Levonorgestrel. Medical search

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.

Intrauterine devices that release contraceptive agents.

Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.

Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.

A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.

Fixed drug combinations administered orally for contraceptive purposes.

A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents.

A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.

Means of postcoital intervention to avoid pregnancy, such as the administration of POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVES to prevent FERTILIZATION of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg (OVUM IMPLANTATION).

Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.

Blocking the process leading to OVULATION. Various factors are known to inhibit ovulation, such as neuroendocrine, psychological, and pharmacological agents.

Pregnenes with one double bond or more than three double bonds which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19..

Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.

Pregnadienes which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19.

Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.

Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.

Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.

Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.

Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.

Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.

A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.

Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM.

The mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity that is hormonally responsive during the MENSTRUAL CYCLE and PREGNANCY. The endometrium undergoes cyclic changes that characterize MENSTRUATION. After successful FERTILIZATION, it serves to sustain the developing embryo.

Contraceptive devices used by females.

Procedures used for the targeted destruction of the mucous membrane lining of the uterine cavity.

A thyroid hormone transport protein found in serum. It binds about 75% of circulating THYROXINE and 70% of circulating TRIIODOTHYRONINE.

Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both.

Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of CONCEPTION.

A medicated adhesive patch placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication into the bloodstream.

Contraceptive devices placed high in the uterine fundus.

17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.

ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions. It has proved to be an effective contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, COMBINED).

Spontaneous loss of INTRAUTERINE DEVICES from the UTERUS.

An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive.

A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive.

Intrauterine contraceptive devices that depend on the release of metallic copper.

C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.

Steroidal compounds related to ESTRADIOL, the major mammalian female sex hormone. Estradiol congeners include important estradiol precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with estrogenic activities.

The insertion of drugs into the vagina to treat local infections, neoplasms, or to induce labor. The dosage forms may include medicated pessaries, irrigation fluids, and suppositories.

A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception.

Variations of menstruation which may be indicative of disease.

The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.

The periodic shedding of the ENDOMETRIUM and associated menstrual bleeding in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating PROGESTERONE, and occurs at the late LUTEAL PHASE when LUTEOLYSIS of the CORPUS LUTEUM takes place.

A glycoprotein migrating as a beta-globulin. Its molecular weight, 52,000 or 95,000-115,000, indicates that it exists as a dimer. The protein binds testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and estradiol in the plasma. Sex hormone-binding protein has the same amino acid sequence as ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN. They differ by their sites of synthesis and post-translational oligosaccharide modifications.

Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.

The effects of levonorgestrel implants on vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the endometrium. (1/293)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and the microvascular density of the endometrium were studied in Norplant users and normal controls, using immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded endometrial sections. The VEGF staining index was quantified using computerized image analysis. The VEGF staining index between stages of the menstrual cycle and between normal and Norplant endometria were compared. Norplant VEGF staining index was analysed for correlation with microvascular density, duration of Norplant use, the number of bleeding/spotting days in the reference period up to 90 days prior to biopsy, and the length of time since the last bleeding/spotting episode. The results showed that immunoreactive VEGF was detected predominantly in endometrial glands but weakly expressed in the stroma throughout the menstrual cycle, and also in Norplant users. Large variation in the VEGF staining index between individuals was observed and no significant difference in the VEGF staining index was detected between stages of the menstrual cycle for the glands and stroma. The glandular and stromal VEGF staining indices were significantly higher in Norplant than in normal endometrium (P<1x10(-4)). No correlation was found between the Norplant VEGF staining index and endometrial microvascular density, duration of Norplant use, the number of bleeding/spotting days in the reference period, and the length of time since the last bleeding/spotting episode. The VEGF staining index was higher in glands than stroma for both normal and Norplant endometrium. The results suggest a differential control of endometrial glandular versus stromal VEGF expression, and possible positive effects of levonorgestrel on VEGF expression. (+info)

Levonorgestrel versus the "Yuzpe" regimen.(2/293)

New choices in emergency contraception. (+info)

Three countries' experience with Norplant introduction. (3/293)

Despite international efforts to plan for Norplant introduction, the method has drawn the attention of critics of family planning programmes, and has raised several issues for debate since it was introduced into family planning programmes. The experiences of three countries with the introduction of Norplant highlight some of the unique features of the method that have affected its introduction. Indonesia, Bangladesh and the United States represent diverse cultural settings and systems of family planning provision. Experience in each country has highlighted the need to focus on quality of care for clients, most notably the need for good counselling and attention to removal as well as insertion. The cost of Norplant also has influenced its introduction in each country. Another issue includes the need to work with women's health advocacy groups, which is illustrated particularly in Bangladesh. Finally, the role of litigation in the United States, and its potential role in influencing Norplant introduction in other countries, is discussed. These three countries' experience illustrate the importance of understanding the programmatic context of contraceptive introduction. (+info)

The effect of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device on human endometrial oestrogen and progesterone receptors after one year of use. (4/293)

Thirty-four women bearing a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device, 20 micrograms/day (LNG-IUD-20), for 12-15 months were recruited. Endometrial biopsies were collected during the late proliferative phase of the cycle (on cycle days 10-12) before (control) and after the use of the IUD for 12 months, and assayed for oestrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR). An immunohistochemical technique with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase detection system (PAP method) was employed. D75 and JZB39 were the primary antibodies for ER and PR respectively. The immunostaining semiquantitative analysis was performed with a computerized microscope image processor, and expressed as 'grey value'. Both endometrial ER and PR populations were significantly lower after insertion of the IUD (P < 0.01) than in control biopsies. The intensity of nuclear staining and the percentage of positively stained cells for ER and PR in women with LNG-IUD were each about 50% of those in control biopsies. The results suggested that LNG released locally from the IUD has a depressive action on the ER and PR, which may contribute to the contraceptive effectiveness of this type of IUD and also to the possible causes of LNG-IUD-induced irregular bleeding and amenorrhoea. (+info)

A comparison of the inhibition of ovulation achieved by desogestrel 75 micrograms and levonorgestrel 30 micrograms daily. (5/293)

A randomized, double blind, group comparative study was performed over a 12 month period to compare inhibition of ovulation during the use of two (progestogen-only) oral contraceptives containing doses of 75 micrograms desogestrel or 30 micrograms levonorgestrel. Seventy-one female volunteers with regular cycles and established ovulation by ultrasonography and serum progesterone concentrations were recruited from an out-patient clinic in a university hospital and asked to participate in the study. Transvaginal ultrasonography and serum oestradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) measurements were performed throughout the 7th and 12th 28 day treatment period. Desogestrel at a dose of 75 micrograms showed a significant inhibition of ovulation compared to 30 micrograms levonorgestrel (P < 0.001). (+info)

Changes in vascular basement membrane in the endometrium of Norplant users. (6/293)

Progestogen-only contraception is almost invariably associated with changes in menstrual bleeding patterns. Changes in the endometrial vasculature, and in particular an increase in vascular fragility, may contribute to this bleeding. In this study, endometrial vascular density and endothelial cell basement membrane components were examined using immunohistochemistry before and after insertion of Norplant. Endometrial vascular density was increased from a mean (+/- SEM) of 189.6 +/- 7.0 vessels/mm2 during the control cycle to 253.9 +/- 80.7 vessels/mm2 at 2-13 weeks of Norplant exposure, and to 212.7 +/- 12.9 vessels/mm2 at 14-42 weeks. During the control cycle, a mean of 161.4 +/- 4.5 vessels/mm2 stained for collagen IV (85% of all vessels), while at 2-13 weeks, 144.5 +/- 13.0 vessels/mm2 stained for collagen IV (57% of all vessels) (t ratio = 2.08, P = 0.0057). By 14-42 weeks, 71% of vessels (151.0 +/- 9.8) vessels/mm2 were surrounded by collagen IV. This was not significantly different from control values (t ratio = 2.03). Endometrial vascular laminin was also reduced following Norplant insertion, from a mean of 176.0 +/- 4.2 vessels/mm2 in the control cycle (93% of vessels), to 156.3 +/- 6.7 vessels/mm2 at 2-13 weeks of exposure (57% of vessels) (t ratio = 2.08, P = 0.01). By 14-42 weeks of exposure to Norplant, 162.5 +/- 9 vessels/mm2 (76%) stained for laminin. This was not significantly different from control values (t ratio = 2.04). Endometrial vascular heparan sulphate proteoglycan (HSPG) was reduced from 58.6 +/- 3.0 vessels/mm2 during the control cycle (31% of vessels) to 43.6 +/- 5.6 vessels/mm2 (only 17% of vessels) at 2-13 weeks (t ratio = 2.08, P = 0.025). At 14-42 weeks, only 19% of vessels stained for HSPG (41.3 +/- 5.8 vessels/mm2; t ratio = 2.04, P = 0.009). (+info)

Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in endometrium during the menstrual cycle and following administration of intrauterine levonorgestrel. (7/293)

Remodelling of endometrial tissues is fundamental to the cyclical changes that occur during the menstrual cycle, implantation and, in the absence of pregnancy, at menstruation. The enzyme matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is recognized as important in these processes but its regulation is not well defined. These studies have demonstrated that MMP-9 activity is present in the endometrium and exhibits cyclical changes in its distribution in the glandular and stromal cells. MMP-9 protein is present throughout the cycle with highest expression, as determined by semiquantitative analysis of specific MMP-9 immunoreactivity, in glandular cells during the mid secretory phase. A similar distribution was observed in first trimester decidua. In women with a levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS), which delivers high local concentrations of progestagen to the uterine cavity, MMP-9 is highly expressed in both endometrial glandular and stromal cells, and in the vasculature (in endothelial and perivascular cells). It can be concluded that MMP-9 is stimulated directly or indirectly by progesterone. Furthermore, MMP-9 may play a role in the remodelling of the endometrium that occurs during the menstrual cycle and in the aetiology of the morphological changes and breakthrough bleeding associated with long-term progestagen administration via a LNG-IUS. (+info)

Endometrial breakdown in women using Norplant is associated with migratory cells expressing matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B). (8/293)

Norplant, subdermally implanted slow-release levonorgestrel, is an effective and widely used contraceptive agent but has a high rate of discontinuation due to unacceptable abnormal uterine bleeding. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are expressed in normal cycling endometrium and are postulated to be responsible for the tissue breakdown at menstruation. We have compared the immunolocalization of MMP-9 and migratory cells in endometrium from Indonesian women using Norplant with normal controls. Positive MMP-9 immunostaining was observed intracellularly within stromal and intravascular leukocytes and extracellularly in areas of tissue lysis adjacent to these migratory cells. The MMP-9 positive cells were identified as neutrophils, eosinophils, CD3+ T-cells and macrophages. Quantitative assessment revealed that the number of MMP-9 positive cells, neutrophils and eosinophils were significantly increased in those endometrial biopsies from Norplant users displaying a shedding morphology and in normal controls at menstruation. There was no correlation between the number of MMP-9 positive cells and the number of bleeding days reported. Endometrial immunostaining for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases was similar in Norplant users and normal controls. These results suggest that MMP-9, an enzyme capable of degrading basement membrane components, may be involved in endometrial breakdown in women using Norplant. (+info)

Levonorgestrel is a synthetic form of the natural hormone progesterone, which is used in various forms of birth control and emergency contraceptives. It works by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Medically, Levonorgestrel is classified as a progestin and is available in various forms, including oral tablets, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and emergency contraceptive pills. It may also be used to treat endometriosis, irregular menstrual cycles, and heavy menstrual bleeding.

It's important to note that while Levonorgestrel is a highly effective form of birth control when used correctly, it does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, condoms should still be used during sexual activity if there is any risk of STI transmission.

An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped birth control device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. A medicated IUD is a type of IUD that contains hormones, which are released slowly over time to provide additional benefits beyond just contraception.

There are two types of medicated IUDs available in the US market: levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and the copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD). The LNG-IUS releases a progestin hormone called levonorgestrel, which thickens cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching the egg, thins the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant, and can also inhibit ovulation in some women. The Cu-IUD is non-hormonal and works by releasing copper ions that create a toxic environment for sperm, preventing them from reaching the egg.

Medicated IUDs are highly effective at preventing pregnancy, with typical use failure rates of less than 1% per year. They can remain in place for several years, depending on the brand, and can be removed at any time by a healthcare provider if a woman wants to become pregnant or experience side effects. Common side effects of medicated IUDs may include irregular menstrual bleeding, cramping, and spotting between periods, although these tend to improve over time.

Contraceptive agents, female, are medications or devices specifically designed to prevent pregnancy in women. They work by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization, or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. Some common examples of female contraceptive agents include:

1. Hormonal methods: These include combined oral contraceptives (COCs), progestin-only pills, patches, vaginal rings, and hormonal implants. They contain synthetic forms of the female hormones estrogen and/or progesterone, which work by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, or thinning the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.
2. Intrauterine devices (IUDs): These are small, T-shaped devices made of plastic or copper that are inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider. They release hormones or copper ions that interfere with sperm movement and prevent fertilization or implantation.
3. Barrier methods: These include condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and sponges. They work by physically preventing sperm from reaching the egg.
4. Emergency contraception: This includes medications such as Plan B or Ella, which can be taken up to 5 days after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy. They work by delaying ovulation or preventing fertilization of the egg.
5. Fertility awareness-based methods (FABMs): These involve tracking a woman's menstrual cycle and avoiding sexual intercourse during her fertile window. Some FABMs also involve using barrier methods during this time.

It is important to note that different contraceptive agents have varying levels of effectiveness, side effects, and risks. Women should consult with their healthcare provider to determine the best method for their individual needs and circumstances.

Postcoital contraceptives, also known as emergency contraceptives, are methods used to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse. The synthetic postcoital contraceptive is a type of emergency contraception that contains synthetic hormones, such as levonorgestrel or ulipristal acetate. These hormones work by preventing ovulation, inhibiting fertilization, or altering the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.

The most common synthetic postcoital contraceptive is the levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pill (LNG-ECP), which contains a high dose of the synthetic hormone levonorgestrel. It is usually taken as a single dose within 72 hours (3 days) of unprotected sexual intercourse, but it is most effective when taken as soon as possible after intercourse.

Another synthetic postcoital contraceptive is ulipristal acetate, which is also taken as a single dose but within 120 hours (5 days) of unprotected sexual intercourse. Ulipristal acetate works by delaying ovulation and preventing the fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus.

It's important to note that synthetic postcoital contraceptives are not intended for regular use as a primary form of birth control, but rather as an emergency measure to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse or contraceptive failure. They should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider and should not be used in place of regular contraception.

Oral contraceptives, also known as "birth control pills," are synthetic hormonal medications that are taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They typically contain a combination of synthetic versions of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which work together to inhibit ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thicken cervical mucus (making it harder for sperm to reach the egg), and thin the lining of the uterus (making it less likely that a fertilized egg will implant).

There are several different types of oral contraceptives, including combination pills, progestin-only pills, and extended-cycle pills. Combination pills contain both estrogen and progestin, while progestin-only pills contain only progestin. Extended-cycle pills are a type of combination pill that are taken for 12 weeks followed by one week of placebo pills, which can help reduce the frequency of menstrual periods.

It's important to note that oral contraceptives do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so it's still important to use barrier methods like condoms if you are at risk for STIs. Additionally, oral contraceptives can have side effects and may not be suitable for everyone, so it's important to talk to your healthcare provider about the potential risks and benefits before starting to take them.

Ethinyl estradiol is a synthetic form of the hormone estrogen that is often used in various forms of hormonal contraception, such as birth control pills. It works by preventing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus to make it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg. Ethinyl estradiol may also be used in combination with other hormones to treat menopausal symptoms or hormonal disorders.

It is important to note that while ethinyl estradiol can be an effective form of hormonal therapy, it can also carry risks and side effects, such as an increased risk of blood clots, stroke, and breast cancer. As with any medication, it should only be used under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare provider.

Oral combined contraceptives, also known as "the pill," are a type of hormonal birth control that contain a combination of synthetic estrogen and progestin. These hormones work together to prevent ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thicken cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thin the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Combined oral contraceptives come in various brands and forms, such as monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic pills. Monophasic pills contain the same amount of hormones in each active pill, while biphasic and triphasic pills have varying amounts of hormones in different phases of the cycle.

It is important to note that oral combined contraceptives do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and should be used in conjunction with condoms for safer sex practices. Additionally, there are potential risks and side effects associated with oral combined contraceptives, including an increased risk of blood clots, stroke, and heart attack, especially in women who smoke or have certain medical conditions. It is essential to consult a healthcare provider before starting any hormonal birth control method to determine if it is safe and appropriate for individual use.

Desogestrel is a synthetic form of progestin, which is a female sex hormone. It is used in various forms of hormonal contraception such as birth control pills, patches, and vaginal rings to prevent pregnancy. Desogestrel works by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Desogestrel is also used in some hormone replacement therapies (HRT) to treat symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. It may be prescribed alone or in combination with estrogen.

Like all hormonal contraceptives, desogestrel has potential side effects, including irregular menstrual bleeding, headaches, mood changes, breast tenderness, and nausea. In rare cases, it may also increase the risk of blood clots, stroke, or heart attack. It is important to discuss the risks and benefits of desogestrel with a healthcare provider before using it.

**Norgestrel** is a synthetic form of the naturally occurring hormone **progesterone**. It is a type of **progestin**, which is often used in various forms of hormonal birth control to prevent pregnancy. Norgestrel works by thickening cervical mucus, making it more difficult for sperm to reach and fertilize an egg. Additionally, norgestrel can also prevent ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries) and thin the lining of the uterus, which makes it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Norgestrel is available in various forms, such as oral contraceptive pills, emergency contraceptives, and hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs). It's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any hormonal birth control method to discuss potential benefits, risks, and side effects.

Here are some medical definitions related to norgestrel:

1. **Progestin**: A synthetic form of the naturally occurring hormone progesterone, used in various forms of hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy. Progestins can have varying levels of androgenic, estrogenic, and anti-estrogenic activity. Norgestrel is a type of progestin.
2. **Progesterone**: A naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the ovaries during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Progesterone plays a crucial role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy and maintaining a healthy pregnancy. Norgestrel is a synthetic form of progesterone.
3. **Hormonal birth control**: A method of preventing pregnancy that uses hormones to regulate ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, or thin the lining of the uterus. Hormonal birth control methods include oral contraceptive pills, patches, rings, injections, implants, and intrauterine devices (IUDs).
4. **Emergency contraception**: A form of hormonal birth control used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex or contraceptive failure. Emergency contraception is typically more effective when taken as soon as possible after unprotected intercourse, but it can still be effective up to 120 hours afterward. Norgestrel is one of the active ingredients in some emergency contraceptive pills.
5. **Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT)**: A form of hormone replacement therapy used to alleviate symptoms associated with menopause, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. MHT typically involves using estrogen and progestin or a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Norgestrel is a type of progestin that can be used in MHT.
6. **Androgenic**: Describing the effects of hormones, such as testosterone and some progestins, that are associated with male characteristics, such as facial hair growth, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass. Norgestrel has weak androgenic activity.
7. **Estrogenic**: Describing the effects of hormones, such as estradiol and some selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), that are associated with female characteristics, such as breast development and menstrual cycles. Norgestrel has weak estrogenic activity.
8. **Antiestrogenic**: Describing the effects of hormones or drugs that block or oppose the actions of estrogens. Norgestrel has antiestrogenic activity.
9. **Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)**: A type of drug that acts as an estrogen agonist in some tissues and an estrogen antagonist in others. SERMs can be used to treat or prevent breast cancer, osteoporosis, and other conditions associated with hormonal imbalances. Norgestrel is not a SERM but has antiestrogenic activity.
10. **Progestogen**: A synthetic or natural hormone that has progesterone-like effects on the body. Progestogens can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and irregular menstrual cycles. Norgestrel is a type of progestogen.
11. **Progesterone**: A natural hormone produced by the ovaries during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy and regulates the menstrual cycle. Norgestrel is a synthetic form of progesterone.
12. **Progestin**: A synthetic hormone that has progesterone-like effects on the body. Progestins can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and irregular menstrual cycles. Norgestrel is a type of progestin.
13. **Progestational agent**: A drug or hormone that has progesterone-like effects on the body. Progestational agents can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and irregular menstrual cycles. Norgestrel is a type of progestational agent.
14. **Progestogenic**: Describing the effects of hormones or drugs that mimic or enhance the actions of progesterone. Norgestrel has progestogenic activity.
15. **Progesterone receptor modulator (PRM)**: A type of drug that binds to and activates or inhibits the progesterone receptors in the body. PRMs can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is a type of PRM.
16. **Progestogenic activity**: The ability of a drug or hormone to mimic or enhance the actions of progesterone in the body. Norgestrel has progestogenic activity.
17. **Progesterone antagonist**: A drug that blocks the action of progesterone in the body. Progesterone antagonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is not a progesterone antagonist.
18. **Progestogenic antagonist**: A drug that blocks the action of progestogens in the body. Progestogenic antagonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is not a progesterone antagonist.
19. **Progesterone agonist**: A drug that enhances the action of progesterone in the body. Progesterone agonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is a progesterone agonist.
20. **Progestogenic agonist**: A drug that enhances the action of progestogens in the body. Progesterogenic agonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is a progesterone agonist.
21. **Progesterone receptor modulator**: A drug that binds to the progesterone receptor and can either activate or inhibit its activity. Progesterone receptor modulators can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is a progesterone receptor modulator.
22. **Progestogenic receptor modulator**: A drug that binds to the progesterone receptor and can either activate or inhibit its activity. Progesterogenic receptor modulators can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is a progesterone receptor modulator.
23. **Progestin**: A synthetic form of progesterone that is used in hormonal contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy. Progestins can be either progesterone agonists or antagonists, depending on their chemical structure and activity at the progesterone receptor. Norgestrel is a progestin.
24. **Progesterone antagonist**: A drug that binds to the progesterone receptor and inhibits its activity. Progesterone antagonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is not a progesterone antagonist.
25. **Progestogenic antagonist**: A drug that binds to the progesterone receptor and inhibits its activity. Progesterogenic antagonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibro

Postcoital contraception, also known as emergency contraception, refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse has already occurred. These methods are typically used in situations where regular contraception has failed or was not used, such as in cases of condom breakage or forgotten birth control pills.

There are two main types of postcoital contraception:

1. Emergency contraceptive pill (ECP): Also known as the "morning-after pill," this is a hormonal medication that can be taken up to 5 days after unprotected sex, but it is most effective when taken within 72 hours. There are two types of ECPs available: progestin-only and combined estrogen-progestin. The progestin-only pill is preferred because it has fewer side effects and is just as effective as the combined pill.
2. Copper intrauterine device (IUD): This is a small, T-shaped device made of flexible plastic and copper that is inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider. The IUD can be inserted up to 5 days after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy. It is the most effective form of emergency contraception available, and it also provides ongoing protection against pregnancy for up to 10 years, depending on the type of IUD.

It's important to note that postcoital contraception should not be used as a regular method of contraception, but rather as a backup in case of emergencies. It is also not effective in preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Regular contraceptive methods, such as condoms and hormonal birth control, are the best ways to prevent unintended pregnancies and STIs.

Progesterone congeners refer to synthetic or naturally occurring compounds that are structurally similar to progesterone, a steroid hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis. These compounds have similar chemical structures to progesterone and may exhibit similar physiological activities, although they can also have unique properties and uses. Examples of progesterone congeners include various synthetic progestins used in hormonal contraceptives and other medical treatments.

Ovulation inhibition is a term used in reproductive medicine to describe the prevention or delay of ovulation, which is the release of a mature egg from the ovaries during the menstrual cycle. This can be achieved through various means, such as hormonal contraceptives (birth control pills, patches, rings), injectable hormones, or intrauterine devices (IUDs) that release hormones.

Hormonal contraceptives typically contain synthetic versions of the hormones estrogen and progestin, which work together to inhibit the natural hormonal signals that trigger ovulation. By suppressing the surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), these methods prevent the development and release of a mature egg from the ovaries.

In addition to preventing ovulation, hormonal contraceptives can also thicken cervical mucus, making it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg, and thin the lining of the uterus, reducing the likelihood of implantation in case fertilization does occur. It is important to note that while ovulation inhibition is a reliable method of birth control, it may not provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Norpregnenes are a class of steroids that are produced by the metabolism of progesterone and other pregnanes. They are characterized by the absence of a double bond between carbons 4 and 5, and the presence of a ketone group at carbon 3. Some examples of norpregnenes include dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione, and pregnenolone. These steroids are important intermediates in the biosynthesis of various hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, androgens, and estrogens. They play a role in various physiological processes such as sexual development, immune function, and stress response.

Uterine hemorrhage, also known as uterine bleeding or gynecological bleeding, is an abnormal loss of blood from the uterus. It can occur in various clinical settings such as menstruation (known as menorrhagia), postpartum period (postpartum hemorrhage), or in non-pregnant women (dysfunctional uterine bleeding). The bleeding may be light to heavy, intermittent or continuous, and can be accompanied by symptoms such as pain, dizziness, or fainting. Uterine hemorrhage is a common gynecological problem that can have various underlying causes, including hormonal imbalances, structural abnormalities, coagulopathies, and malignancies. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing heavy or prolonged uterine bleeding to determine the cause and receive appropriate treatment.

Norpregnadienes are a type of steroid hormone that are structurally similar to progesterone, but with certain chemical groups (such as the methyl group at C10) removed. They are formed through the metabolism of certain steroid hormones and can be further metabolized into other compounds.

Norpregnadienes have been studied for their potential role in various physiological processes, including the regulation of reproductive function and the development of certain diseases such as cancer. However, more research is needed to fully understand their functions and clinical significance.

Menorrhagia is a medical term used to describe abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual periods. It's often characterized by the loss of an excessive amount of menstrual blood (usually more than 80 ml) and can last longer than normal, typically over seven days. This condition can have significant impacts on a woman's quality of life, causing fatigue, distress, and restrictions in daily activities due to the need for frequent pad or tampon changes.

The causes of menorrhagia are varied and can include hormonal imbalances, uterine fibroids or polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, pelvic inflammatory disease, pregnancy complications, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions such as coagulopathies or thyroid disorders. In some cases, the cause may remain undetermined even after a thorough evaluation.

Treatment options for menorrhagia depend on the underlying cause and range from medication management with hormonal therapies, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or tranexamic acid to procedural interventions like endometrial ablation, hysteroscopic resection of polyps or fibroids, or ultimately hysterectomy in severe cases. It is essential for individuals experiencing menorrhagia to consult with their healthcare provider to determine the best course of action based on their specific situation and medical history.

Progestins are a class of steroid hormones that are similar to progesterone, a natural hormone produced by the ovaries during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. They are often used in hormonal contraceptives, such as birth control pills, shots, and implants, to prevent ovulation and thicken the cervical mucus, making it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg. Progestins are also used in menopausal hormone therapy to alleviate symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. Additionally, progestins may be used to treat endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Different types of progestins have varying properties and may be more suitable for certain indications or have different side effect profiles.

Androstenes are a group of steroidal compounds that are produced and released by the human body. They are classified as steroids because they contain a characteristic carbon skeleton, called the sterane ring, which consists of four fused rings arranged in a specific structure. Androstenes are derived from cholesterol and are synthesized in the gonads (testes and ovaries), adrenal glands, and other tissues.

The term "androstene" refers specifically to compounds that contain a double bond between the 5th and 6th carbon atoms in the sterane ring. This double bond gives these compounds their characteristic chemical properties and distinguishes them from other steroidal compounds.

Androstenes are important in human physiology because they serve as precursors to the synthesis of sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen. They also have been found to play a role in the regulation of various bodily functions, including sexual behavior, mood, and cognition.

Some examples of androstenes include androstenedione, which is a precursor to both testosterone and estrogen; androstenediol, which can be converted into either testosterone or estrogen; and androsterone, which is a weak androgen that is produced in the body as a metabolite of testosterone.

It's worth noting that androstenes are sometimes referred to as "pheromones" because they have been found to play a role in chemical communication between individuals of the same species. However, this use of the term "pheromone" is controversial and not universally accepted, as it has been difficult to demonstrate conclusively that humans communicate using chemical signals in the same way that many other animals do.

Postcoital contraceptives, also known as emergency contraception, are methods used to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse has already occurred. These methods are most effective when used within 24 hours of unprotected sex, but can still be effective up to 120 hours (5 days) after.

There are two main types of postcoital contraceptives:

1. Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs): These are high-dose hormonal pills that contain levonorgestrel or ulipristal acetate. Levonorgestrel ECPs are available over-the-counter in many countries, while ulipristal acetate ECPs require a prescription.
2. Copper intrauterine device (IUD): This is a small T-shaped device made of copper that is inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider. The copper IUD can be used as emergency contraception up to 5 days after unprotected sex, and it also provides ongoing contraception for up to 10 years.

It's important to note that postcoital contraceptives are not intended for regular use as a primary form of contraception. They should only be used in emergency situations where other methods of contraception have failed or were not used. It is also recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before using any form of emergency contraception.

Postcoital hormonal contraceptives, also known as emergency contraceptives, are methods used to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse has already occurred. These contraceptives contain hormones and are intended for use in emergency situations where regular contraception has failed or was not used, such as in cases of condom breakage or unprotected sex.

The most common type of postcoital hormonal contraceptive is the emergency contraceptive pill (ECP), which contains a high dose of synthetic progestin or a combination of progestin and estrogen. The ECP works by preventing ovulation, inhibiting fertilization, or altering the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.

The ECP is most effective when taken as soon as possible after unprotected sex, ideally within 72 hours, but may still be effective up to 120 hours (5 days) after intercourse. However, the effectiveness of the ECP decreases over time, and it is not as effective as regular methods of contraception.

It's important to note that postcoital hormonal contraceptives are not intended for routine use as a primary method of contraception and should only be used in emergency situations. They do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and should not be used as a substitute for regular condom use or other forms of protection.

If you have any concerns about postcoital hormonal contraceptives or need advice on the best method of contraception for you, it's important to speak with a healthcare provider.

Oral hormonal contraceptives, also known as "birth control pills," are a type of medication that contains synthetic hormones (estrogen and/or progestin) that are taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They work by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

There are several different types of oral hormonal contraceptives, including combined pills that contain both estrogen and progestin, and mini-pills that only contain progestin. These medications are usually taken daily for 21 days, followed by a seven-day break during which menstruation occurs. Some newer formulations may be taken continuously with no break.

It's important to note that while oral hormonal contraceptives are highly effective at preventing pregnancy when used correctly, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, it is still important to use barrier methods of protection, such as condoms, during sexual activity to reduce the risk of STIs.

As with any medication, oral hormonal contraceptives can have side effects and may not be suitable for everyone. It's important to discuss any medical conditions, allergies, or medications you are taking with your healthcare provider before starting to take oral hormonal contraceptives.

A drug implant is a medical device that is specially designed to provide controlled release of a medication into the body over an extended period of time. Drug implants can be placed under the skin or in various body cavities, depending on the specific medical condition being treated. They are often used when other methods of administering medication, such as oral pills or injections, are not effective or practical.

Drug implants come in various forms, including rods, pellets, and small capsules. The medication is contained within the device and is released slowly over time, either through diffusion or erosion of the implant material. This allows for a steady concentration of the drug to be maintained in the body, which can help to improve treatment outcomes and reduce side effects.

Some common examples of drug implants include:

1. Hormonal implants: These are small rods that are inserted under the skin of the upper arm and release hormones such as progestin or estrogen over a period of several years. They are often used for birth control or to treat conditions such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids.
2. Intraocular implants: These are small devices that are placed in the eye during surgery to release medication directly into the eye. They are often used to treat conditions such as age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy.
3. Bone cement implants: These are specially formulated cements that contain antibiotics and are used to fill bone defects or joint spaces during surgery. The antibiotics are released slowly over time, helping to prevent infection.
4. Implantable pumps: These are small devices that are placed under the skin and deliver medication directly into a specific body cavity, such as the spinal cord or the peritoneal cavity. They are often used to treat chronic pain or cancer.

Overall, drug implants offer several advantages over other methods of administering medication, including improved compliance, reduced side effects, and more consistent drug levels in the body. However, they may also have some disadvantages, such as the need for surgical placement and the potential for infection or other complications. As with any medical treatment, it is important to discuss the risks and benefits of drug implants with a healthcare provider.

Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid that is used in the medical termination of pregnancy (also known as medication abortion or RU-486). It works by blocking the action of progesterone, a hormone necessary for maintaining pregnancy. Mifepristone is often used in combination with misoprostol to cause uterine contractions and expel the products of conception from the uterus.

It's also known as an antiprogestin or progesterone receptor modulator, which means it can bind to progesterone receptors in the body and block their activity. In addition to its use in pregnancy termination, mifepristone has been studied for its potential therapeutic uses in conditions such as Cushing's syndrome, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and hormone-dependent cancers.

It is important to note that Mifepristone should be administered under the supervision of a licensed healthcare professional and it is not available over the counter. Also, it has some contraindications and potential side effects, so it's essential to have a consultation with a doctor before taking this medication.

Metrorrhagia is defined as uterine bleeding that occurs at irregular intervals, particularly between expected menstrual periods. It can also be described as abnormal vaginal bleeding that is not related to the regular menstrual cycle. The amount of bleeding can vary from light spotting to heavy flow.

Metrorrhagia is different from menorrhagia, which refers to excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding during the menstrual period. Metrorrhagia can be caused by various factors, including hormonal imbalances, uterine fibroids, polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, infection, pregnancy complications, and certain medications or medical conditions.

It is essential to consult a healthcare provider if you experience any abnormal vaginal bleeding to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment.

The endometrium is the innermost layer of the uterus, which lines the uterine cavity and has a critical role in the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. It is composed of glands and blood vessels that undergo cyclic changes under the influence of hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone. During the menstrual cycle, the endometrium thickens in preparation for a potential pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, it will break down and be shed, resulting in menstruation. In contrast, if implantation takes place, the endometrium provides essential nutrients to support the developing embryo and placenta throughout pregnancy.

Contraceptive devices for females refer to medical products designed to prevent pregnancy by blocking or interfering with the sperm's ability to reach and fertilize an egg. Some common examples of female contraceptive devices include:

1. Diaphragm: A shallow, flexible dome made of silicone that is inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse to cover the cervix and prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
2. Cervical Cap: Similar to a diaphragm but smaller in size, the cervical cap fits over the cervix and creates a barrier to sperm entry.
3. Intrauterine Device (IUD): A small, T-shaped device made of plastic or copper that is inserted into the uterus by a healthcare professional. IUDs can prevent pregnancy for several years and work by changing the chemistry of the cervical mucus and uterine lining to inhibit sperm movement and implantation of a fertilized egg.
4. Contraceptive Sponge: A soft, round sponge made of polyurethane foam that contains spermicide. The sponge is inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse and covers the cervix to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
5. Female Condom: A thin, flexible pouch made of polyurethane or nitrile that is inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse. The female condom creates a barrier between the sperm and the cervix, preventing pregnancy and reducing the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
6. Vaginal Ring: A flexible ring made of plastic that is inserted into the vagina for three weeks at a time to release hormones that prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, and thin the lining of the uterus.
7. Contraceptive Implant: A small, flexible rod made of plastic that is implanted under the skin of the upper arm by a healthcare professional. The implant releases hormones that prevent ovulation and thicken cervical mucus to prevent pregnancy for up to three years.

It's important to note that while these contraceptive devices can be highly effective at preventing pregnancy, they do not protect against STIs. Using condoms in addition to other forms of contraception is recommended to reduce the risk of both pregnancy and STIs.

Endometrial ablation is a medical procedure that involves the removal or destruction of the endometrium, which is the lining of the uterus. This procedure is typically used to treat heavy menstrual bleeding that has not responded to other forms of treatment, such as medication. There are several techniques for performing endometrial ablation, including:

1. Hysteroscopy: This technique uses a thin, lighted tube with a camera called a hysteroscope, which is inserted through the cervix into the uterus. The surgeon can then see the endometrium and use instruments to remove or destroy it.
2. Electrosurgical ablation: This technique uses an electrical current to burn away the endometrium. A probe is inserted through the cervix into the uterus, and the electrical current is passed through the probe to heat and destroy the endometrial tissue.
3. Freezing: Also known as cryoablation, this technique involves freezing the endometrium with a probe that is inserted through the cervix into the uterus. The probe is cooled to a very low temperature, which destroys the endometrial tissue.
4. Radiofrequency ablation: This technique uses radiofrequency energy to heat and destroy the endometrium. A probe is inserted through the cervix into the uterus, and the radiofrequency energy is delivered to the endometrial tissue.
5. Balloon ablation: This technique involves inserting a balloon into the uterus and filling it with fluid that is heated to a high temperature. The heat from the fluid destroys the endometrium.
6. Microwave ablation: This technique uses microwave energy to heat and destroy the endometrium. A probe is inserted through the cervix into the uterus, and the microwave energy is delivered to the endometrial tissue.

It's important to note that endometrial ablation is not a form of birth control, and women who undergo this procedure may still become pregnant. However, pregnancy after endometrial ablation can be dangerous for both the mother and the fetus, so it is important to use reliable forms of contraception after the procedure.

Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is a glycoprotein found in human plasma that has a high affinity for binding thyroid hormones, specifically Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). It is produced by the liver and plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of these hormones in the body. TBG binds to approximately 70-80% of circulating T4 and about 55% of circulating T3, acting as a transport protein that carries these hormones throughout the body. The amount of TBG in the blood can vary due to factors such as genetics, sex hormones, and certain medications, which can affect the levels of free (unbound) thyroid hormones and contribute to various thyroid-related disorders.

Oral contraceptives, also known as "birth control pills," are medications taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They contain synthetic hormones that mimic the effects of natural hormones estrogen and progesterone in a woman's body, thereby preventing ovulation, fertilization, or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus.

There are two main types of oral contraceptives: combined pills, which contain both estrogen and progestin, and mini-pills, which contain only progestin. Combined pills work by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant. Mini-pills work mainly by thickening cervical mucus and changing the lining of the uterus.

Oral contraceptives are highly effective when used correctly, but they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It is important to use them consistently and as directed by a healthcare provider. Side effects may include nausea, breast tenderness, headaches, mood changes, and irregular menstrual bleeding. In rare cases, oral contraceptives may increase the risk of serious health problems such as blood clots, stroke, or liver tumors. However, for most women, the benefits of using oral contraceptives outweigh the risks.

Contraceptive agents are substances or medications that are used to prevent pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of conception and fertilization or the development and implantation of the fertilized egg. They can be divided into two main categories: hormonal and non-hormonal methods.

Hormonal contraceptive agents include combined oral contraceptives (COCs), progestin-only pills, patches, rings, injections, and implants. These methods work by releasing synthetic hormones that mimic the natural hormones estrogen and progesterone in a woman's body. By doing so, they prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thin the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Non-hormonal contraceptive agents include barrier methods such as condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and sponges, which prevent sperm from reaching the egg by creating a physical barrier. Other non-hormonal methods include intrauterine devices (IUDs), which are inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy, and fertility awareness-based methods, which involve tracking ovulation and avoiding intercourse during fertile periods.

Emergency contraceptive agents, such as Plan B or ella, can also be used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex or contraceptive failure. These methods work by preventing or delaying ovulation, preventing fertilization, or preventing implantation of a fertilized egg.

It's important to note that while contraceptive agents are effective at preventing pregnancy, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Using condoms in addition to other forms of contraception can help reduce the risk of STIs.

A transdermal patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. It allows for a controlled release of medication over a certain period, typically lasting for 1-3 days. This method of administration can offer advantages such as avoiding gastrointestinal side effects, enabling self-administration, and providing consistent therapeutic drug levels. Common examples of transdermal patches include those used to deliver medications like nicotine, fentanyl, estradiol, and various pain-relieving agents.

An Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a long-acting, reversible contraceptive device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It is a small T-shaped piece of flexible plastic with strings attached to it for removal. There are two types of IUDs available: hormonal and copper. Hormonal IUDs release progestin, which thickens cervical mucus and thins the lining of the uterus, preventing sperm from reaching and fertilizing an egg. Copper IUDs, on the other hand, produce an inflammatory reaction in the uterus that is toxic to sperm and eggs, preventing fertilization.

IUDs are more than 99% effective at preventing pregnancy and can remain in place for several years, depending on the type. They are easily removable by a healthcare provider if a woman wants to become pregnant or choose another form of contraception. IUDs do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so it is important to use condoms in addition to an IUD for protection against STIs.

In summary, Intrauterine Devices are small, T-shaped plastic devices that are inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. They come in two types: hormonal and copper, both of which work by preventing fertilization. IUDs are highly effective, long-acting, and reversible forms of contraception.

Megestrol is a synthetic progestin, which is a type of female hormone. It is used to treat certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer and endometrial cancer, in postmenopausal women. Megestrol works by blocking the effects of estrogen, a female hormone that can promote the growth of some breast and endometrial cancers.

Megestrol is also used to treat anorexia (loss of appetite) and cachexia (wasting syndrome) in people with AIDS or cancer. It works by increasing appetite and promoting weight gain.

Megestrol is available as a tablet or a suspension that is taken by mouth, usually two to four times a day. The dosage depends on the condition being treated and the individual patient's response to therapy. Common side effects of megestrol include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, breast tenderness, and changes in menstrual periods.

It is important to note that megestrol can cause serious side effects, such as blood clots, fluid retention, and increased risk of certain types of infections. Patients should discuss the risks and benefits of megestrol therapy with their healthcare provider before starting treatment.

Ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination is a formulation that contains a synthetic version of the female sex hormones, estrogen (ethinyl estradiol) and progestin (norgestrel), which are used in various forms of hormonal contraception.

This combination works by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination is commonly used in oral contraceptives (birth control pills), as well as in some forms of hormonal patches and rings. It is important to note that while this combination is highly effective at preventing pregnancy, it can also increase the risk of certain health problems, such as blood clots, stroke, and breast cancer, especially in women who smoke or have other risk factors.

Therefore, it is essential for individuals using hormonal contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination to discuss their medical history and any potential risks with their healthcare provider before starting this form of birth control.

Intrauterine Device (IUD) expulsion is a medical condition that refers to the unintentional and partial or complete removal of an IUD from the uterus after its initial insertion. This can occur spontaneously or as a result of manipulation, and it may happen soon after insertion or even several months or years later.

IUD expulsion is more common in women who have not previously given birth, and it can increase the risk of unintended pregnancy and other complications. Symptoms of IUD expulsion may include irregular menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, or the absence of the IUD strings in the vagina. If a woman suspects that her IUD has been expelled, she should contact her healthcare provider for further evaluation and management.

Chlormadinone Acetate is a synthetic progestin, which is a type of female sex hormone. It is used in the treatment of various medical conditions such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and abnormal menstrual bleeding. It works by suppressing the natural progesterone produced by the ovaries, thereby preventing the buildup of the lining of the uterus (endometrium). This medication is available in the form of tablets for oral administration.

It's important to note that Chlormadinone Acetate can cause a range of side effects and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider. Additionally, it may interact with other medications, so it's important to inform your doctor about all the medications you are taking before starting this medication.

Lynestrenol is a synthetic form of progestogen, which is a female sex hormone. It is used in various medications for different purposes, such as treating abnormal menstrual bleeding, endometriosis, and preventing premature labor. Lynestrenol works by mimicking the effects of natural progesterone in the body, helping to regulate the menstrual cycle and reduce inflammation associated with endometriosis. It is important to note that lynestrenol should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can have side effects and interact with other medications.

An Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. The copper IUD is a type of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) that releases copper ions, which are toxic to sperm and egg, preventing fertilization. It is one of the most effective forms of birth control available, with a failure rate of less than 1%.

The copper IUD can be used by women who have previously given birth as well as those who have not. It can be inserted up to five days after unprotected intercourse as emergency contraception to prevent pregnancy. Once inserted, the copper IUD can remain in place for up to ten years, although it can be removed at any time if a woman wants to become pregnant or for other reasons.

Copper IUDs are also used as an effective treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding and can be used to manage endometriosis-associated pain. Common side effects of copper IUDs include heavier and longer menstrual periods, cramping during insertion, and irregular periods during the first few months after insertion. However, these side effects usually subside over time.

It is important to note that while copper IUDs are highly effective at preventing pregnancy, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, it is still recommended to use condoms or other barrier methods of protection during sexual activity to reduce the risk of STIs.

Nandrolone is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid, which is a type of hormone that is similar to testosterone. It is often used in medical settings for the treatment of certain conditions such as muscle wasting diseases, osteoporosis, and breast cancer in women. Nandrolone promotes muscle growth and increases appetite, which can help individuals with muscle wasting diseases or other conditions that cause muscle loss to maintain their strength and weight.

Nandrolone is also known by its brand names Deca-Durabolin and Durabolin. It works by increasing the production of proteins in the body, which helps to build muscle mass. Nandrolone can have both anabolic (muscle-building) and androgenic (masculinizing) effects, although it is generally considered to be less androgenic than testosterone.

Like other anabolic steroids, nandrolone can have a number of side effects, including acne, hair loss, liver damage, and mood changes. It can also cause virilization in women, which refers to the development of male characteristics such as a deep voice, facial hair, and a decrease in breast size. Nandrolone is classified as a controlled substance in many countries due to its potential for abuse and dependence.

Estradiol congeners refer to chemical compounds that are structurally similar to estradiol, which is the most potent and prevalent form of estrogen in humans. Estradiol congeners can be naturally occurring or synthetic and may have similar or different biological activities compared to estradiol.

These compounds can be found in various sources, including plants, animals, and industrial products. Some estradiol congeners are used in pharmaceuticals as hormone replacement therapies, while others are considered environmental pollutants and may have endocrine-disrupting effects on wildlife and humans.

Examples of estradiol congeners include:

1. Estrone (E1): a weak estrogen that is produced in the body from estradiol and is also found in some plants.
2. Estriol (E3): a weaker estrogen that is produced in large quantities during pregnancy.
3. Diethylstilbestrol (DES): a synthetic estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women from the 1940s to the 1970s to prevent miscarriage, but was later found to have serious health effects on their offspring.
4. Zeranol: a synthetic non-steroidal estrogen used as a growth promoter in livestock.
5. Bisphenol A (BPA): a chemical used in the production of plastics and epoxy resins, which has been shown to have weak estrogenic activity and may disrupt the endocrine system.

Intravaginal administration refers to the delivery of medications or other substances directly into the vagina. This route of administration can be used for local treatment of vaginal infections or inflammation, or to deliver systemic medication that is absorbed through the vaginal mucosa.

Medications can be administered intravaginally using a variety of dosage forms, including creams, gels, foams, suppositories, and films. The choice of dosage form depends on several factors, such as the drug's physicochemical properties, the desired duration of action, and patient preference.

Intravaginal administration offers several advantages over other routes of administration. It allows for direct delivery of medication to the site of action, which can result in higher local concentrations and fewer systemic side effects. Additionally, some medications may be more effective when administered intravaginally due to their ability to bypass first-pass metabolism in the liver.

However, there are also potential disadvantages to intravaginal administration. Some women may find it uncomfortable or inconvenient to use this route of administration, and there is a risk of leakage or expulsion of the medication. Additionally, certain medications may cause local irritation or allergic reactions when administered intravaginally.

Overall, intravaginal administration can be a useful route of administration for certain medications and conditions, but it is important to consider the potential benefits and risks when choosing this method.

Norethindrone is a synthetic form of progesterone, a female hormone that is produced naturally in the ovaries. It is used as a medication for various purposes such as:

* Preventing pregnancy when used as a birth control pill
* Treating endometriosis
* Managing symptoms associated with menopause
* Treating abnormal menstrual bleeding

Norethindrone works by thinning the lining of the uterus, preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovary), and changing the cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg. It is important to note that norethindrone should be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can have side effects and may interact with other medications.

Menstruation disturbances, also known as menstrual disorders, refer to any irregularities or abnormalities in a woman's menstrual cycle. These disturbances can manifest in various ways, including:

1. Amenorrhea: The absence of menstrual periods for three consecutive cycles or more in women of reproductive age.
2. Oligomenorrhea: Infrequent or light menstrual periods that occur at intervals greater than 35 days.
3. Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation, often accompanied by cramping, pelvic pain, and other symptoms that can interfere with daily activities.
4. Menorrhagia: Heavy or prolonged menstrual periods that last longer than seven days or result in excessive blood loss, leading to anemia or other health complications.
5. Polymenorrhea: Abnormally frequent menstrual periods that occur at intervals of 21 days or less.
6. Metrorrhagia: Irregular and unpredictable vaginal bleeding between expected menstrual periods, which can be caused by various factors such as hormonal imbalances, infections, or structural abnormalities.

Menstruation disturbances can have significant impacts on a woman's quality of life, fertility, and overall health. They may result from various underlying conditions, including hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, or sexually transmitted infections. Proper diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause are essential for managing menstruation disturbances effectively.

The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes that occur in the female reproductive system over an approximate 28-day interval, marking the body's preparation for potential pregnancy. It involves the interplay of hormones that regulate the growth and disintegration of the uterine lining (endometrium) and the release of an egg (ovulation) from the ovaries.

The menstrual cycle can be divided into three main phases:

1. Menstrual phase: The cycle begins with the onset of menstruation, where the thickened uterine lining is shed through the vagina, lasting typically for 3-7 days. This shedding occurs due to a decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels, which are hormones essential for maintaining the endometrium during the previous cycle.

2. Follicular phase: After menstruation, the follicular phase commences with the pituitary gland releasing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH stimulates the growth of several ovarian follicles, each containing an immature egg. One dominant follicle usually becomes selected to mature and release an egg during ovulation. Estrogen levels rise as the dominant follicle grows, causing the endometrium to thicken in preparation for a potential pregnancy.

3. Luteal phase: Following ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and estrogen to further support the endometrial thickening. If fertilization does not occur within approximately 24 hours after ovulation, the corpus luteum will degenerate, leading to a decline in hormone levels. This drop triggers the onset of menstruation, initiating a new menstrual cycle.

Understanding the menstrual cycle is crucial for monitoring reproductive health and planning or preventing pregnancies. Variations in cycle length and symptoms are common among women, but persistent irregularities may indicate underlying medical conditions requiring further evaluation by a healthcare professional.

Menstruation is the regular, cyclical shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) in women and female individuals of reproductive age, accompanied by the discharge of blood and other materials from the vagina. It typically occurs every 21 to 35 days and lasts for approximately 2-7 days. This process is a part of the menstrual cycle, which is under the control of hormonal fluctuations involving follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone.

The menstrual cycle can be divided into three main phases:

1. Menstruation phase: The beginning of the cycle is marked by the start of menstrual bleeding, which signals the breakdown and shedding of the endometrium due to the absence of pregnancy and low levels of estrogen and progesterone. This phase typically lasts for 2-7 days.

2. Proliferative phase: After menstruation, under the influence of rising estrogen levels, the endometrium starts to thicken and regenerate. The uterine lining becomes rich in blood vessels and glands, preparing for a potential pregnancy. This phase lasts from day 5 until around day 14 of an average 28-day cycle.

3. Secretory phase: Following ovulation (release of an egg from the ovaries), which usually occurs around day 14, increased levels of progesterone cause further thickening and maturation of the endometrium. The glands in the lining produce nutrients to support a fertilized egg. If pregnancy does not occur, both estrogen and progesterone levels will drop, leading to menstruation and the start of a new cycle.

Understanding menstruation is essential for monitoring reproductive health, identifying potential issues such as irregular periods or menstrual disorders, and planning family planning strategies.

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG) is a protein produced mainly in the liver that plays a crucial role in regulating the active forms of the sex hormones, testosterone and estradiol, in the body. SHBG binds to these hormones in the bloodstream, creating a reservoir of bound hormones. Only the unbound (or "free") fraction of testosterone and estradiol is considered biologically active and can easily enter cells to exert its effects.

By binding to sex hormones, SHBG helps control their availability and transport in the body. Factors such as age, sex, infection with certain viruses (like hepatitis or HIV), liver disease, obesity, and various medications can influence SHBG levels and, consequently, impact the amount of free testosterone and estradiol in circulation.

SHBG is an essential factor in maintaining hormonal balance and has implications for several physiological processes, including sexual development, reproduction, bone health, muscle mass, and overall well-being. Abnormal SHBG levels can contribute to various medical conditions, such as hypogonadism (low testosterone levels), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and certain types of cancer.

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is a medical condition that includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). DVT is a blood clot that forms in the deep veins, usually in the legs, while PE occurs when a clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, blocking a pulmonary artery or one of its branches. This condition can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated promptly.

The medical definition of Venous Thromboembolism is:

"The formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a deep vein, most commonly in the legs, which can then dislodge and travel to the lungs, causing a potentially life-threatening blockage of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches (pulmonary embolism). VTE is a complex disorder resulting from an interplay of genetic and environmental factors that affect the balance between thrombosis and fibrinolysis."

Some common risk factors for VTE include immobility, surgery, trauma, cancer, hormonal therapy, pregnancy, advanced age, and inherited or acquired thrombophilia. Symptoms of DVT may include swelling, pain, warmth, and redness in the affected limb, while symptoms of PE can range from shortness of breath and chest pain to coughing up blood or even sudden death. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical assessment, imaging studies (such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI), and laboratory tests (such as D-dimer). Treatment usually includes anticoagulation therapy to prevent further clot formation and reduce the risk of recurrence.

... acetate and levonorgestrel butanoate are C17β esters of levonorgestrel. Levonorgestrel has a molecular weight of ... Ester prodrugs of levonorgestrel such as levonorgestrel acetate and levonorgestrel butanoate have been developed and studied as ... and as a levonorgestrel-only method. The levonorgestrel-only method uses levonorgestrel 1.5 mg (as a single dose or as two 0.75 ... The bioavailability of levonorgestrel is approximately 95% (range 85 to 100%). The plasma protein binding of levonorgestrel is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levonorgestrel

Analogues of levonorgestrel cyclopropylcarboxylate include levonorgestrel cyclobutylcarboxylate (HRP-001) and levonorgestrel ... Levonorgestrel cyclopropylcarboxylate (developmental code name HRP-003), or levonorgestrel 17β-cyclopropylcarboxylate, is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levonorgestrel_cyclopropylcarboxylate

It is the C17β butanoate ester of levonorgestrel, and acts as a prodrug of levonorgestrel in the body. The drug is at or beyond ... Levonorgestrel butanoate (LNG-B) (developmental code name HRP-002), or levonorgestrel 17β-butanoate, is a steroidal progestin ... The drug has a well-established safety record owing to the use of levonorgestrel as an oral contraceptive since the 1960s. List ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levonorgestrel_butanoate

... (LNG-A), or levonorgestrel 17β-acetate, also known as 3-ketonorgestimate, is a progestin which was never ... for levonorgestrel). Along with levonorgestrel butanoate, LNG-A was investigated as a hormonal contraceptive by the Population ... It is a progestogen ester and is the C17β acetate ester and a prodrug of levonorgestrel. Norgestimate is the C3 oxime of LNG-A ... The Population Council also plans to test vaginal rings with two other progestins, ST-1435 and levonorgestrel acetate, alone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levonorgestrel_acetate

Analogues of levonorgestrel cyclobutylcarboxylate include levonorgestrel butanoate (HRP-002) and levonorgestrel ... Levonorgestrel cyclobutylcarboxylate (or levonorgestrel 17β-cyclobutylcarboxylate; developmental code name HRP-001) is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levonorgestrel_cyclobutylcarboxylate

... , sold under the brand name Jadelle among others, are devices that release levonorgestrel for ... A levonorgestrel-releasing implant was approved for medical use in 1983 in Finland and in the United States in 1990. It is on ... Levonorgestrel implants are approved in more than 60 countries and used by more than seven million women. As of 2015 it is ... Levonorgestrel-releasing implant is implanted under the skin in the upper arm of a woman, by creating a small incision and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levonorgestrel-releasing_implant

Levonorgestrel BP 0.75 mg) • Fasile 1.5 (Levonorgestrel BP 1.5 mg) • Phem 21 (Levonorgestrel 0.15 mg & Ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg ... Levonorgestrel • Lynestrenol • Nandrolone Decanoate • Nandrolone Phenylpropionate • Norethisterone • Norethisterone Acetate • ... Tablets BP) • Phem 28 (Levonorgestrel 0.15 mg & Ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg Tablets BP with Ferrous Fumarate 60 mg Tablets BP) • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naari

A prescription for levonorgestrel is not needed and can be found over the counter at local pharmacies. Because levonorgestrel ... Levonorgestrel acts as an agonist of the progesterone receptor, preventing ovulation. Users of levonorgestrel often experience ... and My Way and regimens include a single 1.5 mg pill of levonorgestrel. Levonorgestrel EC pills should be taken up to 72 hours ... Studies show, Levonorgestrel (LNG) is releases into the body so rapidly that it is absorbed into the systemic circulation and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_contraception

In comparison, oral contraceptives can contain 150 micrograms of levonorgestrel. The hormonal IUD releases the levonorgestrel ... The IUD with levonorgestrel was first approved for medical use in 1990 in Finland and in the United States in 2000. It is on ... Levonorgestrel is a progestogen, i.e. a progesterone receptor agonist. The hormonal IUD's primary mechanism of action is to ... In 2013 Skyla, a lower dose levonorgestrel IUD effective for up to three years, was approved by the FDA. Skyla has a different ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_intrauterine_device

"Estradiol mixture with levonorgestrel". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. "Estradiol mixture with ... Some patches are available with a progestin such as levonorgestrel, norethisterone acetate, or norelgestromin. Pharmacokinetics ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_patch

... with levonorgestrel as Klimonorm; with medroxyprogesterone acetate as Divina and Indivina; and with norethisterone enantate as ... Transdermal patches with levonorgestrel (Climara Pro) and norethisterone acetate (Combipatch) Estradiol and estradiol esters ... "Comparative cross-over pharmacokinetic study on two types of postcoital contraceptive tablets containing levonorgestrel". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estradiol_(medication)

Generic one-pill levonorgestrel emergency contraceptives and all two-pill levonorgestrel emergency contraceptives will remain ... of levonorgestrel-only users vs 18.8% of 979 Yuzpe regimen users in 1998 WHO trial; 1.4% of 2,720 levonorgestrel-only users in ... 13 Levonorgestrel (LNG). The precise mode of action of levonorgestrel (LNG) is incompletely understood but it is thought to ... "confirming the effectiveness of levonorgestrel." After the WHO conducted a large trial comparing Yuzpe and levonorgestrel in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_contraception

... levonorgestrel, levonorgestrel butanoate, desogestrel, and etonogestrel. The androgens that have been used in combination with ... The only exception was levo-norgestrel which was used in a very low dose, namely 100 µg daily (Fotherby et al. 1972). However, ... ISBN 978-0-19-957166-6. Ovulation may be suppressed in 15-40% of cycles by POPs containing levonorgestrel, norethisterone, or ... The progestins assessed included depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, levonorgestrel-containing contraceptive implants and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)

"Liletta: levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system" (PDF). www.fda.gov. Retrieved 14 March 2018. "Kyleena: Levonorgestrel- ... 13 Levonorgestrel (LNG). The precise mode of action of levonorgestrel (LNG) is incompletely understood but it is thought to ... Copper devices have a failure rate of about 0.8% while hormonal (levonorgestrel) devices fail about 0.2% of the time within the ... Hormonal IUDs (referred to as intrauterine systems in the UK) work by releasing a small amount of levonorgestrel, a progestin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_device

Levonorgestrel intrauterine devices are highly effective in limiting menstrual blood flow and improving other symptoms. Side ... Milsom I (2007). "The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system as an alternative to hysterectomy in peri-menopausal women ... Depending on the indication there are alternatives to hysterectomy: Levonorgestrel intrauterine devices are highly effective at ... Bahamondes L, Bahamondes MV, Monteiro I (2008). "Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: uses and controversies". Expert ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysterectomy

... and ethinyloestradiol with levonorgestrel), and two formulations of the progestogen-only pill (levonorgestrel and ... Levonorgestrel implants (Jadelle) are available in New Zealand. These implants are subsidised, although there is a $22 charge ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptive_rights_in_New_Zealand

The levonorgestrel intrauterine system has been massively popular. Sterilization is popular in older age groups, among those 45 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevalence_of_birth_control

90 μg levonorgestrel: continuous: 365 days/year, no placebo (US: Amethyst, Watson) 100 μg levonorgestrel: extended cycle: 84 ... 150 μg levonorgestrel: 21 day cycle + 7 days no pills (Canada: Min-Ovral 21; EU: Ovoplex 150/30; Sweden: Neovletta, Prionelle) ... 150 μg levonorgestrel: 21 day cycle + 7 days placebo (Canada: Min-Ovral 28; Sweden: Prionelle 28; RU: Rigevidon 21+7, Richter ... 250 μg levonorgestrel (US: Nordiol, Wyeth) 1.5 mg estradiol (as hemihydrate) 2.5 mg nomegestrol acetate: 24-day cycle + 4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control_pill_formulations

The levonorgestrel intrauterine system has been massively popular. Sterilization is popular in older age groups, among those 45 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_planning

The levorotatory form, levonorgestrel, provides the biologic activity. Third-generation gonanes (desogestrel, gestodene, and ... levonorgestrel, desogestrel, etonogestrel, gestodene, norgestimate, dienogest (actually a 17α-cyanomethyl-19-nortestosterone ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandrolone

Vasilakis-Scaramozza C, Jick H (October 2001). "Risk of venous thromboembolism with cyproterone or levonorgestrel ... and twice the risk of women who take a contraceptive pill containing the androgenic progestin levonorgestrel. The absolute risk ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effects_of_cyproterone_acetate

Levonorgestrel (Plan B) was approved, by prescription, in 1999. Ebadi, Manuchair, "Levonorgestrel", in Desk Reference of ... Clinical Pharmacology, CRC Press, 2007, p. 338, ISBN 978-1-4200-4743-1. Updated FDA Action on Plan B (levonorgestrel) Tablets ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control_movement_in_the_United_States

Stanczyk FZ, Roy S (July 1990). "Metabolism of levonorgestrel, norethindrone, and structurally related contraceptive steroids ... Stanczyk FZ, Roy S (July 1990). "Metabolism of levonorgestrel, norethindrone, and structurally related contraceptive steroids ... derivatives of levonorgestrel) and includes the following marketed medications: Several of these act as prodrugs of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norethisterone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States

"FDA Approves Twirla (levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol) Contraceptive Patch". Drugs.com. Retrieved 2021-09-20. Skin patch or ... Based on a study of 16 women using oral CHC 30 μg ethinyloestradiol/150 μg levonorgestrel and anti-epileptic drug lamotrigine ... with higher rates of venous thromboembolism compared to formulations containing a type of progesterone called levonorgestrel. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_hormonal_contraception

LNG refers to Levonorgestrel and UPA refers to Ulipristal acetate). "Countries with non-prescription access to EC". ... "How much does contraception cost?". Levonorgestrel emergency contraception and weight-based efficacy (PDF) (Report). p. 6. " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_contraceptive_availability_by_country

... and is more effective than levonorgestrel. Mifepristone is also more effective than levonorgestrel, while copper IUDs are the ... Levonorgestrel pills, when used within 3 days, decrease the chance of pregnancy after a single episode of unprotected sex or ... Failure rates with the copper IUD is about 0.8% while the levonorgestrel IUD has a failure rates of 0.2% in the first year of ... For women who rarely have sex, the taking of the hormonal birth control levonorgestrel around the time of sex looks promising. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_control

Rebecca Peck; Walter Rella; Julio Tudela; Justo Aznar; Bruno Mozzanega (February 2016). "Does levonorgestrel emergency ... Mozzanega, Bruno (2011). "How do levonorgestrel-only emergency contraceptive pills prevent pregnancy? Some considerations". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beginning_of_pregnancy_controversy

Esters related to NETE include norethisterone acetate and levonorgestrel butanoate. NETE was introduced by Schering as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate

It contains 90 µg levonorgestrel and 20 µg ethinylestradiol in each pill, and is designed to be taken continuously with no ... "Seasonale (levonorgestrel/ethinyl estradiol) Tablets MACMIS ID #12748: 2004" (PDF). United States Department of Health & Human ... Seasonale contains 30 micrograms of ethinylestradiol and 150 micrograms of levonorgestrel in each active pill. Seasonale ... Levonorgestrel,dl-Norgestrel Third generation progestin: Norgestimate, Gestodene, Desogestrel Unclassified progestin: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_cycle_combined_hormonal_contraceptive

Levonorgestrel acetate and levonorgestrel butanoate are C17β esters of levonorgestrel. Levonorgestrel has a molecular weight of ... Ester prodrugs of levonorgestrel such as levonorgestrel acetate and levonorgestrel butanoate have been developed and studied as ... and as a levonorgestrel-only method. The levonorgestrel-only method uses levonorgestrel 1.5 mg (as a single dose or as two 0.75 ... The bioavailability of levonorgestrel is approximately 95% (range 85 to 100%). The plasma protein binding of levonorgestrel is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levonorgestrel

Levonorgestrel: A progestin. Named levonorgestrel because it is the levorotatory form of norgestrel. Used in combination with ...

https://www.rxlist.com/levonorgestrel/definition.htm

AG200-15 is designed to effectively deliver a low dose of estrogen in combination with levonorgestrel. The patch is applied ... on outstanding patent litigation related to Tevas Seasonale® (levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol tablets USP, 0.15 mg/0.03 ... in combination with levonorgestrel (LNG). According to the clinical findings, AG200-15 provides a low daily dose of estrogen ... carry up to triple the risk of serious blood clots over traditional pills containing the progestin levonorgestrel. ...

https://www.news-medical.net/?tag=/Levonorgestrel&page=4

CURAE- levonorgestrel tablet. To receive this label RSS feed. Copy the URL below and paste it into your RSS Reader application ... CURAE- levonorgestrel tablet. If this SPL contains inactivated NDCs listed by the FDA initiated compliance action, they will be ... Do not use if you have ever had an allergic reaction to levonorgestrel ... These medications may reduce the effectiveness of levonorgestrel. ... levonorgestrel 1.5 MG Oral Tablet. SCD. 3. 2631024. Curae 1.5 ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=0bd6ec93-795e-4e40-96d6-41c4cae035d9

Professional guide for Levonorgestrel (IUD). Includes: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, contraindications, interactions and ... Switching from levonorgestrel IUD to a different contraceptive: If the patient wishes to change to a different method of birth ... Switching from levonorgestrel IUD to a different contraceptive: If the patient wishes to change to a different method of birth ... Switching from a different contraceptive to levonorgestrel IUD: The device may be inserted immediately if it is determined that ...

https://www.drugs.com/ppa/levonorgestrel-iud.html

Levonorgestrel: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Take levonorgestrel exactly as directed.. If you vomit less than 2 hours after you take a dose of levonorgestrel, call your ... Levonorgestrel comes as a tablet to take by mouth. If you are taking levonorgestrel as a single tablet product , take one ... Levonorgestrel will not end a pregnancy that has already begun.. *you should know that after you take levonorgestrel, it is ...

https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a610021.html

PLAN B ONE-STEP- levonorgestrel tablet. To receive this label RSS feed. Copy the URL below and paste it into your RSS Reader ... PLAN B ONE-STEP- levonorgestrel tablet. If this SPL contains inactivated NDCs listed by the FDA initiated compliance action, ... Do not use if you have ever had an allergic reaction to levonorgestrel ... These medications may reduce the effectiveness of levonorgestrel. ... levonorgestrel 1.5 MG Oral Tablet. SCD. 3. 858079. Plan B One- ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=6ce6b40e-14ac-47bd-a648-ddf9e452e559

Levonorgestrel is a form of progesterone, a female hormone important for regulating ovulation and menstruation. Estradiol and ... levonorgestrel is a combination medicine used to treat menopause symptoms such as hot flashes, and... ... estradiol and levonorgestrel (transdermal) estradiol and levonorgestrel (transdermal). Pronunciation: ess tra DY ol and LEE vo ... What should I avoid while using estradiol and levonorgestrel? What should I avoid while using estradiol and levonorgestrel?. ...

https://www.cigna.com/knowledge-center/hw/medications/estradiol-and-levonorgestrel-d04914a1

Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradol Tablets) may treat, side effects, dosage, drug interactions, warnings, patient labeling, ... The terminal elimination half-life for levonorgestrel in LYBREL (levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradol tablets) is about 36 hours ... Allergy or hypersensitivity to any of the components of LYBREL (levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradol tablets) (levonorgestrel ... To achieve maximum contraceptive effectiveness, LYBREL (levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradol tablets) (levonorgestrel and ...

https://www.rxlist.com/lybrel-drug.htm

... observed in fish for levonorgestrel.. Toxicity. Levonorgestrel has very high chronic toxicity.. Risk. The use of levonorgestrel ... the amount of levonorgestrel administered per day is multiply higher than the dose given by the long-acting levonorgestrel- ... Levonorgestrel has a BCF value that is below the limit value for a substance to be considered to have a high potential to ... Levonorgestrel is recommended in the Wise list. The Wise list is the drug formulary of essential medicines for common diseases ...

https://janusinfo.se/beslutsstod/lakemedelochmiljo/pharmaceuticalsandenvironment/databaseenven/levonorgestrel.5.30a7505616a041a09b062f4c.html

... Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Feb;123(2 Pt 1 ... Objective: To compare a new low-dose levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol contraceptive patch (Patch) with a combination oral ... Compliance was assessed by measuring levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol plasma levels. Pearl Index (pregnancies per 100 woman ... contraceptive (Pill; 100 micrograms levonorgestrel, 20 micrograms ethinyl estradiol) regarding efficacy, safety, compliance, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24402597/

Adults-At first, apply one patch (0.045 milligrams (mg) of estradiol and 0.015 mg of levonorgestrel) to the lower stomach or ...

https://www.mayoclinic.org/zh-hans/drugs-supplements/estradiol-and-levonorgestrel-transdermal-route/proper-use/drg-20112971

Levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel Online Kaufen Thun. Levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel Preis. Levonorgestrel Ohne Rezept Kaufen Online ... Levonorgestrel Wo Kaufen. Levonorgestrel Online Günstig Bestellen. Levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel Kaufen Bitcoin. Levonorgestrel ... Levonorgestrel Original Rezeptfrei Bestellen. Pille. Levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel Kaufen. Levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel ... Levonorgestrel 0.15 Mg Billig. Kaufen Levonorgestrel Generika 0.15 Mg. Levonorgestrel Günstig Online. Kann Man Levonorgestrel ...

https://www.nvoad.org/forums/topic/einleitung-mit-levonorgestrel/

How to take Climara Pro (Estradiol Levonorgestrel)?. Use Climara Pro (Estradiol Levonorgestrel) exactly as directed on the ... It can greatly increase your risk of blood clots, stroke, or heart attack while using estradiol and levonorgestrel. ... Do not use estradiol and levonorgestrel if you are pregnant. Tell your doctor right away if you become pregnant during ... Do not use estradiol and levonorgestrel if you are pregnant. Tell your doctor right away if you become pregnant during ...

https://www.everydayhealth.com/drugs/climara-pro

Levonorgestrel 1.5mg Tablets (P) - Patient Information Leaflet (PIL) by Lupin Healthcare (UK) Ltd ...

https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/8859/pil

... we provide our customers with options to buy generic Ethinyl Estradiol/Levonorgestrel 28 day from Canada for their health needs ... Alesse (Ethinyl Estradiol/Levonorgestrel) is used to prevent pregnancy. Alesse contains two hormones: a progestin and an ... Do I need a prescription to order Ethinyl Estradiol/Levonorgestrel 28 day ?. Yes, a prescription is required from your ... Home > Drug Category > Birth Control Pills > Alesse and Equivalent > Ethinyl Estradiol/Levonorgestrel 28 day ...

https://www.bigmountaindrugs.com/Generic_Alesse_28+day

... we provide our customers with options to buy generic Ethinyl Estradiol/Levonorgestrel 21 day from Canada for their health needs ... Alesse (Ethinyl Estradiol/Levonorgestrel) is used to prevent pregnancy. Alesse contains two hormones: a progestin and an ... Do I need a prescription to order Ethinyl Estradiol/Levonorgestrel 21 day ?. Yes, a prescription is required from your ... Home > Drug Category > Birth Control Pills > Alesse and Equivalent > Ethinyl Estradiol/Levonorgestrel 21 day ...

https://www.bigmountaindrugs.com/Generic_Alesse_21+day

The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) is a safe, effective and acceptable form of contraception used by ... The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: Safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability Megan N Beatty, Paul D ... levonorgestrel-releasing, intrauterine system, intrauterine contraceptive device ...

https://www.dovepress.com/article_metric.php?article_id=3370

This study was undertaken to determine the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUS) in British women in routine clinical ... This study was undertaken to determine the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUS) in British women in routine clinical ... Removals were also required for side effects that may be due to absorbed levonorgestrel. Positive effects include effective ... More research is required to explore the levonorgestrel intrauterine systems clinical performance in routine use by the UK ...

https://www.physiciansweekly.com/clinical-performance-of-the-levonorgestrel-intrauterine-system/

Objectives: To assess the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system ( ... A randomised controlled trial of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine ... clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system in primary care against standard ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26507206/?dopt=Abstract

Levonorgestrel Impurity O , C22H32O3 , CID 71316193 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, ...

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Levonorgestrel-Impurity-O

When taken within 72 hours, ulipristal acetate is a cost- effective alternative to levonorgestrel, given that the cost of ... The incremental cost of ulipristal acetate compared to levonorgestrel is 3.30 € per intake, or 418 € per pregnancy avoided ( ... Conclusions Ulipristal acetate dominates levonorgestrel when taken within 24 hours after unprotected intercourse, i.e., it is ... in unintended pregnancy spending in 2010 could have been saved by the use of ulipristal acetate instead of levonorgestrel. ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0138990

Ulipristal Versus Levonorgestrel for Emergency Contraception: A Review Rapid Response View PDF ... Ulipristal versus Levonorgestrel for Emergency Contraception: A Review of Comparative Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines ... There is evidence to show that ulipristal is more effective than levonorgestrel to reduce the risk of pregnancy. The included ... Ulipristal versus Levonorgestrel for Emergency Contraception: A Review of Comparative Clinical Effectiveness and Guidelines ...

https://www.cadth.ca/ulipristal-versus-levonorgestrel-emergency-contraception-review-comparative-clinical-effectiveness

As levonorgestrel is a progestin, and many breast cancers are progesterone-sensitive, it is important to study the safety of ... Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) for endometrial protection in women with breast cancer taking tamoxifen to prevent ... Levonorgestrel intrauterine system for endometrial protection in women with breast cancer on adjuvant tamoxifen. Cochrane ... The LNG-IUS is a uterine device that releases the synthetic hormone levonorgestrel into the endometrium and causes marked ...

https://www.cochrane.org/CD007245/MENSTR_levonorgestrel-intrauterine-system-lng-ius-endometrial-protection-women-breast-cancer-taking

Michael Flax answered: Yes: Nordette (ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel) was the original pill and microgynon is the gen ... Nordette (ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel) is a birth control pill so you wont get pregnant. Ask your doctor why he gave ... Nordette (ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel) was the original pill and microgynon is the generic...They both have an ... BCP NORDETTE (ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel). : Usually no. It contains a small amount of hormone that can make you gain ...

https://www.healthtap.com/sexual-health/questions/957681-nordette-ethinyl-estradiol-and-levonorgestrel-and-microgynon-30-are-same/

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess whether patient-perceived pain during the insertion of the levonorgestrel-releasing ... Timing of insertion of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system : a randomised controlled trial. DSpace/Manakin Repository ...

https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/348361

...

https://ebn.bmj.com/content/8/1/15.info

PHARMAC is pleased to announce the approval of a proposal to widen access to levonorgestrel intra-uterine system, 20 mcg per ... Decision to widen access to levonorgestrel intrauterine system in DHB hospitals. * News and resources * Back to Consultations ... Decision to widen access to levonorgestrel intrauterine system in DHB hospitals. 15 November 2013. Hospital devices Decision ... PHARMAC is pleased to announce the approval of a proposal to widen access to levonorgestrel intra-uterine system, 20 mcg per ...

https://pharmac.govt.nz/news-and-resources/consultations-and-decisions/decision-to-widen-access-to-levonorgestrel-intrauterine-system-in-dhb-hospitals/

Head noun: ...

http://webisa.webdatacommons.org/concept/_levonorgestrel_

Levonorgestrel (Plan B - I-Pill) 1.5mg Tablet (1 pill). $4.75. Add to cart ...

https://discountacnemeds.com/product-category/levonorgestrel/

Anatomy1

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs29

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment10

Phenomena and Processes3

The effects of levonorgestrel implants on vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the endometrium. (1/293)

Levonorgestrel versus the "Yuzpe" regimen.(2/293)

Three countries' experience with Norplant introduction. (3/293)

The effect of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device on human endometrial oestrogen and progesterone receptors after one year of use. (4/293)

A comparison of the inhibition of ovulation achieved by desogestrel 75 micrograms and levonorgestrel 30 micrograms daily. (5/293)

Changes in vascular basement membrane in the endometrium of Norplant users. (6/293)

Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in endometrium during the menstrual cycle and following administration of intrauterine levonorgestrel. (7/293)

Endometrial breakdown in women using Norplant is associated with migratory cells expressing matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B). (8/293)

No FAQ available that match "levonorgestrel"

No images available that match "levonorgestrel"

Levonorgestrel

Intrauterine Devices, Medicated

Contraceptive Agents, Female

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Synthetic

Contraceptives, Oral, Synthetic

Ethinyl Estradiol

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined

Desogestrel

Norgestrel

Contraception, Postcoital

Progesterone Congeners

Ovulation Inhibition

Norpregnenes

Uterine Hemorrhage

Norpregnadienes

Menorrhagia

Progestins

Androstenes

Contraceptives, Postcoital

Contraceptives, Postcoital, Hormonal

Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal

Drug Implants

Mifepristone

Metrorrhagia

Endometrium

Contraceptive Devices, Female

Endometrial Ablation Techniques

Thyroxine-Binding Globulin

Contraceptives, Oral

Contraceptive Agents

Transdermal Patch

Intrauterine Devices

Megestrol

Ethinyl Estradiol-Norgestrel Combination

Intrauterine Device Expulsion

Chlormadinone Acetate

Lynestrenol

Intrauterine Devices, Copper

Nandrolone

Estradiol Congeners

Administration, Intravaginal

Norethindrone

Menstruation Disturbances

Menstrual Cycle

Menstruation

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin

Venous Thromboembolism

The effects of levonorgestrel implants on vascular endothelial growth factor expression in the endometrium. (1/293)

Levonorgestrel versus the "Yuzpe" regimen.(2/293)

Three countries' experience with Norplant introduction. (3/293)

The effect of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device on human endometrial oestrogen and progesterone receptors after one year of use. (4/293)

A comparison of the inhibition of ovulation achieved by desogestrel 75 micrograms and levonorgestrel 30 micrograms daily. (5/293)

Changes in vascular basement membrane in the endometrium of Norplant users. (6/293)

Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in endometrium during the menstrual cycle and following administration of intrauterine levonorgestrel. (7/293)

Endometrial breakdown in women using Norplant is associated with migratory cells expressing matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B). (8/293)

Levonorgestrel

Levonorgestrel cyclopropylcarboxylate

Levonorgestrel butanoate

Levonorgestrel acetate

Levonorgestrel cyclobutylcarboxylate

Levonorgestrel-releasing implant

Naari

Hormonal contraception

Hormonal intrauterine device

Estrogen patch

Estradiol (medication)

Emergency contraception

Progestogen (medication)

Intrauterine device

Hysterectomy

Contraceptive rights in New Zealand

Prevalence of birth control

Birth control pill formulations

Family planning

Nandrolone

Side effects of cyproterone acetate

Birth control movement in the United States

Norethisterone

Birth control in the United States

Combined hormonal contraception