Iron Compounds
Iron
Iron Chelating Agents
Iron-Dextran Complex
Iron Isotopes
Glucaric Acid
Transferrin
Food, Fortified
Ferritins
Biological Availability
Iron Overload
Iron, Dietary
Iron Radioisotopes
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency
Iron Regulatory Protein 1
Iron Metabolism Disorders
Iron Regulatory Protein 2
Deferoxamine
Molecular Structure
Siderophores
Sulfur Compounds
Receptors, Transferrin
Hemochromatosis
Hepcidins
Anemia, Hypochromic
Hemoglobins
Volatile Organic Compounds
Origin of graphitic carbon and pentlandite in matrix olivines in the Allende meteorite. (1/227)
Matrix olivines in the Allende carbonaceous chondrite are believed to have formed by condensation processes in the primitive solar nebula. However, transmission electron microscope observations of numerous matrix olivines show that they contain abundant, previously unrecognized, nanometer-sized inclusions of pentlandite and poorly graphitized carbon. Neither of these phases would have been stable at the high-temperature conditions required to condense iron-rich olivine in the solar nebula. The presence of these inclusions is consistent with formation of the olivines by parent body processes that involved overgrowth of fine-grained organic materials and sulfides in the precursor matrix materials. (+info)The effect of iron on the toxigenicity of Vibrio cholerae. (2/227)
In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to assess the response of cholera toxin (CT) production to increasing iron concentrations in an aquatic environment. Production of CT by seven of eight Vibrio cholerae strains tested, including the Bengal strain (O139), was significantly enhanced in the presence of iron concentrations of 1.0 and 10 g/L. The exception (El Tor Ogawa) had a significant CT response only in the presence of 10 g of iron/L. Enhancement of CT production also occurred at iron concentrations less than 1.0 g/L, but not to a statistically significant degree. The high iron concentrations, which in this study were found to stimulate CT production, have been described by others in association with sediments, water plants, and chitinous fauna. Other investigators have shown a predilection by V. cholerae to attach to these sites in the aquatic environment. The importance of excess in vivo iron with respect to the pathogenicity of several gram-negative bacilli is well recognized. However, the possible impact of environmental iron on the in vitro toxigenicity of a microorganism, in this case V. cholerae in its aquatic environment, is to the best of our knowledge a new finding with important epidemiologic implications. These findings, coupled with the fact that iron concentration is considerably enhanced in industrially polluted waters and sediments, may reflect a causal link between the concurrent global upsurge of industrialization and pandemic occurrence of cholera during the latter half of the 20th century. Enhanced toxigenicity may also cause clinical disease following ingestion of lower than usual infective doses of cholera vibrios, thereby increasing the incidence of symptomatic cases and, possibly, of severe cases. (+info)Inhibition of iron-molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis by L127Delta NifH and evidence for a complex formation between L127Delta NifH and NifNE. (3/227)
Besides serving as the obligate electron donor to dinitrogenase during nitrogenase turnover, dinitrogenase reductase (NifH) is required for the biosynthesis of the iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) and for the maturation of alpha(2)beta(2) apo-dinitrogenase (apo-dinitrogenase maturation). In an attempt to understand the role of NifH in FeMo-co biosynthesis, a site-specific altered form of NifH in which leucine at position 127 has been deleted, L127Delta, was employed in in vitro FeMo-co synthesis assays. This altered form of NifH has been shown to inhibit substrate reduction by the wild-type nitrogenase complex, forming a tight protein complex with dinitrogenase. The L127Delta NifH was found to inhibit in vitro FeMo-co synthesis by wild-type NifH as detected by the gamma gel shift assay. Increasing the concentration of NifNE and NifB-cofactor (NifB-co) relieved the inhibition of FeMo-co synthesis by L127Delta NifH. The formation of a complex of L127Delta NifH with NifNE was investigated by gel filtration chromatography. We herein report the formation of a complex between L127Delta NifH and NifNE in the presence of NifB-co. This work presents evidence for one of the possible roles for NifH in FeMo-co biosynthesis, i.e. the interaction of NifH with a NifNE.NifB-co complex. (+info)Cardiovascular evidence for an intermediate or higher metabolic rate in an ornithischian dinosaur. (4/227)
Computerized tomography scans of a ferruginous concretion within the chest region of an ornithischian dinosaur reveal structures that are suggestive of a four-chambered heart and a single systemic aorta. The apparently derived condition of the cardiovascular system in turn suggests the existence of intermediate-to-high metabolic rates among dinosaurs. (+info)Aggregation-based crystal growth and microstructure development in natural iron oxyhydroxide biomineralization products. (5/227)
Crystals are generally considered to grow by attachment of ions to inorganic surfaces or organic templates. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of biomineralization products of iron-oxidizing bacteria revealed an alternative coarsening mechanism in which adjacent 2- to 3-nanometer particles aggregate and rotate so their structures adopt parallel orientations in three dimensions. Crystal growth is accomplished by eliminating water molecules at interfaces and forming iron-oxygen bonds. Self-assembly occurs at multiple sites, leading to a coarser, polycrystalline material. Point defects (from surface-adsorbed impurities), dislocations, and slabs of structurally distinct material are created as a consequence of this growth mechanism and can dramatically impact subsequent reactivity. (+info)Oxidation of nitroxyl anion to nitric oxide by copper ions. (6/227)
1. This study made use of a nitric oxide-sensitive electrode to examine possible means of generating nitric oxide from nitroxyl anion (NO(-)) released upon the decomposition of Angeli's salt. 2. Our results show that copper ions (from CuSO(4)) catalyze the rapid and efficient oxidation of nitroxyl to nitric oxide. Indeed, the concentrations of copper required to do so (0.1 - 100 microM) are roughly 100-times lower than those required to generate equivalent amounts of nitric oxide from S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP). 3. Experiments with ascorbate (1 mM), which reduces Cu(2+) ions to Cu(+), and with the Cu(2+) chelators, EDTA and cuprizone, and the Cu(+) chelator, neocuproine, each at 1 mM, suggest that the oxidation is catalyzed by copper ions in both valency states. 4. Some compounds containing other transition metals, i.e. methaemoglobin, ferricytochrome c and Mn(III)TMPyP, were much less efficient than CuSO(4) in catalyzing the formation of nitric oxide from nitroxyl, while FeSO(4), FeCl(3), MnCl(2), and ZnSO(4) were inactive. 5. Of the copper containing enzymes examined, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase and ceruloplasmin were weak generators of nitric oxide from nitroxyl, even at concentrations (2500 and 30 u ml(-1), respectively) vastly greater than are present endogenously. Two others, ascorbate oxidase (10 u ml(-1)) and tyrosinase (250 u ml(-1)) were inactive. 6. Our findings suggest that a copper-containing enzyme may be responsible for the rapid oxidation of nitroxyl to nitric oxide by cells, but the identity of such an enzyme remains elusive. (+info)Novel activation of non-selective cationic channels by dinitrosyl iron-thiosulfate in PC12 cells. (7/227)
Low molecular mass dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) are nitrosating agents and it is known that the dinitrosyl iron moiety can be transferred to proteins. The aim of the present study was to determine if the formation of protein-bound dinitrosyl iron can modulate ionic channel activity. In PC12 cells, dinitrosyl iron-thiosulfate (50 microM) caused irreversible activation of a depolarizing inward current (IDNIC). IDNIC was partially inhibited by the metal chelator diethyldithiocarbamate (DETC, 1 mM), but not by the reducing/denitrosylating agent dithiothreitol (DTT, 5 mM). The activation of IDNIC was not reproduced by application of nitric oxide (NO., 100 microM), S-nitrocysteine (200 microM) or ferrous iron-thiosulfate (50 microM), and was not prevented by the irreversible guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo-[4, 3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ, 1 microM). Similarly, intracellular perfusion of dinitrosyl iron-thiosulfate (100 microM) did not result in activation of IDNIC. Ion replacement experiments show that the DETC-sensitive component of IDNIC is a non-selective cationic current. In accordance, IDNIC was blocked by antagonists of receptor-operated calcium entry, gadolinium (25 microM) and SK&F 96365 (25 microM). Single-channel measurements from outside-out patches reveal that the DETC-sensitive component of IDNIC is an inward current carried by a cationic channel having a conductance of 50 pS. The present observations suggest that the formation of ion channel-bound dinitrosyl iron represents another mechanism of regulation of ion channel activity by NO.-related species, which may be particularly important in pathophysiological processes where NO. is overproduced. (+info)Bacterial recognition of mineral surfaces: nanoscale interactions between Shewanella and alpha-FeOOH. (8/227)
Force microscopy has been used to quantitatively measure the infinitesimal forces that characterize interactions between Shewanella oneidensis (a dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium) and goethite (alpha-FeOOH), both commonly found in Earth near-surface environments. Force measurements with subnanonewton resolution were made in real time with living cells under aerobic and anaerobic solutions as a function of the distance, in nanometers, between a cell and the mineral surface. Energy values [in attojoules (10(-18) joules)] derived from these measurements show that the affinity between S. oneidensis and goethite rapidly increases by two to five times under anaerobic conditions in which electron transfer from bacterium to mineral is expected. Specific signatures in the force curves suggest that a 150-kilodalton putative iron reductase is mobilized within the outer membrane of S. oneidensis and specifically interacts with the goethite surface to facilitate the electron transfer process. (+info)Iron compounds refer to chemical substances that contain iron (Fe) combined with other elements. Iron is an essential mineral for the human body, playing a crucial role in various bodily functions such as oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and energy production.
There are several types of iron compounds, including:
1. Inorganic iron salts: These are commonly used in dietary supplements and fortified foods to treat or prevent iron deficiency anemia. Examples include ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, and ferric iron.
2. Heme iron: This is the form of iron found in animal products such as meat, poultry, and fish. It is more easily absorbed by the body compared to non-heme iron from plant sources.
3. Non-heme iron: This is the form of iron found in plant-based foods such as grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables. It is not as well-absorbed as heme iron but can be enhanced by consuming it with vitamin C or other organic acids.
It's important to note that excessive intake of iron compounds can lead to iron toxicity, which can cause serious health problems. Therefore, it's essential to follow recommended dosages and consult a healthcare professional before taking any iron supplements.
In the context of medicine, iron is an essential micromineral and key component of various proteins and enzymes. It plays a crucial role in oxygen transport, DNA synthesis, and energy production within the body. Iron exists in two main forms: heme and non-heme. Heme iron is derived from hemoglobin and myoglobin in animal products, while non-heme iron comes from plant sources and supplements.
The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iron varies depending on age, sex, and life stage:
* For men aged 19-50 years, the RDA is 8 mg/day
* For women aged 19-50 years, the RDA is 18 mg/day
* During pregnancy, the RDA increases to 27 mg/day
* During lactation, the RDA for breastfeeding mothers is 9 mg/day
Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, characterized by fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath. Excessive iron intake may result in iron overload, causing damage to organs such as the liver and heart. Balanced iron levels are essential for maintaining optimal health.
Ferrous compounds are inorganic substances that contain iron (Fe) in its +2 oxidation state. The term "ferrous" is derived from the Latin word "ferrum," which means iron. Ferrous compounds are often used in medicine, particularly in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia due to their ability to provide bioavailable iron to the body.
Examples of ferrous compounds include ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, and ferrous fumarate. These compounds are commonly found in dietary supplements and multivitamins. Ferrous sulfate is one of the most commonly used forms of iron supplementation, as it has a high iron content and is relatively inexpensive.
It's important to note that ferrous compounds can be toxic in large doses, so they should be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Overdose can lead to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and potentially fatal consequences if left untreated.
Ferric compounds are inorganic compounds that contain the iron(III) cation, Fe3+. Iron(III) is a transition metal and can form stable compounds with various anions. Ferric compounds are often colored due to the d-d transitions of the iron ion. Examples of ferric compounds include ferric chloride (FeCl3), ferric sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3), and ferric oxide (Fe2O3). Ferric compounds have a variety of uses, including as catalysts, in dye production, and in medical applications.
Iron chelating agents are medications that bind to iron in the body, forming a stable complex that can then be excreted from the body. These agents are primarily used to treat iron overload, a condition that can occur due to frequent blood transfusions or certain genetic disorders such as hemochromatosis. By reducing the amount of iron in the body, these medications can help prevent or reduce damage to organs such as the heart and liver. Examples of iron chelating agents include deferoxamine, deferasirox, and deferiprone.
Iron-dextran complex is a parenteral preparation used as an iron supplement to treat or prevent iron deficiency anemia in patients who cannot take oral iron or do not respond well to oral iron therapy. The complex is formed by combining iron salts with dextran, a type of polysaccharide derived from cornstarch, which acts as a carrier and helps increase the solubility and stability of the iron.
The iron-dextran complex is available in various forms, including injectable solutions and intravenous (IV) infusions. It works by releasing iron ions slowly into the body, where they can be taken up by red blood cell precursors in the bone marrow and used to synthesize hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen in the blood.
It is important to note that iron-dextran complex can cause anaphylactic reactions in some individuals, so it should be administered with caution and under medical supervision. Patients should be monitored for signs of allergic reactions during and after administration, and appropriate measures should be taken if necessary.
I must clarify that "Iron Isotopes" is not a medical term, but rather a scientific concept from the field of physics and chemistry. However, I can certainly provide a general explanation of isotopes and then focus on iron isotopes specifically.
An isotope is a variant of a chemical element that has the same number of protons (and thus the same atomic number) but a different number of neutrons within its nucleus. This results in variations of the atomic mass of isotopes of the same element. Some isotopes are stable, while others are unstable and will decay over time into other elements or isotopes, a process called radioactive decay.
Iron (Fe) has four naturally occurring stable isotopes: Fe-54, Fe-56, Fe-57, and Fe-58. These iron isotopes have different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, resulting in slightly different atomic masses. The most abundant iron isotope is Fe-56, which contains 26 protons and 30 neutrons in its nucleus.
In the context of human health, iron is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as oxygen transport and energy production. However, the concept of iron isotopes does not have a direct medical relevance, but it can be useful in scientific research related to fields like geochemistry, environmental science, or nuclear physics.
Glucaric acid, also known as saccharic acid, is not a medication or a medical treatment. It is an organic compound that occurs naturally in various fruits and vegetables, such as oranges, apples, and corn. Glucaric acid is a type of dicarboxylic acid, which means it contains two carboxyl groups.
In the human body, glucaric acid is produced as a byproduct of glucose metabolism and can be found in small amounts in urine. It is also produced synthetically for industrial uses, such as in the production of cleaning products, textiles, and plastics.
There has been some research on the potential health benefits of glucaric acid, including its role in detoxification and cancer prevention. However, more studies are needed to confirm these effects and establish recommended intake levels or dosages. Therefore, it is not currently considered a medical treatment for any specific condition.
Transferrin is a glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in the transport and homeostasis of iron in the body. It's produced mainly in the liver and has the ability to bind two ferric (Fe3+) ions in its N-lobe and C-lobe, thus creating transferrin saturation.
This protein is essential for delivering iron to cells while preventing the harmful effects of free iron, which can catalyze the formation of reactive oxygen species through Fenton reactions. Transferrin interacts with specific transferrin receptors on the surface of cells, particularly in erythroid precursors and brain endothelial cells, to facilitate iron uptake via receptor-mediated endocytosis.
In addition to its role in iron transport, transferrin also has antimicrobial properties due to its ability to sequester free iron, making it less available for bacterial growth and survival. Transferrin levels can be used as a clinical marker of iron status, with decreased levels indicating iron deficiency anemia and increased levels potentially signaling inflammation or liver disease.
"Fortified food" is a term used in the context of nutrition and dietary guidelines. It refers to a food product that has had nutrients added to it during manufacturing to enhance its nutritional value. These added nutrients can include vitamins, minerals, proteins, or other beneficial components. The goal of fortifying foods is often to address specific nutrient deficiencies in populations or to improve the overall nutritional quality of a food product. Examples of fortified foods include certain breakfast cereals that have added vitamins and minerals, as well as plant-based milk alternatives that are fortified with calcium and vitamin D to mimic the nutritional profile of cow's milk. It is important to note that while fortified foods can be a valuable source of essential nutrients, they should not replace whole, unprocessed foods in a balanced diet.
Ferritin is a protein in iron-metabolizing cells that stores iron in a water-soluble form. It is found inside the cells (intracellular) and is released into the bloodstream when the cells break down or die. Measuring the level of ferritin in the blood can help determine the amount of iron stored in the body. High levels of ferritin may indicate hemochromatosis, inflammation, liver disease, or other conditions. Low levels of ferritin may indicate anemia, iron deficiency, or other conditions.
Biological availability is a term used in pharmacology and toxicology that refers to the degree and rate at which a drug or other substance is absorbed into the bloodstream and becomes available at the site of action in the body. It is a measure of the amount of the substance that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged, after administration by any route (such as oral, intravenous, etc.).
The biological availability (F) of a drug can be calculated using the area under the curve (AUC) of the plasma concentration-time profile after extravascular and intravenous dosing, according to the following formula:
F = (AUCex/AUCiv) x (Doseiv/Doseex)
where AUCex is the AUC after extravascular dosing, AUCiv is the AUC after intravenous dosing, Doseiv is the intravenous dose, and Doseex is the extravascular dose.
Biological availability is an important consideration in drug development and therapy, as it can affect the drug's efficacy, safety, and dosage regimen. Drugs with low biological availability may require higher doses to achieve the desired therapeutic effect, while drugs with high biological availability may have a more rapid onset of action and require lower doses to avoid toxicity.
Iron overload is a condition characterized by an excessive accumulation of iron in the body's tissues and organs, particularly in the liver, heart, and pancreas. This occurs when the body absorbs more iron than it can use or eliminate, leading to iron levels that are higher than normal.
Iron overload can result from various factors, including hereditary hemochromatosis, a genetic disorder that affects how the body absorbs iron from food; frequent blood transfusions, which can cause iron buildup in people with certain chronic diseases such as sickle cell anemia or thalassemia; and excessive consumption of iron supplements or iron-rich foods.
Symptoms of iron overload may include fatigue, joint pain, abdominal discomfort, irregular heartbeat, and liver dysfunction. If left untreated, it can lead to serious complications such as cirrhosis, liver failure, diabetes, heart problems, and even certain types of cancer. Treatment typically involves regular phlebotomy (removal of blood) to reduce iron levels in the body, along with dietary modifications and monitoring by a healthcare professional.
Dietary iron is a vital nutrient that plays a crucial role in the production of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. It is also essential for various other bodily functions, including energy production and immune function.
There are two forms of dietary iron: heme and non-heme. Heme iron is found in animal products such as meat, poultry, and fish, while non-heme iron is found in plant-based foods such as beans, lentils, tofu, spinach, and fortified cereals.
The recommended daily intake of dietary iron varies depending on age, sex, and other factors. For example, adult men typically require 8 milligrams (mg) per day, while adult women need 18 mg per day. Pregnant women may require up to 27 mg per day, while breastfeeding women need around 9-10 mg per day.
It is important to note that the absorption of non-heme iron from plant-based foods can be enhanced by consuming them with vitamin C-rich foods or drinks, such as citrus fruits, strawberries, and bell peppers. On the other hand, certain substances such as tannins (found in tea and coffee) and phytates (found in whole grains and legumes) can inhibit the absorption of non-heme iron.
"Iron radioisotopes" refer to specific forms of the element iron that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation. These isotopes are often used in medical imaging and treatment procedures due to their ability to be detected by specialized equipment. Common iron radioisotopes include Iron-52, Iron-55, Iron-59, and Iron-60. They can be used as tracers to study the distribution, metabolism, or excretion of iron in the body, or for targeted radiation therapy in conditions such as cancer.
Iron-deficiency anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the total amount of hemoglobin or red blood cells in the blood, caused by insufficient iron levels in the body. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. When iron levels are low, the body cannot produce enough hemoglobin, leading to the production of smaller and fewer red blood cells, known as microcytic hypochromic anemia.
Iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin, and a deficiency in iron can result from inadequate dietary intake, chronic blood loss, or impaired absorption. In addition to fatigue and weakness, symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia may include shortness of breath, headaches, dizziness, pale skin, and brittle nails. Treatment typically involves iron supplementation and addressing the underlying cause of the iron deficiency.
Iron Regulatory Protein 1 (IRP1) is a protein that plays a crucial role in the post-transcriptional regulation of iron homeostasis in cells. It is involved in the detection of cellular iron levels and responds by modulating the translation and stability of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that encode proteins essential for iron metabolism.
IRP1 can bind to specific sequences called Iron Responsive Elements (IREs) present in the untranslated regions of mRNAs. When cellular iron levels are low, IRP1 binds to IREs and inhibits the translation of mRNAs encoding proteins responsible for iron uptake and storage, while stabilizing mRNAs that encode proteins involved in iron mobilization. Conversely, when iron levels are high, IRP1 dissociates from IREs, allowing for the normal translation of these mRNAs and maintaining iron homeostasis within the cell.
It is important to note that IRP1 has dual functions: it can act as an Iron Regulatory Protein (IRP) when iron levels are low, and as a cytosolic aconitase (an enzyme in the citric acid cycle) when iron levels are sufficient. This ability to switch between these two roles is facilitated by the presence of a [4Fe-4S] cluster, which is sensitive to cellular iron levels. When iron is abundant, the [4Fe-4S] cluster assembles, converting IRP1 into its cytosolic aconitase form; when iron is scarce, the cluster disassembles, enabling IRP1 to bind IREs and regulate iron metabolism-related gene expression.
Iron metabolism disorders are a group of medical conditions that affect the body's ability to absorb, transport, store, or utilize iron properly. Iron is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including oxygen transportation and energy production. However, imbalances in iron levels can lead to several health issues.
There are two main types of iron metabolism disorders:
1. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA): This condition occurs when the body lacks adequate iron to produce sufficient amounts of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Causes of IDA may include inadequate dietary iron intake, blood loss, or impaired iron absorption due to conditions like celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease.
2. Hemochromatosis: This is a genetic disorder characterized by excessive absorption and accumulation of iron in various organs, including the liver, heart, and pancreas. Over time, this excess iron can lead to organ damage and diseases such as cirrhosis, heart failure, diabetes, and arthritis. Hemochromatosis is typically caused by mutations in the HFE gene, which regulates iron absorption in the intestines.
Other iron metabolism disorders include:
* Anemia of chronic disease (ACD): A type of anemia that occurs in individuals with chronic inflammation or infection, where iron is not efficiently used for hemoglobin production due to altered regulation.
* Sideroblastic anemias: These are rare disorders characterized by the abnormal formation of ringed sideroblasts (immature red blood cells containing iron-laden mitochondria) in the bone marrow, leading to anemia and other symptoms.
* Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA): A rare inherited disorder caused by mutations in the TMPRSS6 gene, resulting in impaired regulation of hepcidin, a hormone that controls iron absorption and distribution in the body. This leads to both iron deficiency and iron overload.
Proper diagnosis and management of iron metabolism disorders are essential to prevent complications and maintain overall health. Treatment options may include dietary modifications, iron supplementation, phlebotomy (bloodletting), or chelation therapy, depending on the specific disorder and its severity.
Iron Regulatory Protein 2 (IRP2) is a regulatory protein involved in the post-transcriptional control of iron homeostasis. It binds to specific sequences called Iron Responsive Elements (IREs) found in the untranslated regions of mRNAs encoding proteins involved in iron metabolism, such as ferritin and transferrin receptor.
When cellular iron levels are low, IRP2 binds to the IREs and prevents the degradation of iron-related mRNAs, leading to increased synthesis of iron uptake proteins and decreased synthesis of iron storage proteins. Conversely, when iron levels are high, IRP2 is degraded, allowing for the normal turnover and translation of these mRNAs.
IRP2 plays a crucial role in maintaining appropriate intracellular iron concentrations and protecting cells from iron-induced oxidative stress. Dysregulation of IRP2 has been implicated in various diseases, including anemia, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer.
Deferoxamine is a medication used to treat iron overload, which can occur due to various reasons such as frequent blood transfusions or excessive iron intake. It works by binding to excess iron in the body and promoting its excretion through urine. This helps to prevent damage to organs such as the heart and liver that can be caused by high levels of iron.
Deferoxamine is an injectable medication that is typically administered intravenously or subcutaneously, depending on the specific regimen prescribed by a healthcare professional. It may also be used in combination with other medications to manage iron overload more effectively.
It's important to note that deferoxamine should only be used under the guidance of a medical professional, as improper use or dosing can lead to serious side effects or complications.
Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.
Siderophores are low-molecular-weight organic compounds that are secreted by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, to chelate and solubilize iron from their environment. They are able to bind ferric iron (Fe3+) with very high affinity and form a siderophore-iron complex, which can then be taken up by the microorganism through specific transport systems. This allows them to acquire iron even in environments where it is present at very low concentrations or in forms that are not readily available for uptake. Siderophores play an important role in the survival and virulence of many pathogenic microorganisms, as they help them to obtain the iron they need to grow and multiply.
Sulfur compounds refer to chemical substances that contain sulfur atoms. Sulfur can form bonds with many other elements, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, among others. As a result, there is a wide variety of sulfur compounds with different structures and properties. Some common examples of sulfur compounds include hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and sulfonic acids (R-SO3H).
In the medical field, sulfur compounds have various applications. For instance, some are used as drugs or drug precursors, while others are used in the production of medical devices or as disinfectants. Sulfur-containing amino acids, such as methionine and cysteine, are essential components of proteins and play crucial roles in many biological processes.
However, some sulfur compounds can also be harmful to human health. For example, exposure to high levels of hydrogen sulfide or sulfur dioxide can cause respiratory problems, while certain organosulfur compounds found in crude oil and coal tar have been linked to an increased risk of cancer. Therefore, it is essential to handle and dispose of sulfur compounds properly to minimize potential health hazards.
Transferrin receptors are membrane-bound proteins found on the surface of many cell types, including red and white blood cells, as well as various tissues such as the liver, brain, and placenta. These receptors play a crucial role in iron homeostasis by regulating the uptake of transferrin, an iron-binding protein, into the cells.
Transferrin binds to two ferric ions (Fe3+) in the bloodstream, forming a complex known as holo-transferrin. This complex then interacts with the transferrin receptors on the cell surface, leading to endocytosis of the transferrin-receptor complex into the cell. Once inside the cell, the acidic environment within the endosome causes the release of iron ions from the transferrin molecule, which can then be transported into the cytoplasm for use in various metabolic processes.
After releasing the iron, the apo-transferrin (iron-free transferrin) is recycled back to the cell surface and released back into the bloodstream, where it can bind to more ferric ions and repeat the cycle. This process helps maintain appropriate iron levels within the body and ensures that cells have access to the iron they need for essential functions such as DNA synthesis, energy production, and oxygen transport.
In summary, transferrin receptors are membrane-bound proteins responsible for recognizing and facilitating the uptake of transferrin-bound iron into cells, playing a critical role in maintaining iron homeostasis within the body.
Hemochromatosis is a medical condition characterized by excessive absorption and accumulation of iron in the body, resulting in damage to various organs. It's often referred to as "iron overload" disorder. There are two main types: primary (hereditary) and secondary (acquired). Primary hemochromatosis is caused by genetic mutations that lead to increased intestinal iron absorption, while secondary hemochromatosis can be the result of various conditions such as multiple blood transfusions, chronic liver disease, or certain types of anemia.
In both cases, the excess iron gets stored in body tissues, particularly in the liver, heart, and pancreas, which can cause organ damage and lead to complications like cirrhosis, liver failure, diabetes, heart problems, and skin discoloration. Early diagnosis and treatment through regular phlebotomy (blood removal) or chelation therapy can help manage the condition and prevent severe complications.
Hepcidin is a peptide hormone primarily produced in the liver that plays a crucial role in regulating iron homeostasis within the body. It acts by inhibiting the absorption of dietary iron in the intestines and the release of iron from storage sites, such as macrophages, into the bloodstream. By reducing the amount of iron available for use, hepcidin helps prevent excessive iron accumulation in tissues, which can be harmful and contribute to the development of various diseases, including iron overload disorders and certain types of anemia. The production of hepcidin is regulated by several factors, including iron levels, inflammation, and erythropoiesis (the production of red blood cells).
Hypochromic anemia is a type of anemia characterized by the presence of red blood cells that have lower than normal levels of hemoglobin and appear paler in color than normal. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. In hypochromic anemia, there may be a decrease in the production or increased destruction of red blood cells, leading to a reduced number of red blood cells and insufficient oxygen supply to the tissues.
Hypochromic anemia can result from various underlying medical conditions, including iron deficiency, thalassemia, chronic inflammation, lead poisoning, and certain infections or chronic diseases. Treatment for hypochromic anemia depends on the underlying cause and may include iron supplements, dietary changes, medications, or blood transfusions.
Hemoglobin (Hb or Hgb) is the main oxygen-carrying protein in the red blood cells, which are responsible for delivering oxygen throughout the body. It is a complex molecule made up of four globin proteins and four heme groups. Each heme group contains an iron atom that binds to one molecule of oxygen. Hemoglobin plays a crucial role in the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues, and also helps to carry carbon dioxide back to the lungs for exhalation.
There are several types of hemoglobin present in the human body, including:
* Hemoglobin A (HbA): This is the most common type of hemoglobin, making up about 95-98% of total hemoglobin in adults. It consists of two alpha and two beta globin chains.
* Hemoglobin A2 (HbA2): This makes up about 1.5-3.5% of total hemoglobin in adults. It consists of two alpha and two delta globin chains.
* Hemoglobin F (HbF): This is the main type of hemoglobin present in fetal life, but it persists at low levels in adults. It consists of two alpha and two gamma globin chains.
* Hemoglobin S (HbS): This is an abnormal form of hemoglobin that can cause sickle cell disease when it occurs in the homozygous state (i.e., both copies of the gene are affected). It results from a single amino acid substitution in the beta globin chain.
* Hemoglobin C (HbC): This is another abnormal form of hemoglobin that can cause mild to moderate hemolytic anemia when it occurs in the homozygous state. It results from a different single amino acid substitution in the beta globin chain than HbS.
Abnormal forms of hemoglobin, such as HbS and HbC, can lead to various clinical disorders, including sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and other hemoglobinopathies.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals that have a low boiling point and easily evaporate at room temperature. They can be liquids or solids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and formaldehyde, which are found in many household products, including paints, paint strippers, and other solvents; cleaning supplies; pesticides; building materials and furnishings; office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper; and glues and adhesives.
VOCs can cause both short- and long-term health effects. Short-term exposure to high levels of VOCs can cause headaches, dizziness, visual disturbances, and memory problems. Long-term exposure can cause damage to the liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. Some VOCs are also suspected or known carcinogens.
It is important to properly use, store, and dispose of products that contain VOCs to minimize exposure. Increasing ventilation by opening windows and doors or using fans can also help reduce exposure to VOCs.
Non-heme iron proteins are a type of iron-containing protein that do not contain heme as their prosthetic group. Heme is a complex molecule consisting of an iron atom contained in the center of a porphyrin ring, which is a large organic molecule made up of four pyrrole rings joined together. In contrast, non-heme iron proteins contain iron that is bound to the protein in other ways, such as through coordination with amino acid side chains or through association with an iron-sulfur cluster.
Examples of non-heme iron proteins include ferritin and transferrin, which are involved in the storage and transport of iron in the body, respectively. Ferritin is a protein that stores iron in a form that is safe and bioavailable for use by the body. Transferrin, on the other hand, binds to iron in the intestines and transports it to cells throughout the body.
Non-heme iron proteins are important for many biological processes, including oxygen transport, electron transfer, and enzyme catalysis. They play a crucial role in energy metabolism, DNA synthesis, and other essential functions.
Iron compounds
Helium compounds
Reduction of nitro compounds
Ruthenium compounds
Cobalt compounds
Osmium compounds
Comproportionation
Iron(III) chloride
Iron
Standard electrode potential (data page)
Iron(II) sulfate
Iron(II) acetate
Iron(III) sulfate
Iron pentacarbonyl
Iron(III) nitrate
Iron(II) fluoride
Aroma compound
Compound heterozygosity
Iron-based superconductor
Iron in biology
Orthoferrite
Quaternary compound
Cyclopentadienyliron dicarbonyl dimer
Molypermalloy powder core
Ferroverdin
Electron-reservoir complex
Dinitrosyl iron complex
Limescale
Iron-nickel clusters
Flyover complex
Oxide19
- Although iron(VIII) oxide (FeO4) has been claimed, the report could not be reproduced and such a species from the removal of all electrons of the element beyond the preceding inert gas configuration (at least with iron in its +8 oxidation state) has been found to be improbable computationally. (wikipedia.org)
- High purity iron, called electrolytic iron, is considered to be resistant to rust, due to its oxide layer. (wikipedia.org)
- the most common are iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4), and iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3). (wikipedia.org)
- Iron(II) oxide also exists, though it is unstable at room temperature. (wikipedia.org)
- Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula FeO. (wikipedia.org)
- [3] [4] One of several iron oxides , it is a black-colored powder that is sometimes confused with rust , the latter of which consists of hydrated iron(III) oxide (ferric oxide). (wikipedia.org)
- The procedure is conducted under an inert atmosphere to avoid the formation of iron(III) oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ). (wikipedia.org)
- Iron (II) oxide adopts the cubic, rock salt structure, where iron atoms are octahedrally coordinated by oxygen atoms and the oxygen atoms octahedrally coordinated by iron atoms. (wikipedia.org)
- Iron(II) oxide makes up approximately 9% of the Earth's mantle . (wikipedia.org)
- Iron(II) oxide is used as a pigment . (wikipedia.org)
- H. Lux "Iron (II) Oxide" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. (wikipedia.org)
- Ancient Chinese tea bowls might hold the recipe for a rare form of iron oxide that scientists have had a hard time making in the lab. (blogspot.com)
- Pure epsilon-phase iron oxide was unexpectedly discovered in the glaze of silvery Jian bowls made 1,000 years ago, a group of researchers announced this week. (blogspot.com)
- Hare's fur patterns on Jian bowls, once thought to contain just the mineral hematite, were found to have small quantities of epsilon-phase iron oxide, the scientists said. (blogspot.com)
- The researchers also found that oil spot patterns, thought to be made of the mineral magnetite, remarkably contain large quantities of pure epsilon-phase iron oxide. (blogspot.com)
- Though epsilon-phase iron oxide was first identified 80 years ago, scientists have only managed to grow tiny crystals of this material that are often contaminated with hematite. (blogspot.com)
- Scientists think this type of iron oxide could hold the key to better, cheaper permanent magnets used in electronics, because it has extremely persistent magnetization, high resistance to corrosion and a lack of toxicity. (blogspot.com)
- The next step will be to understand how it is possible to reproduce the quality of epsilon-phase iron oxide with modern technology," Dejoie, a scientist at Berkley Lab's Advanced Light Source and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, said in a statement. (blogspot.com)
- Iron (III) oxide is the correct name for this compound because Fe has a +3 oxidation state in this compound, indicating that it has lost three electrons. (proprofs.com)
Inorganic compounds1
- This level of characterisation of inorganic compounds associated with amyloid plaques has not been possible in the past, and was here enabled by development and establishment of these synchrotron microscopy techniques with nanoscale resolution. (diamond.ac.uk)
Mixed valence compounds3
- Many mixed valence compounds contain both iron(II) and iron(III) centers, such as magnetite and Prussian blue (Fe4(Fe[CN]6)3). (wikipedia.org)
- Iron mixed-valence compounds, BaSm(Cu0.5+xFe0.5-x)2O5+δ. (abo.fi)
- Iron mixed-valence compounds, BaSm(Cu 0.5+x Fe 0.5-x ) 2 O 5+δ . (abo.fi)
Ionic Compounds2
- Metals form ionic compounds with non metals. (answers.com)
- What is the formula for the ionic compounds K and I? (answers.com)
Oxides3
- These oxides are the principal ores for the production of iron (see bloomery and blast furnace). (wikipedia.org)
- Iron levels are significantly increased in several regions of AD-affected brains when compared to disease-free age-matched controls 1 and over time these chemically-reduced forms of iron, including mixed-valence iron oxides 2 , are associated with pathological features of the disease. (diamond.ac.uk)
- These characteristic designs came from molten iron flux in the glaze, which flowed down the sides of the bowls and crystallized into iron oxides while cooling in the kiln, researchers say. (blogspot.com)
Metals8
- Iron shows the characteristic chemical properties of the transition metals, namely the ability to form variable oxidation states differing by steps of one and a very large coordination and organometallic chemistry: indeed, it was the discovery of an iron compound, ferrocene, that revolutionalized the latter field in the 1950s. (wikipedia.org)
- Iron is sometimes considered as a prototype for the entire block of transition metals, due to its abundance and the immense role it has played in the technological progress of humanity. (wikipedia.org)
- Iron is the first of the transition metals that cannot reach its group oxidation state of +8, although its heavier congeners ruthenium and osmium can, with ruthenium having more difficulty than osmium. (wikipedia.org)
- Unlike many other metals, iron does not form amalgams with mercury. (wikipedia.org)
- There is also an imbalance of metals, with increased levels of iron and harmful reactive iron forms being associated with amyloid plaques. (diamond.ac.uk)
- Whereas for several metals a division has traditionally been made into a class of strong ligands (L1) and a more abundant class of weaker ligands (L2), based on the observed stability constants ( Coale and Bruland, 1988 ), it has been argued that such divisions are an instrumental artifact and actually reflect a continuum of compounds spanning a broad window of metal affinities ( Town and Filella, 2000 ). (frontiersin.org)
- Aetna considers laboratory testing medically necessary for heavy metal poisoning (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, copper, gold, iron, mercury) for members with specific signs and symptoms of heavy metal toxicity and/or a history of likely exposure to heavy metals. (aetna.com)
- A reliable water softener cleanser must not only remove common water softener debris, but also remove heavy metals, organic compounds, and even microorganisms. (usawaterquality.org)
Atoms6
- However, one form of anionic [FeO4]- with iron in its +7 oxidation state, along with an iron(V)-peroxo isomer, has been detected by infrared spectroscopy at 4 K after cocondensation of laser-ablated Fe atoms with a mixture of O2/Ar. (wikipedia.org)
- In contrast to the crystalline solid, in the molten state iron atoms are coordinated by predominantly 4 or 5 oxygen atoms. (wikipedia.org)
- What kind of atoms make up the compound iodine? (answers.com)
- The chemical formula Fe2O3 represents a compound composed of two iron (Fe) atoms and three oxygen (O) atoms. (proprofs.com)
- The chemical formula P2Cl5 indicates that there are two phosphorus atoms and five chlorine atoms in the compound. (proprofs.com)
- Its formula is KMnO4, which indicates that it consists of one potassium atom (K), one manganese atom (Mn), and four oxygen atoms (O). The correct answer, KMnO4, represents the correct combination of these elements in the compound. (proprofs.com)
Chromium1
- British Library EThOS: Crystallographic studies of mono- to hexa-nuclear organometallic compounds of the chromium, iron and cobalt triads. (bl.uk)
Calcium8
- Everett J., Collingwood J. F., Tjendana-Tjhin V., Brooks J., Lermyte F., Plascencia-Villa G., Hands-Portman I., Dobson J., Perry G. & Telling N. D. Nanoscale synchrotron X-ray speciation of iron and calcium compounds in amyloid plaque cores from Alzheimer's disease subjects. (diamond.ac.uk)
- They used X-ray spectromicroscopy on the Scanning X-ray Microscopy beamline (I08) to characterise the precise distribution and chemical state of iron and calcium compounds within amyloid plaques derived from the brains of Alzheimer's patients. (diamond.ac.uk)
- They observed iron in multiple different states within the amyloid plaque, with calcium in at least two different forms. (diamond.ac.uk)
- Their results advance prior work by defining the precise properties of iron and calcium in the plaques, and show that reactive iron might serve as a target for therapies. (diamond.ac.uk)
- The presence of magnetic iron forms and calcium inclusions also supports developments in non-invasive diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease using innovative and existing clinical techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). (diamond.ac.uk)
- This study reveals, in unprecedented detail at nanoscale resolution, the properties of iron and calcium compounds in senile plaques from individuals who had Alzheimer's disease. (diamond.ac.uk)
- Legumes are great plant-based sources of fiber, protein, iron, folate, and calcium - all of which your body needs more of during pregnancy. (healthline.com)
- The chemical formula CaS represents calcium sulfide, which is a compound made up of one calcium atom and one sulfur atom. (proprofs.com)
Chemical12
- Scientific hazard lists sometimes specify a chemical group (such as trimethyltin compounds) without a defined list of CASRNs. (pharosproject.net)
- Write the chemical formulas for the following compounds: (f) iro. (pearson.com)
- Comproportionation or synproportionation is a chemical reaction where two reactants containing the same element but with different oxidation numbers, form a compound having an intermediate oxidation number. (wikipedia.org)
- In science, a mixture is a material that consists of two or more elements or compounds that combine physically (without a chemical bond). (dearlearners.com)
- This database focuses on the most common chemical compounds used in the home and industry. (environmentalchemistry.com)
- I am also amazed at the product's chemical composition, capable of removing manganese, iron, other metallic compounds, and organic molecules from the resin matrix. (usawaterquality.org)
- Quiz: Can You Recognize These Chemical Compounds? (proprofs.com)
- The chemical formula AuP indicates a compound composed of gold and phosphorus. (proprofs.com)
- This naming convention follows the rules of chemical nomenclature, where Roman numerals are used to indicate the oxidation state of the metal in the compound. (proprofs.com)
- Therefore, the correct name for this chemical formula is diphosphorus pentachloride, as it accurately describes the composition of the compound. (proprofs.com)
- Potassium permanganate is a chemical compound commonly used as a disinfectant and oxidizing agent. (proprofs.com)
- What is the chemical compound formula for Sodium bisulfate? (proprofs.com)
Potassium4
- Iron also occurs in higher oxidation states, e.g. the purple potassium ferrate (K2FeO4), which contains iron in its +6 oxidation state. (wikipedia.org)
- Legumes tend to be high in fiber, and some are also high in iron, magnesium, and potassium. (healthline.com)
- The ion for Potassium has a charge of 1+.The ion for Iodine has a charge of 1-.This means that in order to make the overall charge of a unit of a compound of Potassium and Iodine, there must be one atom of Potassium and one atom of Iodine.Therefore, when K+ and I- are bonded, they make the ionic compound of KI. (answers.com)
- What elements make up the compound potassium iodine? (answers.com)
Occurs2
- Iron deficiency anemia occurs when the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells due to a lack of iron in the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Vanadium is a compound that occurs in nature as a white-to-gray metal, and is often found as crystals. (cdc.gov)
Phosphorus1
- The correct answer, "Gold (III) phosphide," suggests that the gold in the compound is in its +3 oxidation state, while phosphide refers to the phosphorus ion with a -3 charge. (proprofs.com)
Reactions2
- Iron(IV) is a common intermediate in many biochemical oxidation reactions. (wikipedia.org)
- In the human body, iron is present in all cells and has several vital functions -- as a carrier of oxygen to the tissues from the lungs in the form of hemoglobin (Hb), as a facilitator of oxygen use and storage in the muscles as myoglobin, as a transport medium for electrons within the cells in the form of cytochromes, and as an integral part of enzyme reactions in various tissues. (cdc.gov)
Aluminum2
- Is aluminum chloride a covalent or ionic compound? (answers.com)
- Aluminum chloride is an ionic compound because aluminum is a metal and chlorine is a nonmetal. (answers.com)
Deficiency Anemia16
- After failed response to oral and parental iron supplementation, iron refractory iron deficiency anemia was suspected. (nebraska.edu)
- Allison, J , Drury, L & Ford, JB 2019, ' Two Novel TMPRSS6 Variants in a Compound Heterozygous Child with Iron Refractory Iron Deficiency Anemia (IRIDA) ', Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology . (nebraska.edu)
- Which tests can diagnose iron deficiency anemia? (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A person with iron deficiency anemia may not get enough iron in their diet. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- People with mild to moderate iron deficiency anemia may have no signs or symptoms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Doctors may use a number of tests to help diagnose iron deficiency anemia, checking for various levels in the blood as well as markers of other underlying factors. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Read on to find out more about iron deficiency anemia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A low RBC count may be a sign of iron deficiency anemia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- If TIBC levels are high, it may indicate low iron in the blood due to iron deficiency anemia. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- High levels of transferrin may be a sign of iron deficiency anemia, and doctors can use a soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) test to check for these levels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- A person with iron deficiency anemia will have red blood cells that appear smaller and paler than typical under a microscope. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- This product is used as an Iron Supplement to elevate blood levels of iron (e.g., iron deficiency anemia). (drugs.com)
- NovaFerrum is intended for the use in improving the nutritional status for the prevention and treatment of iron deficiency anemia. (drugs.com)
- In the past three decades, increased iron intake among infants has resulted in a decline in childhood iron-deficiency anemia in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- In the United States, the prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia among children declined during the 1970s in association with increased iron intake during infancy (1-3). (cdc.gov)
- CDC requested the Institute of Medicine to convene an expert committee to develop recommendations for preventing, detecting, and treating iron-deficiency anemia among U.S. children and U.S. women of childbearing age. (cdc.gov)
Nickel2
- In the second half of the 3d transition series, vertical similarities down the groups compete with the horizontal similarities of iron with its neighbors cobalt and nickel in the periodic table, which are also ferromagnetic at room temperature and share similar chemistry. (wikipedia.org)
- As such, iron, cobalt, and nickel are sometimes grouped together as the iron triad. (wikipedia.org)
Iodine3
- Does chlorine and iodine make an ionic compound? (answers.com)
- Which element is likely to form an ionic compound with chlorine iodine cesium helium or iron? (answers.com)
- Iodine is not a compound. (answers.com)
Heterozygote1
- The family underwent genetic testing and the proband was found to be a compound heterozygote for 2 previously unreported TMPRSS6 variants. (nebraska.edu)
Utilization2
- Iron present in whole food exists within a web of protective bio-carriers and other beneficial constituents that enhance the safety and utilization of iron in the body. (naturalcompounder.com)
- A plain colorimetric assay revealed widespread bacterial utilization of compounds with hydroxamate functionality ( Trick, 1989 ). (frontiersin.org)
Copper1
- This Nutrient 950® formula is a complete, nutrient-rich multivitamin, trace element and multi-mineral supplement without copper and iron for men and women, supporting a healthy lifestyle. (moorespharmacy.com)
Commonly2
- commonly lack knowledge about these compounds. (researchgate.net)
- Chronic blood loss, which frequently compounds iron deficiency, is commonly caused by intestinal parasitic infections, particularly hookworm. (cdc.gov)
Oxidation state2
- They feature iron in its +3 oxidation state . (wikipedia.org)
- The Roman numeral III in parentheses represents the oxidation state of iron. (proprofs.com)
Pharmacy1
- Compounding Pharmacy of America is nationally accredited by the Pharmacy Compounding Accreditation Board (PCAB) and LegitScript Certified, which means that we follow the industry's best practices and meet the highest national standards for organizations in our field. (compoundingrxusa.com)
Chronic1
- The body may also lose iron through bleeding, pregnancy, or chronic conditions. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Crystalline solid1
- The anhydrous compound is a hygroscopic crystalline solid with a melting point of 307.6 °C. The colour depends on the viewing angle: by reflected light, the crystals appear dark green, but by transmitted light , they appear purple-red. (wikipedia.org)
Chlorine1
- Fe + 2 HX → FeX2 + H2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Iron reacts with fluorine, chlorine, and bromine to give the corresponding ferric halides, ferric chloride being the most common. (wikipedia.org)
Anemia12
- Anemia and iron overload due to compound heterozygosity for novel ceruloplasmin mutations. (unito.it)
- Aceruloplasminemia is a recessive disorder characterized by anemia, iron overload, and neurodegeneration, caused by the absence of ceruloplasmin (Cp), a multicopper oxidase important for iron export. (unito.it)
- We describe a 62-year-old white woman with heavy liver iron overload, diabetes, anemia, and neurologic symptoms. (unito.it)
- Although rare in whites, aceruloplasminemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained anemia associated with iron overload, because these features anticipate progressive neurologic symptoms. (unito.it)
- We propose that anemia, secondary to the impaired macrophage iron release, plays a major role in hepatic iron overload through increased absorption mediated by the erythroid regulator. (unito.it)
- The type of anemia, and cause, should be determined before proceeding with iron therapy. (drugs.com)
- Iron-deficient anemia (IDA) is one of the most common causes of anemia in refugees. (cdc.gov)
- See Domestic Screening Guidance for Evaluation of Nutritional Status and Growth in Refugee Children for additional information on iron-deficient anemia. (cdc.gov)
- As a consequence, the use of screening tests for anemia has become a less efficient means of detecting iron deficiency in some populations. (cdc.gov)
- These recommendations update the 1989 'CDC Criteria for Anemia in Children and Childbearing-Aged Women' (MMWR 1989;38(22):400-4) and are the first comprehensive CDC recommendations to prevent and control iron deficiency. (cdc.gov)
- CDC emphasizes sound iron nutrition for infants and young children, screening for anemia among women of childbearing age, and the importance of low-dose iron supplementation for pregnant women. (cdc.gov)
- Because of this decline, the value of anemia as a predictor of iron deficiency has also declined, thus decreasing the effectiveness of routine anemia screening among children. (cdc.gov)
Synthesis1
- Iron-Catalyzed Indolizine Synthesis from Pyridines, Diazo Compounds, and Alkynes: Organic Letters Organic Letters. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Carbon3
- Iron-C helps transport oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body, which initiates muscle contractions. (compoundingrxusa.com)
- Some examples of compound are carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and salt (NaCl). (dearlearners.com)
- Wrought iron (an alloy made of iron with a very small amount of carbon). (dearlearners.com)
Hemoglobin2
- We need iron to make hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen. (dearlearners.com)
- The body uses iron to make important compounds, such as hemoglobin and myoglobin. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Ferritin levels2
- Low ferritin levels indicate low iron stores and iron deficiency. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In a convenience sample of western, central, and eastern African refugees (n=210, median age 15 years) newly arrived in Australia, 20% had ferritin levels that indicated iron deficiency [ 1 ]. (cdc.gov)
Ores2
- After being mined, the iron is extracted from the ores to produce pure iron. (dearlearners.com)
- Vanadium and vanadium compounds can be found in the earth's crust and in rocks, some iron ores, and crude petroleum deposits. (cdc.gov)
Minerals1
- Ferrous iron-bearing minerals are important reductants in the contaminated subsurface, but their availability for the reduction of anthropogenic pollutants is often limited by competition with other electron acceptors including microorganisms and poor accessibility to Fe(II) in complex hydrogeologic settings. (umn.edu)
Oxygen2
- Iron helps produce red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. (drugs.com)
- Sodium bisulfate is a compound formed by the combination of sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), sulfur (S), and oxygen (O). The formula NaHSO4 represents the correct combination of these elements in the compound. (proprofs.com)
Ferrous1
- The ferrous halides typically arise from treating iron metal with the corresponding hydrohalic acid to give the corresponding hydrated salts. (wikipedia.org)
Elemental1
- NovaFerrum provides 100mg of elemental iron per serving. (drugs.com)
Chloride5
- It is not an iron(IV) compound, but is actually an iron(II) polysulfide containing Fe2+ and S2− 2 ions in a distorted sodium chloride structure. (wikipedia.org)
- Also called ferric chloride , these compounds are some of the most important and commonplace compounds of iron. (wikipedia.org)
- Anhydrous iron(III) chloride evaporates at relatively mild temperatures to give the bitetrahedral dimer. (wikipedia.org)
- Clearly, the chloride ligands significantly influence the optical properties of the iron center. (wikipedia.org)
- Iron(III) chloride can exist as an anhydrous material and a series of hydrates. (wikipedia.org)
Metallic3
- However, the iron that we see in everyday life is usually an iron alloy, which is a mixture of the iron element with other metallic element(s). (dearlearners.com)
- Iron alloy is the mixture of iron with one ore more other metallic elements. (dearlearners.com)
- Stoichiometric FeO can be prepared by heating Fe 0.95 O with metallic iron at 770 °C and 36 kbar. (wikipedia.org)
Hydrogen2
- The main objective of this project is to demonstrate and validate an integrated nanoscale zero-valent iron - hydrogen peroxide (nZVI-H 2 O 2 ) technology for rapid and complete destruction of insensitive munitions constituents in explosive production wastewaters. (serdp-estcp.org)
- 2022. A Synergistic Nano Zerovalent Iron-Hydrogen Peroxide Technology for Treatment of Insensitive Munitions Wastewater. (serdp-estcp.org)
Overload2
- The goal of therapy in patients with iron overload disorders is to remove the iron before it can produce irreversible parenchymal damage. (medscape.com)
- The AASLD guidelines state hereditary hemochromotosis patients who have evidence of iron overload are "strongly encouraged" to receive phlebotomy regularly until iron stores are depleted. (medscape.com)
Corrosion3
- SLIPIT Woodworker's Sliding Compound protects against rust and corrosion and repels dust and grime on virtually all surfaces. (oaktreesupply.com)
- Iron is prone to corrosion. (dearlearners.com)
- This study examined effects of blending desalinated water with conventionally treated surface water on iron corrosion and release from corroding metal surfaces and pre-existing scales exposed to waters having varying fractions of desalinated water, alkalinities, pH values and orthophosphate levels. (who.int)
Chemistry1
- Ruthenium exhibits an aqueous cationic chemistry in its low oxidation states similar to that of iron, but osmium does not, favoring high oxidation states in which it forms anionic complexes. (wikipedia.org)
Electron1
- Particularly, Ti 3+ -based compounds or electron systems with a special 3 d 1 filling are thought to be promising candidates as high-T C superconductors, but there has been no report on such pure Ti 3+ -based superconducting titanates. (nature.com)
Vitamin1
- Sweet potatoes are rich in beta-carotene, a plant compound that your body converts to vitamin A. (healthline.com)
Metal3
- Pure iron is a soft metal. (dearlearners.com)
- However, if you refer to the strong iron that we see at houses, chances are IT IS an alloy since it is a mixture of iron and other metal(s). (dearlearners.com)
- When a metal and a nonmetal are combined they make up an ionic compound. (answers.com)
Hemochromatosis2
- Iron compounds are contraindicated in patients with hemosiderosis, hemochromatosis, or hemolytic anemias. (drugs.com)
- Once diagnosed, hemochromatosis is treated by phlebotomy to rid the body of excess iron and to maintain normal iron stores. (medscape.com)
Mineral3
- Iron ore is a rock or mineral that is found naturally in nature. (dearlearners.com)
- Here, we evaluate the application of compound specific isotope analysis (CSIA) for monitoring the reduction of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), a component of insensitive munitions formulations, by mineral-bound Fe(II) generated through ISCR of subsurface material from two field sites. (umn.edu)
- Iron is a mineral that the body needs to grow and develop. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Reduction2
- [ 8 ] Because a normal life span can be expected if iron reduction is initiated before the development of cirrhosis, clinical suspicion and early diagnosis are essential. (medscape.com)
- When end-stage liver disease progresses despite iron-reduction therapy, orthotopic liver transplantation is the only therapeutic option. (medscape.com)
Alloys2
- But the iron alloys that we found in houses are solid and strong. (dearlearners.com)
- Stainless steel and cast iron are both iron alloys, but they are not pure iron. (dearlearners.com)
Form3
- H 2 O 2 will be added following nZVI treatment to form Fenton's reagent, producing hydroxyl radical that further destroys munitions compounds and their products. (serdp-estcp.org)
- Iron-C provides a highly utilizable form of iron to support optimal muscle function. (compoundingrxusa.com)
- Iron deficiency is the most common known form of nutritional deficiency. (cdc.gov)
Rust1
- Unfortunately, I found some users with issues about the product's inability to remove iron and other rust-forming chemicals. (usawaterquality.org)
Soluble2
- Given that many insensitive munitions compounds are highly water-soluble, difficult to sorb, and can exist at higher concentrations in wastewater, GAC would be a less effective treatment options for these constituents. (serdp-estcp.org)
- The presence of desalinated water resulted in markedly decreased 0.45 mum-filtered soluble iron concentrations. (who.int)
Destruction1
- The process involves the use of nZVI to (1) rapidly decompose munitions compounds in wastewater (the first step), and (2) activate H 2 O 2 to achieve further destruction and mineralization of munitions constituents and their daughter products (the second step). (serdp-estcp.org)
Formula1
- Iron Response is a nutritionally bioactive formula crafted from 100% whole food nutrients vital to the healthy production of red blood cells. (naturalcompounder.com)
Cloth2
- As a general guideline for application, stir the product well so that it liquifies, apply a small amount of the compound with a cloth or paper towel and then wipe off as much as possible so that only a very thin coating remains. (oaktreesupply.com)
- It can also be used for shrinking, drying, ironing and shaping all kinds of cloth. (china.cn)
Prone1
- nZVI will not only rapidly transform munitions compounds into intermediates and products that are more prone to oxidation, but also produce dissolved Fe(II) that can initiate Fenton oxidation. (serdp-estcp.org)