensitive to a particular range of wavelengths corresponding to blue, green, and red colors. The combination of signals from these three types of cones allows us to perceive a wide spectrum of colors.

The brain then interprets these signals and translates them into the perception of different colors and hues. It is important to note that color perception can be influenced by various factors, including cultural background, personal experiences, and even language. Some individuals may also have deficiencies in color perception due to genetic or acquired conditions, such as color blindness or cataracts.

"Cat" is a common name that refers to various species of small carnivorous mammals that belong to the family Felidae. The domestic cat, also known as Felis catus or Felis silvestris catus, is a popular pet and companion animal. It is a subspecies of the wildcat, which is found in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Domestic cats are often kept as pets because of their companionship, playful behavior, and ability to hunt vermin. They are also valued for their ability to provide emotional support and therapy to people. Cats are obligate carnivores, which means that they require a diet that consists mainly of meat to meet their nutritional needs.

Cats are known for their agility, sharp senses, and predatory instincts. They have retractable claws, which they use for hunting and self-defense. Cats also have a keen sense of smell, hearing, and vision, which allow them to detect prey and navigate their environment.

In medical terms, cats can be hosts to various parasites and diseases that can affect humans and other animals. Some common feline diseases include rabies, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), and toxoplasmosis. It is important for cat owners to keep their pets healthy and up-to-date on vaccinations and preventative treatments to protect both the cats and their human companions.

In anatomical terms, the stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ located in the upper left portion of the abdomen. It is part of the gastrointestinal tract and plays a crucial role in digestion. The stomach's primary functions include storing food, mixing it with digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to break down proteins, and slowly emptying the partially digested food into the small intestine for further absorption of nutrients.

The stomach is divided into several regions, including the cardia (the area nearest the esophagus), the fundus (the upper portion on the left side), the body (the main central part), and the pylorus (the narrowed region leading to the small intestine). The inner lining of the stomach, called the mucosa, is protected by a layer of mucus that prevents the digestive juices from damaging the stomach tissue itself.

In medical contexts, various conditions can affect the stomach, such as gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), peptic ulcers (sores in the stomach or duodenum), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and stomach cancer. Symptoms related to the stomach may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and difficulty swallowing.

The pericardium is the double-walled sac that surrounds the heart. It has an outer fibrous layer and an inner serous layer, which further divides into two parts: the parietal layer lining the fibrous pericardium and the visceral layer (epicardium) closely adhering to the heart surface.

The space between these two layers is filled with a small amount of lubricating serous fluid, allowing for smooth movement of the heart within the pericardial cavity. The pericardium provides protection, support, and helps maintain the heart's normal position within the chest while reducing friction during heart contractions.

Motion perception is the ability to interpret and understand the movement of objects in our environment. It is a complex process that involves multiple areas of the brain and the visual system. In medical terms, motion perception refers to the specific function of the visual system to detect and analyze the movement of visual stimuli. This allows us to perceive and respond to moving objects in our environment, which is crucial for activities such as driving, sports, and even maintaining balance. Disorders in motion perception can lead to conditions like motion sickness or difficulty with depth perception.

Somatostatin is a hormone that inhibits the release of several hormones and also has a role in slowing down digestion. It is produced by the body in various parts of the body, including the hypothalamus (a part of the brain), the pancreas, and the gastrointestinal tract.

Somatostatin exists in two forms: somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28, which differ in their length. Somatostatin-14 is the predominant form found in the brain, while somatostatin-28 is the major form found in the gastrointestinal tract.

Somatostatin has a wide range of effects on various physiological processes, including:

* Inhibiting the release of several hormones such as growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, and gastrin
* Slowing down digestion by inhibiting the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and reducing blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract
* Regulating neurotransmission in the brain

Somatostatin is used clinically as a diagnostic tool for detecting certain types of tumors that overproduce growth hormone or other hormones, and it is also used as a treatment for some conditions such as acromegaly (a condition characterized by excessive growth hormone production) and gastrointestinal disorders.

In a medical or psychological context, attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on certain aspects of the environment while ignoring other things. It involves focusing mental resources on specific stimuli, sensory inputs, or internal thoughts while blocking out irrelevant distractions. Attention can be divided into different types, including:

1. Sustained attention: The ability to maintain focus on a task or stimulus over time.
2. Selective attention: The ability to concentrate on relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant ones.
3. Divided attention: The capacity to pay attention to multiple tasks or stimuli simultaneously.
4. Alternating attention: The skill of shifting focus between different tasks or stimuli as needed.

Deficits in attention are common symptoms of various neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as ADHD, dementia, depression, and anxiety disorders. Assessment of attention is an essential part of neuropsychological evaluations and can be measured using various tests and tasks.

Retinal Ganglion Cells (RGCs) are a type of neuron located in the innermost layer of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. These cells receive visual information from photoreceptors (rods and cones) via intermediate cells called bipolar cells. RGCs then send this visual information through their long axons to form the optic nerve, which transmits the signals to the brain for processing and interpretation as vision.

There are several types of RGCs, each with distinct morphological and functional characteristics. Some RGCs are specialized in detecting specific features of the visual scene, such as motion, contrast, color, or brightness. The diversity of RGCs allows for a rich and complex representation of the visual world in the brain.

Damage to RGCs can lead to various visual impairments, including loss of vision, reduced visual acuity, and altered visual fields. Conditions associated with RGC damage or degeneration include glaucoma, optic neuritis, ischemic optic neuropathy, and some inherited retinal diseases.

Somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors that bind to the neuropeptide hormone somatostatin. There are five subtypes of SSTRs, named SSTR1 through SSTR5, each with distinct physiological roles and tissue distributions.

Somatostatin is a small peptide that is widely distributed throughout the body, including in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and other endocrine organs. It has multiple functions, including inhibition of hormone release, regulation of cell proliferation, and modulation of neurotransmission.

SSTRs are expressed on the surface of many different types of cells, including neurons, endocrine cells, and immune cells. They play important roles in regulating various physiological processes, such as inhibiting the release of hormones like insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone. SSTRs have also been implicated in a number of pathophysiological conditions, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory disorders.

In recent years, SSTRs have become an important target for the development of new therapeutic strategies, particularly in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Several radiolabeled somatostatin analogues have been developed that can selectively bind to SSTRs on NET cells and deliver targeted radiation therapy. These agents have shown promising results in clinical trials and are now being used as standard of care for patients with advanced NETs.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Functional laterality, in a medical context, refers to the preferential use or performance of one side of the body over the other for specific functions. This is often demonstrated in hand dominance, where an individual may be right-handed or left-handed, meaning they primarily use their right or left hand for tasks such as writing, eating, or throwing.

However, functional laterality can also apply to other bodily functions and structures, including the eyes (ocular dominance), ears (auditory dominance), or legs. It's important to note that functional laterality is not a strict binary concept; some individuals may exhibit mixed dominance or no strong preference for one side over the other.

In clinical settings, assessing functional laterality can be useful in diagnosing and treating various neurological conditions, such as stroke or traumatic brain injury, where understanding any resulting lateralized impairments can inform rehabilitation strategies.

In the context of medical terminology, "light" doesn't have a specific or standardized definition on its own. However, it can be used in various medical terms and phrases. For example, it could refer to:

1. Visible light: The range of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye, typically between wavelengths of 400-700 nanometers. This is relevant in fields such as ophthalmology and optometry.
2. Therapeutic use of light: In some therapies, light is used to treat certain conditions. An example is phototherapy, which uses various wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) or visible light for conditions like newborn jaundice, skin disorders, or seasonal affective disorder.
3. Light anesthesia: A state of reduced consciousness in which the patient remains responsive to verbal commands and physical stimulation. This is different from general anesthesia where the patient is completely unconscious.
4. Pain relief using light: Certain devices like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units have a 'light' setting, indicating lower intensity or frequency of electrical impulses used for pain management.

Without more context, it's hard to provide a precise medical definition of 'light'.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rabbits" is a common name used to refer to the Lagomorpha species, particularly members of the family Leporidae. They are small mammals known for their long ears, strong legs, and quick reproduction.

However, if you're referring to "rabbits" in a medical context, there is a term called "rabbit syndrome," which is a rare movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the fingers, resembling those of a rabbit chewing. It is also known as "finger-chewing chorea." This condition is usually associated with certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and typically resolves when the medication is stopped or adjusted.

Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of most eukaryotic organisms. They are essentially fluid-filled sacs that store various substances, such as enzymes, waste products, and nutrients. In plants, vacuoles often contain water, ions, and various organic compounds, while in fungi, they may store lipids or pigments. Vacuoles can also play a role in maintaining the turgor pressure of cells, which is critical for cell shape and function.

In animal cells, vacuoles are typically smaller and less numerous than in plant cells. Animal cells have lysosomes, which are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes and break down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances. Lysosomes can be considered a type of vacuole, but they are more specialized in their function.

Overall, vacuoles are essential for maintaining the health and functioning of cells by providing a means to store and dispose of various substances.

Morphogenesis is a term used in developmental biology and refers to the process by which cells give rise to tissues and organs with specific shapes, structures, and patterns during embryonic development. This process involves complex interactions between genes, cells, and the extracellular environment that result in the coordinated movement and differentiation of cells into specialized functional units.

Morphogenesis is a dynamic and highly regulated process that involves several mechanisms, including cell proliferation, death, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. These processes are controlled by genetic programs and signaling pathways that respond to environmental cues and regulate the behavior of individual cells within a developing tissue or organ.

The study of morphogenesis is important for understanding how complex biological structures form during development and how these processes can go awry in disease states such as cancer, birth defects, and degenerative disorders.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) is a small polypeptide that plays a significant role in various biological processes, including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. It primarily binds to the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) on the surface of target cells, leading to the activation of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate these functions.

EGF is naturally produced in various tissues, such as the skin, and is involved in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and maintaining the integrity of epithelial tissues. In addition to its physiological roles, EGF has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including cancer, where it can contribute to tumor growth and progression by promoting cell proliferation and survival.

As a result, EGF and its signaling pathways have become targets for therapeutic interventions in various diseases, particularly cancer. Inhibitors of EGFR or downstream signaling components are used in the treatment of several types of malignancies, such as non-small cell lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and head and neck cancer.

Neurons, also known as nerve cells or neurocytes, are specialized cells that constitute the basic unit of the nervous system. They are responsible for receiving, processing, and transmitting information and signals within the body. Neurons have three main parts: the dendrites, the cell body (soma), and the axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, while the axon transmits these signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands. The junction between two neurons is called a synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to transmit the signal across the gap (synaptic cleft) to the next neuron. Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their function and location within the nervous system.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

... was a baseball team in Lloydminster, Alberta, Canada that played along with the Edmonton Eskimos and the ... ISBN 0-88864-314-4. Lloydminster Meridians. v t e (Baseball teams in Alberta, Defunct minor league baseball teams, Sport in ...
Meridians (geography), Meridians and base lines of the United States, Named meridians, Prime meridians). ... The meridian is sometimes identified as the "16th Street Meridian" because of the location of this street. Meridian Hill. In ... This meridian was repealed by Congress on August 22, 1912, to allow the Greenwich meridian to become the legal prime meridian ... The Washington meridians are four meridians that were used as prime meridians in the United States which pass through ...
"June of 44: Tropics and Meridians > Review". Allmusic. Retrieved April 23, 2016. "June of 44 : Tropics and Meridians". Touch ... Tropics and Meridians is the second studio album by Louisville-based math rock band June of 44, released on June 18, 1996 by ... Tropics and Meridians (booklet). June of 44. Chicago, Illinois: Quarterstick Records. 1996.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: ... All tracks are written by Fred Erskine, Sean Meadows, Jeff Mueller and Doug Scharin Adapted from the Tropics and Meridians ...
Fairbanks meridian (adopted 1910), Kateel River meridian (adopted 1956), Seward meridian (adopted 1911) and Umiat meridian ( ... The five principal meridians of Alaska are the Copper River meridian (established 1905), ... Meridians (geography), Meridians and base lines of the United States, Regions of Alaska, All stub articles, Alaska geography ... "Principal Meridians and Base Lines". U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from the original on 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2012- ...
... , Georgia, U.S. Meridian, Idaho, U.S. Meridian, Mississippi, U.S. Meridian, Nebraska, U.S. Meridian, New York, U.S. ... Meridian, Mississippi, U.S. Meridian Mall, Meridian Township, Michigan, U.S. Meridian Mall, Dunedin, New Zealand Meridian Hall ... Look up Meridian or meridian in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Meridian or a meridian line (from Latin meridies via Old ... Meridian, Seattle, Washington, U.S. Meridian, Texas, U.S. Meridian Township, Clinton County, Illinois, U.S. Meridian Charter ...
... may refer to: 48th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian 48th meridian west, a line ... of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title 48th meridian. If ...
... may refer to: 70th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian 70th meridian west, a line ... of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title 70th meridian. If ...
"Meridian Dawn/The Mixtape/2014 EP Review". 20 March 2014. "Song Premiere: MERIDIAN DAWN Suffer A "Fever Syndrome" Release Lyric ... "MERIDIAN DAWN: Drum-Cam Footage Of 'Iconic' Recording ..." artistdirect.com. 4 August 2013. "MERIDIAN DAWN Release Lyric Video ... "Ex-NIGHTRAGE Singer, FIREWIND Drummer Join Forces In MERIDIAN DAWN". purerocknews.com. 15 July 2013. Meridian Dawn at ... Meridian Dawn's music is generally considered a mixture of European death metal and melodic death metal. The Age of Metal ...
The meridian circle is an instrument for timing of the passage of stars across the local meridian, an event known as a ... The telescope was then brought into the meridian by repeatedly timing the (apparent, incorrect) upper and lower meridian ... Groombridge Transit Circle (1806) Carlsberg Meridian Telescope (Carlsberg Automatic Meridian Circle) (1984) Tokyo Photoelectric ... "Meridian Circle" . Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. Photograph of Repsold meridian circle at the Lick Observatory from the ...
... may refer to: 45th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian 45th meridian west, a line ... of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title 45th meridian. If ...
... may refer to: 77th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian 77th meridian west, a line ... of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title 77th meridian. If ...
... may refer to: 84th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian 84th meridian west, a line ... of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title 84th meridian. If ...
... may refer to: 135th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian 135th meridian west, a ... of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title 135th meridian. ...
... had previously been Mossview Plantation, and owned by the Whitehead family. In 1933, Meridian Plantation ... Meridian Plantation was a quail hunting plantation in central Leon County, Florida. It was established by Arthur Lapsley in ... In 1945, Davis died with Meridian becoming the property of Griscom Bettle, nephew to Lloyd C. Griscom of Luna Plantation. ...
... may refer to: 136th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian 136th meridian west, a ... of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title 136th meridian. ...
... may refer to: 49th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian 49th meridian west, a line ... of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title 49th meridian. If ...
... , a Trimble Inc Company, is a Plan-Build-Operate technology solutions provider for project-based organizations ... Meridian offers construction project management and infrastructure lifecycle management solutions for controlling project costs ... Building owners, construction and engineering firms, and public agencies use Meridian software to manage capital building ... Buildings.com Trimble to Acquire Meridian Systems for Enterprise Construction Project Management, AECCafe.com (Articles with ...
... may refer to: 50th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian 50th meridian west, a line ... of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title 50th meridian. If ...
... may mean: Central meridian (planets), the meridian that goes through the centre of the body's disc as seen ... any of many central meridians used to define the origin of terrestrial or planetary longitudes Principal meridian, a meridian ... This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Central meridian. If an internal link led you here, you may ... a line used to define the origin of some map projections Prime meridian, ...
The prime meridian of its largest moon, Triton, was established in 1991. Pluto's prime meridian is defined as the meridian ... The modern prime meridian, the IERS Reference Meridian, is placed very near this meridian. The astronomic latitude of the Royal ... Charon's prime meridian is similarly defined as the meridian always facing directly toward Pluto. 1st meridian east - Line of ... a prime meridian and its anti-meridian (the 180th meridian in a 360°-system) form a great circle. This great circle divides a ...
... may refer to: 46th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian 46th meridian west, a line ... of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title 46th meridian. If ...
... (68°45′S 66°37′W / 68.750°S 66.617°W / -68.750; -66.617) is a broad glacier, 9 nautical miles (17 km) long ... "Meridian Glacier". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the ... This article incorporates public domain material from "Meridian Glacier". Geographic Names Information System. United States ... glacier was so named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee because the glacier flows from north to south along the meridian ...
"Pinegrove - Meridian". Maimed and Tamed. May 5, 2012. Retrieved July 17, 2020. "Pinegrove - Meridian (album review)". ... Meridian has been categorized as a math rock album. "There are definitely elements of rock, R&B, and maybe sometimes math," ... Meridian is the debut studio album by American rock band Pinegrove, self-released on February 29, 2012. Pinegrove, formed in ... Meridian offers eight songs, including fan favorite "Recycling", that showcase its mix of alternative country and emo. All of ...
... may refer to: 57th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian 57th meridian west, a line ... of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title 57th meridian. If ...
"Choctaw Principal Meridian, Georgetown, MS". Principal Meridian Project. Retrieved 2012-09-30. "Choctaw Meridian". The Center ... The Choctaw meridian is a meridian that governs the surveys in most of central Mississippi, USA. It begins on the Choctaw ... "Principal Meridians and Base Lines". U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from the original on 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2012- ... "Cadastral Survey [Choctaw Meridian]". U.S. Bureau of Land Management. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2012- ...
"Tallahassee Principal Meridian, Tallahassee, FL". Principal Meridian Project. Retrieved 2012-10-06. "Tallahassee Meridian". The ... The Tallahassee meridian, in longitude 84° 16′ 37.59″ west from the prime meridian at Greenwich, runs north and south from the ... Named meridians, Meridians and base lines of the United States, Geography of Florida). ... The "Tallahassee meridian" survey monument (see survey marker) is located at the intersection of these lines of longitude and ...
Meridian Road groups, including in Nebraska and Canada were started in 1911. The International Meridian Road Association was ... Its namesake was the Sixth Principal Meridian (approximately the 97th meridian west). The original route through Nebraska was ... Meridian Highway" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2015-05-19. 12 Photos Media related to Meridian Highway (Pierce ... Meridian Highway was a United States auto trail in the early twentieth century. It roughly followed the path of present-day U.S ...
The Meridian Speedway lies within city limits directly south of Old Town Meridian. Meridian shares boundaries with the largest ... Meridian is a city located in Ada County in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2020 census, the population of Meridian was ... Meridian has a mayor that serves four-year terms and received an annual salary of $90,956 in 2018. Meridian has a city council ... Two years later an I.O.O.F. lodge was organized and called itself Meridian because it was located on the Boise Meridian and the ...
Meridian (geography) Prime meridian (planets) Prime vertical, the vertical circle perpendicular to a meridian Longitude ( ... The observer's upper meridian passes through the zenith while the lower meridian passes through the nadir. Another way, the ... There are several ways to divide the meridian into semicircles. In the horizontal coordinate system, the observer's meridian is ... since the meridian is fixed to the local horizon. At culmination, the object contacts the upper meridian and reaches its ...
... : The Search for the Great White Shark is a 1971 non-fiction nature book by the American author Peter Matthiessen ... https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/11/23/home/matthiessen-meridian.html NYT "Peter Matthiessen obituary". the ...
Meridians (geography), Meridians and base lines of the United States, Named meridians, Prime meridians). ... The meridian is sometimes identified as the "16th Street Meridian" because of the location of this street. Meridian Hill. In ... This meridian was repealed by Congress on August 22, 1912, to allow the Greenwich meridian to become the legal prime meridian ... The Washington meridians are four meridians that were used as prime meridians in the United States which pass through ...
Enjoy truly local Meridian Toyota deals from the official Toyota site. ... Look no further for the best Meridian Toyota deals, incentives, and special offers. ... Deals And Incentives / Idaho / Meridian Toyota Special Offers in Meridian. You can use this page to learn more about the most ... and helpful representatives at Toyota dealerships are happy to provide you with superb Toyota lease deals in Meridian, Idaho to ...
Enjoy truly local Meridian Toyota deals from the official Toyota site. ... Look no further for the best Meridian Toyota deals, incentives, and special offers. ... Deals And Incentives / Georgia / Meridian Toyota Special Offers in Meridian. Admiring your dream car in your driveway doesnt ... Were happy to offer incredible new car rebates in Meridian, Georgia on our full line of vehicles. Is it time for a scheduled ...
Hackensack Meridian Hospice is one of the longest-running hospice programs in the region with over 30 years of proud service ... Hackensack Meridian Hospice is one of the longest-running hospice programs in the region with over 30 years of proud service ... Hackensack Meridian Hospice is one of the longest-running hospice programs in the region with over 30 years of proud service ... Oportunidades activas de Hackensack Meridian Hospice: Voluntariado. Ubicación. Fecha de Publicación. Reiki Volunteer. Edison, ...
Meridian, MS Weather Historystar_ratehome. 34 °F. Key Field / Meridian Regional Airport Station,Report. Report Station ...
ACTIVE is the leader in online event registrations from 5k running races and marathons to softball leagues and local events. ACTIVE also makes it easy to learn and prepare for all the things you love to do with expert resources, training plans and fitness calculators.. ...
All Active NCCAOM Diplomates can download an online issues of the Meridian Journal. Discounted Printed Copies are also ... NEW_Meridiansolga2017-04-23T17:22:57-05:00 All Active NCCAOM Diplomates can download an online issues of the Meridian Journal. ...
... Leon Rosenberg Fri, 07 Oct 2005 08:53:40 -0700 ...
Programmes Find an IB World School Meridian High School IB Home Programmes Find an IB World School Meridian High School ...
Discover Meridian Water railway station. Getting to & from, buying & collecting train tickets, staffing, facilities, ... Meridian Water (. MRW. ). Meridian Water station, Meridian Way, Edmonton, London, N18 3HF ...
... well-maintained space open to all Meridian-area citizens and canine lovers who are willing to uphold the parks rules and ... off leash area where Meridians animal loving taxpayers can let their dogs play without endangering or aggravating other people ... However, there are no public dog parks anywhere within a 60-minute drive of Meridian! The large number and success of dog parks ... to develop a beautiful, well-maintained space open to all Meridian-area citizens and canine lovers who are willing to uphold ...
Parkview Elementary School - find test scores, ratings, reviews, and 19 nearby homes for sale at realtor.com.
ABOUT MERIDIAN BROTHERS. Masterminded by Colombian multi-instrumentalist Eblis Álvarez, the Meridian Brothers project has ... Led by multi-instrumentalist and composer Eblis Álvarez, Meridian Brothers offer a fresh and playful take on the rich musical ... Though the name suggests a familial collaboration, Meridian Brothers is solely the brainchild of Álvarez, who started it in ... Tonight on Fridays Live, SFJAZZ presents a psychedelic and experimental musical collective from Colombia, Meridian Brothers. ...
The Meridian Exlorer is a tiny US DAC for upgrading your audio ... Meridian Explorer review. The Meridian Exlorer is a tiny US DAC ... Meridian Explorer: Setup. Mac set up is easy but youll need a driver on a PC. Once the short set-up is complete, however, this ... The Meridian Exlorer is a tiny US DAC for upgrading your audio, but is it worth your cash? T3 took a closer look to find out ... The Meridian Explorer is a Mac styled USB sized dongle - an audiophile upgrade for your Mac or PC, desktop or laptop.. Seizing ...
Meridian Energy Australia has signed off on a number of renewable-energy agreements - including a PPA deal with French ... Meridian Energy signs PPA with Total Eren for 200MW PV project in Australia. ...
The colourful garden at Ardingly is celebrating its third anniversary , ITV News Meridian
Book your next Greyhound bus from Meridian, MS to Houston, TX. Get free Wi-Fi & plug outlets on board, extra legroom and 2 ... Meridian, MS 39301 United States View this address on Google Maps To view more info about this station, visit our page Meridian ... The first Greyhound bus to Houston from Meridian leaves at 1:50 am. What time is the last Greyhound bus from Meridian to ... Where are the Greyhound bus stops in Meridian and in Houston? You can easily find the bus stops in Meridian and in Houston on ...
... commander of the first mission to a remote planet called Meridian. Assured of the fact that the planet is uninhabited, the ... Maidens of the Dead, Skilltree Saga, Slime-san, Slime-san: Creator, Everreach, Meridian: New World, Meridian Squad 22, Solar ... "One Guy Shouldnt Be Able To Make Meridian: New World". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. "Upon first look, Meridian seems to rival - at ... Meridian: New World offers countless options to devise your own strategy, including various equipment options for your units ...
Voice cracking? Clothes dont fit? Puberty can be a confusing time, but learning about it doesnt have to be. Read all about it in this article for kids.
Raise free funds for Friends of Meridian Primary School today by shopping online via Easyfundraising. Click now to shop at no ... About Friends of Meridian Primary School. Friends of Meridian Primary School (FROMS) is an active community association of ... Youll be able to see how much youve raised in your account and well send updates on when Friends of Meridian Primary School ... Meridian Primary School in Greenwich, which comprises parents, teachers and carers. FROMS raises funds for the benefit of the ...
Meridian Chocca Chocolate Spread 240G. Regular price £3.3, Clubcard price is £2 available until 2023-12-27, only available with ... Meridian Foods Limited,GL3 4FE.SHS Ireland,Rathcoole,Dublin.. Return to. For enquiries:Meridian Foods Limited,GL3 4FE.SHS ... At Meridian, we believe nature produces the best & tastiest ingredients. Chocca contains over 50% nutritious nuts and is ...
Upcoming (and past) class reunions for Cato Meridian High School in NY. Join 1,408 classmates from 62 graduating classes. ... New York > Cato Meridian High School > Reunions Cato Meridian High School Reunions @media screen and (max-width: 995px) { #page ... Cato-Meridian Class of 1994 Reunion planning underway! Details: 11/18/2013: Hello, its time to PLAN our 20th year Reunion! One ... Our list of Blue Devils reunions will give you all the details you need to know about your Cato Meridian High School reunion! ...
Meridian Homeschool Patriots. Idaho Homeschool Co-ops. https://meridianhomeschool.wixsite.com/meridianhomeschool ...
The Meridian Column. The Meridian Column was raised to commemorate the first international measurement of the earth. Between ... Von 1816 bis 1840 hatte der Astronom W. Struve Messungen längs eines Meridians in Russland vorgenommen. 1844 schlug der König ... took measurements along a meridian in Russia. In 1844 he proposed to King Oscar I of Norway and Sweden that the two countries ... At first I drove into the northern district of the town called Fuglenes, where the tourist-information says the meridian column ...
Meridians: JAOM Summer 2016 Issue
BELFIELD, ND--(Marketwired - Jul 12, 2017) - Meridian Energy Group, Inc., the leading developer of innovative solutions for ... BELFIELD, ND--(Marketwired - Jul 12, 2017) - Meridian Energy Group, Inc., the leading developer of innovative solutions for ... About Meridian Energy Group, Inc.. The Mission of Meridian Energy Group, Inc. is to provide long-term shareholder value through ... Meridians Water Allocation Permit request was for 645 Acre-Feet of water per year, and 90% of that request was recommended by ...
Order your class yearbook, shop for your custom class ring, shop for your graduation needs, and show your pride with custom school apparel and gifts.. ...
Meridian, Idaho - Travel and vacation weather averages, current conditions and forecasts. ...
  • Newswise - WESTWOOD, N.J. (Feb. 27, 2023) - Hackensack Meridian Pascack Valley Medical Center Chief Executive Officer Emily Holliman has been recognized for her leadership with the Ardent Health Services CEO of the Year Award. (newswise.com)
  • Stats have been entered for the Perry Meridian vs. Franklin Central on Wednesday, Mar. 1, 2023. (maxpreps.com)
  • On Wednesday, Mar 1, 2023, the Perry Meridian Varsity Boys Basketball team lost their game against Franklin Central High School by a score of 34-39 . (maxpreps.com)
  • Stats have been entered for the Perry Meridian vs. Decatur Central on Friday, Feb. 17, 2023. (maxpreps.com)
  • On Friday, Feb 17, 2023, the Perry Meridian Varsity Boys Basketball team lost their game against Decatur Central High School by a score of 35-69 . (maxpreps.com)
  • Stats have been entered for the Perry Meridian vs. Beech Grove on Tuesday, Feb. 14, 2023. (maxpreps.com)
  • On Tuesday, Feb 14, 2023, the Perry Meridian Varsity Boys Basketball team lost their game against Beech Grove High School by a score of 36-55 . (maxpreps.com)
  • Stats have been entered for the Perry Meridian vs. Franklin Community on Friday, Feb. 10, 2023. (maxpreps.com)
  • Stats have been entered for the Perry Meridian vs. Indianapolis Lutheran on Tuesday, Feb. 7, 2023. (maxpreps.com)
  • On Tuesday, Feb 7, 2023, the Perry Meridian Varsity Boys Basketball team won their game against Indianapolis Lutheran High School by a score of 48-41 . (maxpreps.com)
  • On Thursday, Feb 2, 2023, the Perry Meridian Varsity Boys Basketball team lost their game against New Palestine High School by a score of 34-45 . (maxpreps.com)
  • Stats have been entered for the Perry Meridian vs. Greenwood on Friday, Jan. 27, 2023. (maxpreps.com)
  • On Friday, Jan 27, 2023, the Perry Meridian Varsity Boys Basketball team lost their game against Greenwood High School by a score of 30-33 . (maxpreps.com)
  • Stats have been entered for the Perry Meridian vs. Columbus North on Saturday, Jan. 21, 2023. (maxpreps.com)
  • On Saturday, Jan 21, 2023, the Perry Meridian Varsity Boys Basketball team lost their game against Columbus North High School by a score of 26-49 . (maxpreps.com)
  • Ardent operates Pascack Valley Medical Center in partnership with Hackensack Meridian Health. (newswise.com)
  • The Yang meridians of the arm are the Large Intestine, Small Intestine, and Triple Burner. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tones the heart and pericardium (yin) meridians, and the triple warmer and small intestine (yang) meridians. (soundstrue.com)
  • The Yang meridians of the leg are Stomach, Bladder, and Gall Bladder. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tones the liver (yin) and gall bladder (yang) meridians. (soundstrue.com)
  • BELFIELD, ND--(Marketwired - Jul 12, 2017) - Meridian Energy Group, Inc ., the leading developer of innovative solutions for environmentally-compliant oil refining technology, announced the company has received the Recommended Decision for the Davis Refinery water allocation from the North Dakota State Engineer's Office. (globenewswire.com)
  • J Acupunct Meridian Stud;10(5): 331-339, 2017 Oct. (bvsalud.org)
  • The very first season of The Meridian was released back in the fall of 2021, while second season was released on Fridays in March and April of 2022. (lu.se)
  • The Yin Meridians of the leg are the Spleen, Kidney, and Liver. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tones the spleen (yin) and stomach (yang) meridians. (soundstrue.com)
  • The 12 standard meridians, also called Principal Meridians, are divided into Yin and Yang groups. (wikipedia.org)
  • The first five tracks focus on the paired yin/yang meridians that are associated with the five elements or phases that correspond to each of the energetic organ systems of the human body. (soundstrue.com)
  • Tones the lung (yin) and large intestine (yang) meridians. (soundstrue.com)
  • Tones the kidney (yin) and bladder (yang) meridians. (soundstrue.com)
  • Álvarez has released a steady stream of recordings under the Meridian Brothers that blend traditional folkloric styles with experimental approaches, electronics, and modern rock influences, and his latest release for Ansonia Records, 2022's Meridian Brothers & El Grupo Renacimiento , is a revelatory new chapter. (sfjazz.org)
  • The Yin meridians of the arm are the Lung, Heart, and Pericardium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Rhythms to revitalize and balance your acupuncture meridians and boost total qi energy. (soundstrue.com)
  • Qi Meridian Body-Balancer uses rhythms clinically tested to stimulate and balance the Chinese acupuncture meridians. (soundstrue.com)
  • 2. Sit or lie down, and allow your body to synchronize to the rhythms and achieve optimal qi meridian activation. (soundstrue.com)
  • You can use this page to learn more about the most current Toyota deals in Meridian, Idaho before making your way to your neighborhood Toyota dealership. (toyota.com)
  • The reclocked data are then fed to the DSP engine, which performs three main functions, all under the control of front-panel buttons, of other Meridian components via a Comms. (stereophile.com)
  • The collateral system also incorporates a branching expanse of capillary-like vessels which spread throughout the body, namely in the 12 cutaneous regions as well as emanating from each point on the principal meridians. (wikipedia.org)
  • If one counts the number of unique points on each meridian, the total comes to 361, which matches the number of days in a year, in the moon calendar system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reflecting the high-level of customer service which Meridian prides itself on, owners of the Anniversary system will be offered the opportunity to receive a Meridian Engineer to fine tune the sound system in their homes following installation. (businessinsider.com)
  • Boothroyd and Stuart's shared passion for music, and their desire to ensure that the full quality of an original recording is maintained when it is reproduced on any system that bears their names, is at the heart of everything Meridian does. (businessinsider.com)
  • The 40th Anniversary System is a complete package that exemplifies the state-of-the art sound technology Meridian is respected for. (businessinsider.com)
  • The last two tracks are for toning the entire meridian system. (soundstrue.com)
  • Designed to move through each of the five elements to balance the entire meridian system. (soundstrue.com)
  • The jingmai contain the 12 tendinomuscular meridians, the 12 divergent meridians, the 12 principal meridians, the eight extraordinary vessels as well as the Huato channel, a set of bilateral points on the lower back whose discovery is attributed to the ancient physician Hua Tuo . (wikipedia.org)
  • The Meridian Exlorer is a tiny US DAC for upgrading your audio, but is it worth your cash? (t3.com)
  • With more than 165 international awards bestowed on their product designs, the two founders of the British luxury brand Meridian Audio celebrate 40 years since their creative partnership began. (businessinsider.com)
  • And then there is the British high-end company Meridian, run by one J. Robert Stuart, one of audio's deeper thinkers and a Fellow of the Audio Engineering Society. (stereophile.com)
  • Our knowledgeable and helpful representatives at Toyota dealerships are happy to provide you with superb Toyota lease deals in Meridian, Idaho to help you find the best lease plan for your budget. (toyota.com)
  • In October 2006, NIOSH received a management request for an HHE at the City of Meridian Fire Department in Meridian, Mississippi. (cdc.gov)
  • Established in 2013, Meridian is led by industry experts with a combined 500 years of world-class expertise in energy & hydrocarbon processing, project development, finance, and large capital project management. (globenewswire.com)
  • The meridian is sometimes identified as the "16th Street Meridian" because of the location of this street. (wikipedia.org)
  • Meridian applied for a water allocation permit on May 19th, 2016 for groundwater to be drawn from the Dakota Aquifer. (globenewswire.com)
  • William Prentice, Meridian CEO, commented on the Allocation Draft Permit, "We thank the Water Commission for the thoroughness and fairness of their review. (globenewswire.com)
  • Meridians are not real anatomical structures: scientists have found no evidence that supports their existence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Then, at the 1995 June CES, I saw a press release for a new Meridian product that seemed even more perverse. (stereophile.com)
  • jīngluò , also called channel network ) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) concept that alleges meridians are paths through which the life-energy known as " qi " ( ch'i ) flows. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hackensack Meridian Pascack Valley Medical Center is a 128-bed, full-service, acute-care community hospital, located in Westwood, NJ providing a caliber of care consistent with Hackensack Meridian Health's world-class standard. (newswise.com)
  • Upon first look, Meridian seems to rival - at least, visually - the most high profile of triple-A RTS games on the market, and it was only crafted in two years. (steampowered.com)
  • Anyone can plan a reunion on our Cato Meridian High School site. (alumniclass.com)
  • Some of our Cato Meridian High School alumni have already started planning their next reunion. (alumniclass.com)
  • Our list of Blue Devils reunions will give you all the details you need to know about your Cato Meridian High School reunion! (alumniclass.com)
  • If you don't see your Cato Meridian High School class reunion posted, you can start planning it today with our step-by-step planning process! (alumniclass.com)
  • Brighton - Meridian Mini Heart Necklace. (zappos.com)
  • The next permit application is already in-motion, as the North Dakota Department of Health Air Quality Division continues its review of the Meridian Permit to Construct application, which was required for both Davis Light and Davis Full, as a Synthetic Minor Source. (globenewswire.com)
  • Masterminded by Colombian multi-instrumentalist Eblis Álvarez , the Meridian Brothers project has gained a rapidly expanding following for it's wildly inventive take on Colombia's neo-tropicalista movement, described by The New York Times as "at once a psychedelic fever dream, a deep dive into salsa's past, (and) a critique of society's surrender to technology. (sfjazz.org)
  • Meridian Energy Australia has signed off on a number of renewable-energy agreements - including a PPA deal with French independent power producer Total Eren for a 200MW PV project. (pv-tech.org)
  • We're happy to offer incredible new car rebates in Meridian, Georgia on our full line of vehicles. (toyota.com)
  • Led by multi-instrumentalist and composer Eblis Álvarez, Meridian Brothers offer a fresh and playful take on the rich musical heritage of their country and beyond. (sfjazz.org)
  • Meridian: New World offers countless options to devise your own strategy, including various equipment options for your units and special abilities for you to rely upon. (steampowered.com)
  • You can track the status of your Meridian to Houston bus using Greyhound's bus tracker . (greyhound.com)
  • Meridian Energy Group, Inc. Meridian Energy Group, Inc. (globenewswire.com)
  • The Mission of Meridian Energy Group, Inc. is to provide long-term shareholder value through the development and operation of the cleanest, most efficient and environmentally-compliant crude oil refineries in the world, benefiting the community and its investors. (globenewswire.com)
  • Meridian Energy Group, Inc. current headquarters is in Belfield, ND. (globenewswire.com)
  • You may opt out of receiving information about our products and services by selecting the relevant option on our website or by sending us an email at [email protected]. (meridian-audio.com)
  • The Meridian Township Police Department are working with biologists from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. (wilx.com)
  • The Meridian Township Police Department are in contact with biologists from the Michigan Department of Natural Resources to determine if further investigation needs to be done in the area. (wilx.com)
  • However, there are no public dog parks anywhere within a 60-minute drive of Meridian! (change.org)
  • Our Meridian office is in the Unity Medical building between Corporate Drive and Central Drive on Progress Ave. Taco Time, Chevron and Extra Mile convenience store is on the corner of Central and E. Corporate. (healthyhearing.com)
  • Brought to you as the brainchild of Ede Tarsoly - the sole man behind Elder Games - Meridian: New World was mostly received with disbelief and awe at the fact that it's a one-man production. (steampowered.com)