Space between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal.
Neoplasms located in the space between the vertebral PERIOSTEUM and DURA MATER surrounding the SPINAL CORD. Tumors in this location are most often metastatic in origin and may cause neurologic deficits by mass effect on the spinal cord or nerve roots or by interfering with blood supply to the spinal cord.
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.
Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the SPINAL CORD due to extramedullary neoplasm; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; SPINAL FRACTURES; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence.
The application, via IMPLANTED ELECTRODES, of short bursts of electrical energy in the radiofrequency range, interspersed with pauses in delivery of the current long enough to dissipate the generated heat and avoid heat-induced tissue necrosis.
A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.
Application of electric current in treatment without the generation of perceptible heat. It includes electric stimulation of nerves or muscles, passage of current into the body, or use of interrupted current of low intensity to raise the threshold of the skin to pain.
Accumulation of blood in the EPIDURAL SPACE between the SKULL and the DURA MATER, often as a result of bleeding from the MENINGEAL ARTERIES associated with a temporal or parietal bone fracture. Epidural hematoma tends to expand rapidly, compressing the dura and underlying brain. Clinical features may include HEADACHE; VOMITING; HEMIPARESIS; and impaired mental function.
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE between the DURA MATER and the arachnoidal layer of the MENINGES. This condition primarily occurs over the surface of a CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, but may develop in the spinal canal (HEMATOMA, SUBDURAL, SPINAL). Subdural hematoma can be classified as the acute or the chronic form, with immediate or delayed symptom onset, respectively. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.
A cylindrical column of tissue that lies within the vertebral canal. It is composed of WHITE MATTER and GRAY MATTER.
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with delayed onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE with acute onset of neurological symptoms. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness, severe HEADACHE, and deteriorating mental status.
A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY.
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).
Accumulation of blood in the SUBDURAL SPACE over the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE.
Subdural hematoma of the SPINAL CANAL.
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.
Introduction of therapeutic agents into the spinal region using a needle and syringe.
The removal of a circular disk of the cranium.
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.
Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected directly into the spinal cord.
The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
'Spinal diseases' is a broad term referring to various medical conditions that affect the structural integrity, function, or health of the spinal column, including degenerative disorders, infections, inflammatory processes, traumatic injuries, neoplasms, and congenital abnormalities.
The cavity within the SPINAL COLUMN through which the SPINAL CORD passes.
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.
Paired bundles of NERVE FIBERS entering and leaving the SPINAL CORD at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots are efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and PREGANGLIONIC AUTONOMIC FIBERS.
Spinal neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the spinal column, which can be benign or malignant, and originate from cells within the spinal structure or spread to the spine from other parts of the body (metastatic).
Any operation on the cranium or incision into the cranium. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Narrowing of the spinal canal.
Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)
A surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the SPINAL CORD and/or SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots.
Potential cavity which separates the ARACHNOID MATER from the DURA MATER.
The outermost of the three MENINGES, a fibrous membrane of connective tissue that covers the brain and the spinal cord.
Injuries involving the vertebral column.
Fractures of the skull which may result from penetrating or nonpenetrating head injuries or rarely BONE DISEASES (see also FRACTURES, SPONTANEOUS). Skull fractures may be classified by location (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR), radiographic appearance (e.g., linear), or based upon cranial integrity (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, DEPRESSED).
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
Surgery performed on the nervous system or its parts.
Reduced blood flow to the spinal cord which is supplied by the anterior spinal artery and the paired posterior spinal arteries. This condition may be associated with ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, trauma, emboli, diseases of the aorta, and other disorders. Prolonged ischemia may lead to INFARCTION of spinal cord tissue.
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES due to TRAUMA. Hemorrhage may involve any part of the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the BASAL GANGLIA. Depending on the severity of bleeding, clinical features may include SEIZURES; APHASIA; VISION DISORDERS; MOVEMENT DISORDERS; PARALYSIS; and COMA.
Sensory ganglia located on the dorsal spinal roots within the vertebral column. The spinal ganglion cells are pseudounipolar. The single primary branch bifurcates sending a peripheral process to carry sensory information from the periphery and a central branch which relays that information to the spinal cord or brain.
A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.
Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.
The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.
Bleeding within the subcortical regions of cerebral hemispheres (BASAL GANGLIA). It is often associated with HYPERTENSION or ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS. Clinical manifestations may include HEADACHE; DYSKINESIAS; and HEMIPARESIS.
A surgical operation for the relief of pressure in a body compartment or on a body part. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
The spinal or vertebral column.
Leakage and accumulation of CEREBROSPINAL FLUID in the subdural space which may be associated with an infectious process; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; INTRACRANIAL HYPOTENSION; and other conditions.
Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.
A scale that assesses the response to stimuli in patients with craniocerebral injuries. The parameters are eye opening, motor response, and verbal response.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
A long flat muscle that extends along the whole length of both sides of the abdomen. It flexes the vertebral column, particularly the lumbar portion; it also tenses the anterior abdominal wall and assists in compressing the abdominal contents. It is frequently the site of hematomas. In reconstructive surgery it is often used for the creation of myocutaneous flaps. (From Gray's Anatomy, 30th American ed, p491)
Osteitis or caries of the vertebrae, usually occurring as a complication of tuberculosis of the lungs.
Traumatic injuries to the cranium where the integrity of the skull is not compromised and no bone fragments or other objects penetrate the skull and dura mater. This frequently results in mechanical injury being transmitted to intracranial structures which may produce traumatic brain injuries, hemorrhage, or cranial nerve injury. (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p417)
The paired bands of yellow elastic tissue that connect adjoining laminae of the vertebrae. With the laminae, it forms the posterior wall of the spinal canal and helps hold the body erect.
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.
Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.
X-ray visualization of the spinal cord following injection of contrast medium into the spinal arachnoid space.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).
The infratentorial compartment that contains the CEREBELLUM and BRAIN STEM. It is formed by the posterior third of the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid (SPHENOID BONE), by the occipital, the petrous, and mastoid portions of the TEMPORAL BONE, and the posterior inferior angle of the PARIETAL BONE.
Neurons in the SPINAL CORD DORSAL HORN whose cell bodies and processes are confined entirely to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. They receive collateral or direct terminations of dorsal root fibers. They send their axons either directly to ANTERIOR HORN CELLS or to the WHITE MATTER ascending and descending longitudinal fibers.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.
Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.
Severe or complete loss of motor function in all four limbs which may result from BRAIN DISEASES; SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; or rarely MUSCULAR DISEASES. The locked-in syndrome is characterized by quadriplegia in combination with cranial muscle paralysis. Consciousness is spared and the only retained voluntary motor activity may be limited eye movements. This condition is usually caused by a lesion in the upper BRAIN STEM which injures the descending cortico-spinal and cortico-bulbar tracts.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Tapping fluid from the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region, usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Intracranial or spinal cavities containing a cerebrospinal-like fluid, the wall of which is composed of arachnoidal cells. They are most often developmental or related to trauma. Intracranial arachnoid cysts usually occur adjacent to arachnoidal cistern and may present with HYDROCEPHALUS; HEADACHE; SEIZURES; and focal neurologic signs. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch44, pp105-115)
A group of recessively inherited diseases that feature progressive muscular atrophy and hypotonia. They are classified as type I (Werdnig-Hoffman disease), type II (intermediate form), and type III (Kugelberg-Welander disease). Type I is fatal in infancy, type II has a late infantile onset and is associated with survival into the second or third decade. Type III has its onset in childhood, and is slowly progressive. (J Med Genet 1996 Apr:33(4):281-3)
Broken bones in the vertebral column.
A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
An area occupying the most posterior aspect of the ABDOMINAL CAVITY. It is bounded laterally by the borders of the quadratus lumborum muscles and extends from the DIAPHRAGM to the brim of the true PELVIS, where it continues as the pelvic extraperitoneal space.

Thoracic intradural arachnoid cyst associated with surgical removal of epidural hematoma--case report. (1/73)

A 54-year-old woman presented with a very rare association of spinal intradural arachnoid cyst and spinal epidural hematoma manifesting as paraparesis subsequent to severe back pain. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging disclosed a ventral epidural hematoma extending from the T-4 to T-6 levels and compressing the spinal cord ventrally. Emergent surgical evacuation of the epidural hematoma was carried out 22 hours after the onset. MR imaging obtained 2 days after surgery showed enlargement of the dorsal subarachnoid space at the T-3 to T-8 levels. The patient could walk independently within 6 months after discharge, but paraparesis recurred 3 years after surgery. MR imaging showed formation of an intradural arachnoid cyst, which compressed the spinal cord dorsally. She underwent arachnoid cystectomy, and recovered ambulation postoperatively. This case of intradural arachnoid cyst of the thoracic spine which appeared after surgical removal of an epidural hematoma at the same spinal level indicates some association between the epidural hematoma and the arachnoid cyst.  (+info)

The poor outcome of the delayed diagnosis of acute spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma: two cases report. (2/73)

We present two patients who had acute paraplegia with sensory loss due to spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH). One had myocardial infraction and the other had deep vein thrombosis, and the former was treated with anticoagulants and the latter was treated with thrombolytic agent. We analyzed the neurological status of our two cases each between its preoperative and postoperative state. Postoperatively both showed no improvement of neurologic symptom, and on follow-up of 12 months, one showed no neurologic improvement and the other showed a insignificant improvement of lower extremity muscle power (trace knee extensor/ankle dorsi-flexor). We thought that this poor outcome was due to delayed operation, which was done more than 24 hr after the symptom onset. The outcome in SSEH is essentially determined by the time taken from symptom onset to operation. Therefore, early and precise diagnosis such as careful history taking and MRI evaluation is necessary.  (+info)

Spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma: a therapeutical challenge? Report of an unusual case. (3/73)

We report the conservative treatment of a spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma attending with acute extensive neurological deficits, which resolved spontaneously. Spontaneous remission of spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma with severe neurological deficit is rare in the literature. An 80 year old man was admitted to our hospital presenting sciatica followed by rapid development of paraparesis and cauda equina syndrome, which represents a neurosurgical emergency. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a multilevel epidural haematoma from L1 to L5. During the initial diagnostic procedure the symptoms started to decline unexpectedly, so the surgical intervention could be withdrawn. Twenty four hours after admission the patient was almost free of symptoms, mobile, and continent. Awareness and high index of suspicion, and a willingness to seek the prompt help of the imaging department, are crucial to successful management before the opportunity to treat is lost.  (+info)

Spinal epidural haematoma mimicking spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage. (4/73)

Spinal epidural haematoma is increasingly picked up using magnetic resonance imaging, especially following trauma. The presentation can be varied especially if there is a trivial history of trauma. Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage can occur in spinal haematoma as a rare and unusual presentation and can be easily misdiagnosed. The key to early diagnosis is a strong suspicion and careful repeated neurological examination. We present an illustrative case.  (+info)

Analysis of the risk factors for the development of post-operative spinal epidural haematoma. (5/73)

In order to identify the risk factors and the incidence of post-operative spinal epidural haematoma, we analysed the records of 14 932 patients undergoing spinal surgery between 1984 and 2002. Of these, 32 (0.2%) required re-operation within one week of the initial procedure and had an International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-9 code for haematoma complicating a procedure (998.12). As controls, we selected those who had undergone a procedure of equal complexity by the same surgeon but who had not developed this complication. Risks identified before operation were older than 60 years of age, the use of pre-operative non-steroidal anti-inflammatories and Rh-positive blood type. Those during the procedure were involvement of more than five operative levels, a haemoglobin < 10 g/dL, and blood loss > 1 L, and after operation an international normalised ratio > 2.0 within the first 48 hours. All these were identified as significant (p < 0.03). Well-controlled anticoagulation and the use of drains were not associated with an increased risk of post-operative spinal epidural haematoma.  (+info)

Pure cervical radiculopathy due to spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma (SSEH): report of a case solved conservatively. (6/73)

INTRODUCTION: Spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma (SSEH) is widely recognised throughout the literature as a cause of myelopathy, radicular compression being very rarely reported. Surgical management is almost always recommended, especially in the cases of spinal cord compression. Conservative treatment is reported as a curiosity and only in the case of spontaneous improvement. This report presents the particular case of a 64-year-old patient undergoing anticoagulant therapy that had a cervical radiculopathy due to a SSEH confirmed by MRI. The patient improved spontaneously and symptoms were solved with unconventional conservative treatment and without stopping the anticoagulant therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous epidural haematoma must be kept in mind when patients undergoing anticoagulant therapy have a sudden onset of cervicobrachialgia. Even though most spinal surgeons advocate surgical treatment, a conservative approach may lead to a complete recovery and may be considered as a good option in the case of radicular involvement. Discontinuation of the anticoagulant therapy may not always be needed, especially when the clinical syndrome improves spontaneously.  (+info)

Epidural haematoma after a combined spinal-epidural anaesthetic in a patient treated with clopidogrel and dalteparin. (7/73)

We report a case of a spinal-epidural haematoma occurring in a patient after a combined spinal-epidural anaesthetic. She had been taking clopidogrel and had received perioperative dalteparin for thromboprophylaxis. Despite adhering to standard guidelines concerning administration of low molecular weight heparin perioperatively and stopping the clopidogrel 7 days before the anaesthetic, the patient developed an epidural haematoma.  (+info)

Magnetic resonance image findings in the early post-operative period after anterior cervical discectomy. (8/73)

If early neurological deterioration occurs following anterior cervical discectomy, the patient should be evaluated by urgent MRI scanning. In order to interpret such a scan it is essential to know what the normal post-operative MRI appearance is following an uncomplicated procedure. In the lumbar spine it is well recognized that early post-operative imaging following discectomy is difficult to interpret with a high rate of false positive scans. The normal appearance of MRI in the early post-operative period was evaluated prospectively in 15 patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy without fusion for either cervical radiculopathy or myelopathy. MRI was performed on the first post-operative day, at 6 weeks and 6 months. The successful outcome of the procedure was validated by uniform improvement of Visual Analogue Scale measurement for neck and arm pain, the Neck Disability Index and European Myelopathy Score as appropriate. In contrast to the established findings following lumbar discectomy, only two cases showed a persistent epidural mass in the first post-operative scan and this had completely resolved at 6 months. All patients had foraminal narrowing and root or cord compression pre-operatively. Sixty six percent of cases showed persistent foraminal narrowing on sequential imaging up to 6 months despite showing good symptomatic improvement. All cases demonstrated high signal in the operated disc space on T2 weighted imaging on the first post-operative day and this finding persisted in 13 of 15 scans performed at 6 weeks. Post contrast imaging demonstrated no enhancement of operated disc space and adjacent vertebral body on the first post-operative day, whereas all scans at 6 weeks showed enhancement and such enhancement persisted at 6 months in 50%. Persistent epidural filling defects are uncommon following successful anterior cervical discectomy but persistence of foraminal narrowing is common despite successful outcome. Enhancement of the disc space is also common and does not in itself imply infection.  (+info)

The epidural space is the potential space located outside the dura mater, which is the outermost of the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (the meninges). This space runs the entire length of the spinal canal and contains fatty tissue, blood vessels, and nerve roots. It is often used as a route for administering anesthesia during childbirth or surgery, as well as for pain management in certain medical conditions. The injection of medications into this space is called an epidural block.

Epidural neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the epidural space, which is the area between the dura mater (the outermost protective covering of the spinal cord) and the vertebral column. These tumors can be either primary, originating directly from the cells in the epidural space, or secondary, resulting from the spread (metastasis) of cancerous cells from other parts of the body.

Epidural neoplasms can cause various symptoms due to the compression of the spinal cord and nerve roots. These symptoms may include localized back pain, radiating pain, sensory changes, motor weakness, and autonomic dysfunction. The diagnosis typically involves imaging studies such as MRI or CT scans, followed by a biopsy for histopathological examination to confirm the type and grade of the tumor. Treatment options depend on several factors, including the patient's overall health, the location and size of the tumor, and the type and extent of neurological deficits. Treatment may involve surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches.

A hematoma is defined as a localized accumulation of blood in a tissue, organ, or body space caused by a break in the wall of a blood vessel. This can result from various causes such as trauma, surgery, or certain medical conditions that affect coagulation. The severity and size of a hematoma may vary depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Symptoms can include swelling, pain, bruising, and decreased mobility in the affected area. Treatment options depend on the size and location of the hematoma but may include observation, compression, ice, elevation, or in some cases, surgical intervention.

Spinal cord compression is a medical condition that refers to the narrowing of the spinal canal, which puts pressure on the spinal cord and the nerves that branch out from it. This can occur due to various reasons such as degenerative changes in the spine, herniated discs, bone spurs, tumors, or fractures. The compression can lead to a range of symptoms including pain, numbness, tingling, weakness, or loss of bladder and bowel control. In severe cases, it can cause paralysis. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include physical therapy, medication, surgery, or radiation therapy.

Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) treatment is a minimally invasive therapeutic procedure used in pain management and interventional medicine. It involves the use of electrical pulses, delivered via a specialized needle-like probe, to target specific nerves or nerve roots. These electrical pulses are delivered in a controlled and precise manner, at a frequency that does not cause heat damage to the surrounding tissues.

The goal of PRF treatment is to modulate the transmission of pain signals from the affected area to the brain, thereby reducing the perception of pain. The exact mechanism by which PRF works is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve changes in the electrical properties of nerve cells and the release of various chemical mediators that influence pain processing.

PRF treatment is typically performed under local anesthesia or conscious sedation, depending on the patient's preference and the specific procedure being performed. It is generally considered a safe and well-tolerated procedure, with few reported side effects. However, as with any medical intervention, there are potential risks and benefits that should be discussed with a qualified healthcare provider before undergoing treatment.

Quipazine is not generally considered a medical term, but it is a chemical compound that has been studied in the field of medicine and neuroscience. Quipazine is a type of drug known as a serotonin receptor agonist, which means it binds to and activates serotonin receptors in the brain.

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, a chemical that transmits signals in the brain and nervous system, that plays a role in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and other functions. Quipazine has been studied for its potential therapeutic uses in various conditions, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and substance abuse disorders. However, it is not currently approved for use as a medication in any country.

It's important to note that while quipazine may have potential therapeutic benefits, it also has significant side effects, including seizures, changes in heart rate and blood pressure, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by muscle rigidity, fever, and autonomic dysfunction. As such, its use is generally limited to research settings.

Electric stimulation therapy, also known as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) or electromyostimulation, is a therapeutic treatment that uses electrical impulses to stimulate muscles and nerves. The electrical signals are delivered through electrodes placed on the skin near the target muscle group or nerve.

The therapy can be used for various purposes, including:

1. Pain management: Electric stimulation can help reduce pain by stimulating the release of endorphins, which are natural painkillers produced by the body. It can also help block the transmission of pain signals to the brain.
2. Muscle rehabilitation: NMES can be used to prevent muscle atrophy and maintain muscle tone in individuals who are unable to move their muscles due to injury or illness, such as spinal cord injuries or stroke.
3. Improving circulation: Electric stimulation can help improve blood flow and reduce swelling by contracting the muscles and promoting the movement of fluids in the body.
4. Wound healing: NMES can be used to promote wound healing by increasing blood flow, reducing swelling, and improving muscle function around the wound site.
5. Muscle strengthening: Electric stimulation can be used to strengthen muscles by causing them to contract and relax repeatedly, which can help improve muscle strength and endurance.

It is important to note that electric stimulation therapy should only be administered under the guidance of a trained healthcare professional, as improper use can cause harm or discomfort.

An epidural cranial hematoma is a specific type of hematoma, which is defined as an abnormal accumulation of blood in a restricted space, occurring between the dura mater (the outermost layer of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord) and the skull in the cranial region. This condition is often caused by trauma or head injury, which results in the rupture of blood vessels, allowing blood to collect in the epidural space. The accumulation of blood can compress the brain tissue and cause various neurological symptoms, potentially leading to serious complications if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

A subdural hematoma is a type of hematoma (a collection of blood) that occurs between the dura mater, which is the outermost protective covering of the brain, and the brain itself. It is usually caused by bleeding from the veins located in this potential space, often as a result of a head injury or trauma.

Subdural hematomas can be classified as acute, subacute, or chronic based on their rate of symptom progression and the time course of their appearance on imaging studies. Acute subdural hematomas typically develop and cause symptoms rapidly, often within hours of the head injury. Subacute subdural hematomas have a more gradual onset of symptoms, which can occur over several days to a week after the trauma. Chronic subdural hematomas may take weeks to months to develop and are often seen in older adults or individuals with chronic alcohol abuse, even after minor head injuries.

Symptoms of a subdural hematoma can vary widely depending on the size and location of the hematoma, as well as the patient's age and overall health. Common symptoms include headache, altered mental status, confusion, memory loss, weakness or numbness, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or even death. Treatment typically involves surgical evacuation of the hematoma, along with management of any underlying conditions that may have contributed to its development.

The spinal cord is a major part of the nervous system, extending from the brainstem and continuing down to the lower back. It is a slender, tubular bundle of nerve fibers (axons) and support cells (glial cells) that carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord primarily serves as a conduit for motor information, which travels from the brain to the muscles, and sensory information, which travels from the body to the brain. It also contains neurons that can independently process and respond to information within the spinal cord without direct input from the brain.

The spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column (spine) and is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each segment corresponds to a specific region of the body and gives rise to pairs of spinal nerves that exit through the intervertebral foramina at each level.

The spinal cord is responsible for several vital functions, including:

1. Reflexes: Simple reflex actions, such as the withdrawal reflex when touching a hot surface, are mediated by the spinal cord without involving the brain.
2. Muscle control: The spinal cord carries motor signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling voluntary movement and muscle tone regulation.
3. Sensory perception: The spinal cord transmits sensory information, such as touch, temperature, pain, and vibration, from the body to the brain for processing and awareness.
4. Autonomic functions: The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system originate in the thoracolumbar and sacral regions of the spinal cord, respectively, controlling involuntary physiological responses like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration.

Damage to the spinal cord can result in various degrees of paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury, depending on the severity and location of the damage.

A subdural hematoma (SDH) is a type of intracranial hemorrhage that occurs between the dura mater and the brain. When it becomes chronic, it means that the bleeding has occurred slowly over time, often over the course of several weeks or months. The blood gradually collects in the potential space between the dura and the arachnoid membrane, forming a clot.

A chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is typically characterized by the presence of liquefied blood, which can form a loculated collection that may exert mass effect on the underlying brain tissue. This can lead to symptoms such as headache, confusion, weakness, or even seizures, depending on the size and location of the hematoma.

CSDHs are often associated with underlying brain atrophy, which can create a larger potential space for blood to collect. They may also be seen in patients who are taking anticoagulant medications or have a bleeding disorder. Treatment typically involves surgical evacuation of the hematoma, although smaller CSDHs may be managed conservatively with close monitoring and repeat imaging.

A subdural hematoma is a type of brain injury in which blood accumulates between the dura mater (the outermost layer of the meninges, the protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord) and the brain. In the case of an acute subdural hematoma, the bleeding occurs suddenly and rapidly as a result of trauma, such as a severe head injury from a fall, motor vehicle accident, or assault. The accumulation of blood puts pressure on the brain, which can lead to serious complications, including brain damage or death, if not promptly diagnosed and treated. Acute subdural hematomas are considered medical emergencies and require immediate neurosurgical intervention.

An epidural spinal hematoma is a rare but potentially serious medical condition characterized by the accumulation of blood in the epidural space of the spinal canal. The epidural space is the outermost layer of the spinal canal and it contains fat, blood vessels, and nerve roots.

In an epidural spinal hematoma, blood collects in this space, often as a result of trauma or injury to the spine, or due to complications from medical procedures such as spinal taps or epidural anesthesia. The buildup of blood can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves, leading to symptoms such as back pain, muscle weakness, numbness, or paralysis below the level of the hematoma.

Epidural spinal hematomas require immediate medical attention and may necessitate surgical intervention to relieve the pressure on the spinal cord and prevent further nerve damage. Risk factors for developing an epidural spinal hematoma include bleeding disorders, anticoagulant medication use, and spinal trauma or surgery.

Spinal cord injuries (SCI) refer to damage to the spinal cord that results in a loss of function, such as mobility or feeling. This injury can be caused by direct trauma to the spine or by indirect damage resulting from disease or degeneration of surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels. The location and severity of the injury on the spinal cord will determine which parts of the body are affected and to what extent.

The effects of SCI can range from mild sensory changes to severe paralysis, including loss of motor function, autonomic dysfunction, and possible changes in sensation, strength, and reflexes below the level of injury. These injuries are typically classified as complete or incomplete, depending on whether there is any remaining function below the level of injury.

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal cord injuries to prevent further damage and improve the chances of recovery. Treatment usually involves immobilization of the spine, medications to reduce swelling and pressure, surgery to stabilize the spine, and rehabilitation to help regain lost function. Despite advances in treatment, SCI can have a significant impact on a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.

A subdural hematoma is a type of intracranial hemorrhage, which means it involves bleeding within the skull. More specifically, a subdural hematoma occurs between the dura mater (the outermost layer of the meninges that covers the brain) and the brain itself. This condition is usually caused by trauma or injury to the head, which results in the rupture of blood vessels in the brain. The bleeding then forms a collection of blood in the subdural space, which can compress the brain and lead to various neurological symptoms.

Subdural hematomas can be acute, subacute, or chronic, depending on the time course of symptom onset and the rate of blood accumulation. Acute subdural hematomas typically result from severe head trauma and require immediate medical attention due to their rapid progression and potential for causing significant brain damage or even death. Chronic subdural hematomas, on the other hand, may develop more slowly over time and can sometimes be asymptomatic, although they still have the potential to cause long-term neurological problems if left untreated.

Treatment options for subdural hematomas depend on various factors, including the patient's age, overall health status, the severity of symptoms, and the size and location of the hematoma. In some cases, conservative management with close monitoring may be appropriate, while in other situations, surgical intervention may be necessary to alleviate pressure on the brain and prevent further damage.

A subdural hematoma in the spine is a specific type of spinal hemorrhage, where blood accumulates in the potential space between the dura mater (the outer layer of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord) and the arachnoid membrane (the middle layer of the meninges). This space is normally devoid of fluid or blood.

Subdural hematomas in the spine can result from trauma, such as a fall or motor vehicle accident, which causes bleeding from the venous vessels located between the dura mater and arachnoid membrane. As blood accumulates, it can compress the spinal cord and nerve roots, leading to neurological deficits.

Symptoms of a subdural hematoma in the spine may include localized back pain, radiating pain, sensory loss, motor weakness, or paralysis below the level of the lesion. In severe cases, it can lead to respiratory failure, loss of bowel and bladder control, and even death if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

A cerebral hemorrhage, also known as an intracranial hemorrhage or intracerebral hemorrhage, is a type of stroke that results from bleeding within the brain tissue. It occurs when a weakened blood vessel bursts and causes localized bleeding in the brain. This bleeding can increase pressure in the skull, damage nearby brain cells, and release toxic substances that further harm brain tissues.

Cerebral hemorrhages are often caused by chronic conditions like hypertension (high blood pressure) or cerebral amyloid angiopathy, which weakens the walls of blood vessels over time. Other potential causes include trauma, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, illicit drug use, and brain tumors. Symptoms may include sudden headache, weakness, numbness, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, vision problems, loss of balance, and altered level of consciousness. Immediate medical attention is required to diagnose and manage cerebral hemorrhage through imaging techniques, supportive care, and possible surgical interventions.

Spinal injections, also known as epidural injections or intrathecal injections, are medical procedures involving the injection of medications directly into the spinal canal. The medication is usually delivered into the space surrounding the spinal cord (the epidural space) or into the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and protects the spinal cord (the subarachnoid space).

The medications used in spinal injections can include local anesthetics, steroids, opioids, or a combination of these. The purpose of spinal injections is to provide diagnostic information, therapeutic relief, or both. They are commonly used to treat various conditions affecting the spine, such as radicular pain (pain that radiates down the arms or legs), disc herniation, spinal stenosis, and degenerative disc disease.

Spinal injections can be administered using different techniques, including fluoroscopy-guided injections, computed tomography (CT) scan-guided injections, or with the help of a nerve stimulator. These techniques ensure accurate placement of the medication and minimize the risk of complications.

It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for specific information regarding spinal injections and their potential benefits and risks.

Trephination, also known as trepanation or burr hole surgery, is a surgical procedure that involves making a circular hole in the skull. This ancient medical practice was used in various cultures throughout history for various purposes, such as relieving pressure on the brain, treating mental disorders, or releasing evil spirits. In modern medicine, it is rarely performed and usually reserved for severe conditions like subdural hematomas or infection inside the skull.

Spinal cord diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the spinal cord, which is a part of the central nervous system responsible for transmitting messages between the brain and the rest of the body. These diseases can cause damage to the spinal cord, leading to various symptoms such as muscle weakness, numbness, pain, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and difficulty with movement and coordination.

Spinal cord diseases can be congenital or acquired, and they can result from a variety of causes, including infections, injuries, tumors, degenerative conditions, autoimmune disorders, and genetic factors. Some examples of spinal cord diseases include multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, spinal cord injury, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

The treatment for spinal cord diseases varies depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Treatment options may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, and rehabilitation. In some cases, the damage to the spinal cord may be irreversible, leading to permanent disability or paralysis.

Spinal anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves injecting local anesthetic medication into the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space, which is the space surrounding the spinal cord. This procedure is typically performed by introducing a needle into the lower back, between the vertebrae, to reach the subarachnoid space.

Once the local anesthetic is introduced into this space, it spreads to block nerve impulses from the corresponding levels of the spine, resulting in numbness and loss of sensation in specific areas of the body below the injection site. The extent and level of anesthesia depend on the amount and type of medication used, as well as the patient's individual response.

Spinal anesthesia is often used for surgeries involving the lower abdomen, pelvis, or lower extremities, such as cesarean sections, hernia repairs, hip replacements, and knee arthroscopies. It can also be utilized for procedures like epidural steroid injections to manage chronic pain conditions affecting the spine and lower limbs.

While spinal anesthesia provides effective pain relief during and after surgery, it may cause side effects such as low blood pressure, headache, or difficulty urinating. These potential complications should be discussed with the healthcare provider before deciding on this type of anesthesia.

Spinal nerves are the bundles of nerve fibers that transmit signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves in the human body, which can be divided into five regions: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each spinal nerve carries both sensory information (such as touch, temperature, and pain) from the periphery to the spinal cord, and motor information (such as muscle control) from the spinal cord to the muscles and other structures in the body. Spinal nerves also contain autonomic fibers that regulate involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Spinal diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the spinal column, which is made up of vertebrae (bones), intervertebral discs, facet joints, nerves, ligaments, and muscles. These diseases can cause pain, discomfort, stiffness, numbness, weakness, or even paralysis, depending on the severity and location of the condition. Here are some examples of spinal diseases:

1. Degenerative disc disease: This is a condition where the intervertebral discs lose their elasticity and height, leading to stiffness, pain, and decreased mobility.
2. Herniated disc: This occurs when the inner material of the intervertebral disc bulges or herniates out through a tear in the outer layer, causing pressure on the spinal nerves and resulting in pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected area.
3. Spinal stenosis: This is a narrowing of the spinal canal or the neural foramen (the openings where the spinal nerves exit the spinal column), which can cause pressure on the spinal cord or nerves and result in pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness.
4. Scoliosis: This is a curvature of the spine that can occur in children or adults, leading to an abnormal posture, back pain, and decreased lung function.
5. Osteoarthritis: This is a degenerative joint disease that affects the facet joints in the spine, causing pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility.
6. Ankylosing spondylitis: This is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the spine and sacroiliac joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and fusion of the vertebrae.
7. Spinal tumors: These are abnormal growths that can occur in the spinal column, which can be benign or malignant, causing pain, neurological symptoms, or even paralysis.
8. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections can affect the spine, leading to pain, fever, and other systemic symptoms.
9. Trauma: Fractures, dislocations, or sprains of the spine can occur due to accidents, falls, or sports injuries, causing pain, neurological deficits, or even paralysis.

The spinal canal is the bony, protective channel within the vertebral column that contains and houses the spinal cord. It extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the sacrum, where the spinal cord ends and forms the cauda equina. The spinal canal is formed by a series of vertebral bodies stacked on top of each other, intervertebral discs in between them, and the laminae and spinous processes that form the posterior elements of the vertebrae. The spinal canal provides protection to the spinal cord from external trauma and contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates around the cord, providing nutrients and cushioning. Any narrowing or compression of the spinal canal, known as spinal stenosis, can cause various neurological symptoms due to pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.

Spinal cord neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors within the spinal cord. These can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They originate from the cells within the spinal cord itself (primary tumors), or they may spread to the spinal cord from other parts of the body (metastatic tumors). Spinal cord neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their location and size, including back pain, neurological deficits, and even paralysis. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

Spinal nerve roots are the initial parts of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramen, which are small openings between each vertebra in the spine. These nerve roots carry motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers to and from specific regions of the body. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerve roots in total, with 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal pair. Each root has a dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) ramus that branch off to form the peripheral nervous system. Irritation or compression of these nerve roots can result in pain, numbness, weakness, or loss of reflexes in the affected area.

Spinal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors found within the spinal column, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These tumors can originate in the spine itself, called primary spinal neoplasms, or they can spread to the spine from other parts of the body, known as secondary or metastatic spinal neoplasms. Spinal neoplasms can cause various symptoms, such as back pain, neurological deficits, and even paralysis, depending on their location and size. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent or minimize long-term complications and improve the patient's prognosis.

A craniotomy is a surgical procedure where a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to access the brain. This procedure is typically performed to treat various neurological conditions, such as brain tumors, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, or traumatic brain injuries. After the underlying brain condition is addressed, the bone flap is usually replaced and secured back in place with plates and screws. The purpose of a craniotomy is to provide access to the brain for diagnostic or therapeutic interventions while minimizing potential damage to surrounding tissues.

Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal or the neural foramina (the openings through which nerves exit the spinal column), typically in the lower back (lumbar) or neck (cervical) regions. This can put pressure on the spinal cord and/or nerve roots, causing pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the affected areas, often in the legs, arms, or hands. It's most commonly caused by age-related wear and tear, but can also be due to degenerative changes, herniated discs, tumors, or spinal injuries.

Spinal fusion is a surgical procedure where two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together to create a solid bone. The purpose of this procedure is to restrict movement between the fused vertebrae, which can help reduce pain and stabilize the spine. This is typically done using bone grafts or bone graft substitutes, along with hardware such as rods, screws, or cages to hold the vertebrae in place while they heal together. The procedure may be recommended for various spinal conditions, including degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, or fractures.

A laminectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the lamina, which is the back part of the vertebra that covers the spinal canal. This procedure is often performed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerves caused by conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or tumors. By removing the lamina, the surgeon can access the affected area and alleviate the compression on the spinal cord or nerves, thereby reducing pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms.

Laminectomy may be performed as a standalone procedure or in combination with other surgical techniques such as discectomy, foraminotomy, or spinal fusion. The specific approach and extent of the surgery will depend on the patient's individual condition and symptoms.

The subdural space is a potential space between the dura mater, which is the outermost of the three meninges covering the brain and spinal cord, and the arachnoid mater, which is the middle meningeal layer. This space normally contains a thin film of fluid, but when it becomes filled with blood (subdural hematoma) or pus (subdural empyema), it can cause significant neurological problems due to increased pressure on the brain. The subdural space can also become widened in certain conditions such as dementia or hydrocephalus, leading to a condition called subdural hygroma.

Dura Mater is the thickest and outermost of the three membranes (meninges) that cover the brain and spinal cord. It provides protection and support to these delicate structures. The other two layers are called the Arachnoid Mater and the Pia Mater, which are thinner and more delicate than the Dura Mater. Together, these three layers form a protective barrier around the central nervous system.

Spinal injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur to the vertebral column, which houses and protects the spinal cord. These injuries can be caused by various factors such as trauma from accidents (motor vehicle, sports-related, falls, etc.), violence, or degenerative conditions like arthritis, disc herniation, or spinal stenosis.

Spinal injuries can result in bruising, fractures, dislocations, or compression of the vertebrae, which may then cause damage to the spinal cord and its surrounding tissues, nerves, and blood vessels. The severity of a spinal injury can range from mild, with temporary symptoms, to severe, resulting in permanent impairment or paralysis below the level of injury.

Symptoms of spinal injuries may include:
- Pain or stiffness in the neck or back
- Numbness, tingling, or weakness in the limbs
- Loss of bladder or bowel control
- Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
- Paralysis or loss of sensation below the level of injury
- In severe cases, respiratory problems and difficulty in breathing

Immediate medical attention is crucial for spinal injuries to prevent further damage and ensure proper treatment. Treatment options may include immobilization, surgery, medication, rehabilitation, and physical therapy.

A skull fracture is a break in one or more of the bones that form the skull. It can occur from a direct blow to the head, penetrating injuries like gunshot wounds, or from strong rotational forces during an accident. There are several types of skull fractures, including:

1. Linear Skull Fracture: This is the most common type, where there's a simple break in the bone without any splintering, depression, or displacement. It often doesn't require treatment unless it's near a sensitive area like an eye or ear.

2. Depressed Skull Fracture: In this type, a piece of the skull is pushed inward toward the brain. Surgery may be needed to relieve pressure on the brain and repair the fracture.

3. Diastatic Skull Fracture: This occurs along the suture lines (the fibrous joints between the skull bones) that haven't fused yet, often seen in infants and young children.

4. Basilar Skull Fracture: This involves fractures at the base of the skull. It can be serious due to potential injury to the cranial nerves and blood vessels located in this area.

5. Comminuted Skull Fracture: In this severe type, the bone is shattered into many pieces. These fractures usually require extensive surgical repair.

Symptoms of a skull fracture can include pain, swelling, bruising, bleeding (if there's an open wound), and in some cases, clear fluid draining from the ears or nose (cerebrospinal fluid leak). Severe fractures may cause brain injury, leading to symptoms like confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, or neurological deficits. Immediate medical attention is necessary for any suspected skull fracture.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disorder that affects the motor neurons in the spinal cord, leading to muscle weakness and atrophy. It is caused by a mutation in the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, which results in a deficiency of SMN protein necessary for the survival of motor neurons.

There are several types of SMA, classified based on the age of onset and severity of symptoms. The most common type is type 1, also known as Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, which presents in infancy and is characterized by severe muscle weakness, hypotonia, and feeding difficulties. Other types include type 2 (intermediate SMA), type 3 (Kugelberg-Welander disease), and type 4 (adult-onset SMA).

The symptoms of SMA may include muscle wasting, fasciculations, weakness, hypotonia, respiratory difficulties, and mobility impairment. The diagnosis of SMA typically involves genetic testing to confirm the presence of a mutation in the SMN1 gene. Treatment options for SMA may include medications, physical therapy, assistive devices, and respiratory support.

Medical Definition:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional or three-dimensional images of the internal structures of the body. The patient lies within a large, cylindrical magnet, and the scanner detects changes in the direction of the magnetic field caused by protons in the body. These changes are then converted into detailed images that help medical professionals to diagnose and monitor various medical conditions, such as tumors, injuries, or diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord, heart, blood vessels, joints, and other internal organs. MRI does not use radiation like computed tomography (CT) scans.

Neurosurgical procedures are operations that are performed on the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. These procedures are typically carried out by neurosurgeons, who are medical doctors with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the nervous system. Neurosurgical procedures can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including traumatic injuries, tumors, aneurysms, vascular malformations, infections, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities.

Some common types of neurosurgical procedures include:

* Craniotomy: A procedure in which a bone flap is temporarily removed from the skull to gain access to the brain. This type of procedure may be performed to remove a tumor, repair a blood vessel, or relieve pressure on the brain.
* Spinal fusion: A procedure in which two or more vertebrae in the spine are fused together using bone grafts and metal hardware. This is often done to stabilize the spine and alleviate pain caused by degenerative conditions or spinal deformities.
* Microvascular decompression: A procedure in which a blood vessel that is causing pressure on a nerve is repositioned or removed. This type of procedure is often used to treat trigeminal neuralgia, a condition that causes severe facial pain.
* Deep brain stimulation: A procedure in which electrodes are implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a battery-operated device called a neurostimulator. The neurostimulator sends electrical impulses to the brain to help alleviate symptoms of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease or dystonia.
* Stereotactic radiosurgery: A non-invasive procedure that uses focused beams of radiation to treat tumors, vascular malformations, and other abnormalities in the brain or spine. This type of procedure is often used for patients who are not good candidates for traditional surgery due to age, health status, or location of the lesion.

Neurosurgical procedures can be complex and require a high degree of skill and expertise. Patients considering neurosurgical treatment should consult with a qualified neurosurgeon to discuss their options and determine the best course of action for their individual situation.

Spinal cord ischemia refers to a reduction or interruption of blood flow to the spinal cord, leading to insufficient oxygen and nutrient supply. This condition can cause damage to the spinal cord tissue, potentially resulting in neurological deficits, such as muscle weakness, sensory loss, or autonomic dysfunction. Spinal cord ischemia may be caused by various factors, including atherosclerosis, embolism, spinal artery stenosis, or complications during surgery. The severity and extent of the neurological impairment depend on the duration and location of the ischemic event in the spinal cord.

A traumatic cerebral hemorrhage is a type of brain injury that results from a trauma or external force to the head, which causes bleeding in the brain. This condition is also known as an intracranial hemorrhage or epidural or subdural hematoma, depending on the location and extent of the bleeding.

The trauma can cause blood vessels in the brain to rupture, leading to the accumulation of blood in the skull and increased pressure on the brain. This can result in various symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, vomiting, weakness or numbness in the limbs, loss of consciousness, and even death if not treated promptly.

Traumatic cerebral hemorrhage is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment. Treatment options may include surgery to relieve pressure on the brain, medication to control seizures and reduce swelling, and rehabilitation to help with recovery. The prognosis for traumatic cerebral hemorrhage depends on various factors such as the severity of the injury, location of the bleeding, age and overall health of the patient, and timeliness of treatment.

Spinal ganglia, also known as dorsal root ganglia, are clusters of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system. They are situated along the length of the spinal cord and are responsible for transmitting sensory information from the body to the brain. Each spinal ganglion contains numerous neurons, or nerve cells, with long processes called axons that extend into the periphery and innervate various tissues and organs. The cell bodies within the spinal ganglia receive sensory input from these axons and transmit this information to the central nervous system via the dorsal roots of the spinal nerves. This allows the brain to interpret and respond to a wide range of sensory stimuli, including touch, temperature, pain, and proprioception (the sense of the position and movement of one's body).

The thoracic vertebrae are the 12 vertebrae in the thoracic region of the spine, which is the portion between the cervical and lumbar regions. These vertebrae are numbered T1 to T12, with T1 being closest to the skull and T12 connecting to the lumbar region.

The main function of the thoracic vertebrae is to provide stability and support for the chest region, including protection for the vital organs within, such as the heart and lungs. Each thoracic vertebra has costal facets on its sides, which articulate with the heads of the ribs, forming the costovertebral joints. This connection between the spine and the ribcage allows for a range of movements while maintaining stability.

The thoracic vertebrae have a unique structure compared to other regions of the spine. They are characterized by having long, narrow bodies, small bony processes, and prominent spinous processes that point downwards. This particular shape and orientation of the thoracic vertebrae contribute to their role in limiting excessive spinal movement and providing overall trunk stability.

Paraplegia is a medical condition characterized by partial or complete loss of motor function and sensation in the lower extremities, typically affecting both legs. This results from damage to the spinal cord, often due to trauma such as accidents, falls, or gunshot wounds, or from diseases like spina bifida, polio, or tumors. The specific area and extent of the injury on the spinal cord determine the severity and location of paralysis. Individuals with paraplegia may require assistive devices for mobility, such as wheelchairs, and may face various health challenges, including pressure sores, urinary tract infections, and chronic pain.

Craniocerebral trauma, also known as traumatic brain injury (TBI), is a type of injury that occurs to the head and brain. It can result from a variety of causes, including motor vehicle accidents, falls, sports injuries, violence, or other types of trauma. Craniocerebral trauma can range in severity from mild concussions to severe injuries that cause permanent disability or death.

The injury typically occurs when there is a sudden impact to the head, causing the brain to move within the skull and collide with the inside of the skull. This can result in bruising, bleeding, swelling, or tearing of brain tissue, as well as damage to blood vessels and nerves. In severe cases, the skull may be fractured or penetrated, leading to direct injury to the brain.

Symptoms of craniocerebral trauma can vary widely depending on the severity and location of the injury. They may include headache, dizziness, confusion, memory loss, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, changes in vision or hearing, weakness or numbness in the limbs, balance problems, and behavioral or emotional changes. In severe cases, the person may lose consciousness or fall into a coma.

Treatment for craniocerebral trauma depends on the severity of the injury. Mild injuries may be treated with rest, pain medication, and close monitoring, while more severe injuries may require surgery, intensive care, and rehabilitation. Prevention is key to reducing the incidence of craniocerebral trauma, including measures such as wearing seat belts and helmets, preventing falls, and avoiding violent situations.

The cervical vertebrae are the seven vertebrae that make up the upper part of the spine, also known as the neck region. They are labeled C1 to C7, with C1 being closest to the skull and C7 connecting to the thoracic vertebrae in the chest region. The cervical vertebrae have unique structures to allow for a wide range of motion in the neck while also protecting the spinal cord and providing attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

A basal ganglia hemorrhage is a type of intracranial hemorrhage, which is defined as bleeding within the skull or brain. Specifically, a basal ganglia hemorrhage involves bleeding into the basal ganglia, which are clusters of neurons located deep within the forebrain and are involved in regulating movement, cognition, and emotion.

Basal ganglia hemorrhages can result from various factors, including hypertension (high blood pressure), cerebral amyloid angiopathy, illicit drug use (such as cocaine or amphetamines), and head trauma. Symptoms of a basal ganglia hemorrhage may include sudden onset of severe headache, altered consciousness, weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, and visual disturbances.

Diagnosis of a basal ganglia hemorrhage typically involves imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Treatment may include supportive care, medications to control symptoms, and surgical intervention in some cases. The prognosis for individuals with a basal ganglia hemorrhage varies depending on the severity of the bleed, the presence of underlying medical conditions, and the timeliness and effectiveness of treatment.

Surgical decompression is a medical procedure that involves relieving pressure on a nerve or tissue by creating additional space. This is typically accomplished through the removal of a portion of bone or other tissue that is causing the compression. The goal of surgical decompression is to alleviate symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness caused by the compression.

In the context of spinal disorders, surgical decompression is often used to treat conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, or bone spurs that are compressing nerves in the spine. The specific procedure used may vary depending on the location and severity of the compression, but common techniques include laminectomy, discectomy, and foraminotomy.

It's important to note that surgical decompression is a significant medical intervention that carries risks such as infection, bleeding, and injury to surrounding tissues. As with any surgery, it should be considered as a last resort after other conservative treatments have been tried and found to be ineffective. A thorough evaluation by a qualified medical professional is necessary to determine whether surgical decompression is appropriate in a given case.

The lumbar vertebrae are the five largest and strongest vertebrae in the human spine, located in the lower back region. They are responsible for bearing most of the body's weight and providing stability during movement. The lumbar vertebrae have a characteristic shape, with a large body in the front, which serves as the main weight-bearing structure, and a bony ring in the back, formed by the pedicles, laminae, and processes. This ring encloses and protects the spinal cord and nerves. The lumbar vertebrae are numbered L1 to L5, starting from the uppermost one. They allow for flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation movements of the trunk.

The spine, also known as the vertebral column, is a complex structure in the human body that is part of the axial skeleton. It is composed of 33 individual vertebrae (except in some people where there are fewer due to fusion of certain vertebrae), intervertebral discs, facet joints, ligaments, muscles, and nerves.

The spine has several important functions:

1. Protection: The spine protects the spinal cord, which is a major component of the nervous system, by enclosing it within a bony canal.
2. Support: The spine supports the head and upper body, allowing us to maintain an upright posture and facilitating movement of the trunk and head.
3. Movement: The spine enables various movements such as flexion (bending forward), extension (bending backward), lateral flexion (bending sideways), and rotation (twisting).
4. Weight-bearing: The spine helps distribute weight and pressure evenly across the body, reducing stress on individual vertebrae and other structures.
5. Blood vessel and nerve protection: The spine protects vital blood vessels and nerves that pass through it, including the aorta, vena cava, and spinal nerves.

The spine is divided into five regions: cervical (7 vertebrae), thoracic (12 vertebrae), lumbar (5 vertebrae), sacrum (5 fused vertebrae), and coccyx (4 fused vertebrae, also known as the tailbone). Each region has unique characteristics that allow for specific functions and adaptations to the body's needs.

A subdural effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the potential space between the dura mater (the outermost layer of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord) and the arachnoid membrane (one of the three layers of the meninges that surround the brain and spinal cord) in the subdural space.

Subdural effusions can occur due to various reasons, including head trauma, infection, or complications from neurosurgical procedures. The fluid accumulation may result from bleeding (subdural hematoma), inflammation, or increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure. Depending on the underlying cause and the amount of fluid accumulated, subdural effusions can cause various symptoms, such as headaches, altered mental status, or neurological deficits.

Subdural effusions are often asymptomatic and may resolve independently; however, in some cases, medical intervention might be necessary to alleviate the pressure on the brain or address the underlying condition. Imaging techniques like computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans are typically used to diagnose and monitor subdural effusions.

Motor neurons are specialized nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that play a crucial role in controlling voluntary muscle movements. They transmit electrical signals from the brain to the muscles, enabling us to perform actions such as walking, talking, and swallowing. There are two types of motor neurons: upper motor neurons, which originate in the brain's motor cortex and travel down to the brainstem and spinal cord; and lower motor neurons, which extend from the brainstem and spinal cord to the muscles. Damage or degeneration of these motor neurons can lead to various neurological disorders, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).

The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a standardized tool used by healthcare professionals to assess the level of consciousness and neurological response in a person who has suffered a brain injury or illness. It evaluates three aspects of a patient's responsiveness: eye opening, verbal response, and motor response. The scores from these three categories are then added together to provide an overall GCS score, which can range from 3 (indicating deep unconsciousness) to 15 (indicating a normal level of consciousness). This scale helps medical professionals to quickly and consistently communicate the severity of a patient's condition and monitor their progress over time.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

The rectus abdominis is a paired, flat, and long muscle in the anterior (front) wall of the abdomen. It runs from the pubic symphysis (the joint where the two pubic bones meet in the front of the pelvis) to the xiphoid process (the lower end of the sternum or breastbone) and costal cartilages of the fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs.

The rectus abdominis is responsible for flexing the lumbar spine (lower back), which helps in bending forward or sitting up from a lying down position. It also contributes to maintaining proper posture and stabilizing the pelvis and spine. The muscle's visibility, especially in its lower portion, is often associated with a "six-pack" appearance in well-trained individuals.

Tuberculosis (TB) of the spine, also known as Pott's disease, is a specific form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that involves the vertebral column. It is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium, which primarily affects the lungs but can spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body, including the spine.

In Pott's disease, the infection leads to the destruction of the spongy bone (vertebral body) and the intervertebral disc space, resulting in vertebral collapse, kyphosis (hunchback deformity), and potential neurological complications due to spinal cord compression. Common symptoms include back pain, stiffness, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Early diagnosis and treatment with a multidrug antibiotic regimen are crucial to prevent long-term disability and further spread of the infection.

A closed head injury is a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that occurs when there is no penetration or breakage of the skull. The brain is encased in the skull and protected by cerebrospinal fluid, but when the head experiences a sudden impact or jolt, the brain can move back and forth within the skull, causing it to bruise, tear blood vessels, or even cause nerve damage. This type of injury can result from various incidents such as car accidents, sports injuries, falls, or any other event that causes the head to suddenly stop or change direction quickly.

Closed head injuries can range from mild (concussion) to severe (diffuse axonal injury, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma), and symptoms may not always be immediately apparent. They can include headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, confusion, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, mood changes, sleep disturbances, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness, seizures, or even coma. It is essential to seek medical attention immediately if you suspect a closed head injury, as prompt diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the outcome.

The ligamentum flavum is a pair of elastic bands of tissue located in the spine. They connect the laminae, which are parts of the vertebral arch, from one vertebra to the next in the spine. These ligaments help maintain the stability and alignment of the vertebral column, allowing for a limited range of movement while preventing excessive motion that could cause injury. The elasticity of the ligamentum flavum also facilitates the return of the spinal column to its normal position after flexion.

These ligaments are named "flavum" because they have a yellowish color due to their high elastin content. They play an essential role in protecting the spinal cord and nerve roots from damage during movements of the spine. Any degeneration, thickening, or calcification of the ligamentum flavum may lead to conditions such as spinal stenosis, which can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms.

Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a type of stroke caused by bleeding within the brain or its surrounding tissues. It's a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment. The bleeding can occur in various locations:

1. Epidural hematoma: Bleeding between the dura mater (the outermost protective covering of the brain) and the skull. This is often caused by trauma, such as a head injury.
2. Subdural hematoma: Bleeding between the dura mater and the brain's surface, which can also be caused by trauma.
3. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Bleeding in the subarachnoid space, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and surrounds the brain. This type of ICH is commonly caused by the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation.
4. Intraparenchymal hemorrhage: Bleeding within the brain tissue itself, which can be caused by hypertension (high blood pressure), amyloid angiopathy, or trauma.
5. Intraventricular hemorrhage: Bleeding into the brain's ventricular system, which contains CSF and communicates with the subarachnoid space. This type of ICH is often seen in premature infants but can also be caused by head trauma or aneurysm rupture in adults.

Symptoms of intracranial hemorrhage may include sudden severe headache, vomiting, altered consciousness, confusion, seizures, weakness, numbness, or paralysis on one side of the body, vision changes, or difficulty speaking or understanding speech. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further brain damage and potential long-term disabilities or death.

The lumbosacral region is the lower part of the back where the lumbar spine (five vertebrae in the lower back) connects with the sacrum (a triangular bone at the base of the spine). This region is subject to various conditions such as sprains, strains, herniated discs, and degenerative disorders that can cause pain and discomfort. It's also a common site for surgical intervention when non-surgical treatments fail to provide relief.

Myelography is a medical imaging technique used to examine the spinal cord and surrounding structures, such as the spinal nerves, intervertebral discs, and the spinal column. This procedure involves the injection of a contrast dye into the subarachnoid space, which is the area surrounding the spinal cord filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The dye outlines the spinal structures, making them visible on X-ray or CT scan images.

The primary purpose of myelography is to diagnose various spinal conditions, including herniated discs, spinal stenosis, tumors, infection, and traumatic injuries. It can help identify any compression or irritation of the spinal cord or nerves that may be causing pain, numbness, weakness, or other neurological symptoms.

The procedure typically requires the patient to lie flat on their stomach or side while the radiologist inserts a thin needle into the subarachnoid space, usually at the lower lumbar level. Once the contrast dye is injected, the patient will be repositioned for various X-ray views or undergo a CT scan to capture detailed images of the spine. After the procedure, patients may experience headaches, nausea, or discomfort at the injection site, but these symptoms usually resolve within a few days.

Spinal curvatures refer to the normal or abnormal curvature patterns of the spine as viewed from the side. The human spine has four distinct curves that form an "S" shape when viewed from the side: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. These natural curves provide strength, flexibility, and balance to the spine, allowing us to stand upright, maintain proper posture, and absorb shock during movement.

Abnormal spinal curvatures are often referred to as spinal deformities and can be classified into two main categories: hyperkyphosis (increased kyphosis) and hyperlordosis (increased lordosis). Examples of such conditions include:

1. Kyphosis: An excessive curvature in the thoracic or sacral regions, leading to a hunchback or rounded appearance. Mild kyphosis is common and usually not problematic, but severe cases can cause pain, breathing difficulties, and neurological issues.
2. Lordosis: An abnormal increase in the curvature of the lumbar or cervical spine, resulting in an exaggerated swayback posture. This can lead to lower back pain, muscle strain, and difficulty maintaining proper balance.
3. Scoliosis: A lateral (side-to-side) spinal curvature that causes the spine to twist and rotate, forming a C or S shape when viewed from behind. Most scoliosis cases are idiopathic (of unknown cause), but they can also be congenital (present at birth) or secondary to other medical conditions.

These abnormal spinal curvatures may require medical intervention, such as physical therapy, bracing, or surgery, depending on the severity and progression of the condition.

The posterior cranial fossa is a term used in anatomy to refer to the portion of the skull that forms the lower, back part of the cranial cavity. It is located between the occipital bone and the temporal bones, and it contains several important structures including the cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, and the lower cranial nerves (IX-XII). The posterior fossa also contains the foramen magnum, which is a large opening through which the spinal cord connects to the brainstem. This region of the skull is protected by the occipital bone, which forms the base of the skull and provides attachment for several neck muscles.

Posterior horn cells refer to the neurons located in the posterior (or dorsal) horn of the gray matter in the spinal cord. These cells are primarily responsible for receiving and processing sensory information from peripheral nerves, particularly related to touch, pressure, pain, and temperature. The axons of these cells form the ascending tracts that carry this information to the brain for further processing. It's worth noting that damage to posterior horn cells can result in various sensory deficits, such as those seen in certain neurological conditions.

Drainage, in medical terms, refers to the removal of excess fluid or accumulated collections of fluids from various body parts or spaces. This is typically accomplished through the use of medical devices such as catheters, tubes, or drains. The purpose of drainage can be to prevent the buildup of fluids that may cause discomfort, infection, or other complications, or to treat existing collections of fluid such as abscesses, hematomas, or pleural effusions. Drainage may also be used as a diagnostic tool to analyze the type and composition of the fluid being removed.

Spontaneous remission in a medical context refers to the disappearance or significant improvement of symptoms of a disease or condition without any specific treatment being administered. In other words, it's a situation where the disease resolves on its own, without any apparent cause. While spontaneous remission can occur in various conditions, it is relatively rare and not well understood. It's important to note that just because a remission occurs without treatment doesn't mean that medical care should be avoided, as many conditions can worsen or lead to complications if left untreated.

Paraparesis is a medical term that refers to a mild to moderate form of paralysis affecting the lower limbs, specifically the legs. It is characterized by partial loss of strength and mobility, which may result in difficulty walking or maintaining balance. Paraparesis can be caused by various conditions such as spinal cord injuries, multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, or other neurological disorders affecting the spinal cord.

The term "para" means "two," and "paresis" comes from the Greek word "paresis," which means "loosening" or "relaxation." Therefore, paraparesis implies weakness or partial paralysis in two lower extremities. It is important to note that while paraparesis can impact a person's ability to walk and perform daily activities, it does not necessarily lead to complete loss of movement or sensation in the affected limbs.

Proper diagnosis and management of the underlying cause are crucial for improving symptoms and preventing further progression of paraparesis. Treatment options may include physical therapy, medications, assistive devices, or surgical interventions depending on the specific condition causing the paraparesis.

Quadriplegia, also known as tetraplegia, is a medical condition characterized by paralysis affecting all four limbs and the trunk of the body. It results from damage to the cervical spinal cord, typically at levels C1-C8, which controls signals to the muscles in the arms, hands, trunk, legs, and pelvic organs. The extent of quadriplegia can vary widely, ranging from weakness to complete loss of movement and sensation below the level of injury. Other symptoms may include difficulty breathing, bowel and bladder dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction. The severity and prognosis depend on the location and extent of the spinal cord injury.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

A spinal puncture, also known as a lumbar puncture or a spinal tap, is a medical procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is inserted between two vertebrae in the lower back to extract cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the subarachnoid space. This procedure is typically performed to diagnose conditions affecting the central nervous system, such as meningitis, encephalitis, or subarachnoid hemorrhage, by analyzing the CSF for cells, chemicals, bacteria, or viruses. Additionally, spinal punctures can be used to administer medications or anesthetics directly into the CSF space, such as in the case of epidural anesthesia during childbirth.

The medical definition of a spinal puncture is: "A diagnostic and therapeutic procedure that involves introducing a thin needle into the subarachnoid space, typically at the lumbar level, to collect cerebrospinal fluid or administer medications."

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

An Arachnoid cyst is a type of abnormal fluid-filled sac that develops between the brain or spinal cord and the arachnoid membrane, which is one of the three layers that cover and protect the central nervous system. These cysts are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is the same fluid that surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord.

Arachnoid cysts can vary in size and may be present at birth or develop later in life due to trauma, infection, or other factors. While many arachnoid cysts are asymptomatic and do not cause any problems, larger cysts or those that grow or shift over time can put pressure on the brain or spinal cord, leading to a range of neurological symptoms such as headaches, seizures, hearing or vision changes, balance or coordination difficulties, and cognitive impairments.

Treatment for arachnoid cysts depends on their size, location, and associated symptoms. In some cases, observation and monitoring may be sufficient, while in others, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain the cyst or create a connection between it and the surrounding CSF space to relieve pressure.

Spinal muscular atrophies (SMAs) of childhood are a group of inherited neuromuscular disorders characterized by degeneration and loss of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord, leading to progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. The severity and age of onset can vary significantly, with some forms presenting in infancy and others in later childhood or even adulthood.

The most common form of SMA is 5q autosomal recessive SMA, also known as survival motor neuron (SMN) disease, which results from mutations in the SMN1 gene. The severity of this form can range from severe (type I or Werdnig-Hoffmann disease), intermediate (type II or chronic infantile neurodegenerative disorder), to mild (type III or Kugelberg-Welander disease).

Type I SMA is the most severe form, with onset before 6 months of age and rapid progression leading to death within the first two years of life if left untreated. Type II SMA has an onset between 6 and 18 months of age, with affected children never achieving the ability to walk independently. Type III SMA has a later onset, typically after 18 months of age, and is characterized by a slower progression, allowing for the ability to walk unaided, although mobility may be lost over time.

Other forms of childhood-onset SMA include autosomal dominant distal SMA, X-linked SMA, and spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA or Kennedy's disease). These forms have distinct genetic causes and clinical presentations.

In general, SMAs are characterized by muscle weakness, hypotonia, fasciculations, tongue atrophy, and depressed or absent deep tendon reflexes. Respiratory and nutritional support is often required in more severe cases. Recent advances in gene therapy have led to the development of disease-modifying treatments for some forms of SMA.

A spinal fracture, also known as a vertebral compression fracture, is a break in one or more bones (vertebrae) of the spine. This type of fracture often occurs due to weakened bones caused by osteoporosis, but it can also result from trauma such as a car accident or a fall.

In a spinal fracture, the front part of the vertebra collapses, causing the height of the vertebra to decrease, while the back part of the vertebra remains intact. This results in a wedge-shaped deformity of the vertebra. Multiple fractures can lead to a hunched forward posture known as kyphosis or dowager's hump.

Spinal fractures can cause pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the back, legs, or arms, depending on the location and severity of the fracture. In some cases, spinal cord compression may occur, leading to more severe symptoms such as paralysis or loss of bladder and bowel control.

Sprague-Dawley rats are a strain of albino laboratory rats that are widely used in scientific research. They were first developed by researchers H.H. Sprague and R.C. Dawley in the early 20th century, and have since become one of the most commonly used rat strains in biomedical research due to their relatively large size, ease of handling, and consistent genetic background.

Sprague-Dawley rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not suffer from the same limitations as inbred strains, which can have reduced fertility and increased susceptibility to certain diseases. They are also characterized by their docile nature and low levels of aggression, making them easier to handle and study than some other rat strains.

These rats are used in a wide variety of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, and behavioral studies. Because they are genetically diverse, Sprague-Dawley rats can be used to model a range of human diseases and conditions, making them an important tool in the development of new drugs and therapies.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

The retroperitoneal space refers to the area within the abdominal cavity that is located behind (retro) the peritoneum, which is the smooth serous membrane that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers the abdominal organs. This space is divided into several compartments and contains vital structures such as the kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, aorta, and vena cava.

The retroperitoneal space can be further categorized into two regions:

1. The posterior pararenal space, which is lateral to the psoas muscle and contains fat tissue.
2. The perirenal space, which surrounds the kidneys and adrenal glands and is filled with fatty connective tissue.

Disorders or conditions affecting the retroperitoneal space may include infections, tumors, hematomas, or inflammation, which can lead to various symptoms depending on the specific structures involved. Imaging techniques such as CT scans or MRI are commonly used to diagnose and assess retroperitoneal pathologies.

Spinal extradural haematoma or spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) is bleeding into the epidural space in the spine. These may arise ... The anatomy of the epidural space is such that spinal epidural hematoma has a different presentation from intracranial epidural ... referred to as the epidural venous plexus. The source of bleeding in spinal epidural hematoma is likely to be this venous ... "Spinal epidural hematoma". The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 18 (8): 494-502. doi:10.5435/00124635- ...
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"Surgical management of spinal epidural hematoma: relationship between surgical timing and neurological outcome". Journal of ... Unlike anterior spinal cord stroke, motor functions are not handicapped in posterior spinal cord stroke. In central spinal cord ... it is necessary to differentiate between subdural and epidural hematomas. Based on the location of the hematoma, use both axial ... To identify the hematoma in the spinal cord, MRI with and without gadolinium enhancement is the preferred choice. CT is also ...
"Spinal subdural haematoma as a complication of immediate epidural blood patch". Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia. 43 (3): 306- ... More rare complications of EBP include misplacement of blood leading to spinal subdural hematoma or intrathecal injection and ... Using a pencil point needle rather than a cutting spinal needle decreases the risk. The size of the pencil point needle does ... Using a pencil point rather than a cutting spinal needle decreases the risk. The size of the pencil point needle does not ...
When this condition occurs in the spine it is known as a spinal epidural hematoma. Treatment is generally by urgent surgery in ... "Epidural hematoma: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2019-02-12. MedPix: Epidural hematoma Epidural ... Arterial epidural hematomas usually progress rapidly. However, venous epidural hematomas, caused by a dural sinus tear, are ... Epidural hemorrhage (epidural hematoma, extradural hemorrhage, or hematoma) Bleeding outside the outermost layer of the dural ...
... pulmonary hemorrhage and spinal-epidural hematoma. Fatal bleeding have been reported rarely. Sometimes, thrombocytopenia was ...
Hancock JB, Field EM, Gadam R (1997). "Spinal epidural hematoma progressing to Brown-Sequard syndrome: report of a case". J ... or spinal hemiparaplegia) is caused by damage to one half of the spinal cord, i.e. hemisection of the spinal cord resulting in ... Egido Herrero JA, Saldanã C, Jiménez A, Vázquez A, Varela de Seijas E, Mata P (1992). "Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma ... Brown-Séquard syndrome may be caused by injury to the spinal cord resulting from a spinal cord tumor, trauma [such as a fall or ...
... may bleed into this potential space and result in an epidural hematoma. In the spinal canal, the periosteal layer adheres to ... Between the vertebrae and the dural sheath is the spinal epidural space. Unlike the cranial epidural space, the spinal epidural ... The spinal epidural space spans the length of the spinal cord, from the foramen magnum superiorly to the sacral hiatus ... "epidural cavity", "extradural space" or "peridural space". In humans the epidural space contains lymphatics, spinal nerve roots ...
... spinal epidural abscess Neoplastic: glioma, meningioma, brain tumors, spinal cord tumors Demyelination: multiple sclerosis, ... disseminated sclerosis, ADEM, neuromyelitis optica Traumatic: cerebral lacerations, subdural hematoma, epidural hematoma, ... As a lesion that results in hemiplegia occurs in the brain or spinal cord, hemiplegic muscles display features of the upper ... Other causes of hemiplegia include spinal cord injury, specifically Brown-Séquard syndrome, traumatic brain injury, or disease ...
... spinal epidural abscess, spinal epidural hematoma, proximal diabetic neuropathy, Tarlov cysts, or, more rarely, sarcoidosis, ... Spinal epidural abscess is more common among those with diabetes mellitus or immunocompromised, who use intravenous drugs, or ... September 2015). "Epidural Corticosteroid Injections for Radiculopathy and Spinal Stenosis: A Systematic Review and Meta- ... "Epidural Injections for Lumbar Radiculopathy and Spinal Stenosis: A Comparative Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Pain ...
... secondary to an increased risk of a spinal epidural hematoma) Severe aortic stenosis Increased intracranial pressure Space ... The injected dose for an epidural is larger, being about 10-20 mL compared to 1.5-3.5 mL in a spinal. In an epidural, an ... Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia Epidural Intrathecal administration Lumbar puncture Bronwen Jean Bryant; Kathleen Mary ... Spinal anaesthesia (or spinal anesthesia), also called spinal block, subarachnoid block, intradural block and intrathecal block ...
... hematoma MeSH C23.550.414.838.349 - hematoma, epidural, cranial MeSH C23.550.414.838.355 - hematoma, epidural, spinal MeSH ... hematoma, epidural, cranial MeSH C23.550.414.913.700 - hematoma, subdural MeSH C23.550.414.913.700.100 - hematoma, subdural, ... hematoma, subdural, intracranial MeSH C23.550.414.838.700.700 - hematoma, subdural, spinal MeSH C23.550.414.849 - hematuria ... hematoma, subdural, acute MeSH C23.550.414.838.700.200 - hematoma, subdural, chronic MeSH C23.550.414.838.700.400 - ...
Other adverse events included spinal epidural hematoma (in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine), chylothorax, injuries of ... Four adverse events associated with moxibustion were bruising, burns and cellulitis, spinal epidural abscess, and large ... People with serious spinal disease, such as cancer or infection, are not good candidates for acupuncture. Contraindications to ... However, there is an increasing literature on adverse events (e.g. spinal-cord injury). Acupuncture seems to be safe in people ...
Epidural blood patch Caudal epidural Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia (CSE) Epidural steroid injection Patient- ... Epidural abscess Epidural haematoma This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Epidural. If an internal ... It may also refer to: Epidural administration Epidural space Epidural venous plexus Epidural needle (Tuohy needle) ... The term epidural (from Ancient Greek ἐπί, "on, upon" + dura mater) is an adjective referring to the epidural space, part of ...
... may be necessary to delay anticoagulant dosing in these persons in order to decrease the risk for spinal or epidural hematomas ... or a past medical history of epidural or spinal punctures, spinal injury, or spinal deformations. The FDA recommends that at- ... Persons at risk for hematomas may present with indwelling epidural catheters, concurrent use of medications that worsen ... Bleeding may be serious especially in those who are undergoing a spinal tap. Use during pregnancy appears to be safe for the ...
"Chronic pure radiculopathy in patient with organizing epidural hematoma around C8 nerve root". Eur Spine J. 21 Suppl 4: S450-2 ... Its spine center has long-standing experience and expertise in Minimally Invasive Spinal Surgery, and spine specialists treat ... Orthopedics 2012 Chronic pure radiculopathy in patient with organizing epidural hematoma around C8 nerve root - European Spine ... J Spinal Disord Tech. 26 (2): 87-92. doi:10.1097/BSD.0b013e318237b9b1. PMID 23529151. S2CID 37391053. Kim, Moon-Chan; Chung, ...
Following spinal anesthesia or puncture, people who are being treated with anti-thrombotic agents are at higher risk for ... developing a hematoma, which causes long-term or permanent paralysis. The risk of this may be increased by using epidural or ...
Bilateral occipital extradural hematoma in a child Spinal intradural extramedullary mature cystic teratoma in an adult: A rare ... Wounds and Bilateral Mirror Image Cervical Neurosurgical in an Adult with Neurotransmitters Type 1 Dorsal spinal epidural ...
Epidural analgesia may lead to serious neurological complications (epidural haematoma and abscess, with an incidence of one in ... as an effective alternative to other regional anesthetic techniques such as peripheral nerve blocks and spinal-epidural ... Besides, some patients might prefer an alternative to epidural analgesia because of epidural-related side effects. ... Christie, I. W; McCabe, S. (2007-03-21). "Major complications of epidural analgesia after surgery: results of a six-year survey ...
An epidural hematoma, bleeding between the dura mater and the skull, may arise after an accident or spontaneously. Other ... The dura mater is attached to the skull, whereas in the spinal cord, the dura mater is separated from the vertebrae by a space ... A subdural hematoma is a hematoma (collection of blood) located in a separation of the arachnoid from the dura mater. The ... It is the meningeal envelope that firmly adheres to the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord, following all of the brain's ...
Some major complications that can occur are cerebrospinal fluid leaks, dural tears, infection, or epidural hematomas. Death is ... Excessive pressure in the spinal canal causes the spinal canal and spinal nerves to be compressed which can be very painful and ... Spinal microsurgery is a minimally invasive unilateral laminotomy used to correct bilateral lumbar spinal compression. Spinal ... A common disorder that causes increased pressure in the spinal canal is lumbar spinal stenosis. Lumbar spinal stenosis is ...
Rare complications of epidural administration include formation of an epidural abscess (1 in 145,000) or epidural hematoma (1 ... An epidural is injected into the epidural space, inside the bony spinal canal but just outside the dura. In contact with the ... The spinal dose is then given, the spinal needle withdrawn, and the epidural catheter inserted as normal. This method, known as ... This is called combined spinal and epidural anesthesia (CSE). The spinal anesthetic may be administered in one location, and ...
Sarasa Bharati, R, Kalyanaraman, S. (1973). "Epidural spinal lymphoma in an infant". Journal of Neurosurgery. 39 (3): 412-15. ... "Traumatic Extradural and Subdural Hematomas". Textbooks of Operative Neurosurgery ( 2 Vol.). BI Publications Pvt Ltd. pp. 217 ... "Traumatic Extradural and Subdural Hematomas". Textbooks of Operative Neurosurgery ( 2 Vol.). BI Publications Pvt Ltd. pp. 217 ...
McDonough VT, King B. "What's the Difference Between a Subdural and Epidural Hematoma?" (PDF). BrainLine. WETA-TV. Archived ... Bruises on the back or neck, neck pain, or pain radiating to the arms are signs of cervical spine injury and merit spinal ... or epidural hematoma, bleeding between the dura mater and the skull Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage Cerebral contusion, a ... If intracranial hemorrhage occurs, a hematoma within the skull can put pressure on the brain. Types of intracranial hemorrhage ...
Combined spinal and epidural anaesthesia Epidural Intrathecal administration Lumbar puncture Spinal anaesthesia Dernek B, ... such as epidural abscess, meningitis or sacral osteomyelitis Low blood pressure Injury to the nerve roots Epidural hematoma ... It may also be used in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis, lumbar spinal radiculopathy, postlaminectomy pain, or nonspecific ... Waurick K, Waurick R (July 2015). "[History and Technique of Epidural Anaesthesia]" [History and Technique of Epidural ...
An epidural hematoma is a collection of blood between the dura and the inner surface of the skull, and is usually due to ... Spinal membranes and nerve roots. Deep dissection. Posterior view. Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots. Deep ... When it covers the spinal cord it is known as the dural sac or thecal sac. Unlike cranial dura mater, spinal dura mater only ... Sakka, Laurent (2020), "Anatomy of the Spinal Meninges", Spinal Anatomy, Springer International Publishing, vol. 12, no. 2, pp ...
Complications from birth trauma can include damage to the head, spinal cord, soft tissues, and organs. Trauma to the head of ... Caput succedaneum, bruises, bleeding along the displacements of cranial bones, and subcapsular hematomas of the liver are among ... epidural hemorrhage, and intraventricular hemorrhage.[citation needed] The most common fracture during delivery is that of the ...
... hematoma, epidural, cranial MeSH C21.866.260.616.600 - hematoma, subdural MeSH C21.866.260.616.600.050 - hematoma, subdural, ... spinal injuries MeSH C21.866.117.500.500 - spinal fractures MeSH C21.866.120.126 - blast injuries MeSH C21.866.120.248 - ... hematoma, epidural, cranial MeSH C21.866.915.300.490.450 - hematoma, subdural MeSH C21.866.915.300.490.450.050 - hematoma, ... spinal cord compression MeSH C21.866.831.600 - spinal fractures MeSH C21.866.844.150 - cumulative trauma disorders MeSH C21.866 ...
A spinal CSF leak can be caused by one or more meningeal diverticula or CSF-venous fistulas not associated with an epidural ... "Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks as the cause of subdural hematomas in elderly patients on anticoagulation". ... Spinal leaks occur when one or more holes form in the dura along the spinal cord. Both cranial and spinal CSF leaks cause ... The CSF is then absorbed into the spinal epidural venous plexus or soft tissues around the spine. Due to the sterile conditions ...
For example, an increase in lesion volume (e.g., epidural hematoma) will be compensated by the downward displacement of CSF and ... More commonly, decreased ICP is the result of lumbar puncture or other medical procedures involving the brain or spinal cord. ... subdural or epidural hematoma, or abscesses all tend to deform the adjacent brain.[citation needed] Generalized brain swelling ... An increase in pressure, most commonly due to head injury leading to intracranial hematoma or cerebral edema, can crush brain ...
Spinal extradural haematoma or spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) is bleeding into the epidural space in the spine. These may arise ... The anatomy of the epidural space is such that spinal epidural hematoma has a different presentation from intracranial epidural ... referred to as the epidural venous plexus. The source of bleeding in spinal epidural hematoma is likely to be this venous ... "Spinal epidural hematoma". The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 18 (8): 494-502. doi:10.5435/00124635- ...
A 60-year-old man with hormone refractory adenocarcinoma of the prostate presents with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the lower extremities.
Spinal epidural hematoma after regional block. Signs and symptoms of spinal epidural hematoma after regional block include the ... Spinal Epidural Hematoma After Regional Block: Problem. Hematoma can occur as a consequence of trauma to the epidural venous ... Once a spinal epidural hematoma is suspected, MRI should be performed as soon as possible. If the diagnosis of spinal epidural ... Spinal Epidural Hematoma After Regional Block: Management. Addressing the problem. If an epidural hematoma is strongly ...
Spinal Subdural or Epidural Hematoma - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals ... Symptoms and Signs of Spinal Subdural or Epidural Hematoma Symptoms of a spinal subdural or epidural hematoma begin with local ... A spinal subdural or epidural hematoma is an accumulation of blood in the subdural or epidural space that can mechanically ... Diagnosis of a spinal subdural or epidural hematoma is by MRI or, if MRI is not immediately available, by CT myelography. ...
Spinal epidural hematoma after regional block. Signs and symptoms of spinal epidural hematoma after regional block include the ... Spinal Epidural Hematoma After Regional Block: Problem. Hematoma can occur as a consequence of trauma to the epidural venous ... Once a spinal epidural hematoma is suspected, MRI should be performed as soon as possible. If the diagnosis of spinal epidural ... Spinal Epidural Hematoma After Regional Block: Management. Addressing the problem. If an epidural hematoma is strongly ...
An epidural hematoma (EDH) is bleeding between the inside of the skull and the outer covering of the brain (called the dura ... Spinal injuries often occur with head injuries. If you must move the person before help arrives, try to keep his or her neck ... An epidural hematoma (EDH) is bleeding between the inside of the skull and the outer covering of the brain (called the dura ... MRI may be useful to identify small epidural hematomas from subdural ones. ...
Spinal epidural hematoma].. P Papanagiotou. Der Radiologe 2012 May. Spinal epidural hematoma is an accumulation of blood in the ... Magnetic resonance imaging is the modality of choice for evaluating spinal epidural hematoma and can demonstrate the extent of ... On unenhanced computed tomography epidural hemorrhage appears as a high-density spinal canal mass with variable cord ... the hematoma and degree of cord compression. When treated surgically the outcome depends on the extent of preoperative ...
Surgical management of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma, doi: 10.1007/s00586-005-0965-8, category: Article ... Epidural, Spinal/complications ; Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal/diagnosis ; Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal/surgery* ; Humans ; ... Epidural hematoma ; Cord injury ; Operative time interval ; Spine surgery. Abstract. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH ... Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma was favorably treated by the means of a surgical operation. The favorable factors for SSEH ...
B) SPINAL/EPIDURAL HEMATOMA Epidural or spinal hematomas may occur in patients treated with ELIQUIS who are receiving neuraxial ... B) SPINAL/EPIDURAL HEMATOMA: Epidural or spinal hematomas may occur in patients treated with ELIQUIS who are receiving ... 5.3 Spinal/Epidural Anesthesia or Puncture. When neuraxial anesthesia (spinal/epidural anesthesia) or spinal/epidural puncture ... B) SPINAL/EPIDURAL HEMATOMA 1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE 1.1 Reduction of Risk of Stroke and Systemic Embolism in Nonvalvular Atrial ...
B) SPINAL/EPIDURAL HEMATOMA Epidural or spinal hematomas may occur in patients treated with ELIQUIS who are receiving neuraxial ... B) SPINAL/EPIDURAL HEMATOMA: Epidural or spinal hematomas may occur in patients treated with ELIQUIS who are receiving ... 5.3 Spinal/Epidural Anesthesia or Puncture. When neuraxial anesthesia (spinal/epidural anesthesia) or spinal/epidural puncture ... a history of traumatic or repeated epidural or spinal punctures •. a history of spinal deformity or spinal surgery •. optimal ...
The symptoms were subsequently found to be due to spinal epidural lipomatosis. A brief review of the relevant literature is ... Spinal epidural lipomatosis is a condition in which there is excessive synthesis of normal epidural fat. Most cases are ... Spinal epidural lipomatosis is a condition in which there is excessive synthesis of normal epidural fat. Most cases are ... The symptoms were subsequently found to be due to spinal epidural lipomatosis. A brief review of the relevant literature is ...
... is a rare and potentially fatal condition in which blood accumulates in the epidural space of the cervical spine. A 64-year-old ... Spinal epidural hematoma after spinal manipulation therapy: report of three cases and a literature review. Liu H, Zhang T, Qu T ... Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma: literature review. Figueroa J, DeVine JG. J Spine Surg. 2017;3:58-63. - PMC - PubMed ... Spontaneous anterior cervicothoracic spinal epidural hematoma extending to clivus in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Scalia G, Umana GE, ...
... Di Rienzo, Alessandro; ... Skip Hemilaminectomy for Large, Multilevel Spinal Epidural Hematomas: Report of a Series of 11 Patients / Di Rienzo, Alessandro ... We present our experience with a modification of the conventional techniques for the removal of large spinal epidural hematomas ... We present our experience with a modification of the conventional techniques for the removal of large spinal epidural hematomas ...
The distal or terminal portion of the spinal cord is also referred to as the conus medullaris. ... The spinal cord transmits information between the spinal cord and brain to the nerves and muscles. ... Alternatively, epidural spinal hematoma may result from a dural vascular malformation. Arteriovenous malformations may cause a ... Epidural spinal hematoma may be posttraumatic; in anticoagulated patients, minor trauma presumably may be the cause. ...
2010). Spinal epidural hematoma.. https://journals.lww.com/jaaos/Abstract/2010/08000/Spinal_Epidural_Hematoma.6.aspx. ... such as an epidural hematoma. An epidural hematoma is an accumulation of blood in the epidural space. The epidural space is an ... Spinal stenosis. As a person ages, the normal wear and tear on their spine can cause spinal stenosis. In spinal stenosis, wear ... Spinal mass or cancer. Any mass. in or near the spine may trap spinal nerves, causing sciatic pain. ...
Acute spinal epidural hematoma. Joseph, A.P., Vinen, J.D. The Journal of emergency medicine. (1993) [Pubmed] ... Medical vs surgical management of spinal epidural abscess. Siddiq, F., Chowfin, A., Tight, R., Sahmoun, A.E., Smego, R.A. Arch ... BACKGROUND: We compared the clinical features and outcomes of patients with spinal epidural abscess treated with prolonged ... Epidural metastases in prospectively evaluated veterans with cancer and back pain. Ruff, R.L., Lanska, D.J. Cancer (1989) [ ...
4. [Spinal epidural hematoma after spinal anesthesia using a 27-gauge spinal needle in a patient with normal coagulation ... 2. Spinal epidural hematoma following epidural catheter removal in a paraplegic patient.. Eipe N; Restrepo-Garces CE; Aviv RI; ... Idiopathic spinal epidural hematoma in patients with sudden paraplegia: a case report].. Paiva WS; Amorim RL; Rusafa E; Taricco ... Spinal epidural hematoma following removal of incorrectly placed jugular central venous catheter.. Yokoyama K; Kawanishi M; ...
Report from a consortium on epidural spinal cord stimulation as a potential therapy for spinal cord injury. ... Epidural hemorrhage, hematoma, infection, spinal cord compression, or paralysis from placement of a lead in the epidural space ... Epidural spinal-cord stimulation facilitates recovery of functional walking following incomplete spinal-cord injury. IEEE ... Recent major successes in the use of epidural spinal stimulation in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) have generated a ...
There is a risk of bleeding (epidural hematoma or subarachnoid hemorrhage) following a lumbar puncture. ... Once the needle is in place, you may be asked to change your position slightly while fluid pressure in the spinal canal is ... It cushions the brain and spinal cord against shock and helps to maintain pressure at a constant level inside the skull. CSF ... A lumbar puncture (also called a spinal tap) is a minimally invasive, image-guided diagnostic test that involves the removal of ...
Spontaneous Cervical Spinal Epidural Haematoma in the Post-Partum Period. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011 Sep 8. [Epub ahead of ...
Epidural Abscess / etiology * Female * Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal / epidemiology * Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal / etiology ... All major complications of CNBs performed over 1 yr (vertebral canal abscess or haematoma, meningitis, nerve injury, spinal ...
Acute subdural intracranial hematoma after combined spinal-epidural analgesia in labor. Abbinante C., Lauta E., Di Venosa N., ... A comparison of spinal anesthesia with low-dose hyperbaric levobupivacaine and hyperbaric bupivacaine for transurethral surgery ...
Spinal epidural hematoma in a child with hemophilia B. Weiying Zhong, Haifeng Chen, Chao You, Siqing Huang. March-April 2011, ... Spinal subdural hematoma following cranial surgery: A case report and review of the literature. Jinping Liu, Bo Wu, Hailong ... Spinal subdural hematoma (SDH) following a cranial surgery is extremely rare. We described a 26-year-old patient who developed ... Spontaneous epidural hematoma: A rare complication of sickle cell anemia. Shashikala A Sangle, Rishi V Lohiya, Sampada S Karne ...
Delayed onset of a spinal epidural hematoma after facet joint injection. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2016;4:2050313X16675258. [PMC ... Such infections have included epidural abscess, septic arthritis, and meningitis. Other complications of spinal injections ... Unintentional spinal nerve damage causing a motor deficit is another rare complication.[33] Multifidus atrophy has also been ... Each spinal segment consists of an intervertebral disc with posterior paired synovial (facet) joints comprising a "three-joint ...
JBJS Case Connections-Spinal Epidural Hematoma: Rare, But Potentially Devastating. March 23, 2017. March 23, 2017. OrthoBuzz ... Spinal epidural hematoma is a rare condition. Because the etiology is often unclear and the medical history is frequently ...
Boxed warnings regarding increased risk of thrombotic events with premature discontinuation and spinal/epidural hematoma ...
... premature discontinuation of edoxaban increases ischemic event risk and that the drug can cause spinal or epidural hematoma. ...
The Influence of Systolic Blood Pressure at the Time of Extubation on the Development of Postoperative Spinal Epidural Hematoma ... is postoperative spinal epidural hematomas (POSEH). The objective of this study was to determine the... ...
There are only a few reported cases of adverse events following spinal manipulation during pregnancy and the postpartum period ... and epidural hematoma. SIGN scores of the prospective observational cohort study and systematic reviews indicated acceptable ... Adverse events from spinal manipulation in the pregnant and postpartum periods: a critical review of the literature Chiropr Man ... Spinal manipulative therapy during these periods is a commonly performed intervention as musculoskeletal pain is common in ...
  • Other etiologies include trauma, seeding of an existing subdural hematoma , or postoperative infection. (logicalimages.com)
  • Spinal magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large thoracolumbar subdural hematoma with some epidural components in the upper thoracic spine levels. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Extraordinary experiences with The Unseen Therapist by Claudia Logan, a registered nurse: Pneumonia, suspicious breast cancer nodule, thyroid meds no longer needed, blood clots disappeared, atrial fibrillation, mitral valve leak, subdural hematoma, brain tumor operation, "impossible" brain dead response. (emofree.com)
  • Spinal epidural hematoma after neuraxial anesthesia is exceedingly rare. (medscape.com)
  • Although parturients, a cohort of patients that often receives neuraxial anesthesia, are generally in a hypercoagulable state, certain conditions of pregnancy (eg, gestational thrombocytopenia, HELLP [hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets] syndrome, and complications of preeclampsia) can increase the incidence of epidural hematoma. (medscape.com)
  • In this paper, the authors present a case in which the current American Society for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine guidelines were strictly followed with respect to withholding and reintroducing warfarin and enoxaparin after an epidural steroid injection, but the patient nevertheless developed a spinal epidural hematoma requiring emergency surgical evacuation. (nih.gov)
  • Spinal and epidural anesthesia are procedures that deliver medicines that numb parts of your body to block pain. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A doctor who gives you epidural or spinal anesthesia is called an anesthesiologist. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Spinal and epidural anesthesia work well for certain procedures and do not require placing a breathing tube into the windpipe (trachea). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Spinal anesthesia is often used for genital, urinary tract, or lower body procedures. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Epidural anesthesia is often used during labor and delivery, and surgery in the pelvis and legs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Spinal and epidural anesthesia are generally safe. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Case Report: While under general anesthesia combined with thoracic epidural anesthesia, a 72-year-old male patient underwent right radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Epidural or spinal hematomas may occur in patients who are anticoagulated with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH), heparinoids, or fondaparinux sodium and are receiving neuraxial anesthesia or undergoing spinal puncture. (rxlist.com)
  • The anesthesia care provider inserted a spinal needle swiftly and uneventfully. (ahrq.gov)
  • However, the short interval between LMWH and spinal needle placement in this case is not in line with national guidelines including those from the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology (SOAP) and the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management (ASRA). (ahrq.gov)
  • Administering neuraxial anesthesia within 12 hours of prophylactic LMWH increased the patient's risk of epidural bleeding and hematoma. (ahrq.gov)
  • Spinal epidural hematoma results from various causes such as use of anticoagulants, hemorrhagic diathesis, pregnancy, labor, arteriovenous malformation and spinal anesthesia as well as idiopathic orgin. (koreamed.org)
  • WARNING: Tell your doctor you are using this medication before undergoing any procedure involving spinal puncture/anesthesia. (patientassistance.com)
  • She had undergone a caesarean section under epidural anesthesia 4 days prior to her arrival in the ED. She was placed on heparin and then warfarin to treat a pulmonary embolism that was diagnosed immediately postpartum. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • A 38-year-old woman who had recently undergone epidural spinal anesthesia for a caesarean section 4 days prior presented to the emergency department (ED) of our institute complaining of severe neck and low back pain. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Immediately after the MR imaging, the patient underwent a 20-mL epidural blood patch at the C7−T1 level at the anesthesia department. (ajnr.org)
  • They may cause pressure on the spinal cord or cauda equina, which may present as pain, muscle weakness, or dysfunction of the bladder and bowel. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because the vertebral canal is a fixed space, the hematoma can compress the spinal cord and nerve roots and potentially cause permanent neurologic damage. (medscape.com)
  • A spinal subdural or epidural hematoma is an accumulation of blood in the subdural or epidural space that can mechanically compress the spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Overview of Spinal Cord Disorders Spinal cord disorders can cause permanent severe neurologic disability. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The spinal cord. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cauda equina injury Trauma to the spine may cause injuries involving the spinal cord, vertebrae, or both. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hematoma is suspected in patients with symptoms and signs of acute, nontraumatic spinal cord compression or sudden, unexplained lower extremity paresis, particularly if a possible cause (eg, trauma, bleeding diathesis) is present. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Pathological demonstration of cervical spinal cord inflammatory vasculitis in a patient with spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. (unil.ch)
  • The clinical manifestations of spinal epidural hematoma are neurological deficits below the corresponding spinal cord segment level. (londonspine.com)
  • The health care provider injects medicine just outside of the sac of fluid around your spinal cord. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The provider injects medicine into the fluid around your spinal cord. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 1 ] Most spinal hematomas are located dorsally to the spinal cord in the cervicothoracic and thoracolumbar regions. (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • At 19 hours after the epidural catheter was removed, emergency magnetic resonance imaging detected a spinal epidural hematoma at the level of Th9-11 with compression of the spinal cord. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Hemorrhage affecting the spinal cord is rare. (medscape.com)
  • Spinal cord hemorrhage can be divided based on etiology, into two types: (1) traumatic and (2) non-traumatic. (medscape.com)
  • [ 1 ] Spinal cord hemorrhage is most commonly caused by trauma, vascular malformations, or bleeding diatheses. (medscape.com)
  • Spinal cord hemorrhage usually presents as sudden, painful myelopathy, which may reflect the anatomic level of the hemorrhage. (medscape.com)
  • For perfusion, three longitudinal vessels form an anastomotic network that supplies the spinal cord: two posterior spinal arteries, and the anterior spinal artery. (medscape.com)
  • Blood flow to the lower portion of the spinal cord (T8-L3) is supplied by a large radicular artery with somewhat variable positioning, termed the Artery of Adamkiewicz. (medscape.com)
  • The cross-sectional blood supply of the spinal cord can be divided into (1) central and (2) peripheral systems, which supply the grey and white matter, respectively (with some degree of overlap). (medscape.com)
  • The central perfusion region receives blood supply from the anterior spinal artery, which forms the central sulcus artery and courses into the ventral median sulcus and supplies the grey matter of spinal cord. (medscape.com)
  • The posterior spinal arteries give rise to the "vasocorona," which eventually branches into peripheral arteries and mainly supplies the white matter of the spinal cord. (medscape.com)
  • Anterior and posterior median spinal veins drain the anterior and posterior regions of the spinal cord, respectively. (medscape.com)
  • The pial surface and superficial regions of the spinal cord are drained by radial veins and the coronal venous plexus. (medscape.com)
  • The most common cause of spinal cord hemorrhage is traumatic injury. (medscape.com)
  • With trauma, shear forces acting upon the spinal cord and surrounding structures may lead to hemorrhage and vascular damage. (medscape.com)
  • Autopsy studies demonstrate the hemorrhagic necrosis of the spinal cord that is caused by trauma. (medscape.com)
  • Hematomyelia is defined as the presence of a well-defined focus of hemorrhage within the spinal cord itself. (medscape.com)
  • Hematomyelia more commonly involves the cervical rather than thoracic or lumbar spinal cord. (medscape.com)
  • The most common location is within the central grey matter of the spinal cord, centered at the point of mechanical impact. (medscape.com)
  • Ischemia results from mass effect and disruption of blood flow, which may cause infarction of the spinal cord. (medscape.com)
  • Intramedullary spinal cord tumors, both primary CNS and metastatic (especially renal cell carcinoma), can also bleed and lead to hematomyelia. (medscape.com)
  • Summary of intramedullary spinal cord hemorrhage etiologies, with history and associated clues, common imaging findings, and representative management. (medscape.com)
  • Cauda equina syndrome is a complication from the compression of the nerves at the end of the spinal cord within the spinal canal. (medicinenet.com)
  • Cauda equina syndrome can be caused by any condition that results in direct irritation or pinching of the nerves at the end of the spinal cord. (medicinenet.com)
  • Partial cauda equina syndrome is the terminology that applies when there is incomplete compression of the nerves of the lower spinal cord. (medicinenet.com)
  • The terminology cauda equina literally means the tail of the horse and refers to the normal anatomy of the end of the spinal cord in the low back where it divides into many bundles of nerve tracts resembling a horse's tail. (medicinenet.com)
  • Compression of the spinal cord at this level can lead to a number of typical symptoms of the syndrome (low back pain , sciatica , saddle sensory changes, bladder and bowel incontinence , and lower extremity motor and sensory loss). (medicinenet.com)
  • localized bleeding (epidural hematoma ) causing pressure on the spinal cord in the low back. (medicinenet.com)
  • Radiologic testing such as CT (computerized axial tomography) and MRI ( magnetic resonance imaging ) scanning can document compressed spinal cord tissue. (medicinenet.com)
  • Compression of the spinal nerves of the spinal cord can lead to permanent dysfunction of the lower extremities, bladder, and bowels. (medicinenet.com)
  • Spinal cord edema was also noted at the T6-T7 vertebral level. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • 1 3 15 16 17 23 31 ] Clinical symptomatology varies from pain to sensory and/or motor deficits, hemiparesis, Brown-Séquard syndrome, incomplete or complete spinal cord syndrome, as well as cauda equina syndrome. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy with spinal stenosis (MCSMSS) is a disorder of spinal cord dysfunction characterized by involving three or more cervical segments, which is caused by congenital, developmental or degenerative factors which results in spinal stenosis and compression of spinal cord and its blood vessel at the levels of both intervertebral disc and vertebra[1]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Your provider injects a steroid or corticosteroid medication into the epidural space around the spinal cord in your neck. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • These bones help protect your spinal cord from injury. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Protecting your spinal cord. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Your spinal cord is a very important bundle of nerves that runs from your brain to your lower back. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Your spinal cord acts like a highway that connects the nerves located all over your body to your brain so that your brain can send signals and communicate with the rest of your body. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Sometimes, nerve roots that are attached to the cervical region (neck region) of your spinal cord can become pinched or inflamed. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • During a cervical epidural steroid injection procedure, your provider injects a steroid into the epidural space around your spinal cord. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Settlement: Negligent treatment of leukemia results in patient suffering spinal cord injury and quadriplegia. (klinespecter.com)
  • The spinal hematomas can be classified based on the anatomical location as follows: Epidural, subdural, subarachnoid, and intramedullary (spinal cord) hematomas. (caserepclinradiol.org)
  • T2/short-tau inversion recovery hyperintensities noted in cervical spinal cord, suggestive of cord edema [ Figure 1 ]. (caserepclinradiol.org)
  • Myelopathy is a clinical diagnosis with localization of the neurological findings to the spinal cord, rather than the brain or the peripheral nervous system, and then to a particular segment of the spinal cord. (bvsalud.org)
  • Myelopathy can be the result of primary intrinsic disorders of the spinal cord or from secondary conditions, which result in extrinsic compression of the spinal cord. (bvsalud.org)
  • It can also be divided based on the compartment into which the hemorrhage occurs, namely: (1) intramedullary (including hematomyelia), (2) subarachnoid (SAH), (3) subdural (SDH), and/or (4) epidural (EDH). (medscape.com)
  • Axial CT scan that demonstrates a large vertex, bifrontoparietal epidural hemorrhage (EDH). (medscape.com)
  • Coronal CT scan reconstruction that further clarifies the thickness and mass effect associated with this vertex epidural hemorrhage (EDH). (medscape.com)
  • Sagittal CT scan reconstruction that further defines the anterior-posterior extent of the vertex epidural hemorrhage (EDH). (medscape.com)
  • The vaccum drainage method was effective in epidual hemotoma clearance and prevented recurrent epidural hemorrhage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The falling down of the intracranial pressure tears up the potential epidural space and switches on the evil circle of epidural hemorrhage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Often unique radiologic signs can be used to distinguish these types of spinal hemorrhage. (caserepclinradiol.org)
  • We presented 10 patients of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) who were surgically treated between July 1996 and June 2003. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The incidence of spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is about one in one million individuals per year with a male preponderance of 3:1, occurring most commonly between the ages of 42 to 52 years. (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • Iatrogenic or spontaneous spinal hematomas are rarely seen and present with multiple symptoms that can be difficult to localize. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Most spontaneous spinal hematomas are multifactorial, and the pathophysiology is varied. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Post-traumatic, iatrogenic or spontaneous spinal hematomas (epidural and/or subdural) are rare and have different pathophysiological causes. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma is a neurologic emergency due to a rapidly evolving compressive MYELOPATHY. (bvsalud.org)
  • These may arise spontaneously (e.g. during childbirth), or as a rare complication of epidural anaesthesia or of surgery (such as laminectomy). (wikipedia.org)
  • We performed T3-T7 laminectomy, T5-T8 hematoma removal, and spinal dural repair. (londonspine.com)
  • Emergency laminectomy was performed to decompress and remove the spinal epidural hematoma at 18 hours after the onset of sensorimotor symptoms. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Hematoma can occur as a consequence of trauma to the epidural venous plexus during placement of a needle or catheter. (medscape.com)
  • Objective: Rare disease Background: It is still challenging to remove an epidural catheter in a postoperative patient receiving urgent antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy for acute coronary syndrome. (elsevierpure.com)
  • On POD3, the surgeon removed the epidural catheter under both antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Four hours after the epidural catheter was removed, the patient complained of bilateral fatigue in legs and developed a loss of sensation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Six hours after the epidural catheter was removed, he developed motor paralysis and became completely paralyzed in both limbs after 9 hours. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Conclusions: In patients with urgent antithrombotic therapy for urgent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with an IABP for acute coronary syndrome, the epidural catheter should not be removed until the IABP and heparin are discontinued, and platelet counts have recovered. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Constant assessment is essential because insertion of an epidural catheter and epidural analgesia can bring to infection at the neighbourhood of the insertion, epidural hematoma, arachnoiditis, neuritis, or spinal cephalalgia (rare) needed to a cerebrospinal mutable seepage and respiratory depression. (daubnet.com)
  • Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar region was performed on November 18, 2012, and showed an enhancing epidural abscess, spanning T12-S2. (cdc.gov)
  • Lumbar MRI on February 1, 2013, showed improvement of the lumbar epidural abscess. (cdc.gov)
  • As to complications, ACAF developed less incidences of cerebrospinal fluid examination (CSF) leakage, neurologic deterioration, epidural hematoma and C5 palsy by comparing with HDF. (researchsquare.com)
  • Spinal extradural haematoma or spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) is bleeding into the epidural space in the spine. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the spine, the epidural space contains loose fatty tissue and a network of large, thin-walled veins, referred to as the epidural venous plexus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Computed tomography (CT) of the thoracolumbar spine showed no obvious hematoma. (londonspine.com)
  • Eight days after admission, contrast-enhanced CT of the thoracolumbar spine showed intraspinal hematomas at T5-T8 and T12-L2 levels. (londonspine.com)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spine revealed an epidural hematoma at D 12 - L 1 level. (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • Thus, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine was performed, which did not show any epidural hematoma. (ahrq.gov)
  • Here, we present a rare case of a large multicomponent, combined epidural and subdural spinal hematoma extending from the cervical spine to the low thoracic spine that was treated conservatively. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • The main goal of cervical epidural steroid injections is to help manage chronic pain caused by irritation and inflammation of the spinal nerve roots in your neck (the cervical region of your spine) due to certain conditions or injuries. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • CT scan of an acute left-sided epidural hematoma. (medscape.com)
  • It is a specific requirement by the end of the PGY 4 year, that the resident is able to recognize, manage and resolve absolute neurosurgical emergencies, such as epidural/subdural hematomas, ICH, acute hydrocephalus, or perform spinal decompression for cauda equina, all with minimal supervision. (umc.edu)
  • Dr. Mary H. Cobb is a neurosurgeon and neurointerventionalist who specializes in cerebrovascular disorders, stroke and has expertise in treating brain and spinal tumors. (chesapeakeregional.com)
  • Epidural intracranial hematoma is one of the most common complications of surgeries for intracranial tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They can trigger severe neurological symptoms, and should be differentiated from other forms of epidural cysts and tumors. (bvsalud.org)
  • A rare epidural hematoma in the spinal epidural space, usually due to a vascular malformation (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS) or TRAUMA. (bvsalud.org)
  • Spinal subdural or epidural hematoma (usually thoracic or lumbar) is rare but may result from back trauma, anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy, or, in patients with bleeding diatheses, lumbar puncture. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This risk is increased when you use other "blood thinning" medications (e.g., aspirin, clopidogrel, warfarin), NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen), or when certain medication delivery devices (indwelling epidural catheters) are used. (patientassistance.com)
  • The anatomy of the epidural space is such that spinal epidural hematoma has a different presentation from intracranial epidural hematoma. (wikipedia.org)
  • The non-regional epidural hematoma is related to severe fluctuation of the intracranial pressure during the operation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The traditional management of hematoma evacuation through craniotomy is time-consuming and may aggravate intracranial pressure imbalance, which causes further complications. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After surgical evacuation of the hematoma, neurological dysfunctions improved in all patients. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Clinicians should consider this condition when patients treated with anticoagulants have neurological deficits below a spinal segmental plane. (londonspine.com)
  • It must be suspected in any patient on anticoagulant agents who complains of local or referred spinal pain associated with neurological deficits. (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • Another ten patients who received craniotomy for intra-operative non-regional epidural hematoma evacuation were selected as comparison. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The incidence is 1.4%, among the three most frequent reasons of re-operation during the early time (with the other two as brain edema and hematoma in the empty space left by lesion evacuation). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hematoma evacuation through craniotomy is the traditional management. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Suspect spinal subdural or epidural hematoma in patients with local or radicular back pain and percussion tenderness or sudden, unexplained lower-extremity paresis, particularly if a possible cause (eg, trauma, bleeding diathesis) is present. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Spinal epidural hematomas are rare, with trauma being the most common cause. (londonspine.com)
  • Epidural steroid injections are relatively safe procedures, although the risk of hemorrhagic complications in patients undergoing long-term anticoagulation therapy is higher. (nih.gov)
  • The low incidence of spinal epidural hematoma after anticoagulation treatment means this condition is not recognized timely, and it is misdiagnosed easily. (londonspine.com)
  • Because the syndrome is a medical emergency, neurosurgery or spinal surgery consultants should be notified immediately. (medicinenet.com)
  • Settlement: Paraplegic injuries to 11-year old girl following spinal surgery. (klinespecter.com)
  • There is paucity of data to estimate the incidence of spinal hematoma, perhaps due to the rarity of this disorder. (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • Radiologic evaluation is an essential component for the diagnosis of spinal hematomas, which is often a diagnostic dilemma. (caserepclinradiol.org)
  • Understanding the imaging anatomy of spinal compartments and imaging characteristics of different stages of spinal compartments is essential for the confident imaging diagnosis of spinal hematomas and to identify the correct location. (caserepclinradiol.org)
  • Background To investigate the clinical effect of anterior controllable antedisplacement and fusion (ACAF) technique for the treatment of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy with spinal stenosis (MCSMSS), and compare ACAF with hybrid decompression fixation (HDF). (researchsquare.com)
  • Blood flows from the anterior spinal artery into medullary branches of the intradural vertebral arteries, and subsequently into segmental radiculomedullary arteries. (medscape.com)
  • The blood flow to the posterior spinal arteries originates from intradural vertebral arteries, which are from medullary segments of the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries and segmental radiculopial arteries. (medscape.com)
  • However the re-operation can cause further complications, like recurrent regional EDH, regional cerebral hematoma, contra-lateral distant EDH, and contra-lateral distant cerebral hematoma, etc. (biomedcentral.com)
  • What is a cervical epidural steroid injection? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • A cervical epidural steroid injection (cervical ESI) is an injection of anti-inflammatory medicine - a steroid or corticosteroid - into the epidural space around the spinal nerves in your neck. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • How does a cervical epidural steroid injection work? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Cervical epidural steroid injections most often lead to temporary pain relief, but some people do not experience pain relief from the injection. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Treatment of a spinal subdural or epidural hematoma is immediate surgical drainage. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We designed a method using vaccum epidural drainage system, and tried to evaluate advantage and the disadvantage of this new technique. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Compared to the traditional craniotomy, the new method of epidural hemoatoma management using vaccum epidural drainage system proved to be as effective in hematoma clearance, and was less-invasive and easier to perform, with less complication, shorter hospitalization, less economic burden, and better prognosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On the basis of these hypotheses, we designed a method to control EDH using continuous vaccum epidural drainage, intending to improve the overall prognosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Shanmuga Jayanthan S, Rupesh G, Vimalan P, Nadanasadharam K. Two rare cases of idiopathic spontaneous extra-axial spinal hematoma. (caserepclinradiol.org)
  • Herein, we report two cases of rare idiopathic spontaneous extra-axial hematoma highlighting the role of MRI in the diagnosis. (caserepclinradiol.org)
  • The source of bleeding in spinal epidural hematoma is likely to be this venous plexus. (wikipedia.org)
  • We present a case of a 42-year-old male, an old case of deep vein thrombosis on warfarin and other drugs like quetiapine, aspirin, diclofenac sodium, fenofibrate, atorvastatin, propanolol and citalopram for concurrent illnesses, who presented with widespread mucocutaneous bleeding and epidural spinal hematoma. (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • This case highlights the problem of drug interaction on warfarin therapy and also an unusual spontaneous recovery of spinal hematoma. (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is preferred imaging modality of choice to correctly diagnose the location and stages of the hematoma. (caserepclinradiol.org)
  • A nationwide data analysis from 2016 reviewed more than 3.7 million instances of epidural analgesia over a period of 12 years and found the rate of spinal hematoma to be 0.6 per 100,000 in obstetric patients and 18.5 per 100,000 in nonobstetric patients. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] The incidence is also increased in patients who are taking anticoagulants, those who have coagulation disorders, and those who require multiple attempts for epidural placement. (medscape.com)
  • The authors compare the case with the 8 other published cases of postinjection epidural hematomas in patients with coagulopathy, and the specific risk factors that may have contributed to the hemorrhagic complication in this patient is analyzed. (nih.gov)
  • Consider these risks when scheduling patients for spinal procedures. (rxlist.com)
  • This case suggests that, in the face of neuroimaging findings of significant edema and epidural blood, the clinical examination should dictate the management, especially in such complicated patients. (surgicalneurologyint.com)
  • All of the patients received tumor resection and intra-operative non-regional epidural hematoma was confirmed through intra-operative ultrasound or CT scan. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During her time at the firm Firdous has assisted partner Suzanne White on a variety of catastrophic claims including brain and spinal injuries , birth injuries , such as cerebral palsy , maternal death and other serious illnesses. (leighday.co.uk)
  • Verdict against Penn doctor for a woman whose spinal mass went undiagnosed, resulting in permanent injuries. (klinespecter.com)
  • Although this patient did not experience an adverse event attributable to the short interval, placement of a spinal needle was contraindicated given recent dosing of LMWH. (ahrq.gov)
  • estimates vary from 1 per 10,000 to 1 per 100,000 epidural anaesthetics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Spinal hematoma has been described as a clinical entity since 1850 by Tellegen and in autopsy studies as early as 1682. (ruralneuropractice.com)
  • Contrast-enhanced lumbar MRI demonstrated a homogeneous enhancing intradural mass, spanning L4 to the sacrum, with a corresponding T2 hypointense signal ( Technical Appendix Figure, panels A, B). Diagnosing this lumbosacral intradural mass was not obvious because the differential diagnosis includes neoplasms, infections, and hematomas. (cdc.gov)