Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. It includes pre-conception maternal exposure.
The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Exchange of substances between the maternal blood and the fetal blood at the PLACENTA via PLACENTAL CIRCULATION. The placental barrier excludes microbial or viral transmission.
An acute leukemia exhibiting cell features characteristic of both the myeloid and lymphoid lineages and probably arising from MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS.
Hair grooming, cleansing and modifying products meant for topical application to hair, usually human. They include sprays, bleaches, dyes, conditioners, rinses, shampoos, nutrient lotions, etc.
Exposure of the male parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring.
Compounds which contain the methyl radical substituted with two benzene rings. Permitted are any substituents, but ring fusion to any of the benzene rings is not allowed.
Any substance in the air which could, if present in high enough concentration, harm humans, animals, vegetation or material. Substances include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; and volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.
An infant during the first month after birth.
A triazine herbicide.
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.
Substances or energies, for example heat or light, which when introduced into the air, water, or land threaten life or health of individuals or ECOSYSTEMS.
The unborn young of a viviparous mammal, in the postembryonic period, after the major structures have been outlined. In humans, the unborn young from the end of the eighth week after CONCEPTION until BIRTH, as distinguished from the earlier EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.
Morphological and physiological development of FETUSES.
Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
Dyes used as cosmetics to change hair color either permanently or temporarily.
Congenital defect in the upper lip where the maxillary prominence fails to merge with the merged medial nasal prominences. It is thought to be caused by faulty migration of the mesoderm in the head region.
A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)
An infant having a birth weight of 2500 gm. (5.5 lb.) or less but INFANT, VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT is available for infants having a birth weight of 1500 grams (3.3 lb.) or less.
The beginning third of a human PREGNANCY, from the first day of the last normal menstrual period (MENSTRUATION) through the completion of 14 weeks (98 days) of gestation.
A chemical by-product that results from burning or incinerating chlorinated industrial chemicals and other hydrocarbons. This compound is considered an environmental toxin, and may pose reproductive, as well as, other health risks for animals and humans.
Contamination of the air by tobacco smoke.
Industrial products consisting of a mixture of chlorinated biphenyl congeners and isomers. These compounds are highly lipophilic and tend to accumulate in fat stores of animals. Many of these compounds are considered toxic and potential environmental pollutants.
Congenital fissure of the soft and/or hard palate, due to faulty fusion.
The failure of a FETUS to attain its expected FETAL GROWTH at any GESTATIONAL AGE.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals.
Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon byproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide.
Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.
The processes of milk secretion by the maternal MAMMARY GLANDS after PARTURITION. The proliferation of the mammary glandular tissue, milk synthesis, and milk expulsion or let down are regulated by the interactions of several hormones including ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; PROLACTIN; and OXYTOCIN.
The presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air (AIR POLLUTANTS) that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects. The substances may include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; or volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.
Non-steroidal compounds with estrogenic activity.
Conditions or pathological processes associated with pregnancy. They can occur during or after pregnancy, and range from minor discomforts to serious diseases that require medical interventions. They include diseases in pregnant females, and pregnancies in females with diseases.
Exogenous agents, synthetic and naturally occurring, which are capable of disrupting the functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM including the maintenance of HOMEOSTASIS and the regulation of developmental processes. Endocrine disruptors are compounds that can mimic HORMONES, or enhance or block the binding of hormones to their receptors, or otherwise lead to activating or inhibiting the endocrine signaling pathways and hormone metabolism.
CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Results of conception and ensuing pregnancy, including LIVE BIRTH; STILLBIRTH; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; INDUCED ABORTION. The outcome may follow natural or artificial insemination or any of the various ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES, such as EMBRYO TRANSFER or FERTILIZATION IN VITRO.
A developmental defect in which a TESTIS or both TESTES failed to descend from high in the ABDOMEN to the bottom of the SCROTUM. Testicular descent is essential to normal SPERMATOGENESIS which requires temperature lower than the BODY TEMPERATURE. Cryptorchidism can be subclassified by the location of the maldescended testis.
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
A major group of unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons containing two or more rings. The vast number of compounds of this important group, derived chiefly from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reactive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of most substances of this nature. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p96)
Chemicals used to destroy pests of any sort. The concept includes fungicides (FUNGICIDES, INDUSTRIAL); INSECTICIDES; RODENTICIDES; etc.
Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.
A highly vascularized mammalian fetal-maternal organ and major site of transport of oxygen, nutrients, and fetal waste products. It includes a fetal portion (CHORIONIC VILLI) derived from TROPHOBLASTS and a maternal portion (DECIDUA) derived from the uterine ENDOMETRIUM. The placenta produces an array of steroid, protein and peptide hormones (PLACENTAL HORMONES).
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
Refers to animals in the period of time just after birth.
The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.
Chemical compounds which pollute the water of rivers, streams, lakes, the sea, reservoirs, or other bodies of water.
The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.
The process of bearing developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero in non-human mammals, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
Blood of the fetus. Exchange of nutrients and waste between the fetal and maternal blood occurs via the PLACENTA. The cord blood is blood contained in the umbilical vessels (UMBILICAL CORD) at the time of delivery.
Female parents, human or animal.
Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents that occurs as a result of one's occupation.
Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included.
Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The role of domestic factors and day-care attendance on lung function of primary school children. (1/1469)

The results of studies examining the relationship of domestic factors to lung function are contradictory. We therefore examined the independent effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), the presence of a cat, type of heating and cooking used in the home and day-care attendance on lung function after controlling for socioeconomic status (SES). Nine hundred and eighty-nine children from 18 Montreal schools were studied between April 1990 and November 1992. Information on the child's health and exposure to domestic factors was collected by questionnaire. Spirometry was performed at school. The data were analysed by multiple linear regression with percent predicted FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC as dependent variables. In the overall sample (both sexes combined), cat in the home (regression coefficient, beta = -1.15, 95% confidence interval, CI: -2.26-(-)0.05) and electric baseboard units (beta = -1.26, 95% CI: -2.39-(-)0.13) were independently associated with a lower FEV1/FVC, while day-care attendance (beta = -2.05, 95% CI: -3.71-(-)0.40) significantly reduced FEV1. Household ETS was significantly associated with increasing level of FVC (beta = 2.86, 95% CI: +0.55 to +5.17). In boys but not girls, household ETS (beta = -2.13, 95% CI: -4.07-(-)0.19) and the presence of a cat (beta = -2.19, 95% CI: -3.94-(-)0.45) were associated with lower FEV1/FVC. By contrast, day-care attendance was associated with lower FEV1 (beta = -2.92, 95% CI: -5.27-(-)0.56) and FEV1/FVC (beta = -1.53, 95% CI: -2.73-(-)0.33) in girls only. In conclusion, the results provide evidence that domestic factors and day-care attendance primarily affected airway caliber and gender differences were apparent in the effects of these factors.  (+info)

Immunosurgical studies on cytological and cytogenetic toxicity analysis of rat blastocysts after in vivo exposure to cyclophosphamide. (2/1469)

AIM: To establish immunosurgery and indices of cytogenetic assessment for blastocyst and its inner cell mass (ICM), and to evaluate the toxic effects after in vivo exposure to cyclophosphamide. METHODS: Modified immunosurgery was established by preparation of rabbit-anti-rat spleen antiserum and induction of diluted rat mixed serum as complement. Pregnant rats on d 3 of gestation were injected i.p. cyclophosphamide (10, 20, and 40 mg.kg-1). On d 4, immunosurgery was performed on rat blastocysts. The cell number and the micronuclei of blastocyst and ICM were evaluated respectively. RESULTS: In the cyclophosphamide-treated rats, decreases of cell number (35 +/- 3, 32 +/- 1, 30 +/- 1, and 14 +/- 2, 11 +/- 1, 9 +/- 2) and increases of frequency of micronuclei (1.81%, 2.27%, 3.14%, and 2.53%, 2.98%, 4.75%) in blastocysts and ICM were observed in a dose-related manner. The changes of blastocyst were, however, not parallel to those of ICM which were more serious. CONCLUSION: Modified immunosurgery, an objective and elegant technique, was used on rat blastocysts. In vivo could cyclophosphamide injured ICM more than blastocysts.  (+info)

Prenatal nicotine increases pulmonary alpha7 nicotinic receptor expression and alters fetal lung development in monkeys. (3/1469)

It is well established that maternal smoking during pregnancy is a leading preventable cause of low birth weight and prematurity. Less appreciated is that maternal smoking during pregnancy is also associated with alterations in pulmonary function at birth and greater incidence of respiratory illnesses after birth. To determine if this is the direct result of nicotine interacting with nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs) during lung development, rhesus monkeys were treated with 1 mg/kg/day of nicotine from days 26 to 134 of pregnancy. Nicotine administration caused lung hypoplasia and reduced surface complexity of developing alveoli. Immunohistochemistry and in situ alpha-bungarotoxin (alphaBGT) binding showed that alpha7 nAChRs are present in the developing lung in airway epithelial cells, cells surrounding large airways and blood vessels, alveolar type II cells, free alveolar macrophages, and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC). As detected both by immunohistochemistry and by alphaBGT binding, nicotine administration markedly increased alpha7 receptor subunit expression and binding in the fetal lung. Correlating with areas of increased alpha7 expression, collagen expression surrounding large airways and vessels was significantly increased. Nicotine also significantly increased numbers of type II cells and neuroendocrine cells in neuroepithelial bodies. These findings demonstrate that nicotine can alter fetal monkey lung development by crossing the placenta to interact directly with nicotinic receptors on non-neuronal cells in the developing lung, and that similar effects likely occur in human infants whose mothers smoke during pregnancy.  (+info)

Twins and maternal smoking: ordeals for the fetal origins hypothesis? A cohort study. (4/1469)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the direct and indirect effects of being a twin, maternal smoking, birth weight, and mother's height on blood pressure at ages 9 and 18 years. DESIGN: Longitudinal study. SUBJECTS: Cohort born in 1972-3. SETTING: Dunedin, New Zealand. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Blood pressure at ages 9 and 18 years. RESULTS: Compared with singletons, twins had a systolic blood pressure 4.55 (95% confidence interval 1.57 to 7.52) mm Hg lower at age 9 after adjustment for direct and indirect effects of sex, maternal smoking, mother's height, socioeconomic status, and birth weight, as well as concurrent height and body mass index. Blood pressure in children whose mothers had smoked during pregnancy was 1.54 (0.46 to 2.62) mm Hg higher than in those whose mothers did not. The total effect of birth weight on systolic blood pressure at age 9 was -0.78 (-1.76 to 0.20) mm Hg and that for mother's height was 0.10 (0.06 to 0.14) mm Hg. Similar results were obtained for systolic blood pressure at age 18. The total effect of twins, maternal smoking, and birth weight on diastolic blood pressure was not significant at either age. CONCLUSIONS: Twins had lower birth weight and lower systolic blood pressure at ages 9 and 18 than singletons. This finding challenges the fetal origins hypothesis. The effect of maternal smoking was consistent with the fetal origin hypothesis in that the infants of smokers were smaller and had higher blood pressure at both ages. This may be explained by pharmacological rather than nutritional effects. The total effect of birth weight on systolic blood pressure, after its indirect effect working through concurrent measures of height and body mass index was taken into account, was small.  (+info)

Tobacco smoke exposure at one month of age and subsequent risk of SIDS--a prospective study. (5/1469)

The aim of this investigation was to identify the sources of postnatal exposure to tobacco smoke at 1 month of age and to examine their relation to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The Tasmanian Infant Health Survey was a prospective cohort study undertaken from 1988 to 1995. It involved 9,826 infants (89% of eligible infants) at higher risk of SIDS. Subsequently 53 eligible infants died of SIDS. Hospital interviews were available on 51 and home interviews on 35 SIDS infants. Urinary cotinine assays were conducted using gas-liquid chromatography (n = 100). Within a predictive model that explained 63% of urinary cotinine variance, the strongest predictor of cotinine and also of SIDS was maternal smoking, though the effects of prenatal and postnatal smoking could not be separated. However, for particular smoking-related behaviors, there was a discordance between prediction of cotinine concentration and prediction of risk of SIDS. If smoking mothers did not smoke in the room with the baby, the cotinine level in the infant's urine was reduced by a little more than a half (p = 0.009), but this was not associated with a reduction in SIDS risk (odds ratio = 1.09, 95% confidence interval 0.47-2.55). Similarly, the presence of other adult resident smokers was associated with a 63% increase in urinary cotinine (p = 0.047) but not with increased SIDS risk (odds ratio = 0.69, 95% confidence interval 0.34-1.40). However, the study lacked the power to detect modest effects, that is, those altering risk less than twofold.  (+info)

Fetal growth and maternal exposure to particulate matter during pregnancy. (6/1469)

Prior studies reported an association between ambient air concentrations of total suspended particles and SO2 during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes. We examined the possible impact of particulate matter up to 10 microm (PM10) and up to 2.5 microm (PM2. 5) in size on intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) risk in a highly polluted area of Northern Bohemia (Teplice District). The study group includes all singleton full-term births of European origin over a 2-year period in the Teplice District. Information on reproductive history, health, and lifestyle was obtained from maternal questionnaires. The mean concentrations of pollutants for each month of gestation were calculated using continuous monitoring data. Three intervals (low, medium, and high) were constructed for each pollutant (tertiles). Odds ratios (ORs) for IUGR for PM10 and PM2.5 levels were generated using logistic regression for each month of gestation after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Adjusted ORs for IUGR related to ambient PM10 levels in the first gestational month increased along the concentration intervals: medium 1.62 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07-2.46], high 2.64 (CI, 1.48-4.71). ORs for PM2.5 were 1.26 (CI, 0.81-1.95) and 2.11 (CI, 1. 20-3.70), respectively. No other associations of IUGR risk with particulate matter were found. Influence of particles or other associated air pollutants on fetal growth in early gestation is one of several possible explanations of these results. Timing of this effect is compatible with a current hypothesis of IUGR pathogenesis. Seasonal factors, one of the other possible explanations, is less probable. More investigation is required to examine these findings and alternative explanations.  (+info)

Cancer in children of nuclear industry employees: report on children aged under 25 years from nuclear industry family study. (7/1469)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether children of men and women occupationally exposed to ionising radiation are at increased risk of developing leukaemia or other cancers before their 25th birthday. DESIGN: Cohort study of children of nuclear industry employees. SETTING: Nuclear establishments operated by the Atomic Energy Authority, Atomic Weapons Establishment, and British Nuclear Fuels. SUBJECTS: 39 557 children of male employees and 8883 children of female employees. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cancer incidence in offspring reported by parents. Employment and radiation monitoring data (including annual external dose) supplied by the nuclear authorities. RESULTS: 111 cancers were reported, of which 28 were leukaemia. The estimated standardised incidence ratios for children of male and female employees who were born in 1965 or later were 98 (95% confidence interval 73 to 129) and 96 (50 to 168) for all malignancies and 109 (61 to 180) and 95 (20 to 277) for leukaemia. The leukaemia rate in children whose fathers had accumulated a preconceptual dose of >/=100 mSv was 5.8 times that in children conceived before their fathers' employment in the nuclear industry (95% confidence interval 1.3 to 24.8) but this was based on only three exposed cases. Two of these cases were included in the west Cumbrian ("Gardner") case-control study. No significant trends were found between increasing dose and leukaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Cancer in young people is rare, and our results are based on small numbers of events. Overall, the findings suggest that the incidence of cancer and leukaemia among children of nuclear industry employees is similar to that in the general population. The possibility that exposure of fathers to relatively high doses of ionising radiation before their child's conception might be related to an increased risk of leukaemia in their offspring could not be disproved, but this result was based on only three cases, two of which have been previously reported. High conceptual doses are rare, and even if the occupational association were causal, the number of leukaemias involved would be small; in this study of over 46 000 children, fewer than three leukaemias could potentially be attributed to such an exposure.  (+info)

Tryptophan ingestion by pregnant rats induces pituitary and mammary tumours in the adult female offspring. (8/1469)

The present study was designed to evaluate the long-term consequences of tryptophan treatment on the central serotonergic activity in the female offspring of rats, and particularly on serotonin-controlled hormone release. During the second half of gestation, tryptophan (200 mg/kg/day) was given daily by stomach intubation to pregnant rats and the brain concentrations of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid and the plasma concentrations of prolactin, progesterone, oestradiol and luteinizing hormone were quantified in the adult female offspring. The offspring showed an increase in hypothalamic serotonin and serum progesterone and prolactin. In addition, maternal ingestion of tryptophan induced a marked rise in 665-day-old offspring in the incidence of both pituitary prolactinomas (62%) and mammary adenomas (49%). Present data suggest that tryptophan regulates serotonergic differentiation during early development. A transitory modification of the tryptophan concentration in the fetal brain induces a permanent increase in hypothalamic serotonin level and, in addition to modifying the release of prolactin, increases the incidence of tumours in the hypophysis and mammary gland.  (+info)

"Maternal exposure" is a medical term that refers to the contact or interaction of a pregnant woman with various environmental factors, such as chemicals, radiation, infectious agents, or physical environments, which could potentially have an impact on the developing fetus. This exposure can occur through different routes, including inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, or even transplacentally. The effects of maternal exposure on the fetus can vary widely depending on the type, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the stage of pregnancy at which it occurs. It is important to monitor and minimize maternal exposure to potentially harmful substances or environments during pregnancy to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the mother and developing fetus.

"Prenatal exposure delayed effects" refer to the adverse health outcomes or symptoms that become apparent in an individual during their development or later in life, which are caused by exposure to certain environmental factors or substances while they were still in the womb. These effects may not be immediately observable at birth and can take weeks, months, years, or even decades to manifest. They can result from maternal exposure to various agents such as infectious diseases, medications, illicit drugs, tobacco smoke, alcohol, or environmental pollutants during pregnancy. The delayed effects can impact multiple organ systems and may include physical, cognitive, behavioral, and developmental abnormalities. It is important to note that the risk and severity of these effects can depend on several factors, including the timing, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the individual's genetic susceptibility.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Maternal-fetal exchange, also known as maternal-fetal transport or placental transfer, refers to the physiological process by which various substances are exchanged between the mother and fetus through the placenta. This exchange includes the transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the mother's bloodstream to the fetal bloodstream, as well as the removal of waste products and carbon dioxide from the fetal bloodstream to the mother's bloodstream.

The process occurs via passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport mechanisms across the placental barrier, which is composed of fetal capillary endothelial cells, the extracellular matrix, and the syncytiotrophoblast layer of the placenta. The maternal-fetal exchange is crucial for the growth, development, and survival of the fetus throughout pregnancy.

Biphenotypic acute leukemia (BAL) is a rare subtype of acute leukemia that possesses the features of both myeloid and lymphoid lineages. It is characterized by the presence of blasts that express antigens associated with both cell lines, which can make it challenging to diagnose and treat. BAL is considered an aggressive form of leukemia and requires prompt medical attention and treatment. The exact cause of BAL is not well understood, but like other forms of leukemia, it is thought to result from genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled cell growth and division.

Hair preparations refer to cosmetic or grooming products that are specifically formulated to be applied to the hair or scalp for various purposes such as cleansing, conditioning, styling, coloring, or promoting hair growth. These preparations can come in different forms, including shampoos, conditioners, hair masks, serums, gels, mousses, sprays, and dyes. They may contain a wide range of ingredients, such as detergents, moisturizers, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients that can help improve the health, appearance, and manageability of the hair. Some hair preparations may also contain medications or natural extracts that have therapeutic properties for treating specific hair or scalp conditions, such as dandruff, dryness, oiliness, thinning, or hair loss.

"Paternal exposure" is not a standard term in medicine, but it generally refers to the potential impact on offspring due to exposures experienced by the father prior to conception. These exposures could include environmental factors such as radiation, chemicals, or infections, as well as lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol use, or drug use. Some studies suggest that these exposures may have an effect on the developing embryo or fetus, but more research is needed to fully understand the extent and nature of these effects.

Benzhydryl compounds are organic chemical compounds that contain the benzhydryl group, which is a functional group consisting of a diphenylmethane moiety. The benzhydryl group can be represented by the formula Ph2CH, where Ph represents the phenyl group (C6H5).

Benzhydryl compounds are characterized by their unique structure, which consists of two aromatic rings attached to a central carbon atom. This structure gives benzhydryl compounds unique chemical and physical properties, such as stability, rigidity, and high lipophilicity.

Benzhydryl compounds have various applications in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, and materials science. For example, they are used as building blocks in the synthesis of complex natural products, drugs, and functional materials. They also serve as useful intermediates in the preparation of other chemical compounds.

Some examples of benzhydryl compounds include diphenylmethane, benzphetamine, and diphenhydramine. These compounds have been widely used in medicine as stimulants, appetite suppressants, and antihistamines. However, some benzhydryl compounds have also been associated with potential health risks, such as liver toxicity and carcinogenicity, and their use should be carefully monitored and regulated.

Air pollutants are substances or mixtures of substances present in the air that can have negative effects on human health, the environment, and climate. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, transportation, residential heating and cooking, agricultural activities, and natural events. Some common examples of air pollutants include particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Air pollutants can cause a range of health effects, from respiratory irritation and coughing to more serious conditions such as bronchitis, asthma, and cancer. They can also contribute to climate change by reacting with other chemicals in the atmosphere to form harmful ground-level ozone and by directly absorbing or scattering sunlight, which can affect temperature and precipitation patterns.

Air quality standards and regulations have been established to limit the amount of air pollutants that can be released into the environment, and efforts are ongoing to reduce emissions and improve air quality worldwide.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Simazine is a herbicide, specifically a triazine compound. According to the medical definitions provided by MedlinePlus, a service of the US National Library of Medicine, simazine is used to control broadleaf weeds and grasses in various settings such as agriculture (for crops like fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains), residential areas, and golf courses. It works by inhibiting photosynthesis in plants.

Exposure to simazine can occur through skin contact, ingestion, or inhalation. Potential health effects of exposure may include irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Ingesting large amounts can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Chronic exposure has been linked to neurological symptoms like headaches, dizziness, and decreased coordination. However, it's important to note that the general population's exposure to simazine is usually low, and significant health effects are unlikely under normal circumstances.

As with any chemical substance, individual sensitivity and susceptibility can vary, so if you suspect exposure or experience symptoms, it's advisable to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment.

"Drug-induced abnormalities" refer to physical or physiological changes that occur as a result of taking medication or drugs. These abnormalities can affect various organs and systems in the body and can range from minor symptoms, such as nausea or dizziness, to more serious conditions, such as liver damage or heart rhythm disturbances.

Drug-induced abnormalities can occur for several reasons, including:

1. Direct toxicity: Some drugs can directly damage cells and tissues in the body, leading to abnormalities.
2. Altered metabolism: Drugs can interfere with normal metabolic processes in the body, leading to the accumulation of harmful substances or the depletion of essential nutrients.
3. Hormonal imbalances: Some drugs can affect hormone levels in the body, leading to abnormalities.
4. Allergic reactions: Some people may have allergic reactions to certain drugs, which can cause a range of symptoms, including rashes, swelling, and difficulty breathing.
5. Interactions with other drugs: Taking multiple medications or drugs at the same time can increase the risk of drug-induced abnormalities.

It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients closely for signs of drug-induced abnormalities and to adjust medication dosages or switch to alternative treatments as necessary. Patients should also inform their healthcare providers of any symptoms they experience while taking medication, as these may be related to drug-induced abnormalities.

Environmental pollutants are defined as any substances or energy (such as noise, heat, or light) that are present in the environment and can cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damage the natural ecosystems. These pollutants can come from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, transportation, agriculture, and household activities. They can be in the form of gases, liquids, solids, or radioactive materials, and can contaminate air, water, and soil. Examples include heavy metals, pesticides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, and greenhouse gases.

It is important to note that the impact of environmental pollutants on human health and the environment can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) and it depends on the type, concentration, duration and frequency of exposure. Some common effects of environmental pollutants include respiratory problems, cancer, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and developmental delays in children.

It is important to monitor, control and reduce the emissions of these pollutants through regulations, technology advancements, and sustainable practices to protect human health and the environment.

A fetus is the developing offspring in a mammal, from the end of the embryonic period (approximately 8 weeks after fertilization in humans) until birth. In humans, the fetal stage of development starts from the eleventh week of pregnancy and continues until childbirth, which is termed as full-term pregnancy at around 37 to 40 weeks of gestation. During this time, the organ systems become fully developed and the body grows in size. The fetus is surrounded by the amniotic fluid within the amniotic sac and is connected to the placenta via the umbilical cord, through which it receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother. Regular prenatal care is essential during this period to monitor the growth and development of the fetus and ensure a healthy pregnancy and delivery.

Fetal development is the process in which a fertilized egg grows and develops into a fetus, which is a developing human being from the end of the eighth week after conception until birth. This complex process involves many different stages, including:

1. Fertilization: The union of a sperm and an egg to form a zygote.
2. Implantation: The movement of the zygote into the lining of the uterus, where it will begin to grow and develop.
3. Formation of the embryo: The development of the basic structures of the body, including the neural tube (which becomes the brain and spinal cord), heart, gastrointestinal tract, and sensory organs.
4. Differentiation of tissues and organs: The process by which different cells and tissues become specialized to perform specific functions.
5. Growth and maturation: The continued growth and development of the fetus, including the formation of bones, muscles, and other tissues.

Fetal development is a complex and highly regulated process that involves the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Proper nutrition, prenatal care, and avoidance of harmful substances such as tobacco, alcohol, and drugs are important for ensuring healthy fetal development.

Phenols, also known as phenolic acids or phenol derivatives, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring. In the context of medicine and biology, phenols are often referred to as a type of antioxidant that can be found in various foods and plants.

Phenols have the ability to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause damage to cells and contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Some common examples of phenolic compounds include gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and ellagic acid, among many others.

Phenols can also have various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic effects. However, some phenolic compounds can also be toxic or irritating to the body in high concentrations, so their use as therapeutic agents must be carefully monitored and controlled.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

Hair dyes are chemical substances that are used to change the color of hair. They contain various types of dyes, including natural dyes derived from plants and minerals, synthetic dyes, and combinations of both. Hair dyes work by penetrating the outer layer of the hair shaft (the cuticle) and bonding with the hair's pigment (melanin) or depositing new color particles within the hair shaft.

There are three main types of hair dyes: temporary, semi-permanent, and permanent. Temporary hair dyes coat the outside of the hair shaft and wash out after a few shampoos. Semi-perermanent hair dyes penetrate slightly into the hair shaft and fade gradually over several washes. Permanent hair dyes contain chemicals that open the cuticle and allow the dye to penetrate deep into the hair shaft, where it reacts with the hair's natural pigment to create a new color that is resistant to fading and washing out.

It is important to note that some hair dyes may contain potentially harmful chemicals, such as coal tar dyes, para-phenylenediamine (PPD), and resorcinol, which have been linked to allergic reactions, skin irritation, and other health problems. It is recommended to perform a patch test before using any new hair dye product and to follow the manufacturer's instructions carefully to minimize the risk of adverse effects.

Cleft lip is a congenital birth defect that affects the upper lip, causing it to develop incompletely or split. This results in an opening or gap in the lip, which can range from a small split to a significant separation that extends into the nose. Cleft lip is often accompanied by cleft palate, which is a similar condition affecting the roof of the mouth.

The medical definition of cleft lip is as follows:

A congenital deformity resulting from failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes during embryonic development, leading to a varying degree of separation or split in the upper lip, ranging from a minor notch to a complete cleft extending into the nose. It may occur as an isolated anomaly or in association with other congenital defects, such as cleft palate.

Cleft lip can be surgically corrected through various reconstructive procedures, typically performed during infancy or early childhood. The specific treatment plan depends on the severity and location of the cleft, as well as any associated medical conditions. Early intervention and comprehensive care from a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals are crucial for optimal outcomes in cleft lip repair.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic form of the hormone estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women from the 1940s until the early 1970s to prevent miscarriage, premature labor, and other complications of pregnancy. However, it was later discovered that DES could cause serious health problems in both the mothers who took it and their offspring.

DES is a non-selective estrogen agonist, meaning that it binds to and activates both estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) in the body. It has a higher binding affinity for ERα than for ERβ, which can lead to disruptions in normal hormonal signaling pathways.

In addition to its use as a pregnancy aid, DES has also been used in the treatment of prostate cancer, breast cancer, and other conditions associated with hormonal imbalances. However, due to its potential health risks, including an increased risk of certain cancers, DES is no longer widely used in clinical practice.

Some of the known health effects of DES exposure include:

* In women who were exposed to DES in utero (i.e., their mothers took DES during pregnancy):
+ A rare form of vaginal or cervical cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma
+ Abnormalities of the reproductive system, such as structural changes in the cervix and vagina, and an increased risk of infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and preterm delivery
+ An increased risk of breast cancer later in life
* In men who were exposed to DES in utero:
+ Undescended testicles
+ Abnormalities of the penis and scrotum
+ A higher risk of testicular cancer
* In both men and women who were exposed to DES in utero or who took DES themselves:
+ An increased risk of certain types of breast cancer
+ A possible increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including high blood pressure and stroke.

It is important for individuals who have been exposed to DES to inform their healthcare providers of this fact, as it may have implications for their medical care and monitoring.

Low birth weight is a term used to describe babies who are born weighing less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces (2,500 grams). It's often defined as a birth weight of 2,499 grams or less. This can be further categorized into very low birth weight (less than 1,500 grams) and extremely low birth weight (less than 1,000 grams). Low birth weight is most commonly caused by premature birth, but it can also be caused by growth restriction in the womb. These babies are at risk for numerous health complications, both in the short and long term.

The first trimester of pregnancy is defined as the period of gestational development that extends from conception (fertilization of the egg by sperm) to the end of the 13th week. This critical phase marks significant transformations in both the mother's body and the growing embryo/fetus.

During the first trimester, the fertilized egg implants into the uterine lining (implantation), initiating a series of complex interactions leading to the formation of the placenta - an organ essential for providing nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus while removing waste products. Simultaneously, the embryo undergoes rapid cell division and differentiation, giving rise to various organs and systems. By the end of the first trimester, most major structures are present, although they continue to mature and grow throughout pregnancy.

The mother may experience several physiological changes during this time, including:
- Morning sickness (nausea and vomiting)
- Fatigue
- Breast tenderness
- Frequent urination
- Food aversions or cravings
- Mood swings

Additionally, hormonal shifts can cause various symptoms and prepare the body for potential changes in lactation, posture, and pelvic alignment as pregnancy progresses. Regular prenatal care is crucial during this period to monitor both maternal and fetal wellbeing, identify any potential complications early on, and provide appropriate guidance and support throughout the pregnancy.

Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) is not a common medical term, but it is known in toxicology and environmental health. TCDD is the most toxic and studied compound among a group of chemicals known as dioxins.

Medical-related definition:

Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) is an unintended byproduct of various industrial processes, including waste incineration, chemical manufacturing, and pulp and paper bleaching. It is a highly persistent environmental pollutant that accumulates in the food chain, primarily in animal fat. Human exposure to TCDD mainly occurs through consumption of contaminated food, such as meat, dairy products, and fish. TCDD is a potent toxicant with various health effects, including immunotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and carcinogenicity. The severity of these effects depends on the level and duration of exposure.

Tobacco smoke pollution is not typically defined in medical terms, but it refers to the presence of tobacco smoke in indoor or outdoor environments, which can have negative effects on air quality and human health. It is also known as secondhand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). This type of smoke is a mixture of sidestream smoke (the smoke given off by a burning cigarette) and mainstream smoke (the smoke exhaled by a smoker).

The medical community recognizes tobacco smoke pollution as a serious health hazard. It contains more than 7,000 chemicals, hundreds of which are toxic and about 70 that can cause cancer. Exposure to tobacco smoke pollution can cause a range of adverse health effects, including respiratory symptoms, lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke. In children, it can also lead to ear infections, asthma attacks, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).

Therefore, many laws and regulations have been implemented worldwide to protect people from tobacco smoke pollution, such as smoking bans in public places and workplaces.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of man-made organic chemicals consisting of 209 individual compounds, known as congeners. The congeners are formed by the combination of two benzene rings with varying numbers and positions of chlorine atoms.

PCBs were widely used in electrical equipment, such as transformers and capacitors, due to their non-flammability, chemical stability, and insulating properties. They were also used in other applications, including coolants and lubricants, plasticizers, pigments, and copy oils. Although PCBs were banned in many countries in the 1970s and 1980s due to their toxicity and environmental persistence, they still pose significant health and environmental concerns because of their continued presence in the environment and in products manufactured before the ban.

PCBs are known to have various adverse health effects on humans and animals, including cancer, immune system suppression, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and endocrine disruption. They can also cause neurological damage and learning and memory impairment in both human and animal populations. PCBs are highly persistent in the environment and can accumulate in the food chain, leading to higher concentrations in animals at the top of the food chain, including humans.

Cleft palate is a congenital birth defect that affects the roof of the mouth (palate). It occurs when the tissues that form the palate do not fuse together properly during fetal development, resulting in an opening or split in the palate. This can range from a small cleft at the back of the soft palate to a complete cleft that extends through the hard and soft palates, and sometimes into the nasal cavity.

A cleft palate can cause various problems such as difficulty with feeding, speaking, hearing, and ear infections. It may also affect the appearance of the face and mouth. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the cleft palate, often performed during infancy or early childhood. Speech therapy, dental care, and other supportive treatments may also be necessary to address related issues.

Fetal growth retardation, also known as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is a condition in which a fetus fails to grow at the expected rate during pregnancy. This can be caused by various factors such as maternal health problems, placental insufficiency, chromosomal abnormalities, and genetic disorders. The fetus may be smaller than expected for its gestational age, have reduced movement, and may be at risk for complications during labor and delivery. It is important to monitor fetal growth and development closely throughout pregnancy to detect any potential issues early on and provide appropriate medical interventions.

Environmental exposure refers to the contact of an individual with any chemical, physical, or biological agent in the environment that can cause a harmful effect on health. These exposures can occur through various pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Examples of environmental exposures include air pollution, water contamination, occupational chemicals, and allergens. The duration and level of exposure, as well as the susceptibility of the individual, can all contribute to the risk of developing an adverse health effect.

Benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid with a sweet odor. It has the molecular formula C6H6 and is composed of six carbon atoms arranged in a ring, bonded to six hydrogen atoms. Benzene is an important industrial solvent and is used as a starting material in the production of various chemicals, including plastics, rubber, resins, and dyes. It is also a natural component of crude oil and gasoline.

In terms of medical relevance, benzene is classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Long-term exposure to high levels of benzene can cause various health effects, including anemia, leukemia, and other blood disorders. Occupational exposure to benzene is regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to protect workers from potential health hazards.

It's important to note that while benzene has legitimate uses in industry, it should be handled with care due to its known health risks. Exposure to benzene can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or accidental ingestion, so appropriate safety measures must be taken when handling this chemical.

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a gaseous air pollutant and respiratory irritant. It is a reddish-brown toxic gas with a pungent, choking odor. NO2 is a major component of smog and is produced from the combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants, and industrial processes.

Exposure to nitrogen dioxide can cause respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing, especially in people with asthma or other respiratory conditions. Long-term exposure has been linked to the development of chronic lung diseases, including bronchitis and emphysema. NO2 also contributes to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause additional health problems.

Lactation is the process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals, including humans, for the nourishment of their young. This physiological function is initiated during pregnancy and continues until it is deliberately stopped or weaned off. The primary purpose of lactation is to provide essential nutrients, antibodies, and other bioactive components that support the growth, development, and immune system of newborns and infants.

The process of lactation involves several hormonal and physiological changes in a woman's body. During pregnancy, the hormones estrogen and progesterone stimulate the growth and development of the mammary glands. After childbirth, the levels of these hormones drop significantly, allowing another hormone called prolactin to take over. Prolactin is responsible for triggering the production of milk in the alveoli, which are tiny sacs within the breast tissue.

Another hormone, oxytocin, plays a crucial role in the release or "let-down" of milk from the alveoli to the nipple during lactation. This reflex is initiated by suckling or thinking about the baby, which sends signals to the brain to release oxytocin. The released oxytocin then binds to receptors in the mammary glands, causing the smooth muscles around the alveoli to contract and push out the milk through the ducts and into the nipple.

Lactation is a complex and highly regulated process that ensures the optimal growth and development of newborns and infants. It provides not only essential nutrients but also various bioactive components, such as immunoglobulins, enzymes, and growth factors, which protect the infant from infections and support their immune system.

In summary, lactation is the physiological process by which milk is produced and secreted from the mammary glands of female mammals for the nourishment of their young. It involves hormonal changes, including the actions of prolactin, oxytocin, estrogen, and progesterone, to regulate the production, storage, and release of milk.

Air pollution is defined as the contamination of air due to the presence of substances or harmful elements that exceed the acceptable limits. These pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, gases, or a combination of these. They can be released from various sources, including industrial processes, vehicle emissions, burning of fossil fuels, and natural events like volcanic eruptions.

Exposure to air pollution can have significant impacts on human health, contributing to respiratory diseases, cardiovascular issues, and even premature death. It can also harm the environment, damaging crops, forests, and wildlife populations. Stringent regulations and measures are necessary to control and reduce air pollution levels, thereby protecting public health and the environment.

Non-steroidal estrogens are a class of compounds that exhibit estrogenic activity but do not have a steroid chemical structure. They are often used in hormone replacement therapy and to treat symptoms associated with menopause. Examples of non-steroidal estrogens include:

1. Phytoestrogens: These are plant-derived compounds that have estrogenic activity. They can be found in various foods such as soy, nuts, seeds, and some fruits and vegetables.
2. Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): These are synthetic compounds that act as estrogen receptor agonists or antagonists, depending on the target tissue. Examples include tamoxifen, raloxifene, and toremifene. They are used in the treatment of breast cancer and osteoporosis.
3. Designer Estrogens: These are synthetic compounds that have been specifically designed to mimic the effects of estrogen. They are often used in research but have not been approved for clinical use.

It is important to note that non-steroidal estrogens can also have side effects and risks, including an increased risk of certain types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and thromboembolic events. Therefore, their use should be carefully monitored and managed by a healthcare professional.

Pregnancy complications refer to any health problems that arise during pregnancy which can put both the mother and the baby at risk. These complications may occur at any point during the pregnancy, from conception until childbirth. Some common pregnancy complications include:

1. Gestational diabetes: a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before becoming pregnant.
2. Preeclampsia: a pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs such as the liver or kidneys.
3. Placenta previa: a condition where the placenta covers the cervix, which can cause bleeding and may require delivery via cesarean section.
4. Preterm labor: when labor begins before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to premature birth and other complications.
5. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): a condition where the fetus does not grow at a normal rate inside the womb.
6. Multiple pregnancies: carrying more than one baby, such as twins or triplets, which can increase the risk of premature labor and other complications.
7. Rh incompatibility: a condition where the mother's blood type is different from the baby's, which can cause anemia and jaundice in the newborn.
8. Pregnancy loss: including miscarriage, stillbirth, or ectopic pregnancy, which can be emotionally devastating for the parents.

It is important to monitor pregnancy closely and seek medical attention promptly if any concerning symptoms arise. With proper care and management, many pregnancy complications can be treated effectively, reducing the risk of harm to both the mother and the baby.

Endocrine disruptors are defined as exogenous (external) substances or mixtures that interfere with the way hormones work in the body, leading to negative health effects. They can mimic, block, or alter the normal synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones in the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis, reproduction, development, and/or behavior.

Endocrine disruptors can be found in various sources, including industrial chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. They have been linked to a range of health problems, such as cancer, reproductive issues, developmental disorders, neurological impairments, and immune system dysfunction.

Examples of endocrine disruptors include bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and certain pesticides like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and vinclozolin.

It is important to note that endocrine disruptors can have effects at very low doses, and their impact may depend on the timing of exposure, particularly during critical windows of development such as fetal growth and early childhood.

A premature birth is defined as the delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation. This can occur spontaneously or as a result of medical intervention due to maternal or fetal complications. Premature babies, also known as preemies, may face various health challenges depending on how early they are born and their weight at birth. These challenges can include respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, anemia, issues with feeding and digestion, developmental delays, and vision problems. With advancements in medical care and neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), many premature babies survive and go on to lead healthy lives.

Birth weight refers to the first weight of a newborn infant, usually taken immediately after birth. It is a critical vital sign that indicates the baby's health status and is used as a predictor for various short-term and long-term health outcomes.

Typically, a full-term newborn's weight ranges from 5.5 to 8.8 pounds (2.5 to 4 kg), although normal birth weights can vary significantly based on factors such as gestational age, genetics, maternal health, and nutrition. Low birth weight is defined as less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg), while high birth weight is greater than 8.8 pounds (4 kg).

Low birth weight babies are at a higher risk for various medical complications, including respiratory distress syndrome, jaundice, infections, and developmental delays. High birth weight babies may face challenges with delivery, increased risk of obesity, and potential metabolic issues later in life. Regular prenatal care is essential to monitor fetal growth and ensure a healthy pregnancy and optimal birth weight for the baby.

Pregnancy outcome refers to the final result or status of a pregnancy, including both the health of the mother and the newborn baby. It can be categorized into various types such as:

1. Live birth: The delivery of one or more babies who show signs of life after separation from their mother.
2. Stillbirth: The delivery of a baby who has died in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
3. Miscarriage: The spontaneous loss of a pregnancy before the 20th week.
4. Abortion: The intentional termination of a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the uterus.
5. Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy that develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube, which is not viable and requires medical attention.
6. Preterm birth: The delivery of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, which can lead to various health issues for the newborn.
7. Full-term birth: The delivery of a baby between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation.
8. Post-term pregnancy: The delivery of a baby after 42 weeks of gestation, which may increase the risk of complications for both mother and baby.

The pregnancy outcome is influenced by various factors such as maternal age, health status, lifestyle habits, genetic factors, and access to quality prenatal care.

Cryptorchidism is a medical condition in which one or both of a male infant's testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum before birth or within the first year of life. Normally, the testicles descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during fetal development in the second trimester. If the testicles do not descend on their own, medical intervention may be necessary to correct the condition.

Cryptorchidism is a common birth defect, affecting about 3-5% of full-term and 30% of preterm male infants. In most cases, the testicle will descend on its own within the first six months of life. If it does not, treatment may be necessary to prevent complications such as infertility, testicular cancer, and inguinal hernia.

Treatment for cryptorchidism typically involves surgery to bring the testicle down into the scrotum. This procedure is called orchiopexy and is usually performed before the age of 2. In some cases, hormonal therapy may be used as an alternative to surgery. However, this approach has limited success and is generally only recommended in certain situations.

Overall, cryptorchidism is a treatable condition that can help prevent future health problems if addressed early on. Regular check-ups with a pediatrician or healthcare provider can help ensure timely diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

Organ size refers to the volume or physical measurement of an organ in the body of an individual. It can be described in terms of length, width, and height or by using specialized techniques such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRIs) to determine the volume. The size of an organ can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and overall health status. Changes in organ size may indicate various medical conditions, including growths, inflammation, or atrophy.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic compounds characterized by the presence of two or more fused benzene rings. They are called "polycyclic" because they contain multiple cyclic structures, and "aromatic" because these structures contain alternating double bonds that give them distinctive chemical properties and a characteristic smell.

PAHs can be produced from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Natural sources include wildfires, volcanic eruptions, and the decomposition of organic matter. Anthropogenic sources include the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and gasoline, as well as tobacco smoke, grilled foods, and certain industrial processes.

PAHs are known to be environmental pollutants and can have harmful effects on human health. They have been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly lung, skin, and bladder cancers, as well as reproductive and developmental toxicity. PAHs can also cause skin irritation, respiratory problems, and damage to the immune system.

PAHs are found in a variety of environmental media, including air, water, soil, and food. They can accumulate in the food chain, particularly in fatty tissues, and have been detected in a wide range of foods, including meat, fish, dairy products, and vegetables. Exposure to PAHs can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact.

It is important to limit exposure to PAHs by avoiding tobacco smoke, reducing consumption of grilled and smoked foods, using ventilation when cooking, and following safety guidelines when working with industrial processes that produce PAHs.

Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or repelling pests. Pests can be insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, or other organisms that can cause damage to crops, animals, or humans and their living conditions. The term "pesticide" includes all of the following: insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, rodenticides, bactericides, and various other substances used to control pests.

It is important to note that while pesticides are designed to be toxic to the target pests, they can also pose risks to non-target organisms, including humans, if not used properly. Therefore, it is essential to follow all label instructions and safety precautions when handling and applying pesticides.

A case-control study is an observational research design used to identify risk factors or causes of a disease or health outcome. In this type of study, individuals with the disease or condition (cases) are compared with similar individuals who do not have the disease or condition (controls). The exposure history or other characteristics of interest are then compared between the two groups to determine if there is an association between the exposure and the disease.

Case-control studies are often used when it is not feasible or ethical to conduct a randomized controlled trial, as they can provide valuable insights into potential causes of diseases or health outcomes in a relatively short period of time and at a lower cost than other study designs. However, because case-control studies rely on retrospective data collection, they are subject to biases such as recall bias and selection bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, it is important to carefully design and conduct case-control studies to minimize these potential sources of bias.

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy and provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby through the umbilical cord. It also removes waste products from the baby's blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the baby's side of the placenta contains many tiny blood vessels that connect to the baby's circulatory system. This allows for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste between the mother's and baby's blood. After the baby is born, the placenta is usually expelled from the uterus in a process called afterbirth.

Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.

Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.

"Newborn animals" refers to the very young offspring of animals that have recently been born. In medical terminology, newborns are often referred to as "neonates," and they are classified as such from birth until about 28 days of age. During this time period, newborn animals are particularly vulnerable and require close monitoring and care to ensure their survival and healthy development.

The specific needs of newborn animals can vary widely depending on the species, but generally, they require warmth, nutrition, hydration, and protection from harm. In many cases, newborns are unable to regulate their own body temperature or feed themselves, so they rely heavily on their mothers for care and support.

In medical settings, newborn animals may be examined and treated by veterinarians to ensure that they are healthy and receiving the care they need. This can include providing medical interventions such as feeding tubes, antibiotics, or other treatments as needed to address any health issues that arise. Overall, the care and support of newborn animals is an important aspect of animal medicine and conservation efforts.

The odds ratio (OR) is a statistical measure used in epidemiology and research to estimate the association between an exposure and an outcome. It represents the odds that an event will occur in one group versus the odds that it will occur in another group, assuming that all other factors are held constant.

In medical research, the odds ratio is often used to quantify the strength of the relationship between a risk factor (exposure) and a disease outcome. An OR of 1 indicates no association between the exposure and the outcome, while an OR greater than 1 suggests that there is a positive association between the two. Conversely, an OR less than 1 implies a negative association.

It's important to note that the odds ratio is not the same as the relative risk (RR), which compares the incidence rates of an outcome in two groups. While the OR can approximate the RR when the outcome is rare, they are not interchangeable and can lead to different conclusions about the association between an exposure and an outcome.

Chemical water pollutants refer to harmful chemicals or substances that contaminate bodies of water, making them unsafe for human use and harmful to aquatic life. These pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and improper disposal of hazardous materials.

Examples of chemical water pollutants include heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides and herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum products. These chemicals can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to human health through exposure or consumption.

Regulations and standards are in place to monitor and limit the levels of chemical pollutants in water sources, with the aim of protecting public health and the environment.

Reproduction, in the context of biology and medicine, refers to the process by which organisms produce offspring. It is a complex process that involves the creation, development, and growth of new individuals from parent organisms. In sexual reproduction, this process typically involves the combination of genetic material from two parents through the fusion of gametes (sex cells) such as sperm and egg cells. This results in the formation of a zygote, which then develops into a new individual with a unique genetic makeup.

In contrast, asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes and can occur through various mechanisms such as budding, fragmentation, or parthenogenesis. Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent organism.

Reproduction is a fundamental process that ensures the survival and continuation of species over time. It is also an area of active research in fields such as reproductive medicine, where scientists and clinicians work to understand and address issues related to human fertility, contraception, and genetic disorders.

The testis, also known as the testicle, is a male reproductive organ that is part of the endocrine system. It is located in the scrotum, outside of the abdominal cavity. The main function of the testis is to produce sperm and testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.

The testis is composed of many tiny tubules called seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced. These tubules are surrounded by a network of blood vessels, nerves, and supportive tissues. The sperm then travel through a series of ducts to the epididymis, where they mature and become capable of fertilization.

Testosterone is produced in the Leydig cells, which are located in the interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It also supports sperm production and sexual function.

Abnormalities in testicular function can lead to infertility, hormonal imbalances, and other health problems. Regular self-examinations and medical check-ups are recommended for early detection and treatment of any potential issues.

"Animal pregnancy" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. However, in biological terms, animal pregnancy refers to the condition where a fertilized egg (or eggs) implants and develops inside the reproductive tract of a female animal, leading to the birth of offspring (live young).

The specific details of animal pregnancy can vary widely between different species, with some animals exhibiting phenomena such as placental development, gestation periods, and hormonal changes that are similar to human pregnancy, while others may have very different reproductive strategies.

It's worth noting that the study of animal pregnancy and reproduction is an important area of biological research, as it can provide insights into fundamental mechanisms of embryonic development, genetics, and evolution.

Fetal blood refers to the blood circulating in a fetus during pregnancy. It is essential for the growth and development of the fetus, as it carries oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the developing tissues and organs. Fetal blood also removes waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the fetal tissues and transports them to the placenta for elimination.

Fetal blood has several unique characteristics that distinguish it from adult blood. For example, fetal hemoglobin (HbF) is the primary type of hemoglobin found in fetal blood, whereas adults primarily have adult hemoglobin (HbA). Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, which allows it to more efficiently extract oxygen from the maternal blood in the placenta.

Additionally, fetal blood contains a higher proportion of reticulocytes (immature red blood cells) and nucleated red blood cells compared to adult blood. These differences reflect the high turnover rate of red blood cells in the developing fetus and the need for rapid growth and development.

Examination of fetal blood can provide important information about the health and well-being of the fetus during pregnancy. For example, fetal blood sampling (also known as cordocentesis or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling) can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, infections, and other conditions that may affect fetal development. However, this procedure carries risks, including preterm labor, infection, and fetal loss, and is typically only performed when there is a significant risk of fetal compromise or when other diagnostic tests have been inconclusive.

I believe there may be a misunderstanding in your question. "Mothers" is a term that refers to individuals who have given birth to and raised children. It is not a medical term with a specific definition. If you are referring to a different word or term, please clarify so I can provide a more accurate response.

Logistic models, specifically logistic regression models, are a type of statistical analysis used in medical and epidemiological research to identify the relationship between the risk of a certain health outcome or disease (dependent variable) and one or more independent variables, such as demographic factors, exposure variables, or other clinical measurements.

In contrast to linear regression models, logistic regression models are used when the dependent variable is binary or dichotomous in nature, meaning it can only take on two values, such as "disease present" or "disease absent." The model uses a logistic function to estimate the probability of the outcome based on the independent variables.

Logistic regression models are useful for identifying risk factors and estimating the strength of associations between exposures and health outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders, and predicting the probability of an outcome given certain values of the independent variables. They can also be used to develop clinical prediction rules or scores that can aid in decision-making and patient care.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Occupational exposure refers to the contact of an individual with potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents as a result of their job or occupation. This can include exposure to hazardous substances such as chemicals, heavy metals, or dusts; physical agents such as noise, radiation, or ergonomic stressors; and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.

Occupational exposure can occur through various routes, including inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these hazards can increase the risk of developing acute or chronic health conditions, such as respiratory diseases, skin disorders, neurological damage, or cancer.

Employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to minimize occupational exposures through the implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and training programs. Regular monitoring and surveillance of workers' health can also help identify and prevent potential health hazards in the workplace.

Carcinogens are agents (substances or mixtures of substances) that can cause cancer. They may be naturally occurring or man-made. Carcinogens can increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular DNA, disrupting cellular function, or promoting cell growth. Examples of carcinogens include certain chemicals found in tobacco smoke, asbestos, UV radiation from the sun, and some viruses.

It's important to note that not all exposures to carcinogens will result in cancer, and the risk typically depends on factors such as the level and duration of exposure, individual genetic susceptibility, and lifestyle choices. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies carcinogens into different groups based on the strength of evidence linking them to cancer:

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans

This information is based on medical research and may be subject to change as new studies become available. Always consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.

A cohort study is a type of observational study in which a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure are followed up over time to determine the incidence of a specific outcome or outcomes. The cohort, or group, is defined based on the exposure status (e.g., exposed vs. unexposed) and then monitored prospectively to assess for the development of new health events or conditions.

Cohort studies can be either prospective or retrospective in design. In a prospective cohort study, participants are enrolled and followed forward in time from the beginning of the study. In contrast, in a retrospective cohort study, researchers identify a cohort that has already been assembled through medical records, insurance claims, or other sources and then look back in time to assess exposure status and health outcomes.

Cohort studies are useful for establishing causality between an exposure and an outcome because they allow researchers to observe the temporal relationship between the two. They can also provide information on the incidence of a disease or condition in different populations, which can be used to inform public health policy and interventions. However, cohort studies can be expensive and time-consuming to conduct, and they may be subject to bias if participants are not representative of the population or if there is loss to follow-up.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

Developmental gene expression regulation refers to the processes that control the activation or repression of specific genes during embryonic and fetal development. These regulatory mechanisms ensure that genes are expressed at the right time, in the right cells, and at appropriate levels to guide proper growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of an organism.

Developmental gene expression regulation is a complex and dynamic process involving various molecular players, such as transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, non-coding RNAs, and signaling molecules. These regulators can interact with cis-regulatory elements, like enhancers and promoters, to fine-tune the spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development.

Dysregulation of developmental gene expression can lead to various congenital disorders and developmental abnormalities. Therefore, understanding the principles and mechanisms governing developmental gene expression regulation is crucial for uncovering the etiology of developmental diseases and devising potential therapeutic strategies.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Smoking is not a medical condition, but it's a significant health risk behavior. Here is the definition from a public health perspective:

Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning tobacco that is commonly consumed through cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. The smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and numerous toxic and carcinogenic substances. These toxins contribute to a wide range of diseases and health conditions, such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various other cancers, as well as adverse reproductive outcomes and negative impacts on the developing fetus during pregnancy. Smoking is highly addictive due to the nicotine content, which makes quitting smoking a significant challenge for many individuals.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Maternal and Child Health Journal. 21 (5): 961-965. doi:10.1007/s10995-017-2287-y. PMC 5392137. PMID 28185206. "Quick ... However, language exposure for deaf and hard of hearing children born to hearing parents is often delayed. Many deaf and hard ... Early exposure to language enables the brain to fully develop cognitive and linguistic skills as well as language fluency and ... Language exposure for children is the act of making language readily available and accessible during the critical period for ...
Other environmental factors that have been studied include seasonal causes (such as pesticide exposure); maternal diet and ... Other contributing factors may include maternal nutritional deficiencies, exposure in utero to viral infections, trauma, drugs ... Cleft lip and other congenital abnormalities have also been linked to maternal hypoxia caused by maternal smoking, with the ... Maternal alcohol use has also been linked to cleft lip and palate due to the effects on the cranial neural crest cells. The ...
Both maternal and neonatal urine tests can give false negatives. Studies have returned widely varying reports of the effects of ... Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE), theorized in the 1970s, occurs when a pregnant woman uses cocaine and thereby exposes her ... It is not known how long after exposure the markers will still show up in a newborn's urine. The mother's urine can also be ... Cocaine exposure in utero may affect the structure and function of the brain, predisposing children to developmental problems ...
Hurt H, Brodsky NL, Roth H, Malmud E, Giannetta JM (2005). "School performance of children with gestational cocaine exposure". ... In other cases, maternal health can reduce maternal morbidity and mortality. Maternal health revolves around the health and ... "Maternal mortality". www.who.int. Retrieved 2022-09-12. "Maternal health". www.who.int. Retrieved 2022-08-29. "Maternal Health ... Maternal health is the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. In most cases, maternal health ...
Vaktskjold, A; Talykova, L. V; Chashchin, V. P; Odland, J. O; Nieboer, E (2008). "Maternal nickel exposure and congenital ... A less common form of chronic exposure is through hemodialysis as traces of nickel ions may be absorbed into the plasma from ... The human and animal data consistently indicate a lack of carcinogenicity via the oral route of exposure and limit the ... The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) sets the recommended exposure limit (REL) at 0.015 mg/m3 per ...
... exposure to toxins such as methylmercury; and even exposure to maternal psycho-social stress. Trauma in utero increases the ... or exposure to medicines used to relieve maternal pain or induce labor. These experiences can cause both physical and ... Kinsella MT, Monk C (September 2009). "Impact of maternal stress, depression and anxiety on fetal neurobehavioral development ... Trauma experienced in utero includes maternal smoking, alcohol or drug use during pregnancy; ...
"Maternal HIV Testing and Identification of Perinatal HIV Exposure". Clinical Info HIV gov. Office of AIDS Research (OAR), ... to slow maternal disease progression, and to reduce the risks of maternal opportunistic infection and death. It is important to ... If the maternal viral load is high (HIV RNA greater than 1000 copies/mL) or if her HIV viral load is unknown around the time of ... Maternal treatment with ART therapy prior to delivery decreases the viral load, or the amount of virus present in the mother's ...
bAssuming transplacental infections 10-14 days after maternal exposure. The effect, if any, of PPV on the ovum before ovulation ... Transplacental infection also follows maternal exposure after midgestation, but fetuses usually survive without obvious ... to identify infected cells in maternal and fetal tissues at progressively longer intervals after maternal oronasal exposure. ... This interval of maternal susceptibility is indicated by the collective results of several experimental studies, by in-depth ...
Toxins include fetal exposure to lead, mercury, and ethanol or hazardous environments. Prenatal exposure to mercury may lead to ... Maternal drug use occurs when drugs ingested by the pregnant woman are metabolized in the placenta and then transmitted to the ... Exposure to secondhand smoke leads to higher risks of low birth weight and childhood cancer. If a mother is infected with a ... Exposure to high levels of lead prenatally is related to prematurity, low birth weight, brain damage, and a variety of physical ...
These deficits were linked to maternal exposure to perchlorate. In 2003, a federal district court in California found that the ... study reflected only a 14-day exposure (=acute) to healthy adults and no additional safety factors were considered to protect ... During that study, 37 adult human subjects were split into four exposure groups exposed to 0.007 (7 subjects), 0.02 (10 ... Significant decreases in iodide uptake were found in the three highest exposure groups. Iodide uptake was not significantly ...
These deficits were linked to maternal exposure to perchlorate. Subsequently, the National Academy of Science (NAS) reviewed ... Reference doses are specific to dietary exposure. When assessing inhalation exposure, EPA uses "reference concentrations" (RfCs ... According to the EPA from 2008, "[a]n aggregate daily exposure to a [chemical] at or below the RfD (expressed as 100 percent or ... The EPA then looked at dietary exposure to endosulfan, and found that for the most exposed 0.1% of children age 1-6, their ...
Masuyama H, Mitsui T, Nobumoto E, Hiramatsu Y (2015). "The Effects of High-Fat Diet Exposure In Utero on the Obesogenic and ... This is a maternal, not an adaptive maternal effect. In order to be an adaptive maternal effect, the mother's environment would ... The products of maternal effect genes called maternal mRNAs are produced by nurse cell and follicle cells and deposited in the ... Maternal effects often occur because the mother supplies a particular mRNA or protein to the oocyte, hence the maternal genome ...
More early exposure programs targeted to underrepresented groups in high school would help, since early exposure has been ... Maternal mortality rates are 4.5 times higher for American Indian and Alaska Native women than they are for non-Hispanic white ... Exposure to racism, access to resources, and exposures to neurotoxins have consequentially leading to poorer cognitive function ... For maternal mortality, Black women who are college graduates have pregnancy-related mortality ratios (number of pregnancy- ...
One study of pesticide use in New York found the highest rate of exposure in Black women; pesticide exposure in pregnancy is ... "Preconception Maternal and Paternal Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Birth Size: The LIFE Study". Environmental ... "Initiatives to Reduce Maternal Mortality and Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States". Annals of Internal Medicine. 173 ... also noting the disparate rates of Black maternal death. Race affects maternal health throughout the pregnancy continuum, ...
Factors that precipitate include genetics, and maternal exposure to teratogens. Genetic causes of müllerian duct anomalies are ... In utero DES exposure has additionally been linked to epigenetic changes responsible for uterine anomalies such as ... A dose-response association for DES has not been establish but an association with the time of exposure in utero suggest ... Exposure to DES induced multiple uterine abnormalities including constriction bands, hypoplasticity in the uterine cavity and ...
... may result at high levels of maternal CO exposure, however the exact amount of exposure of CO to become a fetal threat is ... Dejmek, J., Selevan, S. , Beneš, I. , Solanský, I. , & Šrám, R. (1999). Fetal growth and maternal exposure to particulate ... Exposure to vehicle air pollutants has been noted as primary cause for infant mortality and morbidity, and is also argued to be ... High exposure to nitrogen dioxide may cause fetal mutations, damage a developing fetus, and decrease a woman's ability to ...
June 2007). Prenatal Exposure to Maternal Depression and Cortisol Influences Infant Temperament. Journal of the American ... Adverse experiences during development (e.g. prenatal exposure to maternal stress, poor attachment histories, sexual abuse) are ... O'Connor; Heron; Golding; Beveridge; Glover (2002). "Maternal antenatal anxiety and children's behavioural/emotional problems ...
Metrecia L. Terrella; Kathleen P. Hartnetta; Hyeyeun Limb; Julie Wirthc & Michele Marcu (January 2015). "Maternal exposure to ... These include three exposure groups - all people who lived on the quarantined farms, people who received food from these farms ... There is evidence that pre- and post-natal exposure to PBB in girls leads to menarche at an earlier age. Early studies on the ... Exposure to the coplanar stereoisomer 3,3',4,4',5,5'-hexabromobiphenyl (but not the non-coplanar stereoisomer) in genetically ...
Cain, Mary A.; Bornick, Patricia; Whiteman, Valerie (2013-03-01). "The maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects of cocaine ... exposure in pregnancy". Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 56 (1): 124-132. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e31827ae167. ISSN 1532-5520. ...
At least one of its programs, the Maternal Infant Health Outreach Worker (MIHOW) Program, was moved to the Vanderbilt School of ... McDonald, Kevin (1978). "Outrage and Outreach: The Student Health Coalition". Southern Exposure. 6 (2): 19-23. "Campus Life: ... "MIHOW's History". Maternal Infant Health Outreach Worker. Vanderbilt University. Retrieved August 24, 2017. Williams, John; ... maternal and infant care programs. Two Vanderbilt law students started the East Tennessee Research Corporation (ETRC), which ...
These include maternal infection and certain chemical and medical exposures." She has also said that early intervention "can ...
"Exposure to Perflouroalkyl acids and foetal and maternal thyroid status: a review". Environmental Health. 19 (1): 107. doi: ... In people, the highest exposures to PFOS in blood have been 12,830 parts per billion for occupational exposure and 656 parts ... The importance of exposure timing during development is unclear, however, some evidence has shown that exposure to PFOS during ... comparing exposure estimates with biomarkers of exposure". Environment International. 37 (4): 687-693. doi:10.1016/j.envint. ...
... refers to congenital maldevelopments that are linked to maternal diabetes. Prenatal exposure to ... In maternal diabetes, 90% of pregnancy losses happen in the first trimester due to oxidative stress. Diabetic embryopathy ... Rankin, J.; Tennant, P. W. G.; Stothard, K. J.; Bythell, M.; Summerbell, C. D.; Bell, R. (2010). "Maternal body mass index and ... It is also inversely related to the gestational age at first exposure. The comorbidities associated with pregestational type 2 ...
The maternal ancestral lineages of Arabic countries are very diverse. The original and still most prevalent maternal ... avoidance of tobacco use and exposure to pollution; and supplementation with iron and folate. Interventions after birth, ... as seen most in greater Syria Iraq and Egypt that have extra maternal haplogroups than the Middle East- associated maternal ( ... knowing the ancestral Y paternal and mitochondrial maternal haplogroups and other private companies Nuclear DNA might give ...
Morgan's maternal grandfather was a Union general, Hugh Judson Kilpatrick (1836-1881), who was also U.S. minister to Chile, and ... Furness and her sister Gloria wrote a memoir called Double Exposure (1959). Furness died in New York City on 29 January 1970. ... She was the maternal aunt of the writer, fashion designer, and socialite Gloria Vanderbilt. During most of Furness's ... Royal Mistresses of the House of Hanover-Windsor Vanderbilt, Gloria; Furness, Thelma (1959). Double Exposure. D. McKay Company ...
DNA methylation is determined in utero by maternal nutrition and environmental exposure. Methyl is synthesized de novo but ... which is determined by maternal diet and environmental exposure. As agouti itself inhibits melanocortin receptors responsible ... Ensuring maternal diets are high in methyl equivalents is a key preventive measure for reducing ectopic expression of agouti in ... Cooney CA, Dave AA, Wolff GL (August 2002). "Maternal methyl supplements in mice affect epigenetic variation and DNA ...
A 2008 study evaluated whether maternal exposure is associated with modified neonatal thyroid function in the highly exposed ... "Neonatal Thyroid Function in Seveso 25 Years after Maternal Exposure to Dioxin". PLOS Medicine. 5 (7): e161. doi:10.1371/ ... Moreover, although several exposures of populations to dioxins had occurred before, mostly in industrial accidents, they were ... This result of the underlying Seveso study has been noted to provide the most pronounced evidence for prenatal exposure to an ...
Stein, B.D., Zima, B., Elliott, M.N., Burnam, A., Shahinfar, A., Fox, N.A., & Leavitt, L.A. ( 2001). Violence exposure among ... Donovan, W.D., Leavitt, L.A., and Walsh, R.O. (2000). Maternal Illusory Control Predicts Socialization Strategies and Toddler ... His current work investigates the role of maternal sensitivity to infant signals in the development of mother-infant ... Preschool Children's Exposure to Violence: Relation of Behavior Problems to Parent and Child Reports. American Journal of ...
"Fetal Alcohol Exposure". April 2015. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2021. Farrés J, Moreno A ... Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, Mathers C, Rivera J (January 2008). "Maternal and child ... Retinal is an essential factor in rod cells and cone cells in the retina responding to light exposure by sending nerve signals ... but was restored after light exposure ceased. He suggested that this substance, by a photochemical process, conveyed the ...
Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, Mathers C, Rivera J (January 2008). "Maternal and child ... undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences". Lancet. 371 (9608): 243-60. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07) ...
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UCalgary research will investigate effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on maternal and infant health. Researcher is 1 of 11 ... Chaputs team recognizes the immediate need for improved evidence about the effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on maternal ... Marijuana and pregnancy: Theres no evidence that exposure is safe. Read more ... planning to treat these variables as exposures of interest rather than controlling for their effects as previous studies have ...
... ... Maternal Exposure to Nitrate in Drinking Water Found to Cause Birth Defects. ... report published in the Current Environmental Health Reports reviewed the link between birth defects and maternal exposure to ... studies published since 2000 that indicated birth defects in offspring may be associated with maternal drinking water exposure ...
Infant respiratory outcomes associated with prenatal exposure to maternal 2009 A/H1N1 influenza vaccination. Share * ... Transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus has been demonstrated for 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic vaccines; however, clinical ...
UK prevalences of domestic ETS exposure and maternal smoking in pregnancy remain high and ETS exposure lowers infants birth ... Conclusion: UK prevalences of domestic ETS exposure and maternal smoking in pregnancy remain high and ETS exposure lowers ... Prevalence of maternal smoking and environmental tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and impact on birth weight: ... Although, ante natal ETS exposure probably reduces infants birth weights, the scale of this exposure remains unknown. We ...
26 - 39: Maternal Exposure to Adversity: Impact on the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, Inflammation and Offspring Psychiatric ... "Maternal Exposure to Adversity: Impact on the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis, Inflammation and Offspring Psychiatric Outcomes", ... Early-Life Antibiotic Exposure, Gut Microbiota Development, and Predisposition to Obesity Gut Microbiota as a Mediator of Host ... Effect of Maternal Obesity on Foetal Growth and Metabolic Health of the Offspring ...
Association Between Maternal Fluoride Exposure During Pregnancy and IQ Scores in Offspring in Canada by Rivka Green et al. was ... In summary it is not correct to imply that the data here show evidence of a link between maternal fluoride exposure and IQ. The ... expert reaction to study looking at maternal exposure to fluoride and IQ in children Research, published in JAMA Pediatrics, ... "First, the claim that maternal fluoride exposure is associated with a decrease in IQ of children is false. This finding was non ...
Fetal Exposure to Maternal Low Protein Diets during Discrete Periods of Pregnancy Induces Hypertension in the Rat SC Langley- ... SC Langley-Evans, RC Sherman, S Welham, AA Jackson; Fetal Exposure to Maternal Low Protein Diets during Discrete Periods of ...
Association of uterine activity and maternal volatile anesthetic exposure during open fetal surgery for spina bifida: a ... Association of uterine activity and maternal volatile anesthetic exposure during open fetal surgery for spina bifida: a ... We divided the records into two post hoc groups of the 20 lowest exposure (Group L) versus the 20 highest exposure (Group H), ... We divided the records into two post hoc groups of the 20 lowest exposure (Group L) versus the 20 highest exposure (Group H), ...
Chronic zebrafish PFOS exposure alters sex ratio and maternal related effects in F1 offspring.. Title. Chronic zebrafish PFOS ... Alkanesulfonic Acids, Animals, Embryo, Nonmammalian, Female, Fertility, Fluorocarbons, Larva, Male, Maternal Exposure, Muscle ... Chronic zebrafish PFOS exposure alters sex ratio and maternal related effects in F1 offspring. ... and larval lethality was attributable to maternal transfer of PFOS to the eggs. Lower-dose parental PFOS exposure did not ...
Maternal Exposure Mothers Occupational Exposure Odds Ratio Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Aromatic Pregnancy Pregnancy Outcome Young ... After adjustment for maternal age, there was a significant association of occupational exposure with SGA (OR=2.2, 95% CI 1.3 to ... Maternal occupational exposure to PAHs was found to be associated with increased risk of SGA offspring. ... "Maternal occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and small for gestational age offspring" 71, no. 8 (2014). ...
Exposure Definitions and Comparison Group. For this analysis, MOUD included buprenorphine with or without naloxone, methadone, ... Maternal History. Maternal history includes demographic and pregnancy-related data (e.g., encounter information, medications, ... TABLE 2. Maternal demographic characteristics, by medication for opioid use disorder treatment status - Maternal and Infant ... The mean maternal age across all pregnancies was 29.7 (SD = ±5.1) years. Maternal race distribution was 4,607 (86.3%) White, ...
Maternal-fetal kinetics. Lead readily crosses the placenta, with the fetus retaining lead cumulatively throughout gestation. ... Thus, exposure to lead dust results in greater absorption than exposure to the equivalent amount of lead from chips of lead ... Sources of Lead Exposure. All causes of lead poisoning are environmental, however, the sources of lead are quite varied. Lead- ... Due to this exposure, the percentage of children with elevated BLLs increased significantly from 3.1% to 5%. [17, 10] ...
Maternal PCB Exposure and Birth Weight. We investigated the association between maternal serum PCB concentrations, preterm ... The strengths of the relationships between PCB exposure and both hypertension and blood pressure suggests that PCB exposure may ... but are limited by the timing of maternal serum measurements relative to the births and maternal recall of infant birth ... These results provide some evidence in support of an association between maternal PCB and low birth weight, ...
Maternal Screening. Management of HBsAg-Positive Mothers and Their Newborns. ACUTE EXPOSURE TO BLOOD CONTAINING HBsAg. HBIG FOR ... the potential for repeated exposure is usually self-limited. HB vaccine is not routinely recommended for such exposures.. ... accidental percutaneous or permucosal exposure to HBsAg-positive blood, or sexual exposure to an HBsAg-positive person. In each ... Since maternal antibody to the core antigen (anti-HBc) may persist for more than 1 year, testing for anti-HBc may be difficult ...
Exposure to POPs may alter maternal hormone levels, which could regulate the offspring sex. Trans-chlordane, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT ... Exposure to persistent organic pollutants in utero and related maternal characteristics on birth outcomes: A multivariate data ... Exposure to persistent organic pollutants in utero and related maternal characteristics on birth outcomes: A multivariate data ... Maternal height, weight, ethnicity, dietary habits and lifestyle were also the determinants for the neonatal variables. ...
Heather Stark, in collaboration with researchers from Ethiopian universities, study pesticide pollution and maternal health. ... PHHP researchers collaborate with Ethiopian universities on studies of pesticide exposure and maternal health Published On ... PHHP researchers collaborate with Ethiopian universities on studies of pesticide exposure and maternal health ... Khat consumption and maternal health Heather Stark brings a unique perspective to health research, with dual certifications and ...
ClinicalTrials.gov: Maternal Exposure (National Institutes of Health) * ClinicalTrials.gov: Paternal Exposure (National ... Article: Association of maternal phthalates exposure and metabolic gene polymorphisms with congenital... ... Article: Critical Windows of Maternal Exposure to Biothermal Stress and Birth Weight... ... Avoiding Lead Exposure during Pregnancy (Nemours Foundation) Also in Spanish * Mercury and Pregnancy (March of Dimes Foundation ...
IAP exposure‡. 9 (50.0). 29 (36.3). 0.42. 38 (38.8). Age at onset, median, d (IQR). 33 (26-45). 27 (15-43). 0.08. 29 (16-43). ... Maternal Carriage in Late-Onset Group B Streptococcus Disease, Italy Alberto Berardi. , Caterina Spada, Roberta Creti, Cinzia ... lessons from maternal cells? Pediatrics. 2007;119:e724-32. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ...
Pregnancy-related maternal physiological adaptations and fetal chemical exposure. Pregnancy-related maternal physiological ... However, direct assessment in human fetuses is challenging, so most research measures maternal exposure. Pregnancy induces a ... Chemical exposure; Endocrine-disrupting chemical; Fetal development; Physiological adaptation; Placenta; Pregnancy complication ... Our review reveals major knowledge gaps in factors affecting fetal chemical exposure, highlighting the need to develop more ...
Overall, lactational exposure to EDCs during the postpartum period can exert a negative effect on maternal PPD and infant ... Exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can promote infant neurodevelopmental impairment and maternal postpartum ... Multiple regression analyses were adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, education, income, employment, ... depression (PPD). However, the associations between lactation exposure to EDCs, maternal PPD, and infant neurodevelopment are ...
Exposure to cresols occurs mainly from breathing air containing car exhaust, breathing air from homes heated with coal or wood ... The effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and ... There are no reports of cresols in maternal milk.. Top of Page ... Most exposures to cresols are at very low levels that are not ... Exposure to cresols occurs mainly from breathing air containing car exhaust, air from homes heated with coal or wood, and ...
Deciphering the signals involved in maternal-fetal crosstalk *Determining how hormones and growth factors render the uterus ... Maternal exposure to pathogen *Maternal exposure to pathogens, viruses and toxins and placental function ...
Background: Environmental exposures are associated with a number of outcomes including adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although ... Maternal inflammation; Longitudinal data; Cervico-vaginal cytokines; Serum cytokines; PRINCESA cohort ... Objectives: This study was conducted to evaluate whether exposure to air pollution is associated with immunologic responses in ... Systemic inflammatory markers may provide information on immunologic processes and response to environmental exposures, but are ...
Association Between Maternal Fluoride Exposure During Pregnancy and IQ Scores in Offspring in Canada. Overview of attention for ... They state that: YORK study found that a maternal urine fluoride concentration of 0.2mg/L, which is exceeded 4 to 5 times in… ... Research will help determine the safety of chronic fluoride exposure in developing brains - YFile. YFile, 13 Jan 2022. Emerging ... research from York University aims to address rising concerns about the safety of early-life exposure to fluoride, and… ...
Lead exposure generally occurs when contaminants with lead are inhaled or ingested. Lead exposure from water sources is less ... Determining the source of the exposure and eliminating or limiting the lead exposure is a key step in the treatment and ... Z13.88, Encounter for screening for disorder due to exposure to contaminants See ICD-10 related to lead exposure (icd10data.com ... Medications Used to Treat Lead Exposure Common treatment interventions, including removal from the source of the exposure and ...
If a maternal Zika virus test in a pregnant woman is positive or is inconclusive, a fetal ultrasound should be considered to ... Which test would be positive and also if theres time, if a pregnant woman gets a blood-borne pathogen exposure and shes ... We dont know what the risk of maternal to fetal transmission is. So its really a challenging area, and as more data emerge ... Referral to a maternal-fetal medicine or infectious disease specialist with expertise in pregnancy management is recommended. ...
... - Featured Topics from the National Center for Health Statistics ... Prolonged exposure to the cold will eventually use up your bodys stored energy and can lead to hypothermia. If gone untreated ... maternal mortality (5) *medical bills (7) *meditation (2) *mental health (12) *midwife (2) ...
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  • Exposure to PAHs was assigned by industrial hygienist consensus, based on self-reported maternal occupational histories from 1 month before conception through the third month of pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • Logistic regression was used to determine the association between estimated occupational PAH exposure and gastroschisis among children whose mothers were employed for at least 1 month during the month before conception through the third month of pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • This study aimed to assess the relationship between birth weight and maternal exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy, and to investigate some other determinants of birth weight. (who.int)
  • While data accumulated over the last 30 years suggest that certain antidepressants may be used with relative safety during pregnancy, our knowledge regarding the risks of prenatal exposure to psychotropic medications is incomplete. (womensmentalhealth.org)
  • A new study from Nulman and colleagues at the Motherisk Program inTorontocontributes information on the impact of exposure to venlafaxine (Effexor) during pregnancy. (womensmentalhealth.org)
  • At the time of first contact with Motherisk during pregnancy, information about maternal medical, genetic, and obstetric histories was collected. (womensmentalhealth.org)
  • The severity of maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy and at the time of testing predicted child behavioral problems. (womensmentalhealth.org)
  • Established in 2019, the Maternal and Infant Network to Understand Outcomes Associated with Medication for Opioid Use Disorder During Pregnancy (MAT-LINK) is a surveillance network of seven clinical sites in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Autism is a complex condition influenced by genetics and, potentially, environmental exposures that occur during key windows of susceptibility, such as pregnancy. (nih.gov)
  • Maternal substance use may consist of any combination of drug, chemical, alcohol, and tobacco use during the pregnancy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Infants whose mothers experience greater psychosocial stress and environmental chemical exposures during pregnancy may face greater rates of preterm birth, lower birth weight, and impaired neurodevelopment. (escholarship.org)
  • Environmental causes of birth defects include chemical and other exposures that occur during pregnancy, including exposure to alcohol and drugs. (nih.gov)
  • Drug exposure during pregnancy is not limited to illegal drugs, such as cocaine, but includes prescription and over-the-counter drugs and supplements that might disrupt the development of the fetus. (nih.gov)
  • Health care providers recommend that women who are thinking about pregnancy avoid exposure to alcohol and drugs up to 3 months before starting to try to get pregnant. (nih.gov)
  • The Institute supports and conducts research to understand the ways in which exposures to alcohol and drugs may affect pregnancy, a developing fetus, and development throughout the lifespan. (nih.gov)
  • Mirzakhani H, De Vivo I, Leeder JS, Gaedigk R, Vyhlidal CA, Weiss ST, Tantisira K. Early pregnancy intrauterine fetal exposure to maternal smoking and impact on fetal telomere length. (childrensmercy.org)
  • During pregnancy there were no changes to maternal food intake, maternal weight gain, litter size, or gestational length. (nature.com)
  • The objective of this retrospective analysis of the longitudinal Millennium Cohort Study was to examine whether maternal alcohol consumption in pregnancy (MACP) is associated with the development of childhood autism spectrum disorders (ASD). (springer.com)
  • Chemical exposure during pregnancy is potentially harmful to the developing fetus, as the placenta cannot protect against heavy metals such as lead and mercury ( 1-4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • BACKGROUND: Malaria in pregnancy is associated with immunological abnormalities in the newborns, such as hampered T-helper 1 responses and increased T-regulatory responses, while the effect of maternal Plasmodium falciparum infection on foetal innate immunity is still controversial. (hal.science)
  • We use temperature variation within narrowly-defined geographic and demographic cells to show that prenatal exposure to extreme heat increases the risk of maternal hospitalization during pregnancy, and that this effect is larger for black than for white mothers. (uni-bonn.de)
  • Exposure to fish-Hg during pregnancy and lactation were studied in 100 women and newborns from Porto Velho. (drcalapai.com)
  • Maternal use of cannabis and pregnancy outcome. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Twenty-six of these - 17 males and 9 females were from mares which had been exposed to blue light using the mask during pregnancy, while twenty-three were from control mares (14 males and 9 females) which had no such blue light exposure. (equine-reproduction.com)
  • Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy has been linked to an increased risk of developing psychiatric pathologies in later life. (nature.com)
  • 6. Green R, Lanphear B, Hornung R et al (2019) Association between maternal fluoride exposure during pregnancy and IQ scores in offspring in Canada . (fluoridealert.org)
  • NIDA is interested in funding research on the effect of maternal opioid exposure on embryonic, fetal and post-natal brain development. (nih.gov)
  • These results support the hypothesis of the effect of maternal exposure to agricultural work on anencephaly and suggest that exposure of the father to pesticides in the periconceptional period or prior to this can also increase the risk of having an anencephalic child. (bmj.com)
  • This study is the first to use BenMAP to assess effects of prenatal exposures and provides a method to estimate benefits in the absence of existing willingness to pay estimates for reduced risk of preterm birth. (nih.gov)
  • Prenatal exposures to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been linked to reduced fetal growth. (nih.gov)
  • Autism is predominantly genetic in origin, but a growing list of prenatal exposures for mother and baby may sway the odds. (spectrumnews.org)
  • Scientific conferences that I attend often focus on bad things in our environment, such as chemical exposures that can negatively affect health outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • For Ish, this study is the beginning of long-needed research into work-related chemical exposures among pregnant women. (uth.edu)
  • There are only a few publications that examine job-related chemical exposures among pregnant women and fetal development outcomes," said Ish. (uth.edu)
  • The goal of this study was to examine, in rats, the impact of maternal Δ9-THC exposure on fetal development, neonatal outcomes, and placental development. (nature.com)
  • Conner SN, Bedell V, Lipsey K, Macones GA, Cahill AG, Tuuli MG. Maternal marijuana use and adverse neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Conclusions The limited transference of BNZ into breast milk and the reassuring normal clinical evaluation of the breastfed babies suggest that maternal BNZ treatment for Chagas disease during breast feeding is unlikely to present a risk for the breastfed infant. (bmj.com)
  • Prophylactic treatment to prevent hepatitis B (HB) infection after exposure to hepatitis B virus (HBV) should be considered in several situations: perinatal exposure of an infant born to a hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive mother, accidental percutaneous or permucosal exposure to HBsAg-positive blood, or sexual exposure to an HBsAg-positive person. (cdc.gov)
  • An additional 30 mother-infant dyads were chosen to give maternal, umbilical arterial and venous blood samples. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Concentrations of NP in mother-infant dyads showed the NP concentrations in maternal plasma were not definitely higher than that in fetal plasma. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Infant adrenocortical reactivity and behavioral functioning: Relation to early exposure to maternal intimate partner violence. (uci.edu)
  • Maternal mental health predicted infant behavioral functioning but not infant HPA axis reactivity. (uci.edu)
  • From February to August 2014, 1010 mother-infant pairs were recruited into a trial aimed at assessing the effectiveness of maternal postpartum deworming on infant and maternal health outcomes. (plos.org)
  • In a study population composed of both STH-infected and uninfected mothers, maternal postpartum deworming was insufficient to impact infant growth and morbidity indicators up to 6 months postpartum. (plos.org)
  • Maternal fluoride exposure during gestation and lactation decreased learning and memory ability of mouse pups. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • These results suggest different dietary influences on UF in the pregnant state, which need consideration when using UF as a biomarker of fluoride exposure. (fluoridealert.org)
  • 4. Bashash M, Thomas D, Hu H et al (2017) Prenatal fluoride exposure and cognitive outcomes in children at 4 and 6-12 years of age in Mexico . (fluoridealert.org)
  • 5. Bashash M, Marchand M, Hu H et al (2018) Prenatal fluoride exposure and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children at 6-12 years of age in Mexico City . (fluoridealert.org)
  • 2009). Additionally, occupational exposures have been suggested as potential risk factors for gastroschisis (Herdt-Losavio et al. (medscape.com)
  • Houston (April 28, 2022) - Jennifer Ish, PhD, MS, an alumnus of the Occupational Epidemiology program at the Southwest Center for Occupational and Environmental Health (SWCOEH) at UTHealth School of Public Health, was the first author of a study examining associations between maternal occupational exposures and ultrasound-measured fetal growth. (uth.edu)
  • The article, " Maternal occupational exposures and fetal growth in a Spanish birth cohort ", was co-authored by Dr. David Gimeno, Center Director and Occupational Epidemiology Program Director for the SWCOEH, and Dr. George Delclos, Deputy Director of the SWCOEH. (uth.edu)
  • As workers are typically exposed to not one but multiple chemicals as well as work-related non-chemical stressors-for example, irregular work hours or work-related psychosocial stress to examine the cumulative or combined impact of multiple occupational exposures on pregnant workers and their children. (uth.edu)
  • Fetal lung and placental methylation is associated with in utero nicotine exposure. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Given the critical role of the placenta to transfer oxygen and nutrients from mother, to the fetus, any compromise in the development of fetal-placental circulation significantly affects maternal-fetal exchange and thereby, fetal growth. (nature.com)
  • This study examined maternal and umbilical-cord blood samples to explore prenatal exposure levels to nonylphenol and placental protection against NP exposure. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • NNS exposure mostly originates from diet beverages and sweetener packages in adults or breastmilk in infants. (nih.gov)
  • Outcome comparisons of maternal opioid use to different medication assisted therapies in infants diagnosed of NAS. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, HBIG prophylaxis has been shown to significantly reduce the percentage of infants who become chronic HBV carriers after perinatal exposure to HBsAg-positive mothers (6). (cdc.gov)
  • This profile of the ECHO.CA.IL cohort found that mothers and their infants who vary in terms of socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and geographic location are similar in many of our measures of exposures and cognitive outcomes. (escholarship.org)
  • We examined effects of exposure to a traumatic stressor in families [intimate partner violence (IPV)] on both infants' HPA axis reactivity to stress and their internalizing and externalizing behaviors. (uci.edu)
  • For infants, fetal exposure to extreme heat leads to a higher likelihood of dehydration at birth and hospital readmission in the first year of life. (uni-bonn.de)
  • We reported that maternal miRNAs predicted FASD-related growth and psychomotor deficits in infants. (tamu.edu)
  • in humans, the role of maternal cadmium exposure on OFCs, independent of cigarette smoke, is unclear. (nih.gov)
  • Several studies have systematically investigated the impact of prenatal exposure to antidepressants on development and behavior in humans. (womensmentalhealth.org)
  • Epidemiological studies in humans and animal experiments using rodent models indicate that gestational exposure to airborne pollution, in particular diese. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 14 , 15 The maternal immune activation (MIA) in humans and animal models alike could impact on the fetal microglia and result in functional changes that are retained in adulthood. (nature.com)
  • She discussed the role of maternal diet, highlighted important knowledge gaps she is working to fill, and shared her unique career path. (nih.gov)
  • Commonly applied PFAS are extremely persistent and human exposure to PFAS are ubiquitous. (nih.gov)
  • An increasing number of population-based studies have indicated maternal and fetal exposure to PFAS was associated with impaired fetal growth. (nih.gov)
  • One area of PFAS research that has been largely overlooked is the possible adverse effect of paternal exposure to PFAS on offspring development. (nih.gov)
  • Biological plausibility has been suggested in experimental studies that paternal exposure to PFAS could affect fetal development via mechanisms such as the disruption of spermiogenesis, increasing damage to sperm DNA, and modifying sperm epigenetic profiles. (nih.gov)
  • Perturbations of biological pathways involved in amino acid, lipid and fatty acid, bile acid, and androgenic hormone metabolism were associated with PFAS exposures and reduced fetal growth, and uric acid was shown to be a potential intermediate biomarker. (nih.gov)
  • We also examined differences in biomarkers of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), measured in second-trimester serum, and psychosocial stressors by cohort and participant demographics. (escholarship.org)
  • For perinatal and needlestick exposures, however, HBIG alone is only about 75% effective even when given very soon after exposure, may provide only temporary protection, and is costly (over $150 per adult dose). (cdc.gov)
  • Studies have shown that maternal passive and active smoking is associated with an increased risk of obstetric complications (OC) and adverse perinatal outcomes (APO). (envirobiotechjournals.com)
  • This study assessed knowledge of impact of maternal passive and active smoking on obstetric complications, impaired fecundity (IF) and adverse perinatal outcomes. (envirobiotechjournals.com)
  • 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27, 5.04] after adjusting for maternal body mass index, education, gestational diabetes, and smoking. (medscape.com)
  • Gestational Δ9-THC exposure resulted in pups born with symmetrical fetal growth restriction, with catch up growth by post-natal day ( PND )21. (nature.com)
  • In the current study, the effects of fetal nicotine exposure (2 mg/kg/day or 6 mg/kg/day) on development of central cholinergic pathways were examined in striatum and hippocampus of animals exposed from gestational days 4 through 20, using maternal infusions with osmotic minipumps. (nih.gov)
  • Results The prevalence of estimated occupational PAH exposure was 9.0% in case mothers (27 of 299) and 3.6% in control mothers (107 of 2,993). (medscape.com)
  • 95% CI: 0.55, 2.33), which is notable because although young maternal age is the strongest known risk factor for gastroschisis, most cases are born to mothers ≥ 20 years. (medscape.com)
  • Conclusion Our findings indicate an association between occupational exposure to PAHs among mothers who are ≥ 20 years and gastroschisis. (medscape.com)
  • Excluded were mothers exposed to polytherapy for depression or known teratogens (e.g., antiepileptic drugs), mothers with substance abuse (e.g., alcohol use disorders), mothers with other psychiatric conditions (e.g., schizophrenia), premature children (before 37 weeks of gestation), and mothers and/or children with medical conditions unrelated to in utero exposure that may affect cognitive outcomes (e.g., postnatal head trauma, encephalitis). (womensmentalhealth.org)
  • Through the repeated exposure from expectant mothers' dietary intake, fetuses could encounter high NP exposure level due to transplacental absorption, partitioning between the maternal and fetal compartments, as well as poor detoxification mechanisms of the developing organism. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Compelling evidence has demonstrated that interventions investing in maternal health in the first 1000 days of life are beneficial for both mothers and their children. (plos.org)
  • These data thus indicate that fetal nicotine exposure, even at doses that do not cause overt signs of maternal/fetal/neonatal toxicity or growth impairment, influences both specific gene expression of cholinergic nerve terminal markers, as well as indices of neuronal function. (nih.gov)
  • The PPTOX VI conference, taking place in May 2018, aims to assess the weight of evidence and highlight new achievements on the effects of prenatal and early postnatal exposure to toxicants, as well their effects on the development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some paternal occupational and demographic factors have been linked to selected neurodevelopmental disorders, but studies on paternal exposure to environmental toxins are sparse. (nih.gov)
  • In our earliest requirements, we failed to manage for beginning weight, maternal level, maternal schooling, otherwise paternal top since these details might possibly be paths through which the brand new nutritional supplements have impacted the kid effects. (business.ec)
  • Mountain gorillas maintain strong affiliative biases for maternal siblings despite high male reproductive skew and extensive exposure to paternal kin. (anthropogeny.org)
  • Using nearly 40,000 hr of behavioral data collected over 14 years on 699 sibling and 1235 non-sibling pairs of wild mountain gorillas, we demonstrate that individuals have strong affiliative preferences for full and maternal siblings over paternal siblings or unrelated animals, consistent with an inability to discriminate paternal kin. (anthropogeny.org)
  • Our results call into question reasons for strong maternal kin biases when paternal kin are identifiable, familiar, and similarly likely to be long-term groupmates, and they may also suggest behavioral mismatches at play during a transitional period in mountain gorilla society. (anthropogeny.org)
  • This study validates the results of earlier research that has reported associations between having a child with autism and prenatal exposure to agricultural chemicals in California," said lead study author Janie F. Shelton, a UC Davis graduate student who now consults with the United Nations. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Participants noted that much more research is needed to uncover the potential role nutrition may play in modifying the effects of autism-related exposures, like air pollution. (nih.gov)
  • Kristen Lyall, Sc.D. , an epidemiologist at Drexel University who co-organized the June workshop, recently spoke with me about her efforts to expand research at the intersection of nutrition, exposures, and autism. (nih.gov)
  • What were some of your takeaways from the recent NIEHS workshop on nutrition, exposures, and autism? (nih.gov)
  • If we compare diet and nutrition to other risk factor research in autism, and even research in neurodevelopment more broadly, there's certainly much less work related to maternal diet. (nih.gov)
  • Exposure to acetaminophen in the womb may increase a child's risk for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder, suggests a study funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Agency for Health Care Research and Quality. (nih.gov)
  • Association of cord plasma biomarkers of in utero acetaminophen exposure with risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in childhood. (nih.gov)
  • Autism is not associated with ultrasound frequency or duration, maternal age and education affect autism odds, and people on the spectrum benefit from their 'special interests. (spectrumnews.org)
  • Preventing episodic exposure and withdrawal from acute opioids decreases the incidence of Intrauterine fetal demise, neonatal death, and prematurity. (nih.gov)
  • The collaboration began with Ish's abstract " Maternal occupational exposure to chemicals and neurocognitive development at 4-5 years of age ", which she presented at ISEE 2021 last August. (uth.edu)
  • NIEHS research uses state-of-the-art science and technology to investigate the interplay between environmental exposures, human biology, genetics, and common diseases to help prevent disease and improve human health. (nih.gov)
  • Factors such as genetics, polydrug exposure, environmental toxins, stress, and maternal care are likely to influence developmental outcomes in opioid exposed embryos and fetuses. (nih.gov)
  • 1538 participants were included in this prospective study via the Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort (TMCHC) in Wuhan, China. (mhmedical.com)
  • Association between fetal sex and maternal plasma microRNA responses to prenatal alcohol exposure: evidence from a birth outcome-stratified cohort. (tamu.edu)
  • Animal studies indicate that the liver, lungs, and kidneys have the greatest soft-tissue lead concentrations immediately after acute exposure. (medscape.com)
  • We observe a preference for maternal kin in a species with a high reproductive skew (i.e. high relatedness certainty), even though low reproductive skew (i.e. low relatedness certainty) is believed to underlie such biases in other non-human primates. (anthropogeny.org)
  • Moreover, hairdressers and domestic cleaners in our study population accounted for the majority of women with exposure to these compounds, potentially informing future occupational studies of reproductive and developmental outcomes. (uth.edu)
  • In addition to reproductive measurements, to determine if maternal exposure to blue light affected foals at maturity, body weight, height at withers and cannon bone circumference were evaluated. (equine-reproduction.com)
  • Blood lead is also important because the BLL is the most widely used measure of lead exposure. (medscape.com)
  • Another knowledge gap is that almost all of the existing research has examined one nutrient at a time, or one supplement at a time, but that's not very representative of real-world nutritional exposures, which involve complex interactions of multiple substances. (nih.gov)
  • While we still must investigate whether certain sub-groups are more vulnerable to exposures to these compounds than others, the message is very clear: Women who are pregnant should take special care to avoid contact with agricultural chemicals whenever possible. (sciencedaily.com)
  • It is not feasible to totally reduce or eliminate our exposures to environmental chemicals, which are ubiquitous in modern life. (nih.gov)
  • Exposure of the female parent, human or animal, to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals that may affect offspring. (childrensmercy.org)
  • We found limited evidence for a role of work-related exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and other potential hazards on fetal growth, but nonetheless begin to fill an important research gap," said Ish, currently a postdoctoral research fellow at the Epidemiology Branch of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIOSH). (uth.edu)
  • Yet this is an important topic given that for women in certain occupations, the workplace may be an important and modifiable source of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals. (uth.edu)
  • According to NIEHS research, when pregnant women improved their nutrition and reduced exposure to environmental chemicals, they were more likely to have healthy babies, and their babies were better able to cope with environment stressors later in life. (nih.gov)
  • Objective: To investigate whether maternal violence exposure personally and through her child is associated with an earlier age of menopause, controlling for covariates. (researchgate.net)
  • Prenatal cannabis exposure: the "first hit" to the endocannabinoid system. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Prenatal exposure to cannabis and maternal and child health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Particle exposure and the related gene-environment interactions during fetal and early postnatal development can affect development and disease risks through to adult life. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Suter MA, Abramovici AR, Griffin E, Branch DW, Lane RH, Mastrobattista J, Rehan VK, Aagaard K. In utero nicotine exposure epigenetically alters fetal chromatin structure and differentially regulates transcription of the glucocorticoid receptor in a rat model. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Collectively, these data show that fetal sex predicts maternal circulating miRNA adaptations, a critical consideration when adopting maternal miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers. (tamu.edu)
  • This cost-benefit analysis estimated the health and economic benefits of reduced maternal exposure to PM2.5 and avoided preterm births in the contiguous United States. (nih.gov)
  • To strengthen the country's capacity to address this burden, Tulane University's School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine presents a research training grant entitled: Neurotoxicant Exposures: Impact on Maternal and Child Health in Suriname, that will implement short term training tailored to the research theme, Caribbean-wide professional development and policy workshops, certificate training in environmental health and industrial hygiene, graduate degrees in environmental and occupational health, and mentored research experiences. (nih.gov)
  • Warner TD, Roussos-Ross D, Behnke M. It's not your mother's marijuana: effects on maternal-fetal health and the developing child. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Our results provide new estimates of the health costs of climate change and identify environmental drivers of the black-white maternal health gap. (uni-bonn.de)
  • The benefits of maternal postpartum deworming should be further investigated in study populations having higher overall prevalences and intensities of STH infections and, in particular, where whipworm and hookworm infections are of public health concern. (plos.org)
  • In addition, studies have begun to identify long term social, psychological and behavioral abnormalities and deficits among children associated with maternal opioid exposure, including lower IQ scores, poor social skills, and with disruptive behaviors. (nih.gov)
  • Genetic determinants of fetal opiate exposure and risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome: Knowledge deficits and prospects for future research. (childrensmercy.org)
  • however, the research shows that when a child does not receive language exposure during their first few years of life, they have long-term deficits in language acquisition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hence, in the present study, maternal mice were exposed to F (25, 50, or 100 mg/L sodium fluoride (NaF) in drinking water) during gestation and lactation. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Ke X, Fu Q, Sterrett J, Hillard CJ, Lane RH, Majnik A. Adverse maternal environment and western diet impairs cognitive function and alters hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor promoter methylation in male mice. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Spearman AD, Ke X, Fu Q, Lane RH, Majnik A. Adverse maternal environment leads to cardiac fibrosis in adult male mice. (childrensmercy.org)
  • What distinguishes this study from the previous two is that this study also attempts to distinguish the effects of maternal depression from the effects of exposure to antidepressant. (womensmentalhealth.org)
  • Are Maternal Depression or Symptom Severity Associated With Breastfeeding Intention or Outcomes? (psychiatrist.com)
  • Epidemiological studies suggest that prenatal and early life environmental exposures have adverse effects on pulmonary function and are important contributors in the development of childhood asthma and allergi. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Studies in the area of prenatal exposure to earthquakes and subsequent outcomes during early childhood development are rare. (omicsonline.org)
  • Impact of maternal opioid exposure on child stress responses. (nih.gov)
  • Passive immunization with HBIG alone has been partially effective in preventing clinical HB in studies of medical personnel after needlestick accidents (4) and sexual exposure to partners with acute HB (5). (cdc.gov)
  • After a while, one begins to wonder about the other side of the equation: What about the good things in our environment that potentially help to reduce risks associated with those exposures? (nih.gov)
  • Multiple regression analysis showed that after controlling for all the variables studied, birth weight had a significant inverse correlation with the maternal exposure to passive smoking and a positive correlation with adequate antenatal care. (who.int)
  • However, whether maternal F exposure during gestation and lactation can influence the learning, memory ability, and glutamate receptor expressions of offspring has not yet been elucidated. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • The present study aimed to assess the effect of low protein exposure during discrete 7-day periods of gestation upon feeding behaviour (full gestation 22 days). (portlandpress.com)
  • Previous studies have found some eye abnormalities resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure, but no studies have investigated the effects of heavy alcohol consumption on the eye development of children who do not have FAS. (nih.gov)
  • 2009) and failure of mesenchymal differentiation due to early teratogenic exposures (Feldkamp et al. (medscape.com)
  • The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which maternal opioid exposure affects brain development, including neuronal differentiation, migration, synaptic formation and neural circuit activities. (nih.gov)
  • While the pups' exposure was low, metabolic changes were drastic, indicating extensive downregulation of hepatic detoxification mechanisms and changes in bacterial metabolites. (nih.gov)
  • The associations were stronger when the exposures occurred during the second and third trimesters of the women's pregnancies. (sciencedaily.com)
  • however, few studies have examined associations with structural connections or the importance of developmental timing of exposure. (researchgate.net)
  • 11. Blackburn ST (2013) Maternal, fetal & neonatal physiology: a clinical perspective , 4th edn. (fluoridealert.org)
  • Information was obtained from both parents by means of a general questionnaire, a food frequency questionnaire, and a specific questionnaire on occupational exposure to pesticides. (bmj.com)
  • Bootstrap estimates of parametric and effect size tests identified male and female fetal sex-associated maternal miRNA responses to PAE that were not observed in the aggregated sample. (tamu.edu)
  • Results showed that exposure to 100 mg/L NaF significantly enhanced the number of total arm entries and working memory errors of offspring in the radial arm maze test compared to the control group. (greenmedinfo.com)
  • Besides, F exposure also suppressed the expression of NR2A, NR2B, and mGluR2 mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner, where NR2A was significantly suppressed by 50 mg/L NaF and NR2B and mGluR2 by 100 mg/L NaF. (greenmedinfo.com)