Hybrid Cells
Hybridization, Genetic
Cell Fusion
Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine
Neuroblastoma
Chromosomes, Human, 16-18
Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X
Glioma
Enkephalin, Leucine
Chromosome Mapping
Chromosomes
Receptors, Opioid
Clone Cells
Genes
Cricetinae
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
L Cells (Cell Line)
Chromosomes, Human, 4-5
Chromosome Banding
Chromosomes, Human, 13-15
Chromosomes, Human, 19-20
Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase
Fibroblasts
Base Sequence
Hybrid Vigor
Chromosomes, Human, 1-3
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
X Chromosome
Molecular Sequence Data
Hybridomas
Sex Chromosomes
Species Specificity
Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y
Cricetulus
Neoplasms, Experimental
Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human
Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11
Blotting, Southern
Radiation Hybrid Mapping
Receptors, Opioid, delta
Cloning, Molecular
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
Phenotype
Chromosomes, Human
Bucladesine
Antigens, Surface
Crosses, Genetic
Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase
Teratoma
DNA
Genetic Linkage
Enkephalin, Methionine
Diploidy
Genetic Markers
Morphinans
Der(22) syndrome and velo-cardio-facial syndrome/DiGeorge syndrome share a 1.5-Mb region of overlap on chromosome 22q11. (1/2451)
Derivative 22 (der[22]) syndrome is a rare disorder associated with multiple congenital anomalies, including profound mental retardation, preauricular skin tags or pits, and conotruncal heart defects. It can occur in offspring of carriers of the constitutional t(11;22)(q23;q11) translocation, owing to a 3:1 meiotic malsegregation event resulting in partial trisomy of chromosomes 11 and 22. The trisomic region on chromosome 22 overlaps the region hemizygously deleted in another congenital anomaly disorder, velo-cardio-facial syndrome/DiGeorge syndrome (VCFS/DGS). Most patients with VCFS/DGS have a similar 3-Mb deletion, whereas some have a nested distal deletion endpoint resulting in a 1.5-Mb deletion, and a few rare patients have unique deletions. To define the interval on 22q11 containing the t(11;22) breakpoint, haplotype analysis and FISH mapping were performed for five patients with der(22) syndrome. Analysis of all the patients was consistent with 3:1 meiotic malsegregation in the t(11;22) carrier parent. FISH-mapping studies showed that the t(11;22) breakpoint occurred in the same interval as the 1.5-Mb distal deletion breakpoint for VCFS. The deletion breakpoint of one VCFS patient with an unbalanced t(18;22) translocation also occurred in the same region. Hamster-human somatic hybrid cell lines from a patient with der(22) syndrome and a patient with VCFS showed that the breakpoints occurred in an interval containing low-copy repeats, distal to RANBP1 and proximal to ZNF74. The presence of low-copy repetitive sequences may confer susceptibility to chromosome rearrangements. A 1.5-Mb region of overlap on 22q11 in both syndromes suggests the presence of dosage-dependent genes in this interval. (+info)Induction of human immunoglobulin synthesis and secretion in somatic cell hybrids of mouse myeloma and human B lymphocytes from patients with agammaglobulinemia. (2/2451)
Somatic cell hybrid clones were isolated from the fusion of RPC 5,4 mouse myeloma cells and B lymphocytes from three patients with agammaglobulinemia. One patient had X-linked agammaglobulinemia; the remaining two patients had common varied agammaglobulinemia. All three patients had B lymphocytes which fail to secrete immunoglobulin. The hybrid nature of the clones was established by examination of metaphase chromosome spreads. Most of the clones from all three patients expressed surface immunoglobulin of mouse and human parental origin. Clones from two of the patients had fewer cells with surface Ig than hybrids from normal persons, while clones from the third patient had large numbers of surface Ig fluorescent cells. Most of the clones from all three patients synthesized and secreted human and mouse immunoglobulin. As determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate acrylamide gel electrophoresis of radioactively labeled proteins, clones from each of the patients produced human gamma, alpha, and mu-heavy chains. These studies demonstrate the presence of functional structural genes coding for human immunoglobulin heavy chains in B lymphocytes of patients with agammaglobulinemia. Further, they represent induction in the somatic cell hybrids of a gene product not expressed in the parental B lymphocytes. (+info)Assignment of genes for immunoglobulin kappa and heavy chains to chromosomes 6 and 12 in mouse. (3/2451)
Using somatic cell hybrids from fusions of lymphocytes of two different mouse stocks with the myeloma cell line X63-Ag8, we have assigned genes for the immunoglobulin heavy and kappa-type light chains to chromosomes 12 and 6, respectively. The two mouse stocks exhibit karyotypes consisting of nine pairs of metacentric chromosomes as a result of centric fusions of acrocentric chromosomes in different combinations. In the hybrid cells these metacentric chromosomes can be distinguished from the acrocentric chromosomes of myeloma origin, permitting correlation of Ig chain expression with mitotic loss of individual metacentric chromosomes. (+info)Human cts18.1 gene: chromosomal localization and PH-domain analysis. (4/2451)
The human cts18.1 gene has high homology with the cytohesin gene family. By PCR analysis of a human monochromosomal somatic cell hybrid DNA panel, the cts18.1 gene was localized to chromosome 19. Diversity values of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions indicate that negative selection has occurred in the pleckstrin-homology (PH) domain of the cytohesin gene family. The phylogenetic tree calculated by the neighbor-joining method suggests that cts18.1 and cytohesin-2 genes are more closely related to each other than either of them is to the CLM-2 gene in the analysis of cDNA of the PH domain. (+info)Effect of phosducin on opioid receptor function. (5/2451)
Phosducin (Phd) regulates the function of G proteins by its ability to tightly bind Gbetagamma subunits. Because the internalization of opioid receptors as well as the activity of adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity depends on G proteins, we tested Phd on these parameters. NG 108-15 hybrid cells stably expressing the phosphoprotein were challenged with [D-penicillamine2,D-penicillamine5]enkephalin to inhibit cAMP generation, demonstrating an increased efficacy of the opioid on AC. Studying the binding of [35S]guanosine-5'-O-(gamma-thio)-triphosphate to membranes from Phd overexpressing cells, we found that [D-penicillamine2, D-penicillamine5 ]enkephalin failed, in the presence of Phd (0.1 nM), to elevate incorporation of the nucleotide. Phd also strongly inhibited opioid-stimulated GTPase activity. NG 108-15 cells were also employed to investigate the effect of Phd on opioid receptor internalization. Control cells and cells overexpressing Phd were transiently transfected to express mu-opioid receptors fused to green fluorescence protein. In controls and in Phd overexpressing cells confocal microscopy identified fluorescence associated with the membrane. Time-lapse series microscopy of living control cells challenged with etorphine (1 microM) revealed receptor internalization within 30 min. In contrast, Phd overexpressing cells largely failed to respond to the opioid. Thus, in Phd overexpressing cells, opioids exhibit an increased efficacy despite the inhibitory action of the phosphoprotein on opioid-stimulated incorporation of [35S]guanosine-5'-O-(gamma-thio)-triphosphate. We suggest that inhibition of GTPase stabilizes the opioid-induced G protein Gi-GTP complex, which is believed to enhance AC inhibition. Finally, scavenging of Gbetagamma by Phd attenuates internalization of opioid receptors, which may contribute to the efficacy of opioids. (+info)Non-viral neuronal gene delivery mediated by the HC fragment of tetanus toxin. (6/2451)
Many inherited neurological diseases and cancers could potentially benefit from efficient targeted gene delivery to neurons of the central nervous system. The nontoxic fragment C (HC) of tetanus toxin retains the specific nerve cell binding and transport properties of tetanus holotoxin. The HC fragment has previously been used to promote the uptake of attached proteins such as horseradish peroxidase, beta-galactosidase and superoxide dismutase into neuronal cells in vitro and in vivo. We report the use of purified recombinant HC fragment produced in yeast and covalently bound to polylysine [poly(K)] to enable binding of DNA. We demonstrate that when used to transfect cells, this construct results in nonviral gene delivery and marker gene expression in vitro in N18 RE 105 cells (a neuroblastoma x glioma mouse/rat hybrid cell line) and F98 (a glioma cell line). Transfection was dependent on HC and was neuronal cell type specific. HC may prove a useful targeting ligand for future neuronal gene therapy. (+info)An integrated map of chromosome 18 CAG trinucleotide repeat loci. (7/2451)
Expansions of trinucleotide CAG repeats have been demonstrated in at least eight neurodegenerative disorders, and suggested to occur in several others, including bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Chromosome 18 loci have been implicated in bipolar disorder pedigrees by linkage analysis. To address this putative link between chromosome 18 CAG trinucleotide repeats and neuropsychiatric illness, we have screened a chromosome 18 cosmid library (LL18NCO2" AD") and identified 14 novel candidate loci. Characterisation of these loci involved repeat flank sequencing, estimation of polymorphism frequency and mapping using FISH as well as radiation hybrid panels. These mapped trinucleotide loci will be useful in the investigation of chromosome 18 in neurodegenerative or psychiatric conditions, and will serve to integrate physical and radiation hybrid maps of chromosome 18. (+info)Effects of ischemia on discontinuous action potential conduction in hybrid pairs of ventricular cells. (8/2451)
BACKGROUND: Acute ischemia often occurs in cardiac tissue that has prior injury, resulting in spatially inhomogeneous distributions of membrane properties and intercellular coupling. Changes in action potential conduction with ischemia, which can be associated with release of catecholamines, may be particularly important in tissue that has discontinuous conduction resulting from prior infarction, hypertrophy, or myopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes were electrically coupled by a coupling-clamp circuit to a comprehensive computer model of a guinea pig ventricular myocyte to assess alterations in the critical value of coupling conductance required for action potential conduction from the real cell to the model cell when the real cell was exposed to a solution that included hypoxia, acidosis, and an elevated extracellular potassium concentration to simulate acute ischemia. The "ischemic" solution increased critical coupling conductance from 6.2+/-0.1 to 7.4+/-0.2 nS and decreased the associated maximum conduction delay from 31+/-1 to 23+/-1 ms (mean+/-SEM, n=11). The ischemic solution plus 1 micromol/L norepinephrine decreased critical coupling conductance from 5.9+/-0.2 to 5.0+/-0.1 nS and increased maximum conduction delay from 31+/-2 to 54+/-4 ms (mean+/-SEM, n=8). CONCLUSIONS: The release of catecholamines with ischemia, in a setting of partially uncoupled cells, may play a major role in producing long conduction delays, which may allow reentrant pathways. (+info)I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hybrid cells" is not a standard medical term with a widely accepted or specific definition in the field of medicine. The term "hybrid" is used in various scientific and medical contexts to describe combinations or mixtures of different elements, such as hybridoma cells (a type of fusion cell used in research, created by combining a B cell and a tumor cell) or hybridization (in genetics, the process of combining DNA from two different sources).
Without more specific context, it's difficult to provide an accurate medical definition for "hybrid cells." If you could provide more information about the context in which this term was used, I would be happy to help you further!
Genetic hybridization is a biological process that involves the crossing of two individuals from different populations or species, which can lead to the creation of offspring with new combinations of genetic material. This occurs when the gametes (sex cells) from each parent combine during fertilization, resulting in a zygote with a unique genetic makeup.
In genetics, hybridization can also refer to the process of introducing new genetic material into an organism through various means, such as genetic engineering or selective breeding. This type of hybridization is often used in agriculture and biotechnology to create crops or animals with desirable traits, such as increased disease resistance or higher yields.
It's important to note that the term "hybrid" can refer to both crosses between different populations within a single species (intraspecific hybrids) and crosses between different species (interspecific hybrids). The latter is often more challenging, as significant genetic differences between the two parental species can lead to various reproductive barriers, making it difficult for the hybrid offspring to produce viable offspring of their own.
Cell fusion is the process by which two or more cells combine to form a single cell with a single nucleus, containing the genetic material from all of the original cells. This can occur naturally in certain biological processes, such as fertilization (when a sperm and egg cell fuse to form a zygote), muscle development (where multiple muscle precursor cells fuse together to create multinucleated muscle fibers), and during the formation of bone (where osteoclasts, the cells responsible for breaking down bone tissue, are multinucleated).
Cell fusion can also be induced artificially in laboratory settings through various methods, including chemical treatments, electrical stimulation, or viral vectors. Induced cell fusion is often used in research to create hybrid cells with unique properties, such as cybrid cells (cytoplasmic hybrids) and heterokaryons (nuclear hybrids). These hybrid cells can help scientists study various aspects of cell biology, genetics, and disease mechanisms.
In summary, cell fusion is the merging of two or more cells into one, resulting in a single cell with combined genetic material. This process occurs naturally during certain biological processes and can be induced artificially for research purposes.
Enkephalins are naturally occurring opioid peptides in the body that bind to opiate receptors and help reduce pain and produce a sense of well-being. There are several different types of enkephalins, including Leu-enkephalin and Met-enkephalin, which differ based on their amino acid sequence.
Leucine-enkephalin (Leu-Enk) is a specific type of enkephalin that contains the amino acids tyrosine, glycine, glutamic acid, leucine, and methionine in its sequence. The Leucine-2-Alanine variant of Leu-Enk refers to a synthetic form of this peptide where the leucine at position 2 is replaced with alanine. This modification can affect the stability, activity, and pharmacological properties of the enkephalin molecule.
It's important to note that while Leu-Enk and its analogs have potential therapeutic applications in pain management, they are also subject to abuse and addiction due to their opioid properties. Therefore, their use is tightly regulated and requires careful medical supervision.
Neuroblastoma is defined as a type of cancer that develops from immature nerve cells found in the fetal or early postnatal period, called neuroblasts. It typically occurs in infants and young children, with around 90% of cases diagnosed before age five. The tumors often originate in the adrenal glands but can also arise in the neck, chest, abdomen, or spine. Neuroblastoma is characterized by its ability to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, including bones, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and skin. The severity and prognosis of neuroblastoma can vary widely, depending on factors such as the patient's age at diagnosis, stage of the disease, and specific genetic features of the tumor.
Karyotyping is a medical laboratory test used to study the chromosomes in a cell. It involves obtaining a sample of cells from a patient, usually from blood or bone marrow, and then staining the chromosomes so they can be easily seen under a microscope. The chromosomes are then arranged in pairs based on their size, shape, and other features to create a karyotype. This visual representation allows for the identification and analysis of any chromosomal abnormalities, such as extra or missing chromosomes, or structural changes like translocations or inversions. These abnormalities can provide important information about genetic disorders, diseases, and developmental problems.
Chromosomes are thread-like structures located in the nucleus of cells that contain most of the DNA present in cells. They come in pairs, with one set inherited from each parent. In humans, there are typically 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes.
Chromosomes 16-18 refer to the specific chromosomes that make up the 16th and 17th pairs in human cells. Chromosome 16 is an acrocentric chromosome, meaning it has a short arm (p arm) and a long arm (q arm), with the centromere located near the middle of the chromosome. It contains around 115 million base pairs of DNA and encodes approximately 1,100 genes.
Chromosome 17 is a metacentric chromosome, meaning it has a centromere located in the middle, dividing the chromosome into two arms of equal length. It contains around 81 million base pairs of DNA and encodes approximately 1,300 genes.
Chromosome 18 is a small acrocentric chromosome with a short arm (p arm) and a long arm (q arm), with the centromere located near the end of the short arm. It contains around 76 million base pairs of DNA and encodes approximately 1,200 genes.
Abnormalities in these chromosomes can lead to various genetic disorders, such as Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), and some forms of Down syndrome (translocation between chromosomes 14 and 21).
Chromosomes are thread-like structures that contain genetic material, made up of DNA and proteins, in the nucleus of cells. In humans, there are typically 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs, with one member of each pair coming from each parent. The six pairs of chromosomes numbered 6 through 12, along with the X chromosome, are part of these 23 pairs and are referred to as autosomal chromosomes and a sex chromosome.
Human chromosome 6 is one of the autosomal chromosomes and contains an estimated 170 million base pairs and around 1,500 genes. It plays a role in several important functions, including immune response, cell signaling, and nervous system function.
Human chromosome 7 is another autosomal chromosome that contains approximately 159 million base pairs and around 1,200 genes. Chromosome 7 is best known for containing the gene for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, whose mutations can lead to cystic fibrosis.
Human chromosome 8 is an autosomal chromosome that contains around 146 million base pairs and approximately 900 genes. Chromosome 8 has been associated with several genetic disorders, including Smith-Magenis syndrome and 8p deletion syndrome.
Human chromosome 9 is an autosomal chromosome that contains around 139 million base pairs and approximately 950 genes. Chromosome 9 has been linked to several genetic disorders, including Hereditary Spherocytosis and CHARGE syndrome.
Human chromosome 10 is an autosomal chromosome that contains around 135 million base pairs and approximately 800 genes. Chromosome 10 has been associated with several genetic disorders, including Dyschondrosteosis and Melanoma.
Human chromosome 11 is an autosomal chromosome that contains around 135 million base pairs and approximately 800 genes. Chromosome 11 has been linked to several genetic disorders, including Wilms tumor and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
Human chromosome 12 is an autosomal chromosome that contains around 133 million base pairs and approximately 750 genes. Chromosome 12 has been associated with several genetic disorders, including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A and Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies (HNPP).
The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes in humans. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. The X chromosome contains around 155 million base pairs and approximately 1,000 genes. It has been linked to several genetic disorders, including Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Fragile X syndrome.
The Y chromosome is the other sex chromosome in humans. Males have one X and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. The Y chromosome contains around 59 million base pairs and approximately 70 genes. It is primarily responsible for male sexual development and fertility.
In summary, the human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 autosomal pairs and one sex chromosome pair (XX in females and XY in males). The total length of the human genome is approximately 3 billion base pairs, and it contains around 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins called histones, which help to package the DNA into a compact structure. The chromosomes contain genetic information that is passed down from parents to their offspring through reproduction.
A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.
A glioma is a type of tumor that originates from the glial cells in the brain. Glial cells are non-neuronal cells that provide support and protection for nerve cells (neurons) within the central nervous system, including providing nutrients, maintaining homeostasis, and insulating neurons.
Gliomas can be classified into several types based on the specific type of glial cell from which they originate. The most common types include:
1. Astrocytoma: Arises from astrocytes, a type of star-shaped glial cells that provide structural support to neurons.
2. Oligodendroglioma: Develops from oligodendrocytes, which produce the myelin sheath that insulates nerve fibers.
3. Ependymoma: Originate from ependymal cells, which line the ventricles (fluid-filled spaces) in the brain and spinal cord.
4. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM): A highly aggressive and malignant type of astrocytoma that tends to spread quickly within the brain.
Gliomas can be further classified based on their grade, which indicates how aggressive and fast-growing they are. Lower-grade gliomas tend to grow more slowly and may be less aggressive, while higher-grade gliomas are more likely to be aggressive and rapidly growing.
Symptoms of gliomas depend on the location and size of the tumor but can include headaches, seizures, cognitive changes, and neurological deficits such as weakness or paralysis in certain parts of the body. Treatment options for gliomas may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.
Enkephalins are naturally occurring opioid peptides in the body that bind to opiate receptors and help reduce pain and produce a sense of well-being. There are two major types of enkephalins: Met-enkephalin and Leu-enkephalin, which differ by only one amino acid at position 5 (Leucine or Methionine).
Leu-enkephalin, also known as YGGFL, is a type of enkephalin that contains the amino acids Tyrosine (Y), Glycine (G), Glycine (G), Phenylalanine (F), and Leucine (L) in its sequence. It is involved in pain regulation, mood, and other physiological processes.
Leu-enkephalin is synthesized from a larger precursor protein called proenkephalin and is stored in the secretory vesicles of neurons. When released into the synaptic cleft, Leu-enkephalin can bind to opioid receptors on neighboring cells, leading to various physiological responses.
Leu-enkephalin has a shorter half-life than Met-enkephalin due to its susceptibility to enzymatic degradation by peptidases. However, it still plays an essential role in modulating pain and other functions in the body.
Chromosome mapping, also known as physical mapping, is the process of determining the location and order of specific genes or genetic markers on a chromosome. This is typically done by using various laboratory techniques to identify landmarks along the chromosome, such as restriction enzyme cutting sites or patterns of DNA sequence repeats. The resulting map provides important information about the organization and structure of the genome, and can be used for a variety of purposes, including identifying the location of genes associated with genetic diseases, studying evolutionary relationships between organisms, and developing genetic markers for use in breeding or forensic applications.
Chromosomes are thread-like structures that exist in the nucleus of cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. They are composed of DNA and proteins, and are typically present in pairs in the nucleus, with one set inherited from each parent. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes come in different shapes and forms, including sex chromosomes (X and Y) that determine the biological sex of an individual. Changes or abnormalities in the number or structure of chromosomes can lead to genetic disorders and diseases.
Opioid receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) found in the cell membranes of certain neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system. They bind to opioids, which are chemicals that can block pain signals and produce a sense of well-being. There are four main types of opioid receptors: mu, delta, kappa, and nociceptin. These receptors play a role in the regulation of pain, reward, addiction, and other physiological functions. Activation of opioid receptors can lead to both therapeutic effects (such as pain relief) and adverse effects (such as respiratory depression and constipation).
A clone is a group of cells that are genetically identical to each other because they are derived from a common ancestor cell through processes such as mitosis or asexual reproduction. Therefore, the term "clone cells" refers to a population of cells that are genetic copies of a single parent cell.
In the context of laboratory research, cells can be cloned by isolating a single cell and allowing it to divide in culture, creating a population of genetically identical cells. This is useful for studying the behavior and characteristics of individual cell types, as well as for generating large quantities of cells for use in experiments.
It's important to note that while clone cells are genetically identical, they may still exhibit differences in their phenotype (physical traits) due to epigenetic factors or environmental influences.
A gene is a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA that carries genetic information. Genes are the fundamental units of heredity and are responsible for the development and function of all living organisms. They code for proteins or RNA molecules, which carry out various functions within cells and are essential for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.
Each gene has a specific location on a chromosome, and each person inherits two copies of every gene, one from each parent. Variations in the sequence of nucleotides in a gene can lead to differences in traits between individuals, including physical characteristics, susceptibility to disease, and responses to environmental factors.
Medical genetics is the study of genes and their role in health and disease. It involves understanding how genes contribute to the development and progression of various medical conditions, as well as identifying genetic risk factors and developing strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Cricetinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes hamsters, gerbils, and relatives. These small mammals are characterized by having short limbs, compact bodies, and cheek pouches for storing food. They are native to various parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Some species are popular pets due to their small size, easy care, and friendly nature. In a medical context, understanding the biology and behavior of Cricetinae species can be important for individuals who keep them as pets or for researchers studying their physiology.
Nucleic acid hybridization is a process in molecular biology where two single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) with complementary sequences pair together to form a double-stranded molecule through hydrogen bonding. The strands can be from the same type of nucleic acid or different types (i.e., DNA-RNA or DNA-cDNA). This process is commonly used in various laboratory techniques, such as Southern blotting, Northern blotting, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and microarray analysis, to detect, isolate, and analyze specific nucleic acid sequences. The hybridization temperature and conditions are critical to ensure the specificity of the interaction between the two strands.
A chimera, in the context of medicine and biology, is a single organism that is composed of cells with different genetics. This can occur naturally in some situations, such as when fraternal twins do not fully separate in utero and end up sharing some organs or tissues. The term "chimera" can also refer to an organism that contains cells from two different species, which can happen in certain types of genetic research or medical treatments. For example, a patient's cells might be genetically modified in a lab and then introduced into their body to treat a disease; if some of these modified cells mix with the patient's original cells, the result could be a chimera.
It's worth noting that the term "chimera" comes from Greek mythology, where it referred to a fire-breathing monster that was part lion, part goat, and part snake. In modern scientific usage, the term has a specific technical meaning related to genetics and organisms, but it may still evoke images of fantastical creatures for some people.
Chromosomes are thread-like structures located in the nucleus of cells that carry genetic information in the form of genes. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes in every cell of the body, except for the sperm and egg cells which contain only 23 chromosomes.
Human chromosomes are numbered from 1 to 22, based on their size, with chromosome 1 being the largest and chromosome 22 being the smallest. The last two pairs of human chromosomes are known as the sex chromosomes because they determine a person's biological sex. These are labeled X and Y, with females having two X chromosomes (44+XX) and males having one X and one Y chromosome (44+XY).
Therefore, "Chromosomes, Human, 4-5" refers to the fourth and fifth pairs of human chromosomes. Chromosome 4 is an acrocentric chromosome, meaning its centromere is located near one end, resulting in a short arm (p) and a long arm (q). It contains about 190 million base pairs and encodes approximately 700 genes.
Chromosome 5 is a submetacentric chromosome, with the centromere located closer to the middle, creating two arms of roughly equal length: the short arm (p) and the long arm (q). It contains about 182 million base pairs and encodes approximately 900 genes.
Both chromosomes 4 and 5 are involved in various genetic disorders when abnormalities occur, such as deletions, duplications, or translocations. Some of the well-known genetic conditions associated with these chromosomes include:
* Chromosome 4: Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (deletion), Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (duplication)
* Chromosome 5: Cri du Chat syndrome (deletion), Duchenne muscular dystrophy (deletion or mutation in a gene located on chromosome 5)
Chromosome banding is a technique used in cytogenetics to identify and describe the physical structure and organization of chromosomes. This method involves staining the chromosomes with specific dyes that bind differently to the DNA and proteins in various regions of the chromosome, resulting in a distinct pattern of light and dark bands when viewed under a microscope.
The most commonly used banding techniques are G-banding (Giemsa banding) and R-banding (reverse banding). In G-banding, the chromosomes are stained with Giemsa dye, which preferentially binds to the AT-rich regions, creating a characteristic banding pattern. The bands are numbered from the centromere (the constriction point where the chromatids join) outwards, with the darker bands (rich in A-T base pairs and histone proteins) labeled as "q" arms and the lighter bands (rich in G-C base pairs and arginine-rich proteins) labeled as "p" arms.
R-banding, on the other hand, uses a different staining procedure that results in a reversed banding pattern compared to G-banding. The darker R-bands correspond to the lighter G-bands, and vice versa. This technique is particularly useful for identifying and analyzing specific regions of chromosomes that may be difficult to visualize with G-banding alone.
Chromosome banding plays a crucial role in diagnosing genetic disorders, identifying chromosomal abnormalities, and studying the structure and function of chromosomes in both clinical and research settings.
Human chromosomes 13-15 are part of a set of 23 pairs of chromosomes found in the cells of the human body. Chromosomes are thread-like structures that contain genetic material, or DNA, that is inherited from each parent. They are responsible for the development and function of all the body's organs and systems.
Chromosome 13 is a medium-sized chromosome and contains an estimated 114 million base pairs of DNA. It is associated with several genetic disorders, including cri du chat syndrome, which is caused by a deletion on the short arm of the chromosome. Chromosome 13 also contains several important genes, such as those involved in the production of enzymes and proteins that help regulate growth and development.
Chromosome 14 is a medium-sized chromosome and contains an estimated 107 million base pairs of DNA. It is known to contain many genes that are important for the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, as well as genes involved in the production of immune system proteins. Chromosome 14 is also associated with a number of genetic disorders, including Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, which is caused by a deletion on the short arm of the chromosome.
Chromosome 15 is a medium-sized chromosome and contains an estimated 102 million base pairs of DNA. It is associated with several genetic disorders, including Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome, which are caused by abnormalities in the expression of genes on the chromosome. Chromosome 15 also contains important genes involved in the regulation of growth and development, as well as genes that play a role in the production of neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the brain.
It is worth noting that while chromosomes 13-15 are important for normal human development and function, abnormalities in these chromosomes can lead to a variety of genetic disorders and developmental issues.
Human chromosomes are thread-like structures that contain genetic information in the form of DNA and proteins. Each human cell typically contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs, except for the sperm and egg cells which contain only 23 chromosomes (one half of the full set).
Chromosome 19 is one of the autosomal chromosomes, meaning it is not a sex chromosome. It is the fifth smallest human chromosome, spanning about 58 million base pairs and representing approximately 1.9% of the total DNA in cells. Chromosome 19 contains more than 1,200 genes that provide instructions for making proteins and RNA molecules involved in various cellular processes.
Chromosome 20 is also an autosomal chromosome, slightly smaller than chromosome 19. It spans about 54 million base pairs and contains around 800 genes that code for proteins and RNA molecules. Chromosome 20 is known to contain several important genes involved in cancer development, such as the tumor suppressor gene TP53.
Together, chromosomes 19 and 20 carry crucial genetic information necessary for normal human growth, development, and health. Abnormalities in these chromosomes can lead to various genetic disorders and diseases.
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the salvage pathway of nucleotide synthesis. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of hypoxanthine and guanine to their respective nucleotides, inosine monophosphate (IMP) and guanosine monophosphate (GMP), by transferring the phosphoribosyl group from 5-phosphoribosyl-1 pyrophosphate (PRPP) to the purine bases.
HGPRT deficiency is a genetic disorder known as Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, which is characterized by mental retardation, self-mutilation, spasticity, and uric acid overproduction due to the accumulation of hypoxanthine and guanine. This disorder is caused by mutations in the HPRT1 gene, leading to a decrease or absence of HGPRT enzyme activity.
Etorphine is a potent synthetic opioid analgesic drug that is primarily used for the immobilization and veterinary purposes in large animals. It is not commonly used in human medicine due to its high potency and potential for serious side effects, including respiratory depression and death. In medical context, etorphine is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States, due to its high abuse potential.
Etorphine works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which leads to pain relief, sedation, and decreased breathing rate. It is typically administered via injection and its effects can last for several hours. In veterinary medicine, etorphine may be used to immobilize animals such as elephants, rhinos, and large deer species for medical procedures or relocation.
It's important to note that due to its high potency and potential for serious side effects, etorphine should only be administered by trained professionals in a controlled setting.
Fibroblasts are specialized cells that play a critical role in the body's immune response and wound healing process. They are responsible for producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is the non-cellular component present within all tissues and organs, providing structural support and biochemical signals for surrounding cells.
Fibroblasts produce various ECM proteins such as collagens, elastin, fibronectin, and laminins, forming a complex network of fibers that give tissues their strength and flexibility. They also help in the regulation of tissue homeostasis by controlling the turnover of ECM components through the process of remodeling.
In response to injury or infection, fibroblasts become activated and start to proliferate rapidly, migrating towards the site of damage. Here, they participate in the inflammatory response, releasing cytokines and chemokines that attract immune cells to the area. Additionally, they deposit new ECM components to help repair the damaged tissue and restore its functionality.
Dysregulation of fibroblast activity has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including fibrosis (excessive scarring), cancer (where they can contribute to tumor growth and progression), and autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis).
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
Hybrid vigor, also known as heterosis or heterozygote advantage, is a phenomenon in genetics where the offspring of genetically diverse parents exhibit certain favorable traits that are not present in either parent. This results in increased growth, fertility, disease resistance, and overall hardiness in the offspring compared to the purebred parents.
In medical terms, hybrid vigor is often discussed in the context of breeding programs for livestock or plants used for agricultural purposes. By crossing two distinct lines or breeds with different genetic backgrounds, breeders can create offspring that have improved health and productivity traits, which can lead to better outcomes in farming and agriculture.
It's worth noting that while hybrid vigor is a well-established concept in genetics, its application in human medicine is limited. However, understanding the principles of hybrid vigor can still be useful for researchers studying genetic diversity and disease susceptibility in humans.
Human chromosomes are the thread-like structures located in the nucleus of human cells, which carry genetic information in the form of DNA. Humans have a total of 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. The first 22 pairs are called autosomes, and the last pair are the sex chromosomes, X and Y.
Chromosomes 1-3 are the largest human chromosomes, and they contain a significant portion of the human genome. Here is a brief overview of each:
1. Chromosome 1: This is the largest human chromosome, spanning about 8% of the human genome. It contains approximately 2,800 genes that are responsible for various functions such as cell growth and division, nerve function, and response to stimuli.
2. Chromosome 2: The second largest human chromosome, spanning about 7% of the human genome. It contains approximately 2,300 genes that are involved in various functions such as metabolism, development, and immune response.
3. Chromosome 3: This is the third largest human chromosome, spanning about 6% of the human genome. It contains approximately 1,900 genes that are responsible for various functions such as DNA repair, cell signaling, and response to stress.
It's worth noting that while these chromosomes contain a large number of genes, they also have significant amounts of non-coding DNA, which means that not all of the genetic material on these chromosomes is responsible for encoding proteins or other functional elements.
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome is a rare X-linked recessive genetic disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT). This leads to an accumulation of purines, which can result in neurological symptoms and self-injurious behaviors.
The main features of Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome include:
1. Neurological symptoms: These may include delayed development, choreoathetosis (involuntary movements), spasticity, and dystonia (sustained muscle contractions).
2. Self-injurious behaviors: Affected individuals often bite their lips, fingers, and inside of their cheeks, causing significant tissue damage.
3. Intellectual disability: Most individuals with Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome have moderate to severe intellectual disability.
4. Speech and language difficulties: Many affected individuals have difficulty speaking and understanding language.
5. Kidney problems: The accumulation of purines can lead to kidney stones and kidney failure in some cases.
6. Hyperuricemia: Elevated levels of uric acid in the blood (hyperuricemia) are a hallmark of Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, which can lead to gout and joint damage.
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome is typically diagnosed through genetic testing and enzyme assays. There is no cure for the disorder, but treatments may include medications to manage symptoms, behavioral interventions, and physical therapy.
The X chromosome is one of the two types of sex-determining chromosomes in humans (the other being the Y chromosome). It's one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that make up a person's genetic material. Females typically have two copies of the X chromosome (XX), while males usually have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).
The X chromosome contains hundreds of genes that are responsible for the production of various proteins, many of which are essential for normal bodily functions. Some of the critical roles of the X chromosome include:
1. Sex Determination: The presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines whether an individual is male or female. If there is no Y chromosome, the individual will typically develop as a female.
2. Genetic Disorders: Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, they are less likely to be affected by X-linked genetic disorders than males. Males, having only one X chromosome, will express any recessive X-linked traits they inherit.
3. Dosage Compensation: To compensate for the difference in gene dosage between males and females, a process called X-inactivation occurs during female embryonic development. One of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell, resulting in a single functional copy per cell.
The X chromosome plays a crucial role in human genetics and development, contributing to various traits and characteristics, including sex determination and dosage compensation.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
A hybridoma is a type of hybrid cell that is created in a laboratory by fusing a cancer cell (usually a B cell) with a normal immune cell. The resulting hybrid cell combines the ability of the cancer cell to grow and divide indefinitely with the ability of the immune cell to produce antibodies, which are proteins that help the body fight infection.
Hybridomas are commonly used to produce monoclonal antibodies, which are identical copies of a single antibody produced by a single clone of cells. These antibodies can be used for a variety of purposes, including diagnostic tests and treatments for diseases such as cancer and autoimmune disorders.
To create hybridomas, B cells are first isolated from the spleen or blood of an animal that has been immunized with a specific antigen (a substance that triggers an immune response). The B cells are then fused with cancer cells using a chemical agent such as polyethylene glycol. The resulting hybrid cells are called hybridomas and are grown in culture medium, where they can be selected for their ability to produce antibodies specific to the antigen of interest. These antibody-producing hybridomas can then be cloned to produce large quantities of monoclonal antibodies.
Sex chromosomes, often denoted as X and Y, are one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes found in each cell of the body. Normally, females have two X chromosomes (46,XX), and males have one X and one Y chromosome (46,XY). The sex chromosomes play a significant role in determining the sex of an individual. They contain genes that contribute to physical differences between men and women. Any variations or abnormalities in the number or structure of these chromosomes can lead to various genetic disorders and conditions related to sexual development and reproduction.
Species specificity is a term used in the field of biology, including medicine, to refer to the characteristic of a biological entity (such as a virus, bacterium, or other microorganism) that allows it to interact exclusively or preferentially with a particular species. This means that the biological entity has a strong affinity for, or is only able to infect, a specific host species.
For example, HIV is specifically adapted to infect human cells and does not typically infect other animal species. Similarly, some bacterial toxins are species-specific and can only affect certain types of animals or humans. This concept is important in understanding the transmission dynamics and host range of various pathogens, as well as in developing targeted therapies and vaccines.
Human chromosomes are thread-like structures that contain genetic material, composed of DNA and proteins, present in the nucleus of human cells. Each chromosome is a single, long DNA molecule that carries hundreds to thousands of genes.
Chromosomes 21, 22, and Y are three of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes. Here's what you need to know about each:
* Chromosome 21 is the smallest human autosomal chromosome, with a total length of about 47 million base pairs. It contains an estimated 200-300 genes and is associated with several genetic disorders, most notably Down syndrome, which occurs when there is an extra copy of this chromosome (trisomy 21).
* Chromosome 22 is the second smallest human autosomal chromosome, with a total length of about 50 million base pairs. It contains an estimated 500-600 genes and is associated with several genetic disorders, including DiGeorge syndrome and cat-eye syndrome.
* The Y chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes (the other being the X chromosome) and is found only in males. It is much smaller than the X chromosome, with a total length of about 59 million base pairs and an estimated 70-200 genes. The Y chromosome determines maleness by carrying the gene for the testis-determining factor (TDF), which triggers male development in the embryo.
It's worth noting that while we have a standard set of 23 pairs of chromosomes, there can be variations and abnormalities in the number or structure of these chromosomes that can lead to genetic disorders.
"Cricetulus" is a genus of rodents that includes several species of hamsters. These small, burrowing animals are native to Asia and have a body length of about 8-15 centimeters, with a tail that is usually shorter than the body. They are characterized by their large cheek pouches, which they use to store food. Some common species in this genus include the Chinese hamster (Cricetulus griseus) and the Daurian hamster (Cricetulus dauuricus). These animals are often kept as pets or used in laboratory research.
Experimental neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that are induced and studied in a controlled laboratory setting, typically in animals or cell cultures. These studies are conducted to understand the fundamental mechanisms of cancer development, progression, and potential treatment strategies. By manipulating various factors such as genetic mutations, environmental exposures, and pharmacological interventions, researchers can gain valuable insights into the complex processes underlying neoplasm formation and identify novel targets for cancer therapy. It is important to note that experimental neoplasms may not always accurately represent human cancers, and further research is needed to translate these findings into clinically relevant applications.
Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human (HPIV-1) is a type of respiratory virus that belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae and genus Respirovirus. It is one of the four serotypes of human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs), which are important causes of acute respiratory infections in children, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly.
HPIV-1 primarily infects the upper respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as cough, runny nose, sore throat, and fever. However, it can also cause lower respiratory tract infections, including bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, particularly in young children and infants.
HPIV-1 is transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected individuals. The incubation period for HPIV-1 infection ranges from 2 to 7 days, after which symptoms can last for up to 10 days. There is no specific antiviral treatment available for HPIV-1 infections, and management typically involves supportive care such as hydration, fever reduction, and respiratory support if necessary.
Prevention measures include good hand hygiene, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and practicing cough etiquette. Vaccines are not currently available for HPIV-1 infections, but research is ongoing to develop effective vaccines against these viruses.
Human chromosome pair 11 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell in the human body. Each member of the pair is a single chromosome, and together they contain the genetic material that is inherited from both parents. They are located on the eleventh position in the standard karyotype, which is a visual representation of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes.
Chromosome 11 is one of the largest human chromosomes and contains an estimated 135 million base pairs. It contains approximately 1,400 genes that provide instructions for making proteins, as well as many non-coding RNA molecules that play a role in regulating gene expression.
Chromosome 11 is known to contain several important genes and genetic regions associated with various human diseases and conditions. For example, it contains the Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) gene, which is associated with kidney cancer in children, and the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene, which is associated with a genetic disorder that causes benign tumors to grow on nerves throughout the body. Additionally, chromosome 11 contains the region where the ABO blood group genes are located, which determine a person's blood type.
It's worth noting that human chromosomes come in pairs because they contain two copies of each gene, one inherited from the mother and one from the father. This redundancy allows for genetic diversity and provides a backup copy of essential genes, ensuring their proper function and maintaining the stability of the genome.
Southern blotting is a type of membrane-based blotting technique that is used in molecular biology to detect and locate specific DNA sequences within a DNA sample. This technique is named after its inventor, Edward M. Southern.
In Southern blotting, the DNA sample is first digested with one or more restriction enzymes, which cut the DNA at specific recognition sites. The resulting DNA fragments are then separated based on their size by gel electrophoresis. After separation, the DNA fragments are denatured to convert them into single-stranded DNA and transferred onto a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane.
Once the DNA has been transferred to the membrane, it is hybridized with a labeled probe that is complementary to the sequence of interest. The probe can be labeled with radioactive isotopes, fluorescent dyes, or chemiluminescent compounds. After hybridization, the membrane is washed to remove any unbound probe and then exposed to X-ray film (in the case of radioactive probes) or scanned (in the case of non-radioactive probes) to detect the location of the labeled probe on the membrane.
The position of the labeled probe on the membrane corresponds to the location of the specific DNA sequence within the original DNA sample. Southern blotting is a powerful tool for identifying and characterizing specific DNA sequences, such as those associated with genetic diseases or gene regulation.
Radiation hybrid (RH) mapping is a genetic mapping technique used to determine the relative order and distance between DNA markers or genes on a chromosome. This technique involves exposing donor cells, which contain the chromosome of interest, to high-dose radiation. The radiation causes breaks in the chromosomes, which are then repaired by fusing the donor cells with irradiated hamster cells (the recipient cells).
During the repair process, the broken chromosomal fragments from the donor cell randomly assort and integrate into the genome of the recipient cell. The resulting hybrid cells contain a mosaic of donor chromosomal fragments, which can be analyzed to determine the order and distance between DNA markers or genes on the original chromosome.
The frequency of co-occurrence of two markers in the same hybrid cell is used as an estimate of their physical proximity on the chromosome. The greater the frequency of co-occurrence, the closer the two markers are assumed to be. RH mapping can provide high-resolution maps of large genomes and has been widely used for mapping human and other mammalian genomes. However, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, RH mapping has largely been replaced by sequence-based methods such as whole-genome sequencing and optical mapping.
Opioid delta receptors, also known as delta opioid receptors (DORs), are a type of G protein-coupled receptor found in the nervous system and other tissues throughout the body. They belong to the opioid receptor family, which includes mu, delta, and kappa receptors. These receptors play an essential role in pain modulation, reward processing, and addictive behaviors.
Delta opioid receptors are activated by endogenous opioid peptides such as enkephalins and exogenous opioids like synthetic drugs. Once activated, they trigger a series of intracellular signaling events that can lead to inhibition of neuronal excitability, reduced neurotransmitter release, and ultimately, pain relief.
Delta opioid receptors have also been implicated in various physiological processes, including immune function, respiratory regulation, and gastrointestinal motility. However, their clinical use as therapeutic targets has been limited due to the development of tolerance and potential adverse effects such as sedation and respiratory depression.
In summary, delta opioid receptors are a type of opioid receptor that plays an essential role in pain modulation and other physiological processes. They are activated by endogenous and exogenous opioids and trigger intracellular signaling events leading to various effects, including pain relief. However, their clinical use as therapeutic targets is limited due to potential adverse effects.
Molecular cloning is a laboratory technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This process involves several steps:
1. Isolation: The first step in molecular cloning is to isolate the DNA sequence of interest from the rest of the genomic DNA. This can be done using various methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, or hybridization.
2. Vector construction: Once the DNA sequence of interest has been isolated, it must be inserted into a vector, which is a small circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently in a host cell. Common vectors used in molecular cloning include plasmids and phages.
3. Transformation: The constructed vector is then introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterial or yeast cell, through a process called transformation. This can be done using various methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation.
4. Selection: After transformation, the host cells are grown in selective media that allow only those cells containing the vector to grow. This ensures that the DNA sequence of interest has been successfully cloned into the vector.
5. Amplification: Once the host cells have been selected, they can be grown in large quantities to amplify the number of copies of the cloned DNA sequence.
Molecular cloning is a powerful tool in molecular biology and has numerous applications, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, functional analysis of genes, and genetic engineering.
'Tumor cells, cultured' refers to the process of removing cancerous cells from a tumor and growing them in controlled laboratory conditions. This is typically done by isolating the tumor cells from a patient's tissue sample, then placing them in a nutrient-rich environment that promotes their growth and multiplication.
The resulting cultured tumor cells can be used for various research purposes, including the study of cancer biology, drug development, and toxicity testing. They provide a valuable tool for researchers to better understand the behavior and characteristics of cancer cells outside of the human body, which can lead to the development of more effective cancer treatments.
It is important to note that cultured tumor cells may not always behave exactly the same way as they do in the human body, so findings from cell culture studies must be validated through further research, such as animal models or clinical trials.
Neoplastic cell transformation is a process in which a normal cell undergoes genetic alterations that cause it to become cancerous or malignant. This process involves changes in the cell's DNA that result in uncontrolled cell growth and division, loss of contact inhibition, and the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body.
Neoplastic transformation can occur as a result of various factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, viral infections, chronic inflammation, and aging. These changes can lead to the activation of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, which regulate cell growth and division.
The transformation of normal cells into cancerous cells is a complex and multi-step process that involves multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. It is characterized by several hallmarks, including sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, enabling replicative immortality, induction of angiogenesis, activation of invasion and metastasis, reprogramming of energy metabolism, and evading immune destruction.
Neoplastic cell transformation is a fundamental concept in cancer biology and is critical for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression. It also has important implications for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, as identifying the specific genetic alterations that underlie neoplastic transformation can help guide targeted therapies and personalized medicine approaches.
A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.
In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."
1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.
2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.
3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.
4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).
Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.
Chromosomes are thread-like structures that contain genetic material, i.e., DNA and proteins, present in the nucleus of human cells. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes, in each diploid cell. Twenty-two of these pairs are called autosomal chromosomes, which come in identical pairs and contain genes that determine various traits unrelated to sex.
The last pair is referred to as the sex chromosomes (X and Y), which determines a person's biological sex. Females have two X chromosomes (46, XX), while males possess one X and one Y chromosome (46, XY). Chromosomes vary in size, with the largest being chromosome 1 and the smallest being the Y chromosome.
Human chromosomes are typically visualized during mitosis or meiosis using staining techniques that highlight their banding patterns, allowing for identification of specific regions and genes. Chromosomal abnormalities can lead to various genetic disorders, including Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Turner syndrome (monosomy X), and Klinefelter syndrome (XXY).
I apologize for the confusion, but "Bucladesine" is not a recognized medical term or a medication in current use in medicine. It's possible that there may be some mistake or typo in the spelling. If you have any more context about where you encountered this term, I might be able to provide a more accurate and helpful response.
Surface antigens are molecules found on the surface of cells that can be recognized by the immune system as being foreign or different from the host's own cells. Antigens are typically proteins or polysaccharides that are capable of stimulating an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies and activation of immune cells such as T-cells.
Surface antigens are important in the context of infectious diseases because they allow the immune system to identify and target infected cells for destruction. For example, viruses and bacteria often display surface antigens that are distinct from those found on host cells, allowing the immune system to recognize and attack them. In some cases, these surface antigens can also be used as targets for vaccines or other immunotherapies.
In addition to their role in infectious diseases, surface antigens are also important in the context of cancer. Tumor cells often display abnormal surface antigens that differ from those found on normal cells, allowing the immune system to potentially recognize and attack them. However, tumors can also develop mechanisms to evade the immune system, making it difficult to mount an effective response.
Overall, understanding the properties and behavior of surface antigens is crucial for developing effective immunotherapies and vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer.
"Genetic crosses" refer to the breeding of individuals with different genetic characteristics to produce offspring with specific combinations of traits. This process is commonly used in genetics research to study the inheritance patterns and function of specific genes.
There are several types of genetic crosses, including:
1. Monohybrid cross: A cross between two individuals that differ in the expression of a single gene or trait.
2. Dihybrid cross: A cross between two individuals that differ in the expression of two genes or traits.
3. Backcross: A cross between an individual from a hybrid population and one of its parental lines.
4. Testcross: A cross between an individual with unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual.
5. Reciprocal cross: A cross in which the male and female parents are reversed to determine if there is any effect of sex on the expression of the trait.
These genetic crosses help researchers to understand the mode of inheritance, linkage, recombination, and other genetic phenomena.
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI) is an enzyme involved in the glycolytic and gluconeogenesis pathways. It catalyzes the interconversion of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and fructose-6-phosphate (F6P), which are key metabolic intermediates in these pathways. This reaction is a reversible step that helps maintain the balance between the breakdown and synthesis of glucose in the cell.
In glycolysis, GPI converts G6P to F6P, which subsequently gets converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP) by the enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1). In gluconeogenesis, the reaction is reversed, and F6P is converted back to G6P.
Deficiency or dysfunction of Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase can lead to various metabolic disorders, such as glycogen storage diseases and hereditary motor neuropathies.
A teratoma is a type of germ cell tumor, which is a broad category of tumors that originate from the reproductive cells. A teratoma contains developed tissues from all three embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This means that a teratoma can contain various types of tissue such as hair, teeth, bone, and even more complex organs like eyes, thyroid, or neural tissue.
Teratomas are usually benign (non-cancerous), but they can sometimes be malignant (cancerous) and can spread to other parts of the body. They can occur anywhere in the body, but they're most commonly found in the ovaries and testicles. When found in these areas, they are typically removed surgically.
Teratomas can also occur in other locations such as the sacrum, coccyx (tailbone), mediastinum (the area between the lungs), and pineal gland (a small gland in the brain). These types of teratomas can be more complex to treat due to their location and potential to cause damage to nearby structures.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the genetic material present in the cells of organisms where it is responsible for the storage and transmission of hereditary information. DNA is a long molecule that consists of two strands coiled together to form a double helix. Each strand is made up of a series of four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - that are linked together by phosphate and sugar groups. The sequence of these bases along the length of the molecule encodes genetic information, with A always pairing with T and C always pairing with G. This base-pairing allows for the replication and transcription of DNA, which are essential processes in the functioning and reproduction of all living organisms.
Genetic linkage is the phenomenon where two or more genetic loci (locations on a chromosome) tend to be inherited together because they are close to each other on the same chromosome. This occurs during the process of sexual reproduction, where homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over.
The closer two loci are to each other on a chromosome, the lower the probability that they will be separated by a crossover event. As a result, they are more likely to be inherited together and are said to be linked. The degree of linkage between two loci can be measured by their recombination frequency, which is the percentage of meiotic events in which a crossover occurs between them.
Linkage analysis is an important tool in genetic research, as it allows researchers to identify and map genes that are associated with specific traits or diseases. By analyzing patterns of linkage between markers (identifiable DNA sequences) and phenotypes (observable traits), researchers can infer the location of genes that contribute to those traits or diseases on chromosomes.
Enkephalins are naturally occurring opioid peptides in the body that bind to opiate receptors and help reduce pain and produce a sense of well-being. There are two major types of enkephalins: Leu-enkephalin and Met-enkephalin, which differ by only one amino acid at the N-terminus.
Methionine-enkephalin (Met-enkephalin) is a type of enkephalin that contains methionine as its N-terminal amino acid. Its chemical formula is Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met, and it is derived from the precursor protein proenkephalin. Met-enkephalin has a shorter half-life than Leu-enkephalin due to its susceptibility to enzymatic degradation by aminopeptidases.
Met-enkephalin plays an essential role in pain modulation, reward processing, and addiction. It is also involved in various physiological functions, including respiration, cardiovascular regulation, and gastrointestinal motility. Dysregulation of enkephalins has been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as chronic pain, drug addiction, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Diploidy is a term used in genetics to describe the state of having two sets of chromosomes in each cell. In diploid organisms, one set of chromosomes is inherited from each parent, resulting in a total of 2 sets of chromosomes.
In humans, for example, most cells are diploid and contain 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. This includes 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX in females or XY in males). Diploidy is a characteristic feature of many complex organisms, including animals, plants, and fungi.
Diploid cells can undergo a process called meiosis, which results in the formation of haploid cells that contain only one set of chromosomes. These haploid cells can then combine with other haploid cells during fertilization to form a new diploid organism.
Abnormalities in diploidy can lead to genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, which occurs when an individual has three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the typical two. This extra copy of the chromosome can result in developmental delays and intellectual disabilities.
Genetic markers are specific segments of DNA that are used in genetic mapping and genotyping to identify specific genetic locations, diseases, or traits. They can be composed of short tandem repeats (STRs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), or variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs). These markers are useful in various fields such as genetic research, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and breeding programs. They can help to track inheritance patterns, identify genetic predispositions to diseases, and solve crimes by linking biological evidence to suspects or victims.
Morphinans are a class of organic compounds that share a common skeletal structure, which is based on the morphine molecule. The morphinan structure consists of a tetracyclic ring system made up of three six-membered benzene rings (A, C, and D) fused to a five-membered dihydrofuran ring (B).
Morphinans are important in medicinal chemistry because many opioid analgesics, such as morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, and levorphanol, are derived from or structurally related to morphinans. These compounds exert their pharmacological effects by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which are involved in pain perception, reward, and addictive behaviors.
It is worth noting that while all opiates (drugs derived from the opium poppy) are morphinans, not all morphinans are opiates. Some synthetic or semi-synthetic morphinans, such as fentanyl and methadone, do not have a natural origin but still share the same basic structure and pharmacological properties.
Adenylate cyclase toxin is a type of exotoxin produced by certain bacteria, including Bordetella pertussis (the causative agent of whooping cough) and Vibrio cholerae. This toxin functions by entering host cells and catalyzing the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), leading to increased intracellular cAMP levels.
The elevated cAMP levels can disrupt various cellular processes, such as signal transduction and ion transport, resulting in a range of physiological effects that contribute to the pathogenesis of the bacterial infection. For example, in the case of Bordetella pertussis, adenylate cyclase toxin impairs the function of immune cells, allowing the bacteria to evade host defenses and establish a successful infection.
In summary, adenylate cyclase toxin is a virulence factor produced by certain pathogenic bacteria that increases intracellular cAMP levels in host cells, leading to disrupted cellular processes and contributing to bacterial pathogenesis.
Hybrid solar cell
Hybrid cell line
Toyota Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicle-Advanced
Two-hybrid screening
Hybrid mass spectrometer
Ursid hybrid
Eukaryote hybrid genome
Hybrid material
Hybrid (biology)
Canid hybrid
Hybrid resistance
Hybrid (video game)
Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
Hybrid computer
Mazda Premacy Hydrogen RE Hybrid
Hybrid train
PSMD4
Zhong Lin Wang
Broccolini
Sheep-goat hybrid
Graft hybrid
Uninterruptible power supply
Radiation reduced hybrid
Hybrid electric bus
EXOC3
History of plug-in hybrids
EXOC8
Adriana de Souza e Silva
Toyota concept vehicles (2000-2009)
Volkswagen Jetta
Hybrid Solar Cells Shine - Scientific American
Hybrid solar cell - Wikipedia
Hybrid Tandem Solar Cells | Photovoltaic Research | NREL
Toyota develops a new fuel cell hybrid
New type of brain cell discovered that acts like hybrid of two others | New Scientist
Towards High-Efficiency Nanowire/Graphene Hybrid Solar Cells (Graphene LIVE! Europe 2014)
F1 Hybrid Bl6/Bl-Swiss Feederless ES Cell Line
MAN-ANIMAL HYBRID EMBRYOS CREATED AND LIVED TO 32-CELL STAGE - LifeSite
Morphology characterization in organic and hybrid solar cells - Energy & Environmental Science (RSC Publishing)
Toyota Hybrid/EV Hydrogen Fuel Cell Front Wheel Drive Reviews 2023 | Top Gear
Hybrid Battery (P0A80): Replace few or all cells? | PriusChat
EasyJet Takes Hybrid and Fuel Cell Technologies to an Airliner Level - autoevolution
Neutrons provide insights into increased performance for hybrid perovskite solar cells
Simulation of Dynamic Response of Small Wind-Photovoltaic-Fuel Cell Hybrid Energy System
Fat cell enlargement - Hybrid Medical Animation
Cobra AMP Cell Hybrid Review - Golfalot
Embraer Unveils Energia H2 Fuel Cell, Hybrid Electric Concepts - Airways
Cotton-based hybrid biofuel cell could power implantable medical devices
J2572 201410: Recommended Practice for Measuring Fuel Consumption and Range of Fuel Cell and Hybrid Fuel Cell Vehicles Fuelled...
Micro-hybrids, not electric vehicles or fuel cells, will drive auto efficiency in 2025
New Hybrid Cell Discovery Shakes Up Neuroscience - Neuroscience News
APS -2008 APS March Meeting - Event - Performance of ZnO nanowire-based hybrid solar cells decorated with CdTe quantum dots...
Port of Los Angeles to Evaluate Vision Industries Tyrano Fuel Cell Hybrid Class 8 Trucks - Green Car Congress
Obama green-car rules, next Hyundai fuel-cell SUV, autonomous Ford Fusion Hybrid: Today's Car News
LCTI: Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Delivery Van Deployment | California Air Resources Board
A hybrid micro-robot can recognize and capture targeted damaged cells - Innovation Toronto
Abstract: Doped TiO<sub>2</Sub> Based Core-Shell Structures for High Efficiency Hybrid Solar Cells (2014...
Energy Vault Selects Plug Power to Supply 8 MW of Hydrogen Fuel Cells as Part of Hybrid Microgrid Back-up System for PG&E and...
Somatic cell2
- We have successfully used a DNA.cDNA molecular hybridization assay to directly determine the presence or absence of human beta globin gene sequences in 20 human-mouse somatic cell hybrids, each of which contained a different subset of human chromosomes. (eurekamag.com)
- Fusion of somatic cells in vitro or in vivo, which results in somatic cell hybridization. (bvsalud.org)
Skip1
- Please be the broad governments to skip ebook Hybrid Solar Cells 2004 hours if any and grow us to edit critical models or strata. (freelanceadcopy.com)
Solar cell5
- NREL is investigating several hybrid tandem solar cell projects that build on a silicon platform and aim to provide viable prototypes for commercialization. (nrel.gov)
- Electrons in a solar cell absorb photon energy in sunlight which excites them to the conduction band from the valence band. (wikipedia.org)
- Mesoporous films have been used for a relatively high-efficiency hybrid solar cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Hybrid perovskites hold promise to be more efficient in converting light into energy than traditional solar cell materials. (nanowerk.com)
- A p-type hybrid heterojunction solar cell structure and process sequence are presented with laser-doped, plated front contacts and a rear amorphous silicon-based heterojunction structure. (elsevierpure.com)
CDNA3
- Using rapid sequencing of unamplified RNA/cDNA hybrids, we identified Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and Ebola virus in 3 hours from sample receipt to data acquisition, demonstrating a fieldable technique for RNA virus characterization. (cdc.gov)
- To determine if nanopore sequencing can be used as an accelerated viral genome sequencing tool, we utilized a rapid cDNA/RNA-hybrid library preparation procedure to sequence cell cultures of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus vaccine (VEEV) strain TC-83 or Ebola virus (EBOV) isolate Makona-C05 stock IRF0137. (cdc.gov)
- Use of unamplified RNA/cDNA−-hybrid nanopore sequencing for genomic characterization of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) TC-83. (cdc.gov)
Pluripotent stem1
- Stem cells reside at the growing tip of meristems, where they differentiate to produce new organs throughout the life of plant and maintain a constant reservoir of pluripotent stem cells. (nature.com)
Efficiency15
- You're basically focusing 650 suns onto that cell, so you're able to use a very, very small amount of photovoltaic material to capture a tremendous amount of sunlight and then convert it at very high efficiency. (scientificamerican.com)
- This research leverages our research and development programs in high-efficiency III-V multijunction PV , low-cost III-V PV , and silicon solar cells . (nrel.gov)
- Calibrated testing of multijunction solar cells (current density, voltage, quantum efficiency). (nrel.gov)
- The nanoheteroepitaxy approach eliminates expensive graded buffer layers, enabling high-efficiency multijunction solar cells at lower cost. (nrel.gov)
- Controlling the interface of inorganic-organic hybrid solar cells can increase the efficiency of the cells. (wikipedia.org)
- Towards High-Efficiency Nanowire/Graphene Hybrid Solar Cells (Graphene LIVE! (idtechex.com)
- A better understanding of this behavior will enable manufacturers to design solar cells with increased efficiency. (nanowerk.com)
- Innovation in micro-hybrid technologies will be the biggest factor in the march towards greater fuel efficiency, contributing 48% of the improvements required to meet 2025 targets. (windpowerengineering.com)
- The company says that the combination of fuel cell and battery system offers maximum efficiency and comfort, enabling the GLC F-Cell to achieve a total combined range of around 500 kilometers in the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). (ngtnews.com)
- Optical simulations of 4-terminal tandem devices combining two different thin-film top cells with high-efficiency c-Si cells are presented. (tue.nl)
- A methodology for evaluating the efficiency gain of tandem devices shows improvement of 19% IBC cells. (tue.nl)
- External quantum efficiency measurements and wafer ray-tracing simulations show the optical advantages of the hybrid structure compared to a pure heterojunction device by avoiding light absorption in amorphous silicon and transparent conductive oxides on the front surface. (elsevierpure.com)
- Initial cell results demonstrate a VOC of 657 mV, with less than 0.1% absolute efficiency loss due to light-induced degradation. (elsevierpure.com)
- Such high-efficiency thin-film tandem cells can be achieved by optical management and interface engineering of fully optimized high-performance front and back cells without sacrificing photovoltaic performance in both cells. (edu.hk)
- This study presents a novel â ³3-in-1â ³ hybrid biocatalyst design that combines the individual efficiency of microorganisms while avoiding negative interactions between them. (bvsalud.org)
Molecules3
- The researchers analysed data on the production by genes in mouse cells of RNA molecules, which are intermediates in protein production, to see if they could find the protein complexes required for synaptic transmission in cells other than neurons. (newscientist.com)
- Unlike their singular silicon or germanium counterparts, hybrid perovskites are made of both organic and inorganic molecules. (nanowerk.com)
- In particular, the RNase H2 complex normally helps break down molecules in which one strand of RNA is combined with one strand of DNA (RNA-DNA hybrids) when these molecules are no longer needed. (medlineplus.gov)
Hydrogen-powered fuel cell2
- The FCHV-adv from the world's second biggest automaker also comes with an electric motor and works as a hybrid by switching between that motor and the hydrogen-powered fuel cell. (nbcnews.com)
- This will be the largest planned hydrogen-powered fuel cell installation in the United States. (azocleantech.com)
Vitro4
- The problem we have been concerned with is to find an in vitro correlate with tumorigenicity in a system of cell hybrids in the mouse. (biologists.com)
- From in vitro to synthetic, lab-grown, cell-based, cultivated and cultured, slaughter-free meat grown from animal cells has been called a myriad of names in its relatively short lifespan. (foodnavigator.com)
- With terminology ranging from cell-based to cell-cultured, cultivated, clean, and in vitro, how can consumer research help industry settle on one single term for next-gen seafood made from fish cells? (foodnavigator.com)
- Cells derived from bone marrow can undergo osteoinduction in vitro in the absence of osteoinductive factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins. (bvsalud.org)
Nanowire3
- Nanowire substrates play an increasingly important role for cell cultures as an approach for hybrid bio-semiconductor junctions. (lu.se)
- Cell viability was examined by life/membrane staining reporting comparable viability on planar and nanowire substrates. (lu.se)
- Imaging the hybrid interface reveals a wrapping of the cell membrane around the very nanowire tip. (lu.se)
Genome1
- Scholars@Duke publication: Generation of reovirus core-like particles in cells infected with hybrid vaccinia viruses that express genome segments L1, L2, L3, and S2. (duke.edu)
Clones3
- Among these latter chromosomes, only chromosome 11 was present in the six hybrid clones that contained the human beta globin gene. (eurekamag.com)
- In fact, chromosome 11 was the only human chromosome that was present in all of the six hybrid clones found to be positive for the human beta globin gene. (eurekamag.com)
- Variation of SCE frequencies was observed, however, between the different hybrid clones, and most hybrids showed consistently less SCE per chromosome than the corresponding parental cell types did under similar growth conditions. (biologists.com)
Photovoltaic cell4
- By magnifying the solar energy , the technology can reduce the amount of semiconductor material needed for the photovoltaic cell. (scientificamerican.com)
- Its model involves a two-mirrored system that directs sunlight down an optical rod onto a small (1 square centimeter) photovoltaic cell. (scientificamerican.com)
- New Mexico-based Emcore Corp., for one, uses optical lenses to focus the energy of 500 suns onto a tiny, super-efficient photovoltaic cell. (scientificamerican.com)
- Here we demonstrate an efficient double-junction photovoltaic cell by employing an a-Si:H film as a front sub-cell and a low band gap polymer:fullerene blend film as a back cell on planar glass substrates. (edu.hk)
Viability1
- We are very pleased to work with the Port of Los Angeles to demonstrate the viability of our zero emission, hybrid electric/hydrogen fuel cell truck. (greencarcongress.com)
Differentiation4
- Stem cell maintenance in the shoot is under the control of the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL (CLV-WUS) negative feedback-loop, which is tightly integrated with hormone function, in particular auxin and cytokinin that promote cell differentiation and proliferation, respectively 2 . (nature.com)
- We found that the three Id proteins expressed in neuroblastoma cells (Id1, Id2, and Id3) were down-regulated during induced differentiation, indicating that Id proteins help keep the tumor cells in an undifferentiated state. (lu.se)
- The ability of Id proteins to affect HES-1 activity is of particular interest in neuronal cells, where regulation of HES-1 is essential for the timing of neuronal differentiation. (lu.se)
- Conclusions: This study showed that an osteoblastic cell lineage may be obtained from human bone marrow derived from adherent cells, and that the presence of the rhBMP-4 seems to have an effect during the first stages of differentiation only. (bvsalud.org)
Neurons6
- These cells are a little bit like astrocytes and a little bit like neurons," says Volterra. (newscientist.com)
- Neuroscientists have unveiled a new hybrid cell, straddling the line between the well-known neurons and glial cells in the brain. (neurosciencenews.com)
- A new hybrid cell type, located between neurons and astrocytes, has been identified that can release neurotransmitters. (neurosciencenews.com)
- The two major families of cells that make up the brain, neurons and glial cells, secretly hid a hybrid cell, halfway between these two categories. (neurosciencenews.com)
- Some of these glial cells, known as astrocytes, intimately surround synapses, the points of contact where neurotransmitters are released to transmit information between neurons. (neurosciencenews.com)
- They are cells that modulate neuronal activity, they control the level of communication and excitation of the neurons," says Roberta de Ceglia, first author of the study and senior researcher at UNIL. (neurosciencenews.com)
Proteins3
- The precision allowed by single-cell transcriptomics approaches enabled us to demonstrate the presence in cells with astrocytic profile of transcripts of the vesicular proteins, VGLUT, in charge of filling neuronal vesicles specific for glutamate release. (neurosciencenews.com)
- We also identified other specialized proteins in these cells, which are essential for the function of glutamatergic vesicles and their capacity to communicate rapidly with other cells," says Ludovic Telley, Assistant professor at UNIL, co-director of the study. (neurosciencenews.com)
- Objective: This study evaluated the osteogenic induction of human bone marrow cells by human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-4 (rhBMP-4) and proteins released by Saos-2 (human osteosarcoma cell line). (bvsalud.org)
Battery20
- Hybrid Battery (P0A80): Replace few or all cells? (priuschat.com)
- The 'red triangle of death' recently appeared on my dashboard and the error codes I'm getting are P0A80 (Replace Hybrid Battery Pack) and P3018 (Battery Block 8 Becomes Weak). (priuschat.com)
- The name of the company is Hybrid Battery Repair (sorry, I don't have enough posts to include a link but it is easily found via internet search) in North Hollywood, CA, and their Yelp page shows 67 reviews with an average of 5 stars. (priuschat.com)
- Service 1 - For $795 we will repair the battery pack including replacing the defective cells and other components. (priuschat.com)
- I'm hoping someone can help explain the difference between 'repair the battery pack' and 'replace all the cells with reconditioned cells', and which you think is preferable. (priuschat.com)
- IF you are the DIY type, @2k1Toaster kit of new cells for $1600 delivered basically gives you a new battery and you can sell off your non-failed modules to help lower the close. (priuschat.com)
- The biofuel cell could provide a continuous charge for those batteries, potentially extending the time that devices may operate without battery replacement, Lee added. (phys.org)
- For these applications, no battery would be included, and the limited power required could be provided by the biofuel cell. (phys.org)
- In a micro-hybrid, the car can automatically stop its engine when it would otherwise be idling, using an improved or an additional battery (or another type of energy storage) to quickly restart it when it's time to move - some even capture braking energy and do propulsion assist. (windpowerengineering.com)
- VW confirmed the Golf will be one of several EVs based on its next-generation dedicated EV platform, known as SSP, which will use a new unified prismatic battery cell strategy. (greencarreports.com)
- Energy Vault has designed and will integrate for the city of Calistoga , a hybrid microgrid system that includes an 8 MW (megawatts) hydrogen fuel cell stationary power for the first of its kind hybrid microgrid (battery plus green hydrogen) that will be used during times of wildfires and other emergencies. (azocleantech.com)
- The microgrid will integrate a short duration battery system with a long duration storage system of fuel cells and green liquid hydrogen. (azocleantech.com)
- The GLC F-Cell features a large lithium-ion battery as a further innovation of the next-generation fuel cell vehicles. (ngtnews.com)
- The battery, housed at the rear of the SUV to save space, allows the GLC F-Cell to run on purely battery-electric power for up to 50 kilometers in the NEDC and can be conveniently charged at a standard household socket, a Mercedes-Benz wall box or a public charging station. (ngtnews.com)
- First Mode, a global carbon reduction company that developed the world's first integrated battery and hydrogen fuel cell powerplants for retrofitting the behemoth diesel-powered trucks, has established a proving grounds in Centralia, thanks in part to a $250,000 grant from the state economic development strategic reserve fund. (wa.gov)
- The proof-of-concept hybrid hydrogen and battery powered mine haul truck at Anglo American's Mogalakwena Platinum Group Metals mine in South Africa. (wa.gov)
- First Mode manufactures its proprietary hybrid fuel cell battery powerplants in Seattle, where the company was founded in 2018. (wa.gov)
- At the First Mode Proving Grounds, the company will demonstrate performance and optimize the next generation of hybrid hydrogen and battery-powered haul trucks, as well as the associated infrastructure for recharging and refueling, that will be deployed at mines around the world. (wa.gov)
- Simulation and Test Bench Operation of the Drive Train of a Battery and Fuel Cell Hybrid Rail Ve. (rwth-aachen.de)
- Once you receive your new hybrid EV battery put the core in the same package and send back. (hybridmotorcells.com)
Advantages2
- Hybrid solar cells combine advantages of both organic and inorganic semiconductors. (wikipedia.org)
- According to the company, the plug-in fuel cell drive combines the advantages of both zero-emission drive technologies and continuously optimizes the use of both energy sources in line with the current operating situation. (ngtnews.com)
Inorganic6
- Inorganic materials in hybrid cells are used as the acceptor and electron transporter in the structure. (wikipedia.org)
- The structure of mesoporous thin film solar cells usually includes a porous inorganic that is saturated with organic surfactant. (wikipedia.org)
- To produce this type of cell with practical efficiencies, larger organic surfactants that absorb more of the visible spectrum must be deposited between the layers of electron-accepting inorganic. (wikipedia.org)
- Researchers have been able to grow nanostructure-based solar cells that use ordered nanostructures like nanowires or nanotubes of inorganic surrounding by electron-donating organics utilizing self-organization processes. (wikipedia.org)
- Organic and hybrid organic-inorganic photovoltaics are among the most promising options for low-cost and highly scalable renewable energy. (rsc.org)
- Hybrid solar cells, with an inorganic/organic interface for charge separation, have been extensively investigated in the past decade in order to replace the expensive Si based technology with an inexpensive alternative. (confex.com)
Mice3
- The researchers then used a type of fluorescent microscopy technique called two-photon imaging to study glutamate release by these cells in the brains of the mice. (newscientist.com)
- Robust F1 hybrid embryonic stem cell line from Mus musculus (lab mouse), generated by crossing C56BL/6J mice to Black-Swiss mice. (seattlechildrens.org)
- These transcripts were found in cells from mice, and are apparently preserved in human cells. (neurosciencenews.com)
Neuronal2
- The team specifically looked at cells in the brain's hippocampus region, because this is where the previous research claimed to have spotted non-neuronal synaptic transmission. (newscientist.com)
- He and his colleagues also found similar protein signatures of synaptic transmission in non-neuronal cells in humans by looking at existing datasets. (newscientist.com)
Photovoltaics3
- Hybrid photovoltaics have organic materials that consist of conjugated polymers that absorb light as the donor and transport holes. (wikipedia.org)
- Molecular, polymer, and hybrid organic photovoltaics are the main kinds of organic photovoltaic devices currently studied. (wikipedia.org)
- This review addresses the techniques, some of which have only recently been applied to organic and hybrid photovoltaics, available to scientists and engineers working to understand-and ultimately improve-the operation of these fascinating devices. (rsc.org)
Ludovic Telley1
- The findings suggest that these cells are conserved [in people]," says team member Ludovic Telley , also at the University of Lausanne. (newscientist.com)
Cytokine release2
- Stress on these hypertrophic adipocytes results in lipid spillover (fatty acid release) into the circulation, as well as proinflammatory cytokine release and immune cell recruitment. (hybridmedicalanimation.com)
- Phenotypic variation in Aicardi-Goutieres syndrome explained by cell-specific IFN-stimulated gene response and cytokine release. (medlineplus.gov)
Glutamate release1
- We have identified a subgroup of astrocytes responding to selective stimulations with rapid glutamate release, which occurred in spatially delimited areas of these cells reminiscent of synapses," says Andrea Volterra, honorary professor at UNIL and visiting faculty at the Wyss Center, co-director of the study. (neurosciencenews.com)
Human Papillomavirus1
- Amplified DNA from cells harboring human papillomavirus are used as positive controls. (medscape.com)
Fabrication1
- The hybrid structure allows for natural incorporation of gettering and bulk hydrogenation throughout cell fabrication. (elsevierpure.com)
Organic5
- Organic solar cells use organic materials in their active layers. (wikipedia.org)
- In hybrid solar cells, an organic material is mixed with a high electron transport material to form the photoactive layer. (wikipedia.org)
- The morphology of the active layer is of paramount importance in the photon to electron conversion process in organic and hybrid solar cells, with all length scales, from molecular ordering to intradevice composition variability, playing key roles. (rsc.org)
- Their results are published in the journal Advanced Materials ( 'Real-Time Observation of Order-Disorder Transformation of Organic Cations Induced Phase Transition and Anomalous Photoluminescence in Hybrid Perovskites' ). (nanowerk.com)
- Thin-film solar cells made with amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) or organic semiconductors are considered as promising renewable energy sources due to their low manufacturing cost and light weight. (edu.hk)
C57BL1
- The relationship between the 'spontaneous' frequency of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCE) and tumorigenicity was studied in a series of hybrids between a C57BL melanoma cell line and diploid cells, but no correlation was found between the 2 variables. (biologists.com)
Demonstrate2
- The research team was able to demonstrate this by suppressing the expression of VGLUT by the hybrid cells. (neurosciencenews.com)
- These findings demonstrate the potential of the developed hybrid biocatalyst for effective pollution monitoring and wastewater treatment applications. (bvsalud.org)
Found4
- The researchers don't know how many of these cells can be found in the brain, or if they are mainly in the hippocampus. (newscientist.com)
- While advanced technologies such as all-electric vehicles , super-light carbon fiber composites, and hydrogen fuel cells will all be available, Lux Research's analysis found that micro-hybrids will provide the most economical route to meeting 2025 targets. (windpowerengineering.com)
- The researchers explain that the hybrid propulsion mechanism of the micro-robot is of particular importance in physiological environments, such as found in liquid biopsies: "The micro-robots that have operated until now based on an electrical guiding mechanism were not effective in certain environments characterized by relatively high electrical conductivity, such as a physiological environment, where the electric drive is less effective. (innovationtoronto.com)
- RNA-DNA hybrids are formed during DNA copying (replication) and are found in all cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Tandem2
- Tandem-junction cell architectures present a path toward higher module efficiencies over single-junction designs because of the ability to split the solar spectrum into multiple bands that can be more efficiently converted by separate devices. (nrel.gov)
- NREL has a long history of leadership in epitaxial tandem cells on Si, including more than a decade of developing lattice-matched dilute-nitride top-cell materials on Si and metamorphic GaAsP on Si tandems. (nrel.gov)
Disruption2
- Disruption of these hybrid cells' functionality impacts memory, has links with epilepsy, and offers therapeutic insights for Parkinson's disease. (neurosciencenews.com)
- Cell-based disruption: How many factories, and at what capacity, are required to supply 10% of the meat market? (foodnavigator.com)
Advances1
- Our new development significantly advances the technology in two main aspects: hybrid propulsion and navigation by two different mechanisms - electric and magnetic," explains Prof. Yossifon. (innovationtoronto.com)
Degradation1
- Implantable biofuel cells suffer from degradation over time, and the new cell developed by the U.S. and Korean team offers improved long-term stability. (phys.org)
Morphology1
- Osteoblasts were obtained from human bone marrow cells even in the absence of growth factors and showed a typical morphology. (bvsalud.org)
Proliferation2
- WUS is a homeodomain transcription factor (TF) produced in the organizing center (OC) domain of apical meristems and is transported via plasmodesmata into the apical domain (called central zone, CZ) to promote proliferation of stem cells 3 . (nature.com)
- From bioreactors to flu vaccines and cell proliferation, the pharmaceutical industry has experience in avian cell production that can help the cultivated meat industry scale, according to Gourmey's CSO Antoine Davydoff. (foodnavigator.com)
Apoptosis1
- Abnormal functioning of this complex may disrupt transcription, DNA replication, DNA repair, cell death (apoptosis), or other processes. (medlineplus.gov)
Scalable3
- The hybrid photovoltaic devices have a potential for not only low-cost by roll-to-roll processing but also for scalable solar power conversion. (wikipedia.org)
- A scalable convergence rate bound is proved for the resulting BDDC cell-by-cell preconditioned operator, while numerical tests validate this bound and investigate its dependence on the discretization parameters. (kobv.de)
- Estonian start-up Gelatex says affordable and scalable cell-cultured meat could 'soon turn into reality' thanks to its innovative scaffolding technology. (foodnavigator.com)
Tissues2
- The latter are different from the classical Bidomain and Monodomain cardiac models based on homogenized descriptions of the cardiac tissue at the macroscopic level, and therefore they allow the representation of individual cardiac cells, cell aggregates, damaged tissues and nonuniform distributions of ion channels on the cell membrane. (kobv.de)
- Tissues and Cells. (lu.se)
Glutamatergic2
- A new type of brain cell, called a glutamatergic astrocyte, has been discovered. (newscientist.com)
- The researchers have coined these cells glutamatergic astrocytes. (newscientist.com)
Findings suggest1
- These findings suggest that cell fusion might have induced epigenetic SCE frequency changes possibly in the same way as modulation of SCE frequencies is known to occur in the human leukocyte series. (biologists.com)
System8
- The system would also capture the tremendous energy that is currently lost when a plane touches down, as well as produce water (as all fuel cell systems do) that could be used for the passengers on board. (autoevolution.com)
- The objective of this project is to promote future commercialization of fuel cell system retrofit kits that will significantly transform the parcel delivery market while achieving greenhouse gas, criteria pollutant, and toxic emission reduction. (ca.gov)
- We are excited to begin deeper collaboration with Energy Vault with this first and largest utility scale energy storage system using green hydrogen and fuel cells while leveraging their Vault-OS digital platform to optimize the dispatch economics of our fuel cells for our customers. (azocleantech.com)
- The energy storage system will be owned, operated, and maintained by Energy Vault while providing dispatchable power under a long-term tolling agreement with PG&E. Plug will deliver 8 MW of fuel cell power, made up of 40-foot ISO containers. (azocleantech.com)
- One of the main component is the Edge Lifecycle Management, which is used to manage the lifecycle of Edge Integration Cell, including download of software from SAP, deployment of Edge Integration Cell solution on your K8s cluster, managing upgrades of Edge Integration Cell, and system level monitoring. (sap.com)
- Mercedes-Benz engineers have joined forces with partners in the Daimler competence network to develop a new, compact fuel cell system, which can be fully housed in conventional engine compartments. (ngtnews.com)
- Daimler asserts that fuel cell developers have designed this system to be approximately 30% more compact than previous designs and that both performance and operating range are also optimized. (ngtnews.com)
- One technique is a hybrid system called a "viral replication assay" that combines PCR with a more traditional culture method for increased sensitivity. (cdc.gov)
Toyota Hybrid1
- Get high-performance Toyota hybrid car batteries and plug-in batteries for your electric vehicle at the best price with 36 months of warranty. (hybridmotorcells.com)
Https1
- For more information on Plug's stationary power fuel cell, visit https://www.plugpower.com/learn-more-about-plugs-stationary-power-products/ . (azocleantech.com)
Deployment2
- We are excited to partner with Plug Power, leader in the hydrogen fuel cell industry, in the deployment of carbon free solutions that have been accelerated in market adoption and deployment through our digital integration platform. (azocleantech.com)
- We are excited to partner with Plug Power, leader in the hydrogen fuel cell industry, in the deployment of carbon free solutions that have been accelerated in market adoption and deployment through our digital integration platform" said Marco Terruzzin, Chief Commercial and Product Officer of Energy Vault. (electricnet.com)
Cleaner2
- If you are after cleaner air, CNG/DME hybrids would not cost much and are proven. (greencarcongress.com)
- For the ultra-long duration need and multi-day discharge, Energy Vault chose Plug's PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cells as it can offer cleaner, more operationally flexible, and more cost-effective power to the microgrid. (azocleantech.com)
Propulsion2
- Prof. Yossifon concludes: "In our research we developed an innovative micro-robot with important capabilities that significantly contribute to the field: hybrid propulsion and navigation through a combination of electric and magnetic fields, as well as the ability to identify, capture, and transport a single cell from place to place in a physiological environment. (innovationtoronto.com)
- Students will design and build a mid-size vehicle with highly 'modular' design that utilizes a skate-board concept that integrates the latest fuel cell and electric vehicle advanced propulsion technologies," said David Blekhman , an associate professor in ECST who is leading the team. (tomorrowstechnician.com)
Electric vehicles1
- This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform procedures for testing fuel cell and hybrid fuel cell electric vehicles, excluding low speed vehicles, designed primarily for operation on the public streets, roads and highways. (sae.org)
Genes2
- the technology will support the following areas: medical diagnosis at the single cell level, introducing drugs or genes into cells, genetic editing, carrying drugs to their destination inside the body, cleaning the environment from polluting particles, drug development, and creating a 'laboratory on a particle' - a microscopic laboratory designed to carry out diagnostics in places accessible only to micro-particles. (innovationtoronto.com)
- The assay is specific for the individual human globin genes and will detect the presence of a globin gene if the relevant chromosome is present in only 10% of the cells of a hybrid population. (eurekamag.com)
Stem cells4
- Among these are traits that depend on functional meristems, populations of stem cells maintained by the CLAVATA-WUSCHEL (CLV-WUS) negative feedback-loop that controls the expression of the WUS homeobox transcription factor. (nature.com)
- The control of plant stem cells is essential for sustaining the function of apical meristems, plant growth, and ultimately productivity 1 . (nature.com)
- Stem cells. (bvsalud.org)
- Undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells are pluripotent cells that can differentiate into various phenotypes and are a source of osteogenic Cells 1,2 . (bvsalud.org)
Chromosomes3
- The content of human chromosomes in each hybrid clone was characterized by Giemsa 11 staining, Giemsa trypsin-Hoechst 33258 staining, and by the use of 22 independent isozyme markers for 17 different human chromosomes. (eurekamag.com)
- All human chromosomes were present in one or more cell lines devoid of the human beta globin gene except for 6, 8, 9, 11, and 13. (eurekamag.com)
- The lower SCE frequencies could neither be related to a higher number of chromosomes in the hybrid nor could they be related to the method of hybrid selection. (biologists.com)
Energy11
- CPV technology involves magnifying the sun's energy hundreds of times via lenses or mirrors and focusing it onto small, extremely efficient photovoltaic cells. (scientificamerican.com)
- And other companies are using various incarnations of mirrors or lenses on pedestals, dishes, troughs or carousels to magnify solar energy on tiny, highly efficient photovoltaic cells. (scientificamerican.com)
- The project developed in conjunction with Cranfield University in Bedfordshire wants to install a hydrogen cell container in the plane's cargo hold that will store energy to be used while the plane is taxiing on the ground. (autoevolution.com)
- Nanowerk News ) Neutron scattering has revealed, in real time, the fundamental mechanisms behind the conversion of sunlight into energy in hybrid perovskite materials. (nanowerk.com)
- Future goals of the research include demonstrating operation of the biofuel cell with an energy storage device, and development of a functional implantable power source. (phys.org)
- Improved energy storage options will help make micro-hybrids the most cost-effective way to respond, along with ongoing improvements to lightweight materials," said Anthony Schiavo, Lux Research Associate and the lead author of the report titled, " Building the Car of 2025: How to Cost-Effectively Get to 54.5 MPG Using the Right Mix of Advanced Technologies . (windpowerengineering.com)
- The project team, led by Center for Transportation and the Environment (CTE), is building and demonstrating 15 additional fuel cell hybrid electric delivery vans based upon their first prototype built in partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy. (ca.gov)
- Energy Vault designed a carbon free solution combining a small portion of short duration batteries to support black start and grid forming requirements with green hydrogen-fed fuel cells for 48 hour+ storage duration to eliminate the need for PG&E to rent mobile diesel generators to provide backup power in Calistoga during these Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS) events. (azocleantech.com)
- Our agreement with Energy Vault marks a huge step forward for hydrogen fuel cells in the microgrid market and represents the future of utility power back-up. (azocleantech.com)
- Energy Vault's unique energy storage integration platform, for short, long, and multi-day duration, has facilitated the adoption of our hydrogen powered fuel cells and minimized the overall cost of the microgrid, making possible the final approval by the CPUC. (azocleantech.com)
- These complexes interact with 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) that is part of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which is involved in cellular energy, cytokinesis, cell motility, cellular adhesion, and nutrient sensing. (medscape.com)
Viral2
- First, viral RNA from BHK21 cell cultures of. (cdc.gov)
- The most dominant techniques are PCR viral detection and signal amplification DNA-based assays (Hybrid Capture II is the only FDA-approved technique at present). (medscape.com)
20181
- Cheong Hoon Kwon et al, High-power hybrid biofuel cells using layer-by-layer assembled glucose oxidase-coated metallic cotton fibers, Nature Communications (2018). (phys.org)
Tissue culture1
- A great many noxious agents capable of inducing SCE in tissue culture cells are carcinogenic (see, for example, Wolff, 1977 ). (biologists.com)
Technology10
- Fuel cell vehicles are usually marketed through leasing arrangements since the technology is too expensive for most people to buy in an outright purchase. (nbcnews.com)
- This technology will enable smaller and more efficient optoelectronic devices for high growth markets like white LEDs, displays and solar cells. (idtechex.com)
- The Ford Fusion Hybrid will continue to serve as a test platform for autonomous-driving technology as Ford aims to put a self-driving car into production by 2021. (greencarreports.com)
- Plug's fuel cell technology will serve as the microgrid's stationary backup power generator. (azocleantech.com)
- The fuel cells will be manufactured in the US, primarily at Plug's gigafactory in Rochester, New York , and assembled and tested at Vista Technology Park , Plug's world-class fuel cell manufacturing facility in Slingerlands, New York . (azocleantech.com)
- Thanks to the globally standardized 700-bar tank technology, the tank in the GLC F-Cell can be refilled at a hydrogen filling station within three minutes. (ngtnews.com)
- Los Angeles, CA Building on its legacy http://www.calstatela.edu/academic/engr/solar_eagle/welcome.htm of champion competition vehicles, Cal State L.A's College of Engineering, Computer Science, and Technology (ECST) has been selected to build the REFLEX Fuel Cell Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle (FC-PHEV) for the EcoCAR 2 Plugging In to the Future http://www.ecocarchallenge.org/ecocar2/ international competition. (tomorrowstechnician.com)
- To attract new students, the college will offer interdisciplinary courses that teach electric, hybrid and fuel cell vehicle technology, fuel cell applications, electronic and computer controls, as well as introduce automotive topics to CSULA's Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and Computer Science programs. (tomorrowstechnician.com)
- The Israeli foodtech company says the concept product provides validation of its technology, which involves growing milk-producing cells in a lab. (foodnavigator.com)
- Pressures brought on by the ongoing climate crisis are predicted to drive the price parity and race towards product launches for high-tech dairy alternatives using cell-based technology and precision fermentation, according to a panel of experts. (foodnavigator.com)
Zero emission1
- Vision Industries Class 8 zero-emission hydrogen fuel cell hybrid-electric truck at the Port of Los Angeles. (greencarcongress.com)
Capture1
- In addition, the micro-robot has an improved ability to identify and capture a single cell, without the need for tagging, for local testing or retrieval and transport to an external instrument. (innovationtoronto.com)