Nutritional physiology related to EXERCISE or ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE.
Nutrition of a mother which affects the health of the FETUS and INFANT as well as herself.
Nutritional physiology of adults aged 65 years of age and older.
Physiological processes and properties of the DENTITION.
Properties and processes of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM and DENTITION as a whole or of any of its parts.
Physiology of the human and animal body, male or female, in the processes and characteristics of REPRODUCTION and the URINARY TRACT.
Properties, and processes of the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM and the NERVOUS SYSTEM or their parts.
Functional processes and properties characteristic of the BLOOD; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; and RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
The properties and relationships and biological processes that characterize the nature and function of the SKIN and its appendages.
Physiological processes, factors, properties and characteristics pertaining to REPRODUCTION.
The functions and properties of living organisms, including both the physical and chemical factors and processes, supporting life in single- or multi-cell organisms from their origin through the progression of life.
Nutritional physiology of children aged 13-18 years.
Nutrition of FEMALE during PREGNANCY.
Properties, functions, and processes of the URINARY TRACT as a whole or of any of its parts.
Nutritional physiology of children aged 2-12 years.
The processes and properties of living organisms by which they take in and balance the use of nutritive materials for energy, heat production, or building material for the growth, maintenance, or repair of tissues and the nutritive properties of FOOD.
Processes and properties of the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM.
Nutritional physiology of children from birth to 2 years of age.
Biological properties, processes, and activities of VIRUSES.
Nutritional physiology of animals.
Properties and processes of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.
Physiological processes and properties of the BLOOD.
Processes and properties of the EYE as a whole or of any of its parts.
Characteristic properties and processes of the NERVOUS SYSTEM as a whole or with reference to the peripheral or the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
Cellular processes, properties, and characteristics.
Physiological processes and properties of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.
The functions of the skin in the human and animal body. It includes the pigmentation of the skin.
The physiological processes, properties, and states characteristic of plants.
Physiological processes and properties of BACTERIA.
Processes and properties of the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM as a whole or of any of its parts.

Implication of maternal nitrogen balance in the regulation of circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I in human pregnancy. (1/608)

Nutrition plays an important role in regulating the circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). We have demonstrated that reduced nitrogen balance is related to changes in serum IGF-I levels but not serum growth hormone levels in pregnant rats. In the present study, we investigated the effects of changes in nitrogen balance on serum IGF-I levels in normal and malnourished pregnant women (defined as having negative nitrogen balance). Forty-eight pregnant women (threatened miscarriage and premature labor, 39; pre-eclampsia, 3; hyperemesis, 3; ileus, 2; bleeding from the colon, 1) and 19 non-pregnant women admitted in Kobe University Hospital were enrolled in this study. Blood samples of normal pregnant controls were also obtained from 172 healthy pregnant women attending the outpatient clinic. Serum IGF-I levels and nitrogen balance were measured serially in 9 pregnant women with threatened miscarriage and premature labor and 9 malnourished pregnant women out of 48 pregnant women. Serum IGF-I and urinary nitrogen levels were measured by radioimmunoassay with acid-ethanol extraction and the Dumas method, respectively. Nitrogen balance was expressed as the difference between daily nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion assessed by urinary nitrogen levels. Serum IGF-I levels in normal pregnant controls significantly increased in the third trimester of pregnancy compared with non-pregnant controls. No difference in serum IGF-I levels in any trimester of pregnancy was observed between normal pregnant controls and pregnant women with threatened miscarriage and premature labor. There was no significant difference in nitrogen balance between the pregnant women with threatened miscarriage and premature labor and non-pregnant controls. In the longitudinal study, no correlation was found between the changes in serum IGF-I levels and those in nitrogen balance in the 9 pregnant women with threatened premature labor (daily nitrogen balance > 0 g/day) on the basis of linear regression analysis. On the other hand, the changes in serum IGF-I levels in the 9 malnourished pregnant women were significantly correlated with those in nitrogen balance (y = 1.72x + 17.5; r = 0.60; P < 0.05: linear regression analysis). These results indicate that maternal nutritional states have a major effect on serum IGF-I levels in malnourished pregnant women, but not in pregnant women with daily nitrogen balance > 0 g/day. Serum IGF-I levels can be a potent index of nutritional states under malnutrition during human pregnancy.  (+info)

Adult growth hormone treatment reduces hypertension and obesity induced by an adverse prenatal environment. (2/608)

The discovery of a link between an adverse in utero environment and the propensity to develop metabolic and cardiovascular disease in adult life is one of the most important advances in epidemiological research of recent Years. Increasing experimental evidence suggests that alterations in the fetal environment may have long-term consequences for the development of metabolic disorders in adult life. This process has been termed 'fetal programming' and we have shown that undernutrition of the mother during gestation leads to development of the metabolic syndrome X during adult life. Striking metabolic similarities exist between syndrome X and untreated GH deficiency (GHD). In the present study we have investigated the effects of GH treatment on blood pressure and metabolic parameters. Virgin Wistar rats (age 75+/-5 days, n=20 per group) were time-mated and randomly assigned to receive food either ad libitum (AD) or 30% of AD intake (UN) throughout pregnancy. At weaning, male offspring were assigned to one of two diets (control or hypercaloric (30% fat)). Systolic blood pressure was measured at day 100 and following twice daily treatment with recombinant bovine GH for 21 days. GH treatment increased body weights in all treated animals but significantly reduced retroperitoneal and gonadal fat pad weights. Following GH treatment, systolic blood pressure was markedly decreased in all UN offspring. Saline-treated animals showed no change in systolic blood pressure over the treatment period. GH treatment increased heart-to-body weight ratio in all GH-treated animals. Our data demonstrated that GH treatment reduces hypertension and improves cardiovascular function in animals exposed to adverse environmental conditions during fetal or postnatal life.  (+info)

Gender-specific programming of insulin secretion and action. (3/608)

Insulin secretion and glucose tolerance were studied in 20-week-old male and female offspring of rat dams maintained on an isocaloric 20% or 8% protein diet during pregnancy and lactation after transfer to the same diet at weaning. Protein-restricted male and female offspring were also weaned onto a 20% protein diet. In males, post-absorptive insulin concentrations were suppressed by protein restriction from conception to adulthood (by 41%; P<0.001); however, basal insulin levels were 2.6-fold higher (P<0.001) if protein restriction was limited to gestation and lactation. Post-absorptive insulinaemia in females was unaffected by early or sustained protein restriction, but was lower than for males in the control group and the group exposed to protein restriction during early life alone (by 40% (P<0.001) and 52% (P<0.001) respectively). Plasma insulin/blood glucose ratios were higher in males compared with females in both control and early protein-restricted groups (1.6-fold (P<0.05) and 2.3-fold (P<0.001) respectively). A positive linear relationship existed between mean ambient insulin and glucose concentrations in males (r=1.0) and females (r=0.9), but the gradient was 12.4-fold greater (P<0.01) in males. beta-Cell function was evaluated after intravenous glucose challenge. In males, the acute insulin response and the suprabasal 30-min area under the insulin curve were dramatically higher in rats exposed to protein restriction during gestation and lactation alone (2.6- and 2.8-fold respectively; P<0.001). In contrast, these parameters were lowered by extending the exposure to protein restriction to adulthood in males, and by either early or prolonged exposure to protein restriction in females. The insulin resistance index was increased (2.5-fold; P<0.001) in male, but not female, rats exposed to protein restriction during gestation and lactation alone, and was not increased by extending the period of protein restriction to adulthood in either sex. Thus the data have demonstrated gender-specific lowering of insulin sensitivity due to protein restriction during early life only. The insulinogenic index (insulin response in relation to prevailing glycaemia) was increased in male, but not female, rats exposed to protein restriction during gestation and lactation alone (3.0-fold; P<0.001). A modest decline in insulin secretion in the female groups exposed to protein restriction until either the end of lactation or adulthood was compensated by increased insulin sensitivity, as demonstrated by significant decreases in the insulin resistance index in both groups (by 48% and 52% respectively; P<0.05). Glucose disappearance rates did not differ between the male and female control or early protein-restricted groups but were higher in both male (31%; P<0.05) and female groups (46%; P<0.001) exposed to protein restriction from conception to adulthood. Marked gender differences in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were not associated with gender differences with respect to glucose tolerance. Our data therefore demonstrated that exposure to protein restriction during early life alone leads to relative insulin resistance and hyperinsulinaemia in adulthood, but this relationship is gender specific, observed only in males, and glucose tolerance is maintained.  (+info)

Gender-linked hypertension in offspring of lard-fed pregnant rats. (4/608)

Epidemiological studies suggest an association between maternal nutrition and offspring cardiovascular disease. We previously demonstrated endothelial dysfunction and abnormal aortic fatty acid composition in adult female offspring of rats fed animal lard during pregnancy. We have now further investigated this model. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a control breeding diet (5.3% fat) or a diet rich in lard (25.7% fat) 10 days before and throughout pregnancy and lactation. Male and female offspring were implanted with radiotelemeters for recording of blood pressure, heart rate, and activity at 80, 180, and 360 days of age. Reactivity to acetylcholine and to nitric oxide were assessed in isolated small mesenteric arteries from 80- and 180-day-old littermates. Systolic blood pressure (awake phase) was raised in female offspring (180 days: offspring of control, 130.7+/-1.6 mm Hg, n=5, versus offspring of lard-fed, 138.1+/-2.9, n=5, P=0.029; 360 days: offspring of control, 129.7+/-3.7 mm Hg, n=6, versus offspring of lard-fed, 142.1+/-3.2, n=6, P=0.005). Diastolic blood pressure was also raised at 180 days (offspring of control, 87.6+/-1.0 mm Hg, n=5, versus offspring of lard-fed, 94.7+/-2.6, n=5, P=0.011). Blood pressure was not raised in male offspring. Endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine was blunted in male and female offspring of lard-fed dams (80 and 180 days). Feeding a diet rich in lard to pregnant rats leads to gender-related cardiovascular dysfunction in normally fed offspring.  (+info)

Renal function and angiotensin AT1 receptor expression in young rats following intrauterine exposure to a maternal low-protein diet. (5/608)

Recent studies have proposed a link between impaired nephrogenesis, decreased activity of the renin-angiotensin system and the onset of hypertension in rats exposed in the uterus to a maternal low-protein diet. However, there is no detailed information about renal function in this model; hence the aim of the present study was to assess renal function in young (4-week-old) rats exposed in the uterus to a maternal low-protein diet. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed isocalorific diets containing either 18% (normal protein; offspring denoted NP rats) or 9% (low protein; offspring denoted LP rats) (w/w) protein from conception until birth. At 4 weeks of age, male offspring were anaesthetized and prepared for the study of renal function, during which animals received saline alone, a bolus of enalapril (5 mg.kg(-1)) or a bolus of enalapril followed by an infusion of angiotensin II (30 ng.min(-1).kg(-1)). Under control conditions, renal haemodynamic and tubular function did not differ. However, when challenged with angiotensin II, LP rats responded with a greater decrease in glomerular filtration rate than did NP rats [NP, 2.0+/-0.2 ml.min(-1).g(-1) kidney weight ( n =9); LP, 1.0+/-0.2 ml.min(-1).g(-1) kidney weight ( n =5); P <0.05]. Renal electrolyte excretion did not differ. LP rats had significantly fewer glomeruli than NP rats ( P <0.01). Renal angiotensin II AT(1) receptor expression was increased ( P <0.01) by 24% in LP rats. It is concluded that blood pressure may be elevated in LP rats in order to maintain glomerular filtration rate against a background of fewer nephrons. Increased AT(1) receptor expression, which may arise as a result of the direct effect of protein restriction or in response to the reported decrease in renal tissue angiotensin II concentration, could also contribute to the elevated blood pressure of this model.  (+info)

Maternal undernutrition from early- to mid-gestation leads to growth retardation, cardiac ventricular hypertrophy, and increased liver weight in the fetal sheep. (6/608)

Early gestation is critical for placentomal growth, differentiation, and vascularization, as well as fetal organogenesis. The fetal origins of adult disease hypothesis proposes that alterations in fetal nutrition and endocrine status result in developmental adaptations that permanently change structure, physiology, and metabolism, thereby predisposing individuals to cardiovascular, metabolic, and endocrine disease in adult life. Multiparous ewes were fed to 50% (nutrient restricted) or 100% (control fed) of total digestible nutrients from Days 28 to 78 of gestation. All ewes were weighed weekly and diets adjusted for individual weight loss or gain. Ewes were killed on Day 78 of gestation and gravid uteri recovered. Fetal body and organ weights were determined, and numbers, morphologies, diameters, and weights of all placentomes were obtained. From Day 28 to Day 78, restricted ewes lost 7.4% of body weight, while control ewes gained 7.5%. Maternal and fetal blood glucose concentrations were reduced in restricted versus control pregnancies. Fetuses were markedly smaller in the restricted group than in the control group. Further, restricted fetuses exhibited greater right- and left-ventricular and liver weights per unit fetal weight than control fetuses. No treatment differences were observed in any gross placentomal measurement. However, caruncular vascularity was enhanced in conceptuses from nutrient-restricted ewes but only in twin pregnancies. While these alterations in fetal/placental development may be beneficial to early fetal survival in the face of a nutrient restriction, their effects later in gestation as well as in postnatal life need further investigation.  (+info)

Do low-income lone mothers compromise their nutrition to feed their children? (7/608)

BACKGROUND: Women who live in disadvantaged circumstances in Canada exhibit dietary intakes below recommended levels, but their children often do not. One reason for this difference may be that mothers modify their own food intake to spare their children nutritional deprivation. The objective of our study was to document whether or not low-income lone mothers compromise their own diets to feed their children. METHODS: We studied 141 low-income lone mothers with at least 2 children under the age of 14 years who lived in Atlantic Canada. Women were identified through community organizations using a variety of recruitment strategies. The women were asked weekly for 1 month to recall their food intake over the previous 24 hours; they also reported their children's (n = 333) food intake. Mothers also completed a questionnaire about "food insecurity," that is, a lack of access to adequate, nutritious food through socially acceptable means, during each interview. RESULTS: Household food insecurity was reported by 78% of mothers during the study month. Mothers' dietary intakes and the adequacy of intake were consistently poorer than their children's intake overall and over the course of a month. The difference in adequacy of intake between mothers and children widened from Time 1, when the family had the most money to purchase food, to Time 4, when the family had the least money. The children experienced some improvement in nutritional intake at Time 3, which was possibly related to food purchases for them associated with receipt of the Child Tax Benefit Credit or the Goods and Services Tax Credit. INTERPRETATION: Our study demonstrates that low-income lone mothers compromise their own nutritional intake in order to preserve the adequacy of their children's diets.  (+info)

Does the interaction between maternal folate intake and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphisms affect the risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate? (8/608)

Periconceptional folic acid supplementation may reduce the risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL(P)). Polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene reduce availability of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the predominant circulating form of folate. To determine the effect of MTHFR C677T and MTHFR A1298C genotypes and haplotypes on CL(P) risk and the interaction with maternal periconceptional dietary folate and folic acid supplement intake, the authors conducted a case-control triad study in the Netherlands (1998-2000) among 179 CL(P) and 204 control families. Infant and parental MTHFR C677T and MTHFR A1298C genotypes and haplotypes were not associated with CL(P) risk in the case-control and transmission disequilibrium test analyses. Mothers carrying the MTHFR 677TT genotype and who either did not use folic acid supplements periconceptionally or had a low dietary folate intake, or both, had an increased risk of delivering a CL(P) child (odds ratio (OR) = 5.9, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 30.9; OR = 2.8, 95% CI: 0.7, 10.5; OR = 10.0, 95% CI: 1.3, 79.1, respectively). No supplement use, low dietary folate intake, and maternal MTHFR 1298CC genotype increased the risk of CL(P) offspring almost sevenfold (OR = 6.5, 95% CI: 1.4, 30.2). Thus, the detrimental effect of low periconceptional folate intake on the risk of giving birth to a CL(P) child was more pronounced in mothers with the MTHFR 677TT or MTHFR 1298CC genotype.  (+info)

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. It seems to be a broad concept that combines elements from sports nutrition, physiology, and potentially some biochemical phenomena.

1. Sports Nutrition: This involves the study of how diet can impact physical performance during sporting activities. It includes understanding the role of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) in athletic performance and recovery.

2. Physiological Phenomena: This refers to the functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, including all physical and chemical processes. In the context of sports, this could include how the body responds to exercise, such as increased heart rate, respiratory rate, and metabolism.

If you're looking for a definition that encompasses these areas, it might be something like: "The study of how nutritional intake and physiological responses interact during sporting activities, including the impact on performance, recovery, and overall health." However, this is not a standard medical definition. If you could provide more context or clarify what specific aspects you're interested in, I might be able to give a more precise answer.

Maternal nutritional physiological phenomena refer to the various changes and processes that occur in a woman's body during pregnancy, lactation, and postpartum periods to meet the increased nutritional demands and support the growth and development of the fetus or infant. These phenomena involve complex interactions between maternal nutrition, hormonal regulation, metabolism, and physiological functions to ensure optimal pregnancy outcomes and offspring health.

Examples of maternal nutritional physiological phenomena include:

1. Adaptations in maternal nutrient metabolism: During pregnancy, the mother's body undergoes various adaptations to increase the availability of essential nutrients for fetal growth and development. For instance, there are increased absorption and utilization of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids, as well as enhanced storage of glycogen and lipids in maternal tissues.
2. Placental transfer of nutrients: The placenta plays a crucial role in facilitating the exchange of nutrients between the mother and fetus. It selectively transports essential nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals from the maternal circulation to the fetal compartment while removing waste products.
3. Maternal weight gain: Pregnant women typically experience an increase in body weight due to the growth of the fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid, and maternal tissues such as the uterus and breasts. Adequate gestational weight gain is essential for ensuring optimal pregnancy outcomes and reducing the risk of adverse perinatal complications.
4. Changes in maternal hormonal regulation: Pregnancy is associated with significant changes in hormonal profiles, including increased levels of estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and other hormones that regulate various physiological functions such as glucose metabolism, appetite regulation, and maternal-fetal immune tolerance.
5. Lactation: Following childbirth, the mother's body undergoes further adaptations to support lactation and breastfeeding. This involves the production and secretion of milk, which contains essential nutrients and bioactive components that promote infant growth, development, and immunity.
6. Nutrient requirements: Pregnancy and lactation increase women's nutritional demands for various micronutrients such as iron, calcium, folate, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids. Meeting these increased nutritional needs is crucial for ensuring optimal pregnancy outcomes and supporting maternal health during the postpartum period.

Understanding these physiological adaptations and their implications for maternal and fetal health is essential for developing evidence-based interventions to promote positive pregnancy outcomes, reduce the risk of adverse perinatal complications, and support women's health throughout the reproductive lifespan.

I cannot provide a medical definition for the term "Elder Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" as it is not a widely recognized or established term in the field of medicine or nutrition. It seems to be a very specific and narrow term that may refer to certain age-related changes in nutritional status and physiological functions among older adults. However, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional or geriatric specialist for a more accurate and detailed explanation based on the context and specific phenomena being referred to.

Dental physiological phenomena refer to the various natural and normal functions, processes, and responses that occur in the oral cavity, particularly in the teeth and their supporting structures. These phenomena are essential for maintaining good oral health and overall well-being. Some of the key dental physiological phenomena include:

1. Tooth formation (odontogenesis): The process by which teeth develop from embryonic cells into fully formed adult teeth, including the growth and mineralization of tooth enamel, dentin, and cementum.
2. Eruption: The natural movement of a tooth from its developmental position within the jawbone to its final functional position in the oral cavity, allowing it to come into contact with the opposing tooth for biting and chewing.
3. Tooth mobility: The normal slight movement or displacement of teeth within their sockets due to the action of masticatory forces and the elasticity of the periodontal ligament that connects the tooth root to the alveolar bone.
4. Salivary flow: The continuous production and secretion of saliva by the major and minor salivary glands, which helps maintain a moist oral environment, neutralize acids, and aid in food digestion, speech, and swallowing.
5. pH balance: The regulation of acidity and alkalinity within the oral cavity, primarily through the buffering capacity of saliva and the action of dental plaque bacteria that metabolize sugars and produce acids as a byproduct.
6. Tooth sensitivity: The normal response of teeth to various stimuli such as temperature changes, touch, or pressure, which is mediated by the activation of nerve fibers within the dentin layer of the tooth.
7. Oral mucosal immune response: The natural defense mechanisms of the oral mucosa, including the production of antimicrobial proteins and peptides, the recruitment of immune cells, and the formation of a physical barrier against pathogens.
8. Tooth wear and attrition: The normal gradual loss of tooth structure due to natural processes such as chewing, grinding, and erosion by acidic substances, which can be influenced by factors such as diet, occlusion, and bruxism.
9. Tooth development and eruption: The growth and emergence of teeth from the dental follicle through the alveolar bone and gingival tissues, which is regulated by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors.

The digestive system is a series of organs and glands that work together to break down food into nutrients, which the body can absorb and use for energy, growth, and cell repair. The process begins in the mouth, where food is chewed and mixed with saliva, which contains enzymes that begin breaking down carbohydrates.

The oral physiological phenomena refer to the functions and processes that occur in the mouth during eating and digestion. These include:

1. Ingestion: The process of taking food into the mouth.
2. Mechanical digestion: The physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces by chewing, which increases the surface area for enzymes to act on.
3. Chemical digestion: The chemical breakdown of food molecules into simpler substances that can be absorbed and utilized by the body. In the mouth, this is initiated by salivary amylase, an enzyme found in saliva that breaks down starches into simple sugars.
4. Taste perception: The ability to detect different flavors through specialized taste buds located on the tongue and other areas of the oral cavity.
5. Olfaction: The sense of smell, which contributes to the overall flavor experience by interacting with taste perception in the brain.
6. Salivation: The production of saliva, which helps moisten food, making it easier to swallow, and contains enzymes that begin the digestion process.
7. Protective mechanisms: The mouth has several defense mechanisms to protect against harmful bacteria and other pathogens, such as the flow of saliva, which helps wash away food particles, and the presence of antibacterial compounds in saliva.

Reproductive physiological phenomena refer to the functions and processes related to human reproduction, which include:

1. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis: The regulation of reproductive hormones through a feedback mechanism between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males).
2. Oogenesis/Spermatogenesis: The process of producing mature ova (eggs) or spermatozoa (sperm) capable of fertilization.
3. Menstrual Cycle: A series of events that occur in the female reproductive system over approximately 28 days, including follicular development, ovulation, and endometrial changes.
4. Pregnancy and Parturition: The process of carrying a developing fetus to term and giving birth.
5. Lactation: The production and secretion of milk by the mammary glands for nourishment of the newborn.

Urinary physiological phenomena refer to the functions and processes related to the urinary system, which include:

1. Renal Filtration: The process of filtering blood in the kidneys to form urine.
2. Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion: The active transport of solutes and water between the tubular lumen and peritubular capillaries, resulting in the formation of urine with a different composition than plasma.
3. Urine Concentration and Dilution: The ability to regulate the concentration of urine by adjusting the amount of water reabsorbed or excreted.
4. Micturition: The process of storing and intermittently releasing urine from the bladder through a coordinated contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the urethral sphincter.

Musculoskeletal physiological phenomena refer to the mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes and functions that occur within the musculoskeletal system. This system includes the bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilages, and other tissues that provide support, shape, and movement to the body. Examples of musculoskeletal physiological phenomena include muscle contraction and relaxation, bone growth and remodeling, joint range of motion, and the maintenance and repair of connective tissues.

Neural physiological phenomena, on the other hand, refer to the electrical and chemical processes and functions that occur within the nervous system. This system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia that are responsible for processing information, controlling body movements, and maintaining homeostasis. Examples of neural physiological phenomena include action potential generation and propagation, neurotransmitter release and reception, sensory perception, and cognitive processes such as learning and memory.

Musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena are closely interrelated, as the nervous system controls the musculoskeletal system through motor neurons that innervate muscles, and sensory neurons that provide feedback to the brain about body position, movement, and pain. Understanding these physiological phenomena is essential for diagnosing and treating various medical conditions that affect the musculoskeletal and nervous systems.

Circulatory and respiratory physiological phenomena refer to the functions, processes, and mechanisms that occur in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to maintain homeostasis and support life.

The circulatory system, which includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood, is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body. The respiratory system, which consists of the nose, throat, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm, enables the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment.

Physiological phenomena in the circulatory system include heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, blood flow, and vascular resistance. These phenomena are regulated by various factors such as the autonomic nervous system, hormones, and metabolic demands.

Physiological phenomena in the respiratory system include ventilation, gas exchange, lung compliance, airway resistance, and respiratory muscle function. These phenomena are influenced by factors such as lung volume, airway diameter, surface area, and diffusion capacity.

Understanding circulatory and respiratory physiological phenomena is essential for diagnosing and managing various medical conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, and metabolic disorders. It also provides a foundation for developing interventions to improve health outcomes and prevent disease.

The integumentary system is the largest organ system in the human body, responsible for providing a protective barrier against the external environment. The physiological phenomena associated with the integumentary system encompass a range of functions and processes that occur within the skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands. These phenomena include:

1. Barrier Function: The skin forms a physical barrier that protects the body from external threats such as pathogens, chemicals, and radiation. It also helps prevent water loss and regulates electrolyte balance.
2. Temperature Regulation: The integumentary system plays a crucial role in maintaining core body temperature through vasodilation and vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin, as well as through sweat production by eccrine glands.
3. Sensory Perception: The skin contains various sensory receptors that detect touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold. These receptors transmit information to the central nervous system for processing and response.
4. Vitamin D Synthesis: The skin is capable of synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight. This process involves the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin into previtamin D3, which then undergoes further transformation into vitamin D3.
5. Excretion: Sweat glands within the integumentary system help eliminate waste products and excess heat through the production and secretion of sweat. The two types of sweat glands are eccrine glands, which produce a watery, odorless sweat, and apocrine glands, which produce a milky, odorous sweat primarily in response to emotional stimuli.
6. Immunological Function: The skin serves as an essential component of the immune system by providing a physical barrier against pathogens and housing various immune cells such as Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, and T-cells. These cells help recognize and respond to potential threats, contributing to the body's overall defense mechanisms.
7. Wound Healing: The integumentary system has the remarkable ability to repair itself following injury through a complex process involving inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This process involves the coordinated efforts of various cell types, including keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells, as well as the production and deposition of extracellular matrix components such as collagen and elastin.
8. Growth and Development: The integumentary system plays a crucial role in growth and development by producing hormones such as vitamin D and melatonin, which contribute to various physiological processes throughout the body. Additionally, the skin serves as an essential sensory organ, providing information about temperature, touch, pain, and pressure through specialized nerve endings called mechanoreceptors.
9. Social Communication: The integumentary system can convey important social signals through changes in coloration, texture, and odor. For example, blushing or sweating may indicate embarrassment or anxiety, while certain skin conditions such as psoriasis or eczema may signal underlying health issues. Additionally, the release of pheromones through sweat glands can influence social behavior and attraction.
10. Aesthetic Appeal: The integumentary system contributes significantly to an individual's appearance and self-esteem. Healthy skin, hair, and nails are often associated with youthfulness, attractiveness, and vitality, while skin conditions such as acne, wrinkles, or discoloration can negatively impact one's self-image and confidence. As a result, maintaining the health and appearance of the integumentary system is an essential aspect of overall well-being and quality of life.

Reproductive physiological phenomena refer to the various functional processes and changes that occur in the reproductive system, enabling the production, development, and reproduction of offspring in living organisms. These phenomena encompass a wide range of events, including:

1. Hormonal regulation: The release and circulation of hormones that control and coordinate reproductive functions, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and inhibin.
2. Ovarian and testicular function: The development and maturation of ova (eggs) in females and sperm in males, including folliculogenesis, ovulation, spermatogenesis, and the maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics.
3. Menstrual cycle: The series of events that occur in the female reproductive system over a 28-day period, consisting of the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase, resulting in the shedding of the uterine lining if fertilization does not occur.
4. Fertilization: The process by which a sperm penetrates and fuses with an egg to form a zygote, initiating embryonic development.
5. Implantation: The attachment and embedding of the developing blastocyst (early-stage embryo) into the uterine lining, leading to pregnancy.
6. Pregnancy: The physiological state of carrying a developing offspring within the female reproductive system, characterized by hormonal changes, growth and development of the fetus, and preparation for childbirth.
7. Lactation: The production and secretion of milk from the mammary glands to provide nutrition for newborn offspring.
8. Menopause: The permanent cessation of menstrual cycles and reproductive function in females, typically occurring in the fourth or fifth decade of life, characterized by a decline in hormone production and various physical and emotional symptoms.

These reproductive physiological phenomena are complex and highly regulated processes that ensure the continuation of species and the maintenance of genetic diversity.

Physiological phenomena refer to the functional and mechanical activities that occur within a living organism or in any of its parts. These phenomena are associated with the normal functioning of the body and its organs, including biological processes such as digestion, respiration, circulation, excretion, metabolism, and nerve impulse transmission. They can be studied at different levels, from molecular and cellular to organ system and whole-body levels, and are essential for maintaining homeostasis and promoting the survival and health of the organism.

I cannot provide a specific medical definition for the term "Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" as it is quite broad and can encompass various aspects related to nutrition and physiological changes that occur during adolescence. However, I can provide some insight into the nutritional and physiological changes that typically occur during adolescence.

Adolescence is a critical period of growth and development, and proper nutrition is essential to support these changes. During this time, adolescents experience significant increases in height, weight, and muscle mass, as well as sexual maturation and reproductive development. As a result, their nutrient needs are higher than those of children or adults.

Some key nutritional physiological phenomena that occur during adolescence include:

1. Increased energy needs: Adolescents require more calories to support their rapid growth and development. The estimated daily calorie needs for boys aged 14-18 years are 2,500-3,000 calories, while for girls aged 14-18 years, the estimated daily calorie needs are 2,200-2,400 calories.
2. Increased protein needs: Protein is essential for building and repairing tissues, including muscle mass. Adolescents require more protein to support their growth and development, with an estimated daily need of 46 grams for girls aged 14-18 years and 52 grams for boys aged 14-18 years.
3. Increased calcium needs: Calcium is essential for building and maintaining strong bones and teeth. Adolescents undergo significant bone growth during this time, making it crucial to meet their increased calcium needs. The recommended daily intake of calcium for adolescents is 1,300 milligrams.
4. Increased iron needs: Iron is essential for the production of red blood cells and the transport of oxygen throughout the body. Adolescent girls, in particular, have increased iron needs due to menstruation. The recommended daily intake of iron for adolescents is 8 mg for boys aged 14-18 years and 15 mg for girls aged 14-18 years.
5. Increased nutrient needs: Adolescents require a variety of vitamins and minerals to support their growth and development, including vitamin D, vitamin B12, folate, and magnesium. A balanced diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and dairy products can help meet these needs.

In summary, adolescents have increased nutrient needs to support their growth and development. Meeting these needs requires a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods from all food groups. It is essential to ensure adequate intake of protein, calcium, iron, and other vitamins and minerals during this critical period of growth and development.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is not a standard or widely recognized medical term. It seems to be a rather broad and vague phrase that combines several concepts: prenatal (occurring before birth), nutritional (relating to nutrition), physiological (relating to the functioning of living organisms and their parts), and phenomena (observable events or occurrences).

If you're interested in a specific aspect of maternal and fetal nutrition, physiology, or related processes during pregnancy, I would be happy to help further if you could provide a more precise term or question. For example, prenatal nutritional physiological phenomena could refer to the process of how certain nutrients are transported across the placenta, how maternal nutrition affects fetal growth and development, or how various hormonal and metabolic changes occur during pregnancy.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Urinary Tract Physiological Phenomena" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. However, I can provide information about the physiology of the urinary tract, which may be what you are looking for.

The urinary tract is a system responsible for producing, storing, and eliminating urine from the body. It includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. The physiological phenomena associated with the urinary tract include:

1. Glomerular filtration: In the kidneys, blood is filtered through structures called glomeruli, which remove waste products and excess fluids from the bloodstream to form urine.
2. Tubular reabsorption: As urine moves through the tubules of the nephron in the kidney, essential substances like water, glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes are actively reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.
3. Hormonal regulation: The urinary system plays a role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance through hormonal mechanisms, such as the release of erythropoietin (regulates red blood cell production), renin (activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance), and calcitriol (the active form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).
4. Urine storage: The bladder serves as a reservoir for urine, expanding as it fills and contracting during urination.
5. Micturition (urination): Once the bladder reaches a certain volume or pressure, nerve signals are sent to the brain, leading to the conscious decision to urinate. The sphincters of the urethra relax, allowing urine to flow out of the body through the urethral opening.

If you could provide more context about what specific information you're looking for, I would be happy to help further!

"Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is a broad term that refers to various physical and biological processes related to nutrition in children. While I couldn't find a precise medical definition for this specific phrase, I can provide you with some key physiological phenomena associated with child nutrition. These include:

1. Growth and Development: Proper nutrition is crucial for normal growth and development in children. Adequate intake of essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals supports physical growth, brain development, and overall well-being.
2. Digestion and Absorption: The gastrointestinal tract undergoes significant changes during childhood, affecting the ability to digest and absorb various nutrients. For example, lactase production decreases in some children after weaning, leading to lactose intolerance.
3. Energy Metabolism: Children have higher energy requirements per unit of body weight compared to adults due to their rapid growth and development. Proper nutrition ensures efficient energy metabolism and prevents issues like obesity or undernutrition.
4. Immune Function: Nutrition plays a vital role in supporting the immune system. Adequate intake of nutrients like vitamin C, vitamin D, iron, zinc, and protein helps maintain immune function and resistance to infections.
5. Micronutrient Deficiencies: Inadequate nutrition can lead to micronutrient deficiencies, which may impair children's growth, cognitive development, and overall health. Examples include iron deficiency anemia, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency disorders.
6. Overnutrition and Obesity: Excessive energy intake, coupled with reduced physical activity, can lead to overweight and obesity in children. This increases the risk of developing non-communicable diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer later in life.
7. Food Allergies and Intolerances: Children are more prone to food allergies and intolerances than adults. These can manifest as various symptoms, such as skin rashes, digestive issues, or respiratory problems, and may require dietary modifications.
8. Eating Behaviors and Preferences: Childhood is a critical period for shaping eating behaviors and food preferences. Exposure to a variety of healthy foods during this stage can help establish lifelong healthy eating habits.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is not a widely recognized or established medical term. It seems to be a very specific phrase that may refer to the physiological processes and phenomena related to nutrition.

Nutrition, in a medical context, refers to the process of providing or obtaining food necessary for health and growth. Physiological phenomena, on the other hand, refer to the functional manifestations of living organisms and their parts.

So, "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" could hypothetically refer to the various physiological processes that occur in the body in relation to nutrition, such as digestion, absorption, metabolism, transportation, and storage of nutrients. However, I would recommend consulting the specific source or context where this term was used for a more accurate definition.

Musculoskeletal physiological phenomena refer to the various functions, processes, and responses that occur in the musculoskeletal system. This system includes the muscles, bones, joints, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and other connective tissues that work together to support the body's structure, enable movement, and protect vital organs.

Musculoskeletal physiological phenomena can be categorized into several areas:

1. Muscle contraction and relaxation: This involves the conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy through the sliding of actin and myosin filaments in muscle fibers, leading to muscle shortening or lengthening.
2. Bone homeostasis: This includes the maintenance of bone mass, density, and strength through a balance between bone formation by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts.
3. Joint movement and stability: The movement of joints is enabled by the interaction between muscles, tendons, ligaments, and articular cartilage, while stability is maintained through the passive tension provided by ligaments and the active contraction of muscles.
4. Connective tissue repair and regeneration: This involves the response of tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and muscles to injury or damage, including inflammation, cell proliferation, and matrix remodeling.
5. Neuromuscular control: The coordination of muscle activity through the integration of sensory information from proprioceptors (e.g., muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs) and motor commands from the central nervous system.
6. Skeletal development and growth: This includes the processes of bone formation, mineralization, and modeling during fetal development and childhood, as well as the maintenance of bone mass and strength throughout adulthood.
7. Aging and degeneration: The progressive decline in musculoskeletal function and structure with age, including sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass), osteoporosis (brittle bones), and joint degeneration (osteoarthritis).

Understanding these physiological phenomena is essential for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders and injuries.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is not a standard or widely recognized medical term. It seems to be a very specific phrase that may relate to various physiological processes and phenomena related to infant nutrition.

To try and provide some clarity, I can offer a brief explanation of the individual terms:

1. Infant: A young child, typically under one year of age.
2. Nutritional: Relating to food or nourishment, particularly in relation to energy and the balance of essential nutrients required for growth, repair, and maintenance of bodily functions.
3. Physiological: Describing processes and functions that occur within a living organism as part of normal bodily function, including biochemical reactions, organ function, and responses to environmental stimuli.
4. Phenomena: Observable events or occurrences.

So, "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" could refer to observable events or processes related to an infant's nutrition and physiology. However, without further context, it is difficult to provide a more precise definition. Examples of such phenomena might include the development of feeding skills, growth patterns, or changes in metabolism related to dietary intake.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Virus Physiological Phenomena" is not a widely recognized or established medical term or concept. It seems to be a combination of two concepts: "virus" and "physiological phenomena."

1. A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates inside the living cells of an organism. Viruses can cause many different types of illnesses, from the common cold to more serious diseases like HIV/AIDS or hepatitis.

2. Physiological phenomena refer to the functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, including cells, tissues, and organs.

If you're looking for information about how viruses affect physiological processes in the body, I would be happy to help provide some general information on that topic! However, it would be best to consult a specific medical text or expert for more detailed or specialized knowledge.

"Animal nutritional physiological phenomena" is not a standardized medical or scientific term. However, it seems to refer to the processes and functions related to nutrition and physiology in animals. Here's a breakdown of the possible components:

1. Animal: This term refers to non-human living organisms that are multicellular, heterotrophic, and have a distinct nervous system.
2. Nutritional: This term pertains to the nourishment and energy requirements of an animal, including the ingestion, digestion, absorption, transportation, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients.
3. Physiological: This term refers to the functions and processes that occur within a living organism, including the interactions between different organs and systems.
4. Phenomena: This term generally means an observable fact or event.

Therefore, "animal nutritional physiological phenomena" could refer to the observable events and processes related to nutrition and physiology in animals. Examples of such phenomena include digestion, absorption, metabolism, energy production, growth, reproduction, and waste elimination.

The digestive system is a complex network of organs and glands that work together to break down food into nutrients, which are then absorbed and utilized by the body for energy, growth, and cell repair. The physiological phenomena associated with the digestive system include:

1. Ingestion: This is the process of taking in food through the mouth.
2. Mechanical digestion: This involves the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces through processes such as chewing, churning, and segmentation.
3. Chemical digestion: This involves the chemical breakdown of food molecules into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body. This is achieved through the action of enzymes produced by the mouth, stomach, pancreas, and small intestine.
4. Motility: This refers to the movement of food through the digestive tract, which is achieved through a series of coordinated muscle contractions called peristalsis.
5. Secretion: This involves the production and release of various digestive juices and enzymes by glands such as the salivary glands, gastric glands, pancreas, and liver.
6. Absorption: This is the process of absorbing nutrients from the digested food into the bloodstream through the walls of the small intestine.
7. Defecation: This is the final process of eliminating undigested food and waste products from the body through the rectum and anus.

Overall, the coordinated functioning of these physiological phenomena ensures the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients, maintaining the health and well-being of the individual.

"Blood physiological phenomena" is a broad term that refers to various functions, processes, and characteristics related to the blood in the body. Here are some definitions of specific blood-related physiological phenomena:

1. Hematopoiesis: The process of producing blood cells in the bone marrow. This includes the production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis), white blood cells (leukopoiesis), and platelets (thrombopoiesis).
2. Hemostasis: The body's response to stop bleeding or prevent excessive blood loss after injury. It involves a complex interplay between blood vessels, platelets, and clotting factors that work together to form a clot.
3. Osmoregulation: The regulation of water and electrolyte balance in the blood. This is achieved through various mechanisms such as thirst, urine concentration, and hormonal control.
4. Acid-base balance: The maintenance of a stable pH level in the blood. This involves the balance between acidic and basic components in the blood, which can be affected by factors such as respiration, metabolism, and kidney function.
5. Hemoglobin function: The ability of hemoglobin molecules in red blood cells to bind and transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body.
6. Blood viscosity: The thickness or flowability of blood, which can affect its ability to circulate through the body. Factors that can influence blood viscosity include hematocrit (the percentage of red blood cells in the blood), plasma proteins, and temperature.
7. Immunological function: The role of white blood cells and other components of the immune system in protecting the body against infection and disease. This includes the production of antibodies, phagocytosis (the engulfing and destruction of foreign particles), and inflammation.

"Ocular physiological phenomena" is not a standardized medical term with a specific definition. However, I can provide some examples of ocular physiological phenomena, which refer to various normal functions and processes that occur in the eye. Here are a few examples:

1. Accommodation: The ability of the eye to change optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies. This is primarily achieved by changing the curvature of the lens through the action of the ciliary muscles.
2. Pupillary reflex: The automatic adjustment of the pupil's size in response to changes in light intensity. In bright light, the pupil constricts (miosis), while in dim light, it dilates (mydriasis). This reflex helps regulate the amount of light that enters the eye.
3. Tear production: The continuous secretion of tears by the lacrimal glands to keep the eyes moist and protected from dust, microorganisms, and other foreign particles.
4. Extraocular muscle function: The coordinated movement of the six extraocular muscles that control eyeball rotation and enable various gaze directions.
5. Color vision: The ability to perceive and distinguish different colors based on the sensitivity of photoreceptor cells (cones) in the retina to specific wavelengths of light.
6. Dark adaptation: The process by which the eyes adjust to low-light conditions, improving visual sensitivity primarily through changes in the rod photoreceptors' sensitivity and pupil dilation.
7. Light adaptation: The ability of the eye to adjust to different levels of illumination, mainly through alterations in pupil size and photoreceptor cell response.

These are just a few examples of ocular physiological phenomena. There are many more processes and functions that occur within the eye, contributing to our visual perception and overall eye health.

'Nervous system physiological phenomena' refer to the functions, activities, and processes that occur within the nervous system in a healthy or normal state. This includes:

1. Neuronal Activity: The transmission of electrical signals (action potentials) along neurons, which allows for communication between different cells and parts of the nervous system.

2. Neurotransmission: The release and binding of neurotransmitters to receptors on neighboring cells, enabling the transfer of information across the synapse or junction between two neurons.

3. Sensory Processing: The conversion of external stimuli into electrical signals by sensory receptors, followed by the transmission and interpretation of these signals within the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord).

4. Motor Function: The generation and execution of motor commands, allowing for voluntary movement and control of muscles and glands.

5. Autonomic Function: The regulation of internal organs and glands through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, maintaining homeostasis within the body.

6. Cognitive Processes: Higher brain functions such as perception, attention, memory, language, learning, and emotion, which are supported by complex neural networks and interactions.

7. Sleep-Wake Cycle: The regulation of sleep and wakefulness through interactions between the brainstem, thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain, ensuring proper rest and recovery.

8. Development and Plasticity: The growth, maturation, and adaptation of the nervous system throughout life, including processes such as neuronal migration, synaptogenesis, and neural plasticity.

9. Endocrine Regulation: The interaction between the nervous system and endocrine system, with the hypothalamus playing a key role in controlling hormone release and maintaining homeostasis.

10. Immune Function: The communication between the nervous system and immune system, allowing for the coordination of responses to infection, injury, or stress.

Cell physiological phenomena refer to the functional activities and processes that occur within individual cells, which are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and normal physiology. These phenomena include various dynamic and interrelated processes such as:

1. Cell membrane transport: The movement of ions, molecules, and nutrients across the cell membrane through various mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis/exocytosis.
2. Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within cells to maintain life, including catabolic (breaking down) and anabolic (building up) processes for energy production, biosynthesis, and waste elimination.
3. Signal transduction: The process by which cells receive, transmit, and respond to external or internal signals through complex signaling cascades involving various second messengers, enzymes, and transcription factors.
4. Gene expression: The conversion of genetic information encoded in DNA into functional proteins and RNA molecules, including transcription, RNA processing, translation, and post-translational modifications.
5. Cell cycle regulation: The intricate mechanisms that control the progression of cells through various stages of the cell cycle (G0, G1, S, G2, M) to ensure proper cell division and prevent uncontrolled growth or cancer development.
6. Apoptosis: Programmed cell death, a physiological process by which damaged, infected, or unwanted cells are eliminated in a controlled manner without causing inflammation or harm to surrounding tissues.
7. Cell motility: The ability of cells to move and change their position within tissues, which is critical for various biological processes like embryonic development, wound healing, and immune responses.
8. Cytoskeleton dynamics: The dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton (microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments) that provides structural support, enables cell shape changes, and facilitates intracellular transport and organelle positioning.
9. Ion homeostasis: The regulation of ion concentrations within cells to maintain proper membrane potentials and ensure normal physiological functions like neurotransmission, muscle contraction, and enzyme activity.
10. Cell-cell communication: The exchange of signals between neighboring or distant cells through various mechanisms like gap junctions, synapses, and paracrine/autocrine signaling to coordinate cellular responses and maintain tissue homeostasis.

Respiratory physiological phenomena refer to the various mechanical, chemical, and biological processes and functions that occur in the respiratory system during breathing and gas exchange. These phenomena include:

1. Ventilation: The movement of air into and out of the lungs, which is achieved through the contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles.
2. Gas Exchange: The diffusion of oxygen (O2) from the alveoli into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream into the alveoli.
3. Respiratory Mechanics: The physical properties and forces that affect the movement of air in and out of the lungs, such as lung compliance, airway resistance, and chest wall elasticity.
4. Control of Breathing: The regulation of ventilation by the central nervous system through the integration of sensory information from chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the respiratory system.
5. Acid-Base Balance: The maintenance of a stable pH level in the blood through the regulation of CO2 elimination and bicarbonate balance by the respiratory and renal systems.
6. Oxygen Transport: The binding of O2 to hemoglobin in the red blood cells and its delivery to the tissues for metabolic processes.
7. Defense Mechanisms: The various protective mechanisms that prevent the entry and colonization of pathogens and foreign particles into the respiratory system, such as mucociliary clearance, cough reflex, and immune responses.

"Skin physiological phenomena" is not a standard medical term with a specific definition. However, I can provide some information about the general concepts that might be encompassed by this term.

Physiological phenomena refer to the functions and processes that occur in living organisms. When it comes to the skin, there are many different physiological phenomena that take place, including:

1. Barrier function: The skin acts as a barrier to protect the body from external elements such as bacteria, viruses, chemicals, and UV radiation.
2. Temperature regulation: The skin helps regulate body temperature through sweat production and blood flow.
3. Sensation: The skin contains nerve endings that allow us to feel touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
4. Vitamin D synthesis: The skin can produce vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.
5. Moisture regulation: The skin helps maintain the body's moisture balance by producing sweat and preventing water loss.
6. Immunological function: The skin plays a role in the immune system by providing a physical barrier and containing immune cells that help fight off infections.
7. Excretion: The skin eliminates waste products through sweat.
8. Wound healing: The skin has the ability to repair itself after injury, through a complex process involving inflammation, tissue regeneration, and remodeling.

Therefore, "skin physiological phenomena" could refer to any or all of these functions and processes that take place in the skin.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Plant Physiological Phenomena" is not a standard medical term. It falls more within the domain of botany, which is a branch of biology focused on the study of plants.

However, I can provide a general explanation: Plant physiological phenomena refer to the functional processes and activities that occur within plants. This includes various aspects such as photosynthesis (the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy to fuel their growth), respiration, plant nutrition (the uptake and assimilation of nutrients from the soil), water relations (how plants absorb, transport, and use water), plant hormone functions, and many other processes.

If you have a term that is used in a medical context which you would like defined, I'd be happy to help with that!

Bacterial physiological phenomena refer to the various functional processes and activities that occur within bacteria, which are necessary for their survival, growth, and reproduction. These phenomena include:

1. Metabolism: This is the process by which bacteria convert nutrients into energy and cellular components. It involves a series of chemical reactions that break down organic compounds such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
2. Respiration: This is the process by which bacteria use oxygen to convert organic compounds into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy in the form of ATP. Some bacteria can also perform anaerobic respiration, using alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate or sulfate instead of oxygen.
3. Fermentation: This is a type of anaerobic metabolism in which bacteria convert organic compounds into simpler molecules, releasing energy in the form of ATP. Unlike respiration, fermentation does not require an external electron acceptor.
4. Motility: Many bacteria are capable of moving independently, using various mechanisms such as flagella or twitching motility. This allows them to move towards favorable environments and away from harmful ones.
5. Chemotaxis: Bacteria can sense and respond to chemical gradients in their environment, allowing them to move towards attractants and away from repellents.
6. Quorum sensing: Bacteria can communicate with each other using signaling molecules called autoinducers. When the concentration of autoinducers reaches a certain threshold, the bacteria can coordinate their behavior, such as initiating biofilm formation or producing virulence factors.
7. Sporulation: Some bacteria can form spores, which are highly resistant to heat, radiation, and chemicals. Spores can remain dormant for long periods of time and germinate when conditions are favorable.
8. Biofilm formation: Bacteria can form complex communities called biofilms, which are composed of cells embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Biofilms can provide protection from environmental stressors and host immune responses.
9. Cell division: Bacteria reproduce by binary fission, where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This process is regulated by various cell cycle checkpoints and can be influenced by environmental factors such as nutrient availability.

Cardiovascular physiological phenomena refer to the various functions and processes that occur within the cardiovascular system, which includes the heart and blood vessels. These phenomena are responsible for the transport of oxygen, nutrients, and other essential molecules to tissues throughout the body, as well as the removal of waste products and carbon dioxide.

Some examples of cardiovascular physiological phenomena include:

1. Heart rate and rhythm: The heart's ability to contract regularly and coordinate its contractions with the body's needs for oxygen and nutrients.
2. Blood pressure: The force exerted by blood on the walls of blood vessels, which is determined by the amount of blood pumped by the heart and the resistance of the blood vessels.
3. Cardiac output: The volume of blood that the heart pumps in one minute, calculated as the product of stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped per beat) and heart rate.
4. Blood flow: The movement of blood through the circulatory system, which is influenced by factors such as blood pressure, vessel diameter, and blood viscosity.
5. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation: The narrowing or widening of blood vessels in response to various stimuli, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and changes in temperature or oxygen levels.
6. Autoregulation: The ability of blood vessels to maintain a constant blood flow to tissues despite changes in perfusion pressure.
7. Blood clotting: The process by which the body forms a clot to stop bleeding after an injury, which involves the activation of platelets and the coagulation cascade.
8. Endothelial function: The ability of the endothelium (the lining of blood vessels) to regulate vascular tone, inflammation, and thrombosis.
9. Myocardial contractility: The strength of heart muscle contractions, which is influenced by factors such as calcium levels, neurotransmitters, and hormones.
10. Electrophysiology: The study of the electrical properties of the heart, including the conduction system that allows for the coordinated contraction of heart muscle.

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This phenomenon is known as the premature ovarian failure (POF) and it is used as the model for the study of the genetics of ... Typically maternal care is defined at the most basic level of pregnancy and birth and lactation, but includes other things like ... The assumption that energy measured in calories can be used as a universal measure of nutritional cost is criticized by a ... Lactation is one of the costliest forms of parental investment because it is taxing at a metabolic and physiological level, but ...
In addition to physiological degradation, pacific salmon become more lethargic as mating goes on, which makes some individuals ... It is rare in mammals because mammals have obligate maternal care due to internal fertilization and incubation of offspring and ... Cole, Lamont C. (June 1954). "The Population Consequences of Life History Phenomena". The Quarterly Review of Biology. 29 (2): ... larvae only feed in restricted periods of the year because of the nutritional state of their host plants (as a result, they are ...
Family Planning and Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Nutrition Integration in Bondo Sub-County, Kenya". Maternal and Child ... Supplementing nutritional intake can lead to an earlier return of menses and ovulation than exclusive breastfeeding. Nursing ... Beyond the physiological factors that influence lactational amenorrhea, cross cultural differences can help account for many of ... An additional study that references this phenomenon cross-culturally was completed in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and has ...
Maternal nutrition can affect the development of the unborn child in poor nutritional environments such that it will be ... the molecular mechanisms are broadly caused by a suboptimal environment in the reproductive tract or maternal physiological ... An example of this phenomenon is a study published in 2018 by the Royal Society, which found that hypoxic stress from differing ... The role of major nutritional elements in fetal growth. The role of abnormal amino acid supply in growth limited neonates. The ...
This is often coupled with some physiological change in appearance. Cichlids can have maternal, paternal, or biparental care. ... These phenomena, known as egg spots, aid in the mouthbrooding mechanisms of cichlids. The egg spots consist of carotenoid-based ... For example, females of lyretail cichlids (Neolamprologus modabu) dig at sandy substrate more to push nutritional detritus and ... Maternal care is most common among mouthbrooders, but cichlids' common ancestor is thought to exhibit paternal-only care. Other ...
Maternal nutrition and the avoidance of drugs, alcohol and other substances during all nine months of pregnancy (especially the ... Upon hearing the tune, these newborns showed physiological changes, such as a decrease in heart rate. This observed change did ... Further research in this area is needed.[citation needed] Similarly to nutritional intake, drugs consumed by the mother during ... Thompson, Richard F.; Spencer, William A. (1966). "Habituation: A model phenomenon for the study of neuronal substrates of ...
Chronobiology - field of biology that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar- ... Paleopathology - the study of pathogenic conditions observable in bones or mummified soft tissue, and on nutritional disorders ... Behavioral neuroscience - study of physiological, genetic, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals ... maternal effect - penetrance - complementation - suppression - epistasis - genetic linkage Model organisms: Drosophila - ...
Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. 2nd ed. Cornell Univ. Press. 476 pp. Wright, A.-D. G.; et al. (2004). "Molecular diversity ... 1985). Maternal vocalizations and other sounds in the fetal lamb's sound environment. Early Human Development, 11: 179-190. ... N.Z. Farmer, 98(6): 29-31 Parrott, R.F., (1990). Physiological responses to isolation in sheep. Social Stress in Domestic ... Details of that phenomenon, which I have argued elsewhere was a local process at least for sheep and cattle (Meadow 1984b, 1992 ...
Nutritional treatment]". Rev Enferm (in Spanish). 31 (9): 51-8. ISSN 0210-5020. PMID 19007035. Høst A, Halken S, Jacobsen HP, ... This is a normal phenomenon, common to everyone. The resultant production of gas potentially results in bloating and flatulence ... A non-allergic food hypersensitivity is an abnormal physiological response. It can be difficult to determine the poorly ... There is no conclusive evidence to support the restriction of dairy intake in the maternal diet during pregnancy, and this is ...
With an increase in gestational time, the fetal organs also grow in progression to the body weight, the phenomenon which is ... Public health aspect of low birth weight, third report of the expert committee on maternal and child health (WHO)" (PDF). World ... 1977; 109-117 Gueri M, Jutsum P, Sorhaindo B (March 1982). "Anthropometric assessment of nutritional status in pregnant women: ... under physiological and pathological conditions: immunocytochemical, electron microscopic and in vitro observations". In Vivo. ...
... or physiological. A characteristic of the phenotype that arises through adaptive maternal effects, is the plasticity of this ... A similar phenomenon occurs in the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Urchin mothers in nutrient rich environments ... This displayed that birth weight may not be an adequate way to determine nutritional status during gestation. This study ... This is a maternal, not an adaptive maternal effect. In order to be an adaptive maternal effect, the mother's environment would ...
"NFHS-3 Nutritional Status of Adults". Retrieved 26 November 2009. Kanjilal, B; et al. (2010). "Nutritional Status of Children ... Additionally, physiological or chronic stress is strongly correlated in women being underweight. India has one of the worst ... Explanatory variables of maternal characteristics used were: years of education; body mass index (BMI); anemia status; autonomy ... This phenomenon is most prevalent in the rural areas of India where more malnutrition exists on an absolute level. Whether ...
This phenomenon has been observed in several species, with the most prominent examples including the ingestion of whole leaves ... Physiological and behavioral changes during reproduction are known to influence the immune system. Trade-offs occur between ... The availability of nutritional resources The intensity of pathogen exposure Signals of extrinsic mortality risk Among ... "Sublethal effects of natural parasitism act through maternal, but not paternal, reproductive success in a wild population". ...
Breastfeeding includes nutritional benefits which are undeniable, but the main reason breastfeeding is promoted in attachment ... For that, he adopted Mary Ainsworth's term of "maternal sensitivity": The woman directs her attention completely on the child ... Lorenz believed that instincts are physiological processes and assumed they could be described as neuronal circuitry in the ... this phenomenon finally became tangible and recognizable. In 2004, media critic Susan J. Douglas and philosopher Meredith W. ...
Yet, nutritional quality of middle class diets closely mirrors those of the upper classes. More importantly, the nutritional ... One clear illustration of this phenomenon is the introduction of spices in European diet. In medieval Western Europe, the ... Maternal & Child Nutrition. 11 (4): 870-881. doi:10.1111/mcn.12028. ISSN 1740-8695. PMC 6860335. PMID 23320519. S2CID 12577875 ... "Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in ...
"Mammalian Milk & Nutritional Profile of the Milk of Various Mammals". Earth Life. Retrieved 2013-05-09. Grabb & Smith's Plastic ... ISBN 978-0-8261-6887-0. Durham, Roberta (2014). Maternal-newborn nursing: the critical components of nursing care. Philadelphia ... The physiological purpose of nipples is to deliver milk, produced in the female mammary glands during lactation, to an infant. ... Inverted nipple Staphylococcus infection of the nipple Edematous areola Herpes infection of the nipple Reynaud phenomenon of ...
Then, and to an extent now, menstruation was a private matter and a girl's menarche was not a community phenomenon. The Ulithi ... The timing of menarche is influenced by female biology, as well as genetic and environmental factors, especially nutritional ... Menarche is the culmination of a series of physiological and anatomic processes of puberty: Attainment of a sufficient body ... early maternal harshness --> earlier menarche --> increased sexual risk taking". Developmental Psychology. 46 (1): 120-28. doi: ...
This phenomenon, where molecule Y affects the binding of molecule X to a transport molecule Z, is called a heterotropic ... As a result, fetal blood in the placenta is able to take oxygen from maternal blood. Hemoglobin also carries nitric oxide (NO) ... nutritional deficiency, bone marrow problems, chemotherapy, kidney failure, or abnormal hemoglobin (such as that of sickle-cell ... Oxyhemoglobin is formed during physiological respiration when oxygen binds to the heme component of the protein hemoglobin in ...
... biochemical mechanisms and nutritional implications". (review). The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 15 (8): 442-51. doi: ... At physiological pH, the carboxylic acid is deprotonated (−CO2−) and both the amino and guanidino groups are protonated, ... March 2014). "Arginine supplementation for improving maternal and neonatal outcomes in hypertensive disorder of pregnancy: a ... "Oral L-arginine can reverse digital necrosis in Raynaud's phenomenon". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 244 (1-2): 139-141 ...
The second major physiological stress-response center, the HPA axis, regulates the release of cortisol, which influences many ... The ambiguity in defining this phenomenon was first recognized by Hans Selye (1907-1982) in 1926. In 1951 a commentator loosely ... Adverse experiences during development (e.g. prenatal exposure to maternal stress, poor attachment histories, sexual abuse) are ... regardless of the nutritional values of the food. Some studies have observed increased risk of upper respiratory tract ...
All these prenatal risks were controlled for other high-risk conditions, maternal age, gravidity, marital status, and maternal ... Use of nutritional supplements such as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is based on the observation that populations who ... Studies in Ireland and Denmark first noticed the phenomenon, and it has been confirmed elsewhere. There is no universally ... all of which invoke physiological and anatomical changes considered to be beneficial in reducing preterm birth. Two meta- ...
... and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and that typically include a strong desire to take the ... Chen LW, Wu Y, Neelakantan N, Chong MF, Pan A, van Dam RM (May 2016). "Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and risk of ... Liddle DG, Connor DJ (June 2013). "Nutritional supplements and ergogenic AIDS". Primary Care. 40 (2): 487-505. doi:10.1016/j. ... Chen LW, Wu Y, Neelakantan N, Chong MF, Pan A, van Dam RM (September 2014). "Maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy is ...
Yong, Ed (9 May 2014). "The Silence of the Crickets, The Silence of the Crickets". Phenomena: A Science Salon. National ... complex spermatophores and maternal care in crickets, katydids, and weta". Journal of Orthoptera Research. 4 (4): 203-218. doi: ... probably providing a nutritional boost. Gryllus firmus exhibits wing polymorphism; some individuals have fully functional, long ... Physiological Entomology. 8 (2): 151-166. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1983.tb00344.x. S2CID 85962428. Cade W. H. (1975). " ...
Maternal investment: In many species, males benefit from high maternal investment as it allows them to preserve more energy and ... A study tested two hypotheses concerning mating plugs: a) that they were nutritional gifts for females to digest to provide ... Sperm competition can be exhibited throughout behavioral, morphological and physiological male adaptations. Some examples of ... a third phenomenon also explains the differences in gene expressions between two sexes - sexual antagonism. Sexual antagonism ...
anticipation A phenomenon by which the symptoms of a genetic disorder become apparent (and often more severe) at an earlier age ... maternal effect Any nongenetic effect of the mother on the phenotype of her offspring, owing to factors such as cytoplasmic ... adaptationism The Darwinian view that many or most physiological and behavioral traits of organisms are adaptations that have ... inheritance, transmission of congenital disease, and the sharing of nutritional conditions. mating system mating system ...
Nutritional deprivation during childhood has lasting health effects as well. Pathway effects are experiences that set ... Social Protection: Interventions such as "health-related cash transfers", maternal education, and nutrition-based social ... phenomenon but is the result of a toxic combination of poor social policies, unfair economic arrangements [where the already ... and how environmental and physiological factors respond to one another and to genetics. "Economic stability is a social ...
By the end of the 17th century and into the Enlightenment, madness was increasingly seen as an organic physical phenomenon with ... March 2015). "Nutritional medicine as mainstream in psychiatry". The Lancet. Psychiatry (Review). 2 (3): 271-4. doi:10.1016/ ... Maternal stress and birth complications including prematurity and infections have also been implicated in increasing ... However, available evidence may range from nonverbal behaviors-including physiological responses and homologous facial displays ...
May 2004). "Elevated maternal interleukin-8 levels and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring". The American Journal of ... While the reason for this phenomenon is unknown, there may be a genetic resistance to the cancers, a side effect of medications ... While some of these explanations may stretch credulity, others (such as heavy metal poisoning and nutritional imbalances) have ... it has been suggested that the physiological hypoxia that prevails in normal embryonic and fetal development, or pathological ...
Bjorkoyli, Tore; Rosell, Frank (2002). "A test of the dear enemy phenomenon in the Eurasian beaver". Animal Behaviour. 63 (6): ... Mothers of these species maintain contact with their highly mobile young with maternal contact calls. Though relatively ... Several reasons have been proposed for this behavior, including nutritional stress, resource competition, avoiding misdirecting ... and Physiological Study". PLoS ONE. 8 (4): e60537. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...860537H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060537. ISSN 1932- ...
Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena * Pregnancy * Pregnancy Complications / epidemiology* * Pregnancy Complications / ... Maternal ID is a global problem that may contribute to high rates of maternal depression and non-responsive caregiving. ... Intervention trials illustrate that children benefit from both nutritional intervention and early learning interventions that ... ensure adequate maternal iron status, provide iron-rich complementary foods, and ensure access to postnatal interventions that ...
Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / physiology* * Pregnancy / blood * Pregnancy Complications / blood* * Pregnancy ... Objective: Lack of trace elements during pregnancy is detrimental to maternal and fetal health. Our aim is to study the changes ...
Nutrition and maternal, neonatal, and child health.. * Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. Related Conference of Track 6 ... Paediatric Gastrointestinal Cancer - Nutritional 2024 (France). *Paediatric Gastrointestinal Surgery - Nutritional 2024 (France ... Maternal & Infant Medical Care - PEDIATRICS NUTRITION 2023 (Italy). *Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing - Child Care 2024 ( ... Nutritional deficits are a leading cause of death in children. Malnutrition is responsible for about half of all deaths ...
Maternal Nutrition 4 * Prenatal Care 3 * Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena 3 * Paternity 2 ... Breast Feeding, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Health Promotion, Primary Health Care, Health Personnel ... Breast Feeding, Health Promotion, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Infant Nutrition Oficina: Capacitação de ... Breast Feeding, Primary Health Care, Health Promotion, Maternal and Child Health, Infant Health ...
Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Infant Nutrition, Child Care, Thoracic Surgery, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, ... Child Health, Infant, Newborn, Maternal Welfare, Perinatology, Obstetrics, Gynecology, Pediatrics XIV Jornada de Urgências ... Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Infant Nutrition, Child Care, Immunization, Immunization Schedule, Perinatal Care, ... Gynecology, Obstetrics, Perinatology, Pediatrics, Child Health, Maternal Welfare, Infant, Newborn Jornada Interdisciplinar de ...
Maternal-Child Health Centers, Medicine, Middle East, Midwifery, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Organization and ... Africa, Africa, Northern, Birth Intervals, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Contraception, Contraception Behavior, ... Maternal Nutrition, Maternal-child Health Services, Midwives, Northern Africa, Nutrition, Oral Rehydration, Programs, ... The 120 midwives serving the project area received training in 4 interventions -- oral rehydration therapy, maternal and child ...
Detailed data will be collected on maternal demographics, lifestyle, medical history, reproductive history, obstetric history, ... The outcomes will include antenatal, peripartum, and postnatal maternal complications and infant growth and neurodevelopment. ... and lifestyle on maternal and neonatal outcomes. A prospective cohort of > 2500 pregnant women in the first trimester ( ... Thus, studies that address factors affecting maternal and child health status before and after pregnancy are of immense ...
... the distribution of adulthood nutritional imbalance is shifting from a predominance of undernutrition to overnutrition. This ... could impact future physiological pathways. For instance, poor nutritional status during early stages of development may boost ... explain that fetal exposure to maternal malnutrition during pregnancy could increase risk of nutritional disorders in later ... Several theories (such as life-course perspective) have been proposed to explain this phenomenon of rising obesity among ...
Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. 650 22 - SUBJECT ADDED ENTRY--TOPICAL TERM. Topical term or geographic name as ... two generations at nutritional risk / Anne Marie Coufopoulos and Allan Frederick Hackett -- Life cycle influences and ...
Maternal L-glutamine supplementation during late gestation alleviates intrauterine growth restriction-induced intestinal ... Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena * Animals * Animals, Newborn * Dietary Supplements * Extracellular Matrix * Female ... Maternal dietary supplementation with L-glutamine (Gln) has been considered as an option to improve fetal growth and to prevent ... Maternal Gln supplementation during late gestation increased the average birth weight, while decreasing the within-litter ...
Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena 100% * Milk 64% * infant 57% * Food 48% * food 47% ... Maternal dietary supplement use and development of islet autoimmunity in the offspring: TEDDY study. Silvis, K., Aronsson, C. A ... Maternal food consumption during late pregnancy and offspring risk of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Johnson, R. K., ... Associations of Maternal Diabetes During Pregnancy with Overweight in Offspring: Results from the Prospective TEDDY Study. ...
Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena--United States--Congresses ; Maternal Welfare--United States--Congresses ; Nutrition ... Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Maternal Welfare ; Nutrition Disorders--prevention & control ; Nutrition Policy-- ... Nutrition policy--United States ; Pregnancy--Nutritional aspects--United States--Congresses ; Obesity--Nutritional aspects-- ... The workshop also planned for a program of research to determine the effects of WIC on maternal and child health outcomes."-- ...
Luke B, Leurgans S. Maternal weight gains in ideal twin outcomes. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996 Feb; 96(2):178-81. ... "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" by people in this website by year, and whether "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" was a ... Nutritional Physiological Phenomena*Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. *Phenomena, Nutritional Physiological. *Physiological ... "Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, ...
Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Prenatal Nutritional Physiological ... Maternal-Child Nursing, Dentistry, Practice Patterns, Dentists', Nutrition Therapy, Child Nutrition, Prenatal Nutrition, ... Phenomena, Pharmacokinetics, "Infecção pelo HIV em Mulheres e Crianças", AIDSa AIDSa AIDSa AIDSa AIDSa AIDSa AIDSa AIDS, Anti- ...
We demonstrated that maternal low-protein diet initiated when pregnancy starts and maintained to embryonic day 13, when the ... The human implication is that the maternal diet ingested between conception and 5- 6-wk gestation contributes to the variation ... We tested the hypothesis that maternal diet alters gene expression in the metanephros, the precursor of the definitive ... Collectively, these studies prove that the maternal diet programs the embryonic kidney, altering cell turnover and gene ...
Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610.566 G7.203.650.566 Maturation-Promoting Factor D8.811.913.696.620.682. ... Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610 G7.203.650 Nutritional Requirements G7.610.620 G7.203.650.620 Nutritional Status ... Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610.220 G7.203.650.220 Chimera B1.50.50.530 B1.650.85 Chimerin 1 D12.776.402.150. ... Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610.161 G7.203.650.161 Animals, Congenic B1.50.50.157.40 B1.50.50.199.40 Animals ...
Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610.566 G7.203.650.566 Maturation-Promoting Factor D8.811.913.696.620.682. ... Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610 G7.203.650 Nutritional Requirements G7.610.620 G7.203.650.620 Nutritional Status ... Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610.220 G7.203.650.220 Chimera B1.50.50.530 B1.650.85 Chimerin 1 D12.776.402.150. ... Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610.161 G7.203.650.161 Animals, Congenic B1.50.50.157.40 B1.50.50.199.40 Animals ...
Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610.566 G7.203.650.566 Maturation-Promoting Factor D8.811.913.696.620.682. ... Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610 G7.203.650 Nutritional Requirements G7.610.620 G7.203.650.620 Nutritional Status ... Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610.220 G7.203.650.220 Chimera B1.50.50.530 B1.650.85 Chimerin 1 D12.776.402.150. ... Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610.161 G7.203.650.161 Animals, Congenic B1.50.50.157.40 B1.50.50.199.40 Animals ...
Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610.566 G7.203.650.566 Maturation-Promoting Factor D8.811.913.696.620.682. ... Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610 G7.203.650 Nutritional Requirements G7.610.620 G7.203.650.620 Nutritional Status ... Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610.220 G7.203.650.220 Chimera B1.50.50.530 B1.650.85 Chimerin 1 D12.776.402.150. ... Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610.161 G7.203.650.161 Animals, Congenic B1.50.50.157.40 B1.50.50.199.40 Animals ...
Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610.566 G7.203.650.566 Maturation-Promoting Factor D8.811.913.696.620.682. ... Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610 G7.203.650 Nutritional Requirements G7.610.620 G7.203.650.620 Nutritional Status ... Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610.220 G7.203.650.220 Chimera B1.50.50.530 B1.650.85 Chimerin 1 D12.776.402.150. ... Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena G7.610.161 G7.203.650.161 Animals, Congenic B1.50.50.157.40 B1.50.50.199.40 Animals ...
The safety, efficacy and effective delivery of maternal micronutrient supplementation require further research. ... Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ... Short maternal stature and gestational weight gain among ... Case Report: Children with Severe Nutritional Rickets in the Naga Region in Northwest Myanmar, on the border with India ... Maternal multiple micronutrient supplementation and pregnancy outcomes in developing countries: meta-analysis and meta- ...
Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Dietary Supplements Diet Feeding Behavior Micronutrients Randomized Controlled ... Maternal & child nutrition. 2023 Jul;19(3):e13488 Mesh Tags Female Humans Infant Child Child, Preschool ... Maternal & Child Nutrition published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government ...
Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena 100% * infant 57% * Longitudinal Studies 57% * longitudinal study 54% ... Complementary feeding approach and maternal responsiveness in 8- and 12-month-old Italian infants: A longitudinal study. Di ... Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 43, 5, p. 1294-1298 5 p.. Research output: Contribution to journal › Letter, comment/ ...
Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Medicine & Life Sciences 100% * Compliance Medicine & Life Sciences 58% ... to assess the adequacy of reporting of participant compliance in RCTs investigating the effect of maternal nutritional ... to assess the adequacy of reporting of participant compliance in RCTs investigating the effect of maternal nutritional ... to assess the adequacy of reporting of participant compliance in RCTs investigating the effect of maternal nutritional ...
Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena 91% * nutrition education 90% * Uganda 74% * hygiene 70% ... Responding to maternal loss: A phenomenological study of older orphans in youth-headed households in impoverished areas of ... The nutritional status of adult antiretroviral therapy recipients with a recent hiv diagnosis; a cross-sectional study in ... Nutritional composition and consumer acceptability of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP)-supplemented mahewu. Olusanya, R. N. ...
Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. *Micronutrients. *Nutritional Status. *Maternal Nutritional Physiological ... Maternal single nucleotide polymorphisms in the fatty acid desaturase 1 and 2 coding regions modify the impact of prenatal ... Maternal Fat-1 Transgene Protects Offspring from Excess Weight Gain, Oxidative Stress, and Reduced Fatty Acid Oxidation in ... Tissue-specific, nutritional, and developmental regulation of rat fatty acid elongases. J Lipid Res. 2005 Apr; 46(4):706-15. ...
Prenatal nutritional physiological phenomena ; Maternal nutritional physiological phenomena. Charakt. formalna: Polski rozdzia ... Angielskie s owa kluczowe: Nutritional physiological phenomena ; Nutrition disorders ; Nutrition disorders - etiology ; Feeding ... Angielskie s owa kluczowe: Nutritional physiological phenomena ; Nutrition disorders ; Nutrition disorders - etiology ; ... Nutritional physiological phenomena ; Nutrition disorders ; Nutrition disorders - psychology ; Muscular dystrophies - ...
Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. *Quantitative Trait Loci. *Fetus. *Papio. *Y Chromosome. *Spermatogenesis ...
Maternal-Fetal Exchange. Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. Abstract. This volume offers the most comprehensive ... Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. Specialty. Adolescent Medicine. Nutrition Therapy. Nutritional Sciences. Abstract. ... Nutritional Physiological Phenomena. Obesity - surgery. Patient Selection. Postoperative Complications - prevention & control. ... Part I. Maternal Diet, Health and the Fetus: General Considerations -- Prenatal Maternal Stress in the Context: Maternal Stress ...
  • In this context, the maternal gut plays a quintessence in programming the mammary gland to face the nutritional, microbiological, immunological, and neuroendocrine requirements of the growing infant. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, the axis linking the maternal gut, the breast, and the infant gut seems crucial for a correct infant growth and development. (nih.gov)
  • Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" by people in this website by year, and whether "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)
  • Examination of Hospital, Maternal, and Infant Characteristics Associated with Breastfeeding Initiation and Continuation Among Opioid-Exposed Mother-Infant Dyads. (umassmed.edu)
  • Infant Nutritional Status and Markers of Environmental Enteric Dysfunction are Associated with Midchildhood Anthropometry and Blood Pressure in Tanzania. (umassmed.edu)
  • We assessed whether variations in maternal or infant diet can influence risk of allergic or autoimmune disease. (medscape.com)
  • We identified 260 original studies (964,143 participants) of milk feeding, including 1 intervention trial of breastfeeding promotion, and 173 original studies (542,672 participants) of other maternal or infant dietary exposures, including 80 trials of maternal (n = 26), infant (n = 32), or combined (n = 22) interventions. (medscape.com)
  • The authors assessed the association of maternal iodine intake from diet and supplements during pregnancy and of maternal and neonatal thyroid function with infant neurodevelopment. (lshtm.ac.uk)
  • Results: For the 594 maternal-infant pairs analyzed, maternal mean age was 29.7 years, and 60.6% self-reported as African American or black. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Nutritional physiology of children from birth to 2 years of age. (umassmed.edu)
  • Effects of Perinatal Exposure to Phthalates and a High-Fat Diet on Maternal Behavior and Pup Development and Social Play. (nih.gov)
  • This paper presents evidence on whether maternal and child dietary diversity can be improved with systemic improvements focused on strengthening training, capacity building, and behavior change communication among frontline workers to encourage improved nutritional practices among mothers and children in the intervention area. (nih.gov)
  • If adapted to be more inclusive of a multi-faceted society, PN could solve many nutrition dilemmas because eating behavior ranges from physiological, psychological, economic and social. (nutritioninsight.com)
  • Success in hunting and foraging in mammals, primates and especially humans is known to be dependent on prolonged maternal investment. (jaredreser.com)
  • Multiple modifiable maternal, household and health service factors are associated with maternal nutrition and early breastfeeding practices in Burkina Faso. (nih.gov)
  • Dietary intake is a fundamental determinant of maternal and child nutrition. (nih.gov)
  • Nutrition education and counselling is an integral part of ANC that influences maternal and child health outcomes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Socio-economic and demographic profile, various components of ANC received including nutrition counselling, dietary intake and nutritional outcomes based on anthropometric indices and anaemia status were assessed. (ox.ac.uk)
  • BACKGROUND: When sufficient maternal breast milk is not available, alternative forms of enteral nutrition for preterm or low birth weight (LBW) infants are donor breast milk or artificial formula. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here, we use a rat model of human prenatal exposure to investigate the potential interactive effects of an environmentally relevant mixture of phthalates and a maternal high-fat diet (HFD). (nih.gov)
  • Decreased ovarian reserve, dysregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, and increased lipid peroxidation in female mouse offspring exposed to an obesogenic maternal diet. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Maternal diet during pregnancy influences the later life reproductive potential of female offspring. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Furthermore, we explore the interaction between adverse maternal diet and postweaning diet in generating reduced ovarian reserve. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Female mice were exposed to either maternal obesogenic (high fat/high sugar) or maternal control dietin uteroand during lactation, then weaned onto either obesogenic or control diet. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Maternal diet thus plays a central role in determining follicular reserve in adult female offspring. (cam.ac.uk)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support a relationship between maternal diet and risk of immune-mediated diseases in the child. (medscape.com)
  • AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: In preterm and LBW infants, feeding with formula compared with donor breast milk, either as a supplement to maternal expressed breast milk or as a sole diet, results in higher rates of weight gain, linear growth, and head growth and a higher risk of developing necrotising enterocolitis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Hydration is another special nutritional concern during pregnancy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Maternal intake of digestible carbohydrates was associated with the offspring's relative fat mass in late (P-trend = 0.006) but not early (P-trend = 0.15) pregnancy. (pure.fo)
  • Maternal fetal stress transfer is a physiological phenomenon in which psychosocial stress experienced by a mother during her pregnancy can be transferred to the fetus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pregnancy Interventions to Improve Birth Outcomes: What Are the Effects on Maternal Outcomes? (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Maternal Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy and Child Autism-Related Traits: Results from Two US Cohorts. (kpresearcherprofiles.org)
  • A rat model of chronic hypoxia (2 weeks of hypoxia at 12 weeks old) following IUGR was used to investigate the physiological and structural effect of intrauterine malnutrition on the pulmonary artery by evaluating pulmonary artery systolic pressure and vascular diameter in male rats. (scielo.br)
  • Additionally, persistent antenatal stress experienced toward the end of the gestation period is shown to inflict severe and permanent damage on the foetus' physiological development, potentially leading to early growth retardation, aka intrauterine growth restriction, preterm labour and delayed motor development in infancy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Several findings suggest that stressor stimuli (e.g. diabetes, nutritional changes) during intrauterine development may promote epigenetic changes, as well as affect mitochondrial metabolism, which may modulate fetal development and predispose to the late development of diseases. (scirp.org)
  • We did not find that other dietary exposures-including prebiotic supplements, maternal allergenic food avoidance, and vitamin, mineral, fruit, and vegetable intake-influence risk of allergic or autoimmune disease. (medscape.com)
  • Socio-demographic characteristics, nutrient intake and nutritional status were compared between those who availed ANC versus those who did not using logistic regression. (ox.ac.uk)
  • There was no difference in micronutrient intake and anaemia prevalence among women who received ANC versus who did not.ConclusionsPregnant women living in urban poor settlements have poor nutritional status. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Donor breast milk may retain some of the non-nutritive benefits of maternal breast milk for preterm or LBW infants. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Knowledge of plant and animal life was also stimulated by the maternal grandfather, a humorous, sensitive nature lover, and by his highly educated son, Eduard Biewend, who befriended Robert, conducted him frequently on natural history excursions, and imparted his wide interests in scientific subjects and the new art of photography. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The influence of maternal levels of vitamin D and adiponectin on offspring's health. (nih.gov)
  • The objective of this study was to assess whether low level of maternal vitamin B(12) is associated with an increased risk of fetal neural tube defects (NTDs), in order to contribute to research on further reduction of NTDs under a background of mandatory folic acid (FA) fortification. (nih.gov)
  • We retrieved and evaluated the studies published on the risk of low level of maternal vitamin B(12) for NTDs. (nih.gov)
  • The guinea pig is best known, from a nutritional standpoint, by its requirement for dietary vitamin C. This feature has made the guinea pig particularly useful in studies of collagen biosynthesis, wound healing, and bone growth. (nih.gov)
  • This funding opportunity announcement (FOA), issued by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, is intended to encourage grant applications that use mouse or rat models to investigate whether exposure to environmental toxicants can induce adverse phenotypic outcomes that are transmitted to subsequent, unexposed generations, a phenomenon known as transgenerational inheritance. (nih.gov)
  • Exposure to specific diets or nutritional factors, maternal stress, and certain environmental chemicals have all been reported to induce phenotypic changes observed at least two generations after exposure. (nih.gov)
  • In what is perhaps the most well characterized example, prenatal exposure to the fungicide vinclozolin in the F1 generation has been shown to result in a variety of physiological changes observed through the F3 generation. (nih.gov)
  • It is critical to first determine how widespread and robust this phenomenon is, and the range of possible phenotypic outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • Ante natal care (ANC) utilization, dietary practices and nutritional outcomes in pregnant and recently delivered women in urban slums of Delhi, India: an exploratory cross-sectional study. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Recently Delivered Women (RDW) in urban slums of North-east district of Delhi, India, to explore ANC utilization, dietary practices and nutritional outcomes.MethodsA household survey was conducted in three urban slums to identify PW and RDW. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Meta-analysis was applied to calculate the odds ratio (OR) of fetal NTDs in relation to low maternal B(12) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). (nih.gov)
  • The estimated OR value of fetal NTDs in relation to low maternal B(12) was 2.41 (95% CI: 1.90-3.06). (nih.gov)
  • Low maternal B(12) status could be an important risk factor for the development of fetal NTDs. (nih.gov)
  • Canine placenta is composed by the fetal and the maternal part and it is endotheliochorial in structure. (belly-labs.com)
  • This suggestion was origi- nally made on the basis of the large concentration gradient of physiological concen- trations of phylloquinone between maternal and cord blood plasma and the inefficient maternal-fetal transfer of pharmacological doses administered as an intravenous injec- tion to the mother just before delivery (Shearer et al. (mfa.org.my)
  • 50 pg/mL [110 pmol/L] and that the average maternal-fetal concentration gradient is within the range 20:1 to 40:1 (Shearer, 1992). (mfa.org.my)
  • This article interprets several prenatal occurrences, including maternal malnourishment, low birth weight, multiparity, short birth interval, advanced maternal age and maternal stress- which are currently identified by the epidemiological literature as risk factors for neuropathology- to be environmental cues that communicate to the fetus that, because it will be neglected of maternal investment, developing a metabolically conservative brain will be the most effective ecological strategy. (jaredreser.com)
  • Can Anganwadi services strengthening improve the association between maternal and child dietary diversity? (nih.gov)
  • Dietary patterns and physical activity, in addition to schooling and countervailing social norms for early marriage, influence health and nutritional well-being of adolescents. (karger.com)
  • Furthermore, use of the maternal deprivation paradigm presented here may help researchers more precisely identify the risk factors that determine cognitive trajectory. (jaredreser.com)
  • The burden of disease among adolescents has its origins in infectious and injury-related causes, but nutritional deficiencies, suboptimal linear growth, and undernutrition are major public health problems, even as overweight may be on the rise in many contexts. (karger.com)
  • Consequently, personalized advice can induce a mental mindset with an array of expectancies, orienting people toward psychological, physiological and behavioral responses in line with such expectations, which, in turn, create changes in a self-fulfilling manner," the researchers state. (nutritioninsight.com)
  • These behavioral characteristics and special nutritional requirements need to be considered when designing nutritional or metabolic studies. (nih.gov)
  • Psychosocial stress describes the brain's physiological response to perceived social threat. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, providing personalized health advice may tap into the Barnum effect, which describes a psychological phenomenon where individuals demonstrate high levels of acceptance of descriptions of personal characteristics supposedly personalized to them. (nutritioninsight.com)
  • This ratio of maternal : foetus cortisol concentration is maintained by an enzyme in the placenta which alters the cortisol molecule into an inactive metabolite (11-keto products), called Placental 11 β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lansing] : [Michigan Department of Health, Bureau of Maternal and Child Health? (nih.gov)
  • National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health (U.S. (nih.gov)
  • Although there are numerous examples of transgenerational inheritance in non-mammalian systems, it still remains rather controversial whether this phenomenon occurs in mammals, though several published examples do exist. (nih.gov)
  • The reason that this phenomenon only occurs when the mother is experiencing an excessive amount of stress, and does not occur from the usual, everyday stress that many individuals experience, is due to one protective mechanism that takes place in the placenta. (wikipedia.org)
  • The problem lies in the multiplying factor arising from this ratio, i.e., if maternal cortisol levels rise by 10-20% it could cause foetal cortisol levels to double, which is what occurs when the mother experiences psychological distress. (wikipedia.org)
  • In cases of very high levels of maternal cortisol, this placental enzyme's expression and activity are greatly reduced, thus buffering the fetus less from the mother's high cortisol levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • Overall, this study demonstrates that phthalates and a maternal HFD only rarely interacted, except in oxidative stress markers in males. (nih.gov)
  • According to recent studies, these effects are mainly the result of two particular stress biomarkers circulating in the maternal blood supply: cortisol and catecholamines. (wikipedia.org)
  • During a period of psychosocial stress, cortisol is released, leading to physiological manifestations of stress such as increased maternal blood pressure (MBP) and maternal heart rate (MHR). (wikipedia.org)
  • Identify methods for quantifying stress in animals and evaluating nutritional management opportunities for decreasing the detrimental results of stress. (ufl.edu)
  • Low levels of maternal care are known to result in low survivorship of offspring, largely because the offspring are forced to subsist using simple, low- yield foraging strategies. (jaredreser.com)
  • A predictive, adaptive response, marked by cerebral hypometabolism, may produce a level of metabolic conservancy that mitigates the risks associated with low levels of maternal care. (jaredreser.com)
  • The intestine allows the development of predominantly gram-positive bacterial flora, which may contribute to the nutritional requirements of the host perhaps through direct absorption of bacterial metabolites or digestion and absorption of intestinal bacteria and other materials following coprophagy. (nih.gov)
  • Epigenetic regulation of neuropeptide genes associated with central appetite control plays an important part in the development of nutritional programming. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • However, the underlying mechanism of the early nutritional insult that results in pulmonary vascular dysfunction later in life is not fully understood. (scielo.br)
  • Thus, they sought to further establish this effect whilst investigating the mechanism of action behind this phenomenon in the present study. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Empirical studies show that "social dining" is one such factor and has real-life benefits on nutritional status, well-being and social cohesion. (nutritioninsight.com)