A species of HELICOBACTER that colonizes in the STOMACH of laboratory MICE; CATS; and DOGS. It is associated with lymphoid follicular hyperplasia and mild GASTRITIS in CATS.
Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.
A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that has been isolated from the intestinal tract of mammals, including humans. It has been associated with PEPTIC ULCER.
A spiral bacterium active as a human gastric pathogen. It is a gram-negative, urease-positive, curved or slightly spiral organism initially isolated in 1982 from patients with lesions of gastritis or peptic ulcers in Western Australia. Helicobacter pylori was originally classified in the genus CAMPYLOBACTER, but RNA sequencing, cellular fatty acid profiles, growth patterns, and other taxonomic characteristics indicate that the micro-organism should be included in the genus HELICOBACTER. It has been officially transferred to Helicobacter gen. nov. (see Int J Syst Bacteriol 1989 Oct;39(4):297-405).
Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.
Lining of the STOMACH, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. The surface cells produce MUCUS that protects the stomach from attack by digestive acid and enzymes. When the epithelium invaginates into the LAMINA PROPRIA at various region of the stomach (CARDIA; GASTRIC FUNDUS; and PYLORUS), different tubular gastric glands are formed. These glands consist of cells that secrete mucus, enzymes, HYDROCHLORIC ACID, or hormones.
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of urea and water to carbon dioxide and ammonia. EC 3.5.1.5.
A species of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria found in the gastric mucosa that is associated with chronic antral gastritis. This bacterium was first discovered in samples removed at endoscopy from patients investigated for HELICOBACTER PYLORI colonization.
An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of the DUODENUM.
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
A species of HELICOBACTER that colonizes the CECUM and COLON of several strains of MICE, and is associated with HEPATITIS and carcinogenesis.
Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.
A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS. It has also been proposed as a radiation sensitizer for hypoxic cells. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985, p133), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck, 11th ed).
A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.
Impaired digestion, especially after eating.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
Various agents with different action mechanisms used to treat or ameliorate PEPTIC ULCER or irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. This has included ANTIBIOTICS to treat HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS to reduce GASTRIC ACID secretion; and ANTACIDS for symptomatic relief.
A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.
Pathological processes involving the STOMACH.
GASTRITIS with atrophy of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, the GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS, and the mucosal glands leading to ACHLORHYDRIA. Atrophic gastritis usually progresses from chronic gastritis.
A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98.
The region between the sharp indentation at the lower third of the STOMACH (incisura angularis) and the junction of the PYLORUS with the DUODENUM. Pyloric antral glands contain mucus-secreting cells and gastrin-secreting endocrine cells (G CELLS).
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).
Any tests done on exhaled air.
Compounds that contain benzimidazole joined to a 2-methylpyridine via a sulfoxide linkage. Several of the compounds in this class are ANTI-ULCER AGENTS that act by inhibiting the POTASSIUM HYDROGEN ATPASE found in the PROTON PUMP of GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.
Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the interior of the stomach.
A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
Compounds that inhibit H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE. They are used as ANTI-ULCER AGENTS and sometimes in place of HISTAMINE H2 ANTAGONISTS for GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.
In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.
A nitroimidazole antitrichomonal agent effective against Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia lamblia infections.
A group of dominantly and independently inherited antigens associated with the ABO blood factors. They are glycolipids present in plasma and secretions that may adhere to the erythrocytes. The phenotype Le(b) is the result of the interaction of the Le gene Le(a) with the genes for the ABO blood groups.
This is one of 2 related pepsinogen systems in humans and is also known as pepsinogen. (The other is PEPSINOGEN C.) This includes isozymogens Pg1-Pg5 (pepsinogens 1-5, group I or products of PGA1-PGA5 genes). This is the main pepsinogen found in urine.

The significance of cagA and vacA subtypes of Helicobacter pylori in the pathogenesis of inflammation and peptic ulceration. (1/5095)

AIMS: To assess the significance of cagA and vacA subtypes of Helicobacter pylori in relation to inflammation and density of bacterial colonisation in vivo within a dyspeptic UK population. METHODS: Dyspeptic patients who were Helicobacter pylori positive had antral samples taken for histology and culture. Gastroduodenal pathology was noted. The grade of bacterial density and inflammation was assessed using the Sydney system. Bacterial DNA was extracted and the vacA alleles and the cagA/gene typed using PCR. RESULTS: 120 patients were studied. There was high rate of cagA positive strains in this population. Bacterial density did not correlate with the presence of peptic ulceration. There was a significant association between cagA positive strains and increased inflammation and bacterial density. The vacA s1 type independently correlated with extensive chronic inflammation but there was no association with bacterial density. The vacA m type did not correlate with extent of inflammation or bacterial density. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that cagA is important in the pathogenesis of inflammation and peptic ulceration. These findings are in keeping with the hypothesis that cagA acts as a marker for a cag pathogenicity island which encodes several genes involved in inflammation. The vacA s1 allele correlates with inflammation independently of cagA, possibly through its enhanced ability to produce the vacuolating cytotoxin.  (+info)

Chemokine mRNA expression in gastric mucosa is associated with Helicobacter pylori cagA positivity and severity of gastritis. (2/5095)

AIM: To investigate the association between the quantity of gastric chemokine mRNA expression, severity of gastritis, and cagA positivity in Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis. METHODS: In 83 dyspeptic patients, antral and corpus biopsies were taken for semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and histological grading of gastritis. Gastritis was evaluated by visual analogue scales. Quantities of chemokine (IL-8, GRO alpha, ENA-78, RANTES, MCP-1) RT-PCR products were compared with G3PDH products. Each sample was also evaluated for the presence of cagA and ureA mRNA by RT-PCR. RESULTS: mRNA expression of all five chemokines was significantly greater in H pylori positive than in H pylori negative mucosa. In H pylori positive patients, in the antrum C-X-C chemokine mRNA expression was significantly greater in cagA positive patients than in cagA negative patients, but there were no significant differences in C-C chemokine mRNA expression. In H pylori positive patients, chemokine mRNA expression in the corpus was less than in the antrum. In contrast to the antrum, only GRO alpha mRNA expression was significantly greater in cagA positive infection. Polymorphonuclear cell infiltration was correlated with C-X-C chemokine mRNA expression. Significant correlations were also found between bacterial density and C-X-C chemokine mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS: In H pylori infection, C-X-C chemokines may play a primary role in active gastritis. Infection with cagA positive H pylori induces greater gastric chemokine mRNA expression in the antral mucosa, which may be relevant to the increased mucosal damage associated with cagA positive H pylori infection.  (+info)

Helicobacter pylori infection, garlic intake and precancerous lesions in a Chinese population at low risk of gastric cancer. (3/5095)

BACKGROUND: Cangshan County of Shandong Province has one of the lowest rates of gastric cancer (GC) in China. While intestinal metaplasia (IM) and dysplasia (DYS) are less common in Cangshan than in areas of Shandong at high risk of GC, these precursor lesions nevertheless affect about 20% of adults age > or = 55. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: In order to evaluate determinants of IM and DYS in Cangshan County, a low risk area of GC a survey was conducted among 214 adults who participated in a gastroscopic screening survey in Cangshan County in 1994. METHOD: A dietary interview and measurement of serum Helicobacter pylori antibodies were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence of H. pylori was lowest (19%) among those with normal gastric mucosa, rising steadily to 35% for superficial gastritis (SG), 56% for chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), 80% for IM, and 100% for DYS. The prevalence odds of precancerous lesions were compared with the odds of normal histology or SG. The odds ratio (OR) or CAG associated with H. pylori positivity was 4.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] : 1.7-10.0), while the OR of IM/DYS associated with H. pylori positivity was 31.5 (95% CI: 5.2-187). After adjusting for H. pylori infection, drinking alcohol was a risk factor for CAG (OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.1-9.2) and IM/DYS (OR = 7.8, 95% CI: 1.3-47.7). On the other hand, consumption of garlic showed non-significant protective effects and an inverse association with H. pylori infection. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that infection with H. pylori is a risk factor and garlic may be protective, in the development and progression of advanced precancerous gastric lesions in an area of China at relatively low risk of GC.  (+info)

Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus: population based study of coronary heart disease. (4/5095)

OBJECTIVE: To study possible associations between coronary heart disease and serological evidence of persistent infection with Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus. DESIGN: Population based, case-control study, nested within a randomised trial. SETTING: Five general practices in Bedfordshire, UK. INDIVIDUALS: 288 patients with incident or prevalent coronary heart disease and 704 age and sex matched controls. RESULTS: High concentrations of serum IgG antibodies to H pylori were present in 54% of cases v 46% of controls, with corresponding results for C pneumoniae seropositivity (33% v 33%), and cytomegalovirus seropositivity (40% v 31%). After adjustments for age, sex, smoking, indicators of socioeconomic status, and standard risk factors, the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for coronary heart disease of seropositivity to these agents were: 1.28 (0.93 to 1.75) for H pylori, 0.95 (0.66 to 1.36) for C pneumoniae, and 1.40 (0.96 to 2. 05) for cytomegalovirus. CONCLUSIONS: There is no good evidence of strong associations between coronary heart disease and serological markers of persistent infection with H pylori, C pneumoniae, or cytomegalovirus. To determine the existence of moderate associations between these agents and disease, however, larger scale studies will be needed that can keep residual confounders to a minimum.  (+info)

Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin forms anion-selective channels in planar lipid bilayers: possible implications for the mechanism of cellular vacuolation. (5/5095)

The Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin plays a major role in the gastric pathologies associated with this bacterium. When added to cultured cells, VacA induces vacuolation, an effect potentiated by preexposure of the toxin to low pH. Its mechanism of action is unknown. We report here that VacA forms anion-selective, voltage-dependent pores in artificial membranes. Channel formation was greatly potentiated by acidic conditions or by pretreatment of VacA at low pH. No requirement for particular lipid(s) was identified. Selectivity studies showed that anion selectivity was maintained over the pH range 4.8-12, with the following permeability sequence: Cl- approximately HCO3- > pyruvate > gluconate > K+ approximately Li+ approximately Ba2+ > NH4+. Membrane permeabilization was due to the incorporation of channels with a voltage-dependent conductance in the 10-30 pS range (2 M KCl), displaying a voltage-independent high open probability. Deletion of the NH2 terminus domain (p37) or chemical modification of VacA by diethylpyrocarbonate inhibited both channel activity and vacuolation of HeLa cells without affecting toxin internalization by the cells. Collectively, these observations strongly suggest that VacA channel formation is needed to induce cellular vacuolation, possibly by inducing an osmotic imbalance of intracellular acidic compartments.  (+info)

Influences of Helicobacter pylori on serum pepsinogen concentrations in dialysis patients. (6/5095)

BACKGROUND: Patients with impaired renal function have been known to have elevated concentrations of serum pepsinogens, which are raised by Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach. The present study was performed to examine the effect of H. pylori infection on serum pepsinogen concentrations in dialysis patients. METHODS: Forty nine patients on dialysis and 48 subjects with no known kidney disease were examined for upper gastroduodenal endoscopy, H. pylori infection and serum concentrations of pepsinogen I and II. The status of H. pylori infection was evaluated from results of a urease test, histology and culture of biopsy specimens of the gastric mucosa. Serum pepsinogen levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS: Serum concentrations of pepsinogen I and II were elevated in the dialysis patients in comparison with those in the controls (277.4+/-24.2 vs 52.6+/-4.0 pg/ml, P<0.01 for pepsinogen I, and 30.2+/-2.9 vs 14.9+/-1.3 pg/ml, P<0.01 for pepsinogen II). In both the dialysis patients and controls, those with H. pylori infection had significantly higher concentrations of serum pepsinogen I and II and a lower ratio of pepsinogen I to pepsinogen II than those without infection. Among the controls, 15 of 25 subjects with atrophic gastritis had a pepsinogen I/pepsinogen II ratio < or = 3.0, while only two out of 17 patients on dialysis fell into this range. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that H. pylori status should be taken into account when serum pepsinogen concentrations are evaluated in dialysis patients.  (+info)

Natural history of Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood: 12-year follow-up cohort study in a biracial community. (7/5095)

We assessed the pattern of acquisition and loss of Helicobacter pylori infection in a cohort of 212 children from a biracial community with a homogeneous socioeconomic class. The children were followed over 12 years (1973-1974 to 1985-1986) from childhood to young adulthood. H. pylori status was assessed by the presence of serum IgG antibodies to H. pylori. At ages 7-9, 19% of children had H. pylori infection (40% of blacks vs. 11% of whites; P = .0001); 12 years later, 33% were seropositive. The higher prevalence among blacks remained (P = .0001). During follow-up, 22% of children became infected; the rate of acquisition was fourfold greater among blacks than among whites (P = .001). Over the 12-year period, infection was lost in 50% of whites compared with 4% of blacks who either remained infected or became reinfected. H. pylori infection in childhood is affected by both acquisition and loss of infection in different ethnic groups. This observation is critical for understanding the epidemiology and transmission of H. pylori infection.  (+info)

KRAS mutations predict progression of preneoplastic gastric lesions. (8/5095)

Eight hundred sixty-three subjects with atrophic gastritis were recruited to participate in an ongoing chemoprevention trial in Narino, Colombia. The participants were randomly assigned to intervention therapies, which included treatment to eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection followed by daily dietary supplementation with antioxidant micronutrients in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. A series of biopsies of gastric mucosa were obtained according to a specified protocol from designated locations in the stomach for each participant at baseline (before intervention therapy) and at year three. A systematic sample of 160 participants was selected from each of the eight treatment combinations. DNA was isolated from each of these biopsies (n = 320), and the first exon of KRAS was amplified using PCR. Mutations in the KRAS gene were detected using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and confirmed by sequence analysis. Of all baseline biopsies, 14.4% (23 of 160) contained KRAS mutations. Among those participants with atrophic gastritis without metaplasia, 19.4% (6 of 25) contained KRAS mutations, indicating that mutation of this important gene is likely an early event in the etiology of gastric carcinoma. An important association was found between the presence of KRAS mutations in baseline biopsies and the progression of preneoplastic lesions. Only 14.6% (20 of 137) of participants without baseline KRAS mutations progressed from atrophic gastritis to intestinal metaplasia or from small intestinal metaplasia to colonic metaplasia; however, 39.1% (9 of 23) with baseline KRAS mutations progressed to a more advanced lesion after 3 years [univariate odds ratio (OR), 3.76 (P = 0.05); multivariate OR adjusted for treatment, 3.74 (P = 0.04)]. In addition, the specificity of the KRAS mutation predicted progression. For those participants with G-->T transversions at position 1 of codon 12 (GGT-->TGT), 19.4% (5 of 17) progressed (univariate OR, 2.4); however, 60.0% (3 of 5) of participants with G-->A transitions at position 1 of codon 12 (GGT-->AGT) progressed (univariate OR, 8.7; P = 0.004 using chi2 test).  (+info)

"Helicobacter felis" is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that colonizes the stomachs of cats and other animals. It is closely related to "Helicobacter pylori," which is a well-known cause of gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer in humans. "Helicobacter felis" has been associated with similar gastrointestinal diseases in cats and has been occasionally found in human stomachs, although its role in human pathogenesis is not as clearly established as that of "Helicobacter pylori."

Helicobacter infections are caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which colonizes the stomach lining and is associated with various gastrointestinal diseases. The infection can lead to chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric cancer.

The spiral-shaped H. pylori bacteria are able to survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach by producing urease, an enzyme that neutralizes gastric acid in their immediate vicinity. This allows them to adhere to and colonize the epithelial lining of the stomach, where they can cause inflammation (gastritis) and disrupt the normal functioning of the stomach.

Transmission of H. pylori typically occurs through oral-oral or fecal-oral routes, and infection is more common in developing countries and in populations with lower socioeconomic status. The diagnosis of Helicobacter infections can be confirmed through various tests, including urea breath tests, stool antigen tests, or gastric biopsy with histology and culture. Treatment usually involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and reduce stomach acidity.

"Helicobacter" is a genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the stomach. The most well-known species is "Helicobacter pylori," which is known to cause various gastrointestinal diseases, such as gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer. These bacteria are able to survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach by producing urease, an enzyme that neutralizes stomach acid. Infection with "Helicobacter pylori" is usually acquired in childhood and can persist for life if not treated.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that colonizes the stomach of approximately 50% of the global population. It is closely associated with gastritis and peptic ulcer disease, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. H. pylori infection is usually acquired in childhood and can persist for life if not treated. The bacterium's spiral shape and flagella allow it to penetrate the mucus layer and adhere to the gastric epithelium, where it releases virulence factors that cause inflammation and tissue damage. Diagnosis of H. pylori infection can be made through various tests, including urea breath test, stool antigen test, or histological examination of a gastric biopsy. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors to eradicate the bacteria and promote healing of the stomach lining.

Gastritis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections (such as Helicobacter pylori), regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), excessive alcohol consumption, and stress.

Gastritis can present with a range of symptoms, such as abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and bloating. In some cases, gastritis may not cause any noticeable symptoms. Depending on the severity and duration of inflammation, gastritis can lead to complications like stomach ulcers or even stomach cancer if left untreated.

There are two main types of gastritis: acute and chronic. Acute gastritis develops suddenly and may last for a short period, while chronic gastritis persists over time, often leading to atrophy of the stomach lining. Diagnosis typically involves endoscopy and tissue biopsy to assess the extent of inflammation and rule out other potential causes of symptoms. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors, or lifestyle modifications.

Gastric mucosa refers to the innermost lining of the stomach, which is in contact with the gastric lumen. It is a specialized mucous membrane that consists of epithelial cells, lamina propria, and a thin layer of smooth muscle. The surface epithelium is primarily made up of mucus-secreting cells (goblet cells) and parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor, and chief cells, which produce pepsinogen.

The gastric mucosa has several important functions, including protection against self-digestion by the stomach's own digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid. The mucus layer secreted by the epithelial cells forms a physical barrier that prevents the acidic contents of the stomach from damaging the underlying tissues. Additionally, the bicarbonate ions secreted by the surface epithelial cells help neutralize the acidity in the immediate vicinity of the mucosa.

The gastric mucosa is also responsible for the initial digestion of food through the action of hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. The intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells plays a crucial role in the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.

The gastric mucosa is constantly exposed to potential damage from various factors, including acid, pepsin, and other digestive enzymes, as well as mechanical stress due to muscle contractions during digestion. To maintain its integrity, the gastric mucosa has a remarkable capacity for self-repair and regeneration. However, chronic exposure to noxious stimuli or certain medical conditions can lead to inflammation, erosions, ulcers, or even cancer of the gastric mucosa.

Urease is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. It is found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and plants. In medicine, urease is often associated with certain bacterial infections, such as those caused by Helicobacter pylori, which can produce large amounts of this enzyme. The presence of urease in these infections can lead to increased ammonia production, contributing to the development of gastritis and peptic ulcers.

Helicobacter heilmannii (previously known as Gastrospirillum hominis) is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that can be found in the stomach and is associated with gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. It is one of several species of Helicobacter that can infect the stomach, along with H. pylori, which is a more common cause of these conditions. The infection by H. heilmannii is less common and its transmission routes are not well understood, but it is believed to be associated with close contact with animals, particularly dogs and cats. Its identification and diagnosis can be challenging due to difficulties in culturing the bacterium and detecting it in gastric biopsies.

In anatomical terms, the stomach is a muscular, J-shaped organ located in the upper left portion of the abdomen. It is part of the gastrointestinal tract and plays a crucial role in digestion. The stomach's primary functions include storing food, mixing it with digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid to break down proteins, and slowly emptying the partially digested food into the small intestine for further absorption of nutrients.

The stomach is divided into several regions, including the cardia (the area nearest the esophagus), the fundus (the upper portion on the left side), the body (the main central part), and the pylorus (the narrowed region leading to the small intestine). The inner lining of the stomach, called the mucosa, is protected by a layer of mucus that prevents the digestive juices from damaging the stomach tissue itself.

In medical contexts, various conditions can affect the stomach, such as gastritis (inflammation of the stomach lining), peptic ulcers (sores in the stomach or duodenum), gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and stomach cancer. Symptoms related to the stomach may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and difficulty swallowing.

Stomach neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the stomach that can be benign or malignant. They include a wide range of conditions such as:

1. Gastric adenomas: These are benign tumors that develop from glandular cells in the stomach lining.
2. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): These are rare tumors that can be found in the stomach and other parts of the digestive tract. They originate from the stem cells in the wall of the digestive tract.
3. Leiomyomas: These are benign tumors that develop from smooth muscle cells in the stomach wall.
4. Lipomas: These are benign tumors that develop from fat cells in the stomach wall.
5. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs): These are tumors that develop from the neuroendocrine cells in the stomach lining. They can be benign or malignant.
6. Gastric carcinomas: These are malignant tumors that develop from the glandular cells in the stomach lining. They are the most common type of stomach neoplasm and include adenocarcinomas, signet ring cell carcinomas, and others.
7. Lymphomas: These are malignant tumors that develop from the immune cells in the stomach wall.

Stomach neoplasms can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and difficulty swallowing. The diagnosis of stomach neoplasms usually involves a combination of imaging tests, endoscopy, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the neoplasm and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or targeted therapy.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

A "knockout" mouse is a genetically engineered mouse in which one or more genes have been deleted or "knocked out" using molecular biology techniques. This allows researchers to study the function of specific genes and their role in various biological processes, as well as potential associations with human diseases. The mice are generated by introducing targeted DNA modifications into embryonic stem cells, which are then used to create a live animal. Knockout mice have been widely used in biomedical research to investigate gene function, disease mechanisms, and potential therapeutic targets.

"Helicobacter hepaticus" is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that colonizes the liver of various animals, including primates. It was initially identified in 1992 and has been associated with chronic active hepatitis and hepatic adenocarcinoma (liver cancer) in mice. While its role in human disease is not fully understood, some studies have suggested a possible link between H. hepaticus infection and liver inflammation or cancer in humans. However, more research is needed to confirm this association and establish the clinical significance of H. hepaticus in human health.

A peptic ulcer is a sore or erosion in the lining of your stomach and the first part of your small intestine (duodenum). The most common causes of peptic ulcers are bacterial infection and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen.

The symptoms of a peptic ulcer include abdominal pain, often in the upper middle part of your abdomen, which can be dull, sharp, or burning and may come and go for several days or weeks. Other symptoms can include bloating, burping, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Severe ulcers can cause bleeding in the digestive tract, which can lead to anemia, black stools, or vomit that looks like coffee grounds.

If left untreated, peptic ulcers can result in serious complications such as perforation (a hole through the wall of the stomach or duodenum), obstruction (blockage of the digestive tract), and bleeding. Treatment for peptic ulcers typically involves medications to reduce acid production, neutralize stomach acid, and kill the bacteria causing the infection. In severe cases, surgery may be required.

Clarithromycin is a antibiotic medication used to treat various types of bacterial infections, including respiratory, skin, and soft tissue infections. It is a member of the macrolide antibiotic family, which works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Clarithromycin is available by prescription and is often used in combination with other medications to treat conditions such as Helicobacter pylori infection and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection.

The medical definition of clarithromycin is:

"A antibiotic medication used to treat various types of bacterial infections, belonging to the macrolide antibiotic family. It works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and is available by prescription."

Metronidazole is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication. It is primarily used to treat infections caused by anaerobic bacteria and certain parasites. Metronidazole works by interfering with the DNA of these organisms, which inhibits their ability to grow and multiply.

It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, creams, and gels, and is often used to treat conditions such as bacterial vaginosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, amebiasis, giardiasis, and pseudomembranous colitis.

Like all antibiotics, metronidazole should be taken only under the direction of a healthcare provider, as misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance and other complications.

Amoxicillin is a type of antibiotic known as a penicillin. It works by interfering with the ability of bacteria to form cell walls, which is necessary for their growth and survival. By disrupting this process, amoxicillin can kill bacteria and help to clear up infections.

Amoxicillin is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, ear infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections. It is available as a tablet, capsule, chewable tablet, or liquid suspension, and is typically taken two to three times a day.

Like all antibiotics, amoxicillin should be used only under the direction of a healthcare provider, and it is important to take the full course of treatment as prescribed, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished. Misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of drug-resistant bacteria, which can make infections more difficult to treat in the future.

Dyspepsia is a medical term that refers to discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen, often accompanied by symptoms such as bloating, nausea, belching, and early satiety (feeling full quickly after starting to eat). It is also commonly known as indigestion. Dyspepsia can have many possible causes, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, gastritis, and functional dyspepsia (a condition in which there is no obvious structural or biochemical explanation for the symptoms). Treatment for dyspepsia depends on the underlying cause.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Anti-ulcer agents are a class of medications that are used to treat and prevent ulcers in the gastrointestinal tract. These medications work by reducing the production of stomach acid, neutralizing stomach acid, or protecting the lining of the stomach and duodenum from damage caused by stomach acid.

There are several types of anti-ulcer agents, including:

1. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): These medications block the action of proton pumps in the stomach, which are responsible for producing stomach acid. PPIs include drugs such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole.
2. H-2 receptor antagonists: These medications block the action of histamine on the H-2 receptors in the stomach, reducing the production of stomach acid. Examples include ranitidine, famotidine, and cimetidine.
3. Antacids: These medications neutralize stomach acid and provide quick relief from symptoms such as heartburn and indigestion. Common antacids include calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and aluminum hydroxide.
4. Protective agents: These medications form a barrier between the stomach lining and stomach acid, protecting the lining from damage. Examples include sucralfate and misoprostol.

Anti-ulcer agents are used to treat conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. It is important to take these medications as directed by a healthcare provider, as they can have side effects and interactions with other medications.

Omeprazole is defined as a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastric ulcers, and other conditions where reducing stomach acid is desired. It works by blocking the action of the proton pumps in the stomach, which are responsible for producing stomach acid. By inhibiting these pumps, omeprazole reduces the amount of acid produced in the stomach, providing relief from symptoms such as heartburn and pain caused by excess stomach acid.

It is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and oral suspension, and is typically taken once or twice a day, depending on the condition being treated. As with any medication, omeprazole should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, and its potential side effects and interactions with other medications should be carefully considered before use.

Bacterial antigens are substances found on the surface or produced by bacteria that can stimulate an immune response in a host organism. These antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, teichoic acids, lipopolysaccharides, or other molecules that are recognized as foreign by the host's immune system.

When a bacterial antigen is encountered by the host's immune system, it triggers a series of responses aimed at eliminating the bacteria and preventing infection. The host's immune system recognizes the antigen as foreign through the use of specialized receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on various immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils.

Once a bacterial antigen is recognized by the host's immune system, it can stimulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response involves the activation of inflammatory pathways, the recruitment of immune cells to the site of infection, and the production of antimicrobial peptides.

The adaptive immune response, on the other hand, involves the activation of T cells and B cells, which are specific to the bacterial antigen. These cells can recognize and remember the antigen, allowing for a more rapid and effective response upon subsequent exposures.

Bacterial antigens are important in the development of vaccines, as they can be used to stimulate an immune response without causing disease. By identifying specific bacterial antigens that are associated with virulence or pathogenicity, researchers can develop vaccines that target these antigens and provide protection against infection.

Stomach diseases refer to a range of conditions that affect the stomach, a muscular sac located in the upper part of the abdomen and is responsible for storing and digesting food. These diseases can cause various symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, indigestion, loss of appetite, and bloating. Some common stomach diseases include:

1. Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach lining that can cause pain, irritation, and ulcers.
2. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing heartburn and damage to the esophageal lining.
3. Peptic ulcers: Open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach or duodenum, often caused by bacterial infections or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
4. Stomach cancer: Abnormal growth of cancerous cells in the stomach, which can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
5. Gastroparesis: A condition where the stomach muscles are weakened or paralyzed, leading to difficulty digesting food and emptying the stomach.
6. Functional dyspepsia: A chronic disorder characterized by symptoms such as pain, bloating, and fullness in the upper abdomen, without any identifiable cause.
7. Eosinophilic esophagitis: A condition where eosinophils, a type of white blood cell, accumulate in the esophagus, causing inflammation and difficulty swallowing.
8. Stomal stenosis: Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and small intestine, often caused by scar tissue or surgical complications.
9. Hiatal hernia: A condition where a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, causing symptoms such as heartburn and difficulty swallowing.

These are just a few examples of stomach diseases, and there are many other conditions that can affect the stomach. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for managing these conditions and preventing complications.

Atrophic gastritis is a condition characterized by the inflammation and atrophy (wasting away) of the stomach lining, specifically the mucous membrane called the gastric mucosa. This process involves the loss of glandular cells in the stomach, which can result in decreased acid production and potential vitamin B12 deficiency due to reduced intrinsic factor production. Atrophic gastritis can be caused by various factors, including autoimmune disorders, chronic bacterial infection (usually with Helicobacter pylori), and the use of certain medications such as proton pump inhibitors. It can increase the risk of developing stomach cancer, so regular monitoring is often recommended.

Bismuth is a heavy, brittle, white metallic element (symbol: Bi; atomic number: 83) that is found in various minerals and is used in several industrial, medical, and household products. In medicine, bismuth compounds are commonly used as antidiarrheal and anti-ulcer agents due to their antibacterial properties. They can be found in medications like Pepto-Bismol and Kaopectate. It's important to note that bismuth itself is not used medically, but its compounds have medical applications.

The pyloric antrum is the distal part of the stomach, which is the last portion that precedes the pylorus and the beginning of the duodenum. It is a thickened, muscular area responsible for grinding and mixing food with gastric juices during digestion. The pyloric antrum also helps regulate the passage of chyme (partially digested food) into the small intestine through the pyloric sphincter, which controls the opening and closing of the pylorus. This region is crucial in the gastrointestinal tract's motor functions and overall digestive process.

A stomach ulcer, also known as a gastric ulcer, is a sore that forms in the lining of the stomach. It's caused by a breakdown in the mucous layer that protects the stomach from digestive juices, allowing acid to come into contact with the stomach lining and cause an ulcer. The most common causes are bacterial infection (usually by Helicobacter pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Stomach ulcers may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, heartburn, and nausea. If left untreated, they can lead to more serious complications like internal bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.

A breath test is a medical or forensic procedure used to analyze a sample of exhaled breath in order to detect and measure the presence of various substances, most commonly alcohol. The test is typically conducted using a device called a breathalyzer, which measures the amount of alcohol in the breath and converts it into a reading of blood alcohol concentration (BAC).

In addition to alcohol, breath tests can also be used to detect other substances such as drugs or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that may indicate certain medical conditions. However, these types of breath tests are less common and may not be as reliable or accurate as other diagnostic tests.

Breath testing is commonly used by law enforcement officers to determine whether a driver is impaired by alcohol and to establish probable cause for arrest. It is also used in some healthcare settings to monitor patients who are being treated for alcohol abuse or dependence.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles is a class of chemical compounds that have both a pyridinylmethylsulfinyl group and a benzimidazole ring in their structure. Pyridinylmethylsulfinyl refers to a functional group consisting of a sulfinyl group (-S(=O)-) attached to a methyl group (-CH2-) that is, in turn, attached to a pyridine ring. Benzimidazoles are heterocyclic compounds containing a fused benzene and imidazole ring.

These types of compounds have been studied for their potential biological activity, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor properties. However, it's important to note that medical definitions typically refer to specific substances or classes of substances that have established clinical use or are under investigation for therapeutic purposes. As such, 2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles do not have a recognized medical definition in this sense.

Anti-bacterial agents, also known as antibiotics, are a type of medication used to treat infections caused by bacteria. These agents work by either killing the bacteria or inhibiting their growth and reproduction. There are several different classes of anti-bacterial agents, including penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines, among others. Each class of antibiotic has a specific mechanism of action and is used to treat certain types of bacterial infections. It's important to note that anti-bacterial agents are not effective against viral infections, such as the common cold or flu. Misuse and overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance, which is a significant global health concern.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

Gastroscopy is a medical procedure that involves the insertion of a gastroscope, which is a thin, flexible tube with a camera and light on the end, through the mouth and into the digestive tract. The gastroscope allows the doctor to visually examine the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) for any abnormalities such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors.

The procedure is usually performed under sedation to minimize discomfort, and it typically takes only a few minutes to complete. Gastroscopy can help diagnose various conditions, including gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastritis, stomach ulcers, and Barrett's esophagus. It can also be used to take tissue samples for biopsy or to treat certain conditions, such as bleeding or the removal of polyps.

Lansoprazole is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It works by reducing the amount of acid produced in the stomach. The medical definition of Lansoprazole is:

A substituted benzimidazole that is a selective gastric proton pump inhibitor, which suppresses gastric acid secretion by specific inhibition of the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system at the secretory surface of the gastric parietal cell. It is used as an effective therapy for various gastrointestinal disorders, including gastric and duodenal ulcers, erosive esophagitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Lansoprazole is available in the form of capsules or oral granules for delayed-release oral administration.

Here's a brief overview of its mechanism of action:

* Lansoprazole is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the parietal cells in the stomach, where it is converted into its active form.
* The active form of lansoprazole binds to and inhibits the H+/K+ ATPase enzyme system, which is responsible for pumping hydrogen ions (protons) from the cytoplasm of the parietal cell into the lumen of the stomach, where they combine with chloride ions to form hydrochloric acid.
* By inhibiting this proton pump, lansoprazole reduces the amount of acid produced in the stomach, which helps to relieve symptoms and promote healing of gastrointestinal disorders.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications that work to reduce gastric acid production by blocking the action of proton pumps in the parietal cells of the stomach. These drugs are commonly used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcers, and other conditions where excessive stomach acid is a problem.

PPIs include several different medications such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, pantoprazole, and esomeprazole. They are usually taken orally, but some PPIs are also available in intravenous (IV) form for hospital use.

By inhibiting the action of proton pumps, PPIs reduce the amount of acid produced in the stomach, which can help to relieve symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. They are generally considered safe and effective when used as directed, but long-term use may increase the risk of certain side effects, including bone fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency, and Clostridium difficile infection.

Combination drug therapy is a treatment approach that involves the use of multiple medications with different mechanisms of action to achieve better therapeutic outcomes. This approach is often used in the management of complex medical conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of combination drug therapy is to improve efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, decrease the likelihood of adverse effects, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients.

In combining drugs, healthcare providers aim to target various pathways involved in the disease process, which may help to:

1. Increase the effectiveness of treatment by attacking the disease from multiple angles.
2. Decrease the dosage of individual medications, reducing the risk and severity of side effects.
3. Slow down or prevent the development of drug resistance, a common problem in chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS and cancer.
4. Improve patient compliance by simplifying dosing schedules and reducing pill burden.

Examples of combination drug therapy include:

1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment, which typically involves three or more drugs from different classes to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
2. Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where multiple cytotoxic agents are used to target various stages of the cell cycle and reduce the likelihood of tumor cells developing resistance.
3. Cardiovascular disease management, which may involve combining medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and statins to control blood pressure, heart rate, fluid balance, and cholesterol levels.
4. Treatment of tuberculosis, which often involves a combination of several antibiotics to target different aspects of the bacterial life cycle and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

When prescribing combination drug therapy, healthcare providers must carefully consider factors such as potential drug interactions, dosing schedules, adverse effects, and contraindications to ensure safe and effective treatment. Regular monitoring of patients is essential to assess treatment response, manage side effects, and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

Metaplasia is a term used in pathology to describe the replacement of one differentiated cell type with another differentiated cell type within a tissue or organ. It is an adaptive response of epithelial cells to chronic irritation, inflammation, or injury and can be reversible if the damaging stimulus is removed. Metaplastic changes are often associated with an increased risk of cancer development in the affected area.

For example, in the case of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), chronic exposure to stomach acid can lead to metaplasia of the esophageal squamous epithelium into columnar epithelium, a condition known as Barrett's esophagus. This metaplastic change is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.

The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.

In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.

Tinidazole is an antiprotozoal and antibacterial medication used to treat various infections caused by parasites or bacteria. According to the Medical Dictionary, it is defined as:

"A synthetic nitroimidazole antimicrobial agent, similar to metronidazole, that is active against a wide range of anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic. It is used in the treatment of various clinical conditions, including bacterial vaginosis, amebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and pseudomembranous colitis."

Tinidazole works by interfering with the DNA of the microorganisms, which leads to their death. It is available in oral tablet form and is typically prescribed for a duration of 2-5 days, depending on the type and severity of the infection being treated. Common side effects may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach pain, headache, and changes in taste sensation.

The Lewis blood-group system is one of the human blood group systems, which is based on the presence or absence of two antigens: Lea and Leb. These antigens are carbohydrate structures that can be found on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) as well as other cells and in various body fluids.

The Lewis system is unique because its antigens are not normally present at birth, but instead develop during early childhood or later in life due to the action of certain enzymes in the digestive tract. The production of Lea and Leb antigens depends on the activity of two genes, FUT3 (also known as Lewis gene) and FUT2 (also known as Secretor gene).

There are four main phenotypes or blood types in the Lewis system:

1. Le(a+b-): This is the most common phenotype, where individuals have both Lea and Leb antigens on their RBCs.
2. Le(a-b+): In this phenotype, individuals lack the Lea antigen but have the Leb antigen on their RBCs.
3. Le(a-b-): This is a rare phenotype where neither Lea nor Leb antigens are present on the RBCs.
4. Le(a+b+): In this phenotype, individuals have both Lea and Leb antigens on their RBCs due to the simultaneous expression of FUT3 and FUT2 genes.

The Lewis blood-group system is not typically associated with transfusion reactions or hemolytic diseases, unlike other blood group systems such as ABO and Rh. However, the presence or absence of Lewis antigens can still have implications for certain medical conditions and tests, including:

* Infectious diseases: Some bacteria and viruses can use the Lewis antigens as receptors to attach to and infect host cells. For example, Helicobacter pylori, which causes gastritis and peptic ulcers, binds to Lea antigens in the stomach.
* Autoimmune disorders: In some cases, autoantibodies against Lewis antigens have been found in patients with autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
* Pregnancy: The Lewis antigens can be expressed on the surface of placental cells, and changes in their expression have been linked to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction.
* Blood typing: Although not a primary factor in blood transfusion compatibility, the Lewis blood-group system is still considered when determining the best match for patients who require frequent transfusions or organ transplants.

Pepsinogen A is the inactive precursor form of the enzyme pepsin, which is produced in the stomach chief cells. Once exposed to acidic environment in the stomach, pepsinogen A is converted into its active form, pepsin. Pepsin plays a crucial role in digestion by breaking down proteins into smaller peptides. An elevated level of pepsinogen A in the blood may indicate damage to the stomach lining, such as that seen in gastritis or gastric cancer.

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Primary gastric EMZL is associated with infection of the stomach with Helicobacter pylori in >80% of cases or with Helicobacter ... One or more of these vaccines may be a promising candidates to control Helicobacter pylori infection in humans as well as farm ... Individuals with chronic Helicobacter pylori infection may also have halitosis. Endoscopic inspection and biopsy of lesions and ... In a 2017 review, 6 of 18 patients with EMZL of the esophagus had evidence of concurrent Helicobacter pylori infection. The ...
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1997). "Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic gastric acid hyposecretion". Gastroenterology. 113 (1): 15-24. doi:10.1016/ ... pylori infection. The eradication of H. pylori can lead to an increase in acid secretion, leading to the question of whether H ... "Helicobacter pylori and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease-clinical implications and management". Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 13 (2 ... usually due to reflux or Helicobacter gastritis) Eosinophilic inflammation (usually due to reflux): The presence of ...
Gastric MZL is often related to Helicobacter pylori infection. Many patients can be cured with antibiotics alone. If remission ... Patients with HIV infection tend to have similar median survival as patients who are HIV negative. Younger patients have higher ... Grogg, K L; Miller, R F; Dogan, A (2007). "HIV infection and lymphoma". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 60 (12): 1365-1372. doi: ... First-degree family history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, hematological malignancy, or hepatitis C infection are linked to an ...
Uncomplicated Helicobacter pylori infection does not cause chronic nausea. Food poisoning usually causes an abrupt onset of ... obstruction Colonic obstruction Superior mesenteric artery syndrome Enteric infections Viral infection Bacterial infection ... Gastrointestinal infection is one of the most common causes of acute nausea and vomiting. Chronic nausea may be the ... If the patient's symptoms have an acute onset, then drugs, toxins, and infections are likely. In contrast, a long-standing ...
... associated with Helicobacter pylori infection may respond to H. pylori eradication therapy, although resumption of ... 1997). "Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic gastric acid hyposecretion". Gastroenterology. 113 (1): 15-24. doi:10.1016/ ... A symptom of Helicobacter pylori infection which neutralizes and decreases secretion of gastric acid to aid its survival in the ... Risk of particular infections, such as Vibrio vulnificus (commonly from seafood) is increased. Even without bacterial ...
Franchini, M.; Veneri, D. (2004). "Helicobacter pylori infection and immune thrombocytopenic purpura: An update". Helicobacter ... The Le(b) and H antigens are receptors for the bacteria Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative bacterium that can cause gastritis ... Boren, T.; Falk, P.; Roth, K. A.; Larson, G.; Normark, S. (1993). "Attachment of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric ... phenotype is associated with an increased susceptibility to infections by Candida and uropathogenic Escherichia coli. In ...
Helicobacter pylori infection is an essential risk factor in 65-80% of gastric cancers, but only 2% of people with H. pylori ... The most common cause is infection by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which accounts for more than 60% of cases. Certain ... Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer… Hatakeyama M, Higashi H (December 2005). "Helicobacter pylori CagA: a ... "Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma". The New England Journal of Medicine. 325 (16): 1127-1131. doi ...
Budzyński, J; Kłopocka, M. (2014). "Brain-gut axis in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection". World J. ... Infection may be of the meninges (meningitis), the brain matter (encephalitis), or within the brain matter (such as a cerebral ... However, the brain is still susceptible to damage, disease, and infection. Damage can be caused by trauma, or a loss of blood ... The brain, although protected by the blood-brain barrier, can be affected by infections including viruses, bacteria and fungi. ...
Budzyński J, Kłopocka M (2014). "Brain-gut axis in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection". World J. Gastroenterol. ... Mast cells are activated in response to infection by pathogenic parasites, such as certain helminths and protozoa, through IgE ... Mast cell activation disorders (MCAD) are a spectrum of immune disorders that are unrelated to pathogenic infection and involve ... This might particularly be the case during Bartonella chronic infections where it appears clearly in human symptomatology that ...
Helicobacter Infections[majr:noexp] AND humans[mh] AND english[la] AND last 1 Year [edat] AND (patient education handout[pt ... Helicobacter pylori infection eradication for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Yu YY, Tong YL, ... Helicobacter Infections[majr:noexp] AND humans[mh] AND english[la] AND last 1 Year [edat] AND (patient education handout[pt ... Quadruple therapy with vonoprazan 20 mg daily as a first-line treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection: A single-center, ...
Infection of the gastric mucosa by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori induces histologic gastritis in all hosts but can also ... Summary: Helicobacter pylori virulence is accomplished through many mechanisms, including vacuolating cytotoxin A and CagA ... Purpose of Review: Helicobacter pylori remains one of the worlds most prevalent bacterial pathogens, often causing gastritis, ... First, what are the factors, both bacterial and host, that determine the disease outcome of infection? Second, how does H. ...
H pylori infection is the most common cause of peptic ... Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) is a type of bacteria that ... H pylori infection is the most common cause of peptic ulcers. However, the infection does not cause problems for most people. ... Helicobacter pylori and other gastric Helicobacter species. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and ... Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach. It is very common, affecting about two thirds of ...
While chronic infection with the H. pylori is an established risk factor for gastric cancer, its role in the risk of colorectal ... Helicobacter pylori Infection and Colorectal Cancer Risk. Evidence From a Large Population-based Case-control Study in Germany ... Evidence concerning the role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the development of colorectal cancer remains controversial. ... Several studies have suggested that chronic infection with the gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori, which is an established ...
Chronic infection with H pylori causes atrophic and even metaplastic changes in the stomach, and it has a known association ... Helicobacter pylori (see the image below) is a ubiquitous organism that is present in about 50% of the global population. ... encoded search term (Helicobacter Pylori Infection) and Helicobacter Pylori Infection What to Read Next on Medscape ... Helicobacter Pylori Infection. An antral gland of the stomach is shown with a large colony of Helicobacter pylori in the lumen ...
... describes Helicobacter pylori, or H pylori, a common cause of ulcers. ... There is no known way to prevent H pylori infections. However, a vaccine that could someday prevent the infection is currently ... H pylori infections occur at a low rate in children in the United States, but may infect more than 75% of children in ... Nervous SystemHeartInfectionsLearning DisabilitiesSeizuresSexually Transmitted InfectionsSkin ConditionsTreatments ...
... describes Helicobacter pylori, or H pylori, a common cause of ulcers. ... There is no known way to prevent H pylori infections. However, a vaccine that could someday prevent the infection is currently ... H pylori infections occur at a low rate in children in the United States, but may infect more than 75% of children in ... Nervous SystemHeartInfectionsLearning DisabilitiesSeizuresSexually Transmitted InfectionsSkin ConditionsTreatments ...
Helicobacter pylori. What Are Helicobacter pylori?. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are a type of bacteria. These germs are a ... What Are the Signs & Symptoms of H. pylori Infections?. Many people who get an H. pylori infection dont realize it. Often, ... The problems that H. pylori infections cause can happen in many illnesses. To find out if someone has an H. pylori infection, ... How Are H. pylori Infections Treated?. Doctors use antibiotics to treat H. pylori infections. A single antibiotic may not kill ...
We examined the role of Helicobacter pylori infection as a cause of recurrent abdominal pain [‎RAP]‎ among Iranian children in ... Childhood recurrent abdominal pain and Helicobacter pylori infection, Islamic Republic of Iran. dc.contributor.author. ... Childhood recurrent abdominal pain and Helicobacter pylori infection, Islamic Republic of Iran. en_US. ... We identified H. pylori infection in more than 55% of the case group. Therefore, H. pylori infection can be considered an ...
Objective: To investigate the current prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood, the risk factors for infection ... Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood: risk factors and effect on growth BMJ 1994; 309 :1119 doi:10.1136/bmj.309.6962.1119 ... Seropidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in India. Comparison of developing and developed countries.Dig Dis Sci1991; 36 ... Intrafamilial clustering of Helicobacter pylori infection.N Engl J Med1990; 322:359-63. ...
... The recent Report on Carcinogens is now available. ... Report on Carcinogens monograph on Helicobacter pylori (chronic infection). Research Triangle Park, NC: National Toxicology ... Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium that colonizes in the stomach and can cause gastritis and peptic ulcers. More ... Q: Why was chronic infection with H. pylori selected for this report? A: Previous studies of H. pylori have shown a link to ...
Complete information about our recommendation of Test for Helicobacter Pylori Infection, including why it is recommended. ... Test for Helicobacter Pylori Infection: Overview. Persons infected with H. pylori develop serum antibodies to the organism that ... Test for Helicobacter Pylori Infection can help with the following:. Digestion. Gastritis ... Drug therapies used to fight the ulcer-causing bacteria Helicobacter Pylori may help treat Crohns disease. Researchers ...
Clinical and bacteriological characteristics of Helicobacter cinaedi infection. J Infect Chemother. 2014;20:517-26. DOIPubMed ... Helicobacter cinaedi is an enterohepatic bacillus that causes infections of various manifestations. We report a novel case of ... Helicobacter cinaedi Hepatic Cyst Infection with Bacteremia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2019;25(3):603-604. doi:10.3201/ ... Suzuki T, Kutsuna S, Tsuboi M, Ota M, Hayakawa K, Ohmagari N. Helicobacter cinaedi Hepatic Cyst Infection with Bacteremia. ...
Helicobacter pylori. infection and gastropathy: A comparison between Indonesian and Japanese patients. World J Gastroenterol ... Helicobacter pylori. infection and gastropathy: A comparison between Indonesian and Japanese patients. World J Gastroenterol ... Table 2 Comparison of the effects of H pylori infection on gastropathy in Indonesian and Japanese patients who were positive ...
We examined the role of Helicobacter pylori infection as a cause of recurrent abdominal pain [‎RAP]‎ among Iranian children in ... Childhood recurrent abdominal pain and Helicobacter pylori infection, Islamic Republic of Iran. ... We identified H. pylori infection in more than 55% of the case group. Therefore, H. pylori infection can be considered an ... donc une infection par H. pylori, et ceux dont les tests étaient négatifs. Nous avons identifié une infection par H. pylori ...
Further education is needed for the groups at risk for H. pylori infection, especially to raise the awareness of the importance ... A survey based cross-sectional study was performed to assess the factors regarding the H. pylori infection in the general ... 9.5% and 9.4%, p = 0.011). Only 315 participants (27.9%) were screened for the H. pylori infection, despite high support for ... Basic and clinical knowledge about Helicobacter pylori infections has been improved in the past. However, the translation of ...
Drugs for Helicobacter pylori infection No authors listed. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2017. . ... Pharmacological therapy used in the elimination of Helicobacter pylori infection: a review. Dos Santos AA, Carvalho AA. Dos ... Helicobacter pylori: what schemes of eradication are essential today?]. Maev IV, Samsonov AA, Golubev NN. Maev IV, et al. Ter ... How We Approach Difficult to Eradicate Helicobacter pylori. Argueta EA, Moss SF. Argueta EA, et al. Gastroenterology. 2022 Jan; ...
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), an established risk factor for gastric cancer, is suggested to also play a role in the ... Helicobacter pylori infection, atrophic gastritis, and risk of pancreatic cancer: A population-based cohort study in a large ... Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), an established risk factor for gastric cancer, is suggested to also play a role in the ... There was no statistically significant interaction between H. pylori infection, AG status, and smoking status. Our findings ...
Iron deficiency anaemia,helicobacter pylori infection and delayed pubertal growth Message subject: (Your Name) has forwarded a ...
Helicobacter hepaticus infection is associated with chronic hepatitis and the development of liver tumours in mice. The ... Lobe-specific increases in malondialdehyde DNA adduct formation in the livers of mice following infection with Helicobacter ... Lobe-specific increases in malondialdehyde DNA adduct formation in the livers of mice following infection with Helicobacter ... The objective of this study was to determine the control and infection-related levels of M(1)dG in the liver DNA of mice over ...
Helicobacter pylori Infection - Learn about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis & treatment from the MSD Manuals - Medical Consumer ... What is Helicobacter pylori infection? Helicobacter pylori infection is a bacterial infection that causes inflammation of your ... How can doctors tell if I have H. pylori infection? Doctors suspect H. pylori infection from your symptoms. To know for sure, ... The infection is caused by a type of bacteria called Helicobacter pylori ...
Helicobacter. 2001 Sep;6(3):234-8.. *Das BK, Kakkar S, Dixit VK, Kumar M, Nath G, Mishra OP. Helicobacter pylori infection and ... Helicobacter. 2006 Aug;11(4):250-7.. *Masoodpoor N, Darakhshan, Sheikhvatan M. Helicobacter pylori infection in Iranian ... Helicobacter pylori infection commonly occurs in childhood and lasts for a number of years (1,4,5,8). There is some evidence of ... Childhood recurrent abdominal pain and Helicobacter pylori infection, Islamic Republic of Iran ...
Helicobacter Infections Helicobacter Pylori Humans Indians, North American Iron Male Middle Aged Urban Population ... The effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on iron stores and iron deficiency in urban Alaska Native adults. ... The effect of Helicobacter pylori infection on iron stores and iron deficiency in urban Alaska Native adults ... Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been correlated with low serum ferritin and iron deficiency. As a secondary ...
Two weeks triple therapy is an effective treatment in children with HP infection. Key words: Helicobacter pylori, nodular ... It is frequently found in association with HP infection. ... Helicobacter pylori (HP) associated gastritis and peptic ulcer ... Two weeks triple therapy is an effective treatment in children with HP infection. Key words: Helicobacter pylori, nodular ... Nodular gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood URI: https://www.openarchives.gr/aggregator-openarchives/edm/ ...
Relationship of interleukin-1B gene promoter region polymorphism with Helicobacter pylori infection and gastritis Authors. * ... Introduction: Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric carcinoma. The ... Relationship of interleukin-1B gene promoter region polymorphism with Helicobacter pylori infection and gastritis. J Infect Dev ... H. pylori infection was diagnosed by histology and PCR. Polymorphisms at positions -511, -31 and +3954 of the IL-1B gene were ...
... ... Chronic Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection is a major gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) risk factor. GA disproportionately ... Hispanics had a markedly higher prevalence of infection (30.3%) than NHWs (9.2%). Matched risk ratio (mRR) analyses revealed a ... In this cohort, Hispanic men had higher H. pylori infection rates than NHWs, and parallel the disproportionately higher rates ...
The role of Helicobacter in stomach ulcer formation is now well recognized. If you have a pet with chronic nausea, you may want ... Does Helicobacter Infection Cause Cancer?. In humans, it appears that Helicobacter infection may indeed cause cancer. We know ... We know that cat ownership does not seem to represent an increased risk for Helicobacter infection in humans. Transmission of ... Helicobacter organisms are often found in small numbers in normal stomachs.. Some Helicobacter species are also capable of ...
... Mascellino, ... Antibiotic susceptibility, heteroresistance, and updated treatment strategies in helicobacter pylori infection / Mascellino, ... Antibiotic susceptibility, heteroresistance, and updated treatment strategies in helicobacter pylori infection / Mascellino, ... Updated treatment strategies in Hp infection presented in the guidelines of the Toronto Consensus Group (2016) are reported. ...
Sixteen stray cats underwent Helicobacter eradication treatment followed by three consecutive oral inoculations of a cocktail ... To improve our understanding of Helicobacter infection in cats and to determine whether they are reservoirs for H. pylori and ... To improve our understanding of Helicobacter infection in cats and to determine whether they are reservoirs for H. pylori and ... Experimental infection of stray cats with human isolates of Helicobacter pylori. Document Type : Full paper (Original article) ...
  • Helicobacter pylori eradication for primary prevention of peptic ulcer bleeding in older patients prescribed aspirin in primary care (HEAT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. (nih.gov)
  • Helicobacter pylori infection eradication for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. (nih.gov)
  • Probiotics modulate gastrointestinal microbiota after Helicobacter pylori eradication: A multicenter randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. (nih.gov)
  • Koletzko L, Macke L, Schulz C, Malfertheiner P. Helicobacter pylori eradication in dyspepsia: New evidence for symptomatic benefit. (medscape.com)
  • Fourth-line rescue therapy with rifabutin in patients with three Helicobacter pylori eradication failures. (medscape.com)
  • 3 Once acquired, the infection lasts several decades in most cases, with a very low rate of spontaneous eradication. (bmj.com)
  • Helicobacter pylori: what schemes of eradication are essential today? (nih.gov)
  • In this review, we discuss the problem of antibiotic resistance, heteroresistance, the utility of cultures and antibiotic susceptibility tests in Helicobacter pylori (Hp) eradication, as well as the updated treatment strategies for this infection. (uniroma1.it)
  • Sixteen stray cats underwent Helicobacter eradication treatment followed by three consecutive oral inoculations of a cocktail of human H. pylori isolates. (ac.ir)
  • Researchers explored the eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori utilizing levofloxacin and clarithromycin-based regimens in patients with prior COVID-19 therapy. (news-medical.net)
  • Helicobacter pylori eradication to prevent gastric cancer in a high-risk region of China: a randomized controlled trial. (nature.com)
  • Complete remission of low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma after the eradication of H. pylori infection can be maintained for more than 1 year. (nih.gov)
  • Considering that antral changes are also associated with H. pylori intensity, gastritis activity and chronic inflammation, early eradication of the H. pylori infection can be recommended to prevent long-term complications in children with H. pylori infection. (behcetuzdergisi.com)
  • Helicobacter pylori remains one of the world's most prevalent bacterial pathogens, often causing gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue lymphoma, or gastric adenocarcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • Infection of the gastric mucosa by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori induces histologic gastritis in all hosts but can also cause symptomatic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric MALT lymphoma, and increased risk for developing gastric cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis. (medscape.com)
  • Helicobacter pylori evolution during progression from chronic atrophic gastritis to gastric cancer and its impact on gastric stem cells. (medscape.com)
  • Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium that colonises the human stomach and is the cause of type B gastritis. (bmj.com)
  • Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) is a bacterium that colonizes in the stomach and can cause gastritis and peptic ulcers. (nih.gov)
  • Helicobacter pylori (HP) associated gastritis and peptic ulcer have been initially reported in adult patients. (openarchives.gr)
  • Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric carcinoma. (jidc.org)
  • Results: It was observed that the presence of the T/T genotype at position -511 and the C/C genotype at position -31 were associated with H. pylori infection and with an increased risk of gastritis in H. pylori- positive patients. (jidc.org)
  • Conclusions: We demonstrated that polymorphisms in the promoter region of the IL-1B gene (at positions -511 and -31) are associated with an enhanced risk of H. pylori infection as well as gastritis in H. pylori- positive patients. (jidc.org)
  • Ramis IB, Vianna JS, Halicki PCB, Lara C, Tadiotto TF, da Silva Maciel JB, Gonçalves CV, von Groll A, Dellagostin OA, da Silva PEA (2015) Relationship of interleukin-1B gene promoter region polymorphism with Helicobacter pylori infection and gastritis. (jidc.org)
  • Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium that causes inflammation of the stomach, chronic gastritis, and ulcers in the stomach or small intestine. (endoscopycenterofocala.com)
  • The Helicobacter pylori bacteria cause some stomach infections such as ulcers, chronic gastritis, and even some tumors. (fastlyheal.com)
  • Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic atrophic gastritis: associations according to severity of disease. (qxmd.com)
  • Helicobacter pylori infection is an established risk factor for chronic atrophic gastritis. (qxmd.com)
  • However, estimates of the strength of this association have varied widely, possibly due to clearance of the infection in severe stages of chronic atrophic gastritis, which may lead to underestimation of the association. (qxmd.com)
  • We assessed the association of H. pylori infection with chronic atrophic gastritis according to severity of disease. (qxmd.com)
  • Our results support the hypothesis of major underestimation of the association of H. pylori and chronic atrophic gastritis, due to clearance of the infection in advanced stages of the disease. (qxmd.com)
  • Helicobacter pylori infection, which is the main cause of gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer, is associated with infiltration of the gastric mucosa by neutrophils, macrophages, and B and T lymphocytes. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In cases with persistent gastric infection, the chronic gastritis may remain asymptomatic or may evolve into more severe diseases, such as peptic ulcer disease and chronic atrophic gastritis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Background: More than half the world's population is colonized with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in the gastric mucosa which is the major cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer. (uit.no)
  • Gastritis, or inflammation of the stomach lining, is a common manifestation of H. pylori infection. (khaledlotfy.com)
  • Chronic gastritis caused by H. pylori infection is a risk factor for the development of PUD and gastric cancer. (khaledlotfy.com)
  • This bacterium causes a chronic infection that is causally related to illnesses ranging from gastritis, peptic ulcer disease to gastric cancer. (uwi.edu)
  • ABSTRACT We examined the role of Helicobacter pylori infection as a cause of recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) among Iranian children in a population-based case-control study to determine the association between H. pylori infection and RAP among schoolchildren. (who.int)
  • [ 2 , 3 ] Several studies have suggested that chronic infection with the gastric bacterium Helicobacter pylori , which is an established strong risk factor for noncardia gastric cancer, [ 4 ] may also be associated with a moderately increased risk of colorectal cancer. (medscape.com)
  • H. pylori infects more than half of the world's adult population, and chronic infection with this bacterium is the dominant risk factor for gastric cancer, accounting for an estimated two-thirds of all cases globally. (who.int)
  • The human host immune response is unable to clear the H. pylori infection, and the clinical phenotype is dependent on the interactions between the host immune response and the pathogenicity of the bacterium. (uit.no)
  • Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral-shaped, gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human stomach. (khaledlotfy.com)
  • H. pylori infection is the leading cause of PUD, with the bacterium detected in up to 90% of patients with the condition. (khaledlotfy.com)
  • H. pylori infection is a major risk factor for gastric cancer, with approximately 90% of cases attributable to the bacterium. (khaledlotfy.com)
  • H. pylori infection is associated with the development of gastric MALT lymphoma, as the chronic inflammation induced by the bacterium can stimulate the proliferation of lymphoid tissue in the stomach. (khaledlotfy.com)
  • A new animal study, published in the Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, suggests regular walnut consumption may be a promising intervention for reducing negative outcomes associated with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, a widespread bacterial infection that affects more than half of the world's population. (news-medical.net)
  • Lehours P. Actual diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. (medscape.com)
  • Your pediatrician may sometimes refer your child to a specialist to conduct the more complicated and invasive tests needed to make the diagnosis of an H pylori infection. (healthychildren.org)
  • Imaging studies are not helpful in the diagnosis of H pylori infection. (medscape.com)
  • Accurate diagnosis of H. pylori infection is essential for appropriate treatment and management. (khaledlotfy.com)
  • NTP conducted a review of published research on infection with H. pylori including studies of cancer and cancer mechanisms in humans, experimental animals, or cells using standard methods for the RoC (see also, protocol ). (nih.gov)
  • This listing is based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans that H. pylori infection causes stomach cancer - especially non-cardia gastric cancer - and a specific type of lymphoma in the stomach, known as gastric MALT lymphoma. (nih.gov)
  • Helicobacter cinaedi is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped enterohepatic bacillus found in the digestive tracts of humans and other animals ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In fact, most stomach and duodenal ulcers of humans stem from infection with Helicobacter bacteria. (vin.com)
  • In humans, it appears that Helicobacter infection may indeed cause cancer. (vin.com)
  • Antibodies against Helicobacter can be detected but their levels take months to decline even after the Helicobacter organism is long gone. (vin.com)
  • Helicobacter pylori (see the image below) is a ubiquitous organism that is present in about 50% of the global population. (medscape.com)
  • There are many excellent ways to determine if a pet's chronic gastrointestinal problem is being complicated by Helicobacte r infection. (vin.com)
  • revealed a wide range of effects of gastric H. pylori on the gastrointestinal tract with diseases that are inversely associated with H. pylori , such as reflux disease, erosive oesophagitis, Barrett's oesophagus, and oesophageal adenocarcinoma, showing a striking rise during the recent decline of H. pylori infection in the general population [ 31 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Brigham researchers found that patients prescribed amoxicillin-clavulanate had higher rates of gastrointestinal symptoms and yeast infections than those prescribed amoxicillin. (news-medical.net)
  • Fallone CA. Epidemiology of the antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Canada. (medscape.com)
  • Data from salivary assay to investigate the epidemiology of H pylori suggest that factors relating to the type of community in which the child lives may now be as important for acquisition of this infection as features of the family home. (bmj.com)
  • A research team led by Professor Leung Wai-keung from Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong (HKUMed) and the Baylor College of Medicine of the United States found that Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection around the world has been steadily declining over the past four decades, thus offering a comprehensive, updated epidemiology of H. pylori infection. (news-medical.net)
  • Doctors use antibiotics to treat H. pylori infections. (kidshealth.org)
  • H. pylori infection can be cured with antibiotics. (kidshealth.org)
  • Currently, this ulcerative infection is treated both with medications reducing stomach acid secretion combined with antibiotics specifically directed against Helicobacter . (vin.com)
  • Some studies have found that treating chronic H pylori infection with antibiotics may help prevent pre-cancerous stomach abnormalities, but more research is needed. (cancer.org)
  • Consider amoxicillin, tetracycline, and rifabutin as subsequent therapies in refractory H pylori infection as resistance to these antibiotics is rare. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment consists of bismuth, a chemical that reduces the use of antibiotics, along with other drugs that help fight infection. (fastlyheal.com)
  • H. pylori infection, your doctor may prescribe a different combination of antibiotics and other medicines to treat the infection. (nih.gov)
  • To investigate the current prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood, the risk factors for infection, and the effect of infection on growth in preadolescent schoolchildren. (bmj.com)
  • This infection is usually acquired in childhood. (endoscopycenterofocala.com)
  • H. pylori is typically acquired in childhood, often within families, and may establish a lifelong infection if left untreated. (khaledlotfy.com)
  • It has been suggested that Helicobacter pylori infection might reduce the risk of atopic conditions, such as asthma, in childhood. (brieflands.com)
  • To examine the association between Hp infection and childhood acquired asthma in Sardinia. (brieflands.com)
  • Our results speak against Hp infection itself playing a role to protect from the risk to develop childhood asthma although household hygiene was not directly assessed. (brieflands.com)
  • OBJECTIVE -To determine whether Helicobacter pylori, a childhood acquired chronic bacterial infection, is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease in later life. (drcalapai.com)
  • Further adjustment for various features of the childhood environment known to be risk factors for H pylori infection only slightly weakened the association (odds ratio 1.9). (drcalapai.com)
  • Helicobacter pylori strains with the cag pathogenicity island (PAI) induce more severe inflammation in the gastric epithelium and are more strongly associated with stomach cancer risk than strains lacking the PAI. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • Annual change of primary resistance to clarithromycin among Helicobacter pylori isolates from 1996 through 2008 in Japan. (medscape.com)
  • Experimental infection of stray cats with human isolates of Helicobacter pylori', Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research , 9(2), pp. 150-157. (ac.ir)
  • Amoxicillin is indicated in the treatment of infections due to susceptible (ONLY β-lactamase-negative) isolates of Streptococcus species. (nih.gov)
  • Chronic Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori) infection is a major gastric adenocarcinoma (GA) risk factor. (nih.gov)
  • Infection with Helicobacter pylori is the strongest known risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma, but only a minority of colonized individuals develop cancer of the stomach. (nature.com)
  • Herrera, V. & Parsonnet, J. Helicobacter pylori and gastric adenocarcinoma. (nature.com)
  • We examined whether the prevalence of somatic p53 mutation in gastric adenocarcinoma differed between subjects with and without infection with CagA(+) (a marker for the PAI) H. pylori strains. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • The data suggest that CagA(+) H. pylori infection, when compared with CagA(-) infection or the absence of H. pylori infection, is associated with a higher prevalence of p53 mutation in gastric adenocarcinoma. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • What Are the Signs & Symptoms of H. pylori Infections? (kidshealth.org)
  • Often, these infections don't cause symptoms. (kidshealth.org)
  • however, most infected people do not show symptoms of infection. (nih.gov)
  • Doctors suspect H. pylori infection from your symptoms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most people with an H. pylori infection never experience symptoms. (endoscopycenterofocala.com)
  • Functional bowel symptoms are prevalent in the population, and female gender, high body mass index and low age, but not H. pylori infection, are risk factors for the condition. (uit.no)
  • H. pylori infection is associated with reflux symptoms in men, but not with functional bowel symptoms or obesity. (uit.no)
  • B., Florholmen, J.: "The impact of body mass index and H. pylori infection on gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: A population-based study in Northern Norway. (uit.no)
  • The majority of H. pylori-infected individuals remain asymptomatic, with the infection causing no apparent symptoms or complications. (khaledlotfy.com)
  • Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ) is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections of mankind affecting approximately 50% of the world's population ( 1 ). (brieflands.com)
  • As reported in JAMA1 this week, 1 year after treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection, recurrence occurred in 11.5% of the participants who had tested negative for H. pylori (using the UBT diagnostic procedure) after treatment. (who.int)
  • Repeated infections may require that routine water consumption be increased to prevent their recurrence. (digitalnaturopath.com)
  • H pylori infection is the most common cause of peptic ulcers . (medlineplus.gov)
  • Helicobacter pylori infection is a bacterial infection that causes inflammation of your stomach lining and ulcers (sores) in your stomach or intestine. (msdmanuals.com)
  • abdominal~American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) describes Helicobacter pylori , or H pylori , a common cause of ulcers. (nih.gov)
  • The main treatment that is usually carried out to combat Helicobacter pylori infection is the administration of drugs such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), which act against ulcers, along with amoxicillin and clarithromycin to fight the bacteria. (fastlyheal.com)
  • If your peptic ulcers aren't caused by H. pylori infection or NSAIDs, doctors will check for uncommon causes . (nih.gov)
  • If you have a peptic ulcer, finding and treating the underlying cause , such as H. pylori infection, can help lower the chance of developing future ulcers. (nih.gov)
  • However, this immune and inflammatory response cannot completely control the bacterial infection, and leaves the host prone to complications resulting from persistent inflammation. (elsevierpure.com)
  • It is possible that without additional stomach disease (such as inflammatory bowel disease ) or other factors (stress, anxiety), Helicobacter causes no trouble, plus there are many strains and types of Helicobacter and not all of them cause harm. (vin.com)
  • Amoxicillin is a penicillin-class antibacterial indicated for treatment of infections due to susceptible strains of designated microorganisms. (nih.gov)
  • Rescue therapy with a proton pump inhibitor plus amoxicillin and rifabutin for Helicobacter pylori infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (medscape.com)
  • Helicobacter pylori ( H pylori ) is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are a type of bacteria . (kidshealth.org)
  • Helicobacter pylori ( H  pylori ) is a common type of bacteria that has been linked with an increased risk of stomach cancer . (cancer.org)
  • An H pylori infection increases the risk of developing stomach cancer later in life. (healthychildren.org)
  • Both stomach cancer and H. pylori infection disproportionally affect people living in poverty and certain racial, ethnic, and immigrant groups. (nih.gov)
  • In the U.S., which has a low risk for stomach cancer, prevention programs that screen the general population for H. pylori infection and treat infected individuals are not recommended. (nih.gov)
  • A: Because of the high public health significance of H. pylori infection, the RoC also reported on the status of activities for preventing H. pylori -induced stomach cancer, and related recommendations by national and international working groups. (nih.gov)
  • We know that in people Helicobacter infection represents a 400% risk increase for the development of stomach cancer. (vin.com)
  • Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) increases stomach cancer risk. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • Seroprevalence of Helicobacter Pylori Infection in Iranian Adolescents: the CASPIAN- III Study', International Journal of Pediatrics , 5(1), pp. 4251-4256. (ac.ir)
  • The greater reduction of growth among infected girls raises the possibility that H pylori infection may delay or diminish the pubertal growth spurt. (bmj.com)
  • AGA clinical practice update on the management of refractory Helicobacter pylori infection: expert review. (medscape.com)
  • Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. (medscape.com)
  • Helicobacter seems to be one reason why an animal who has been stable with inflammatory bowel disease or some other stomach disease might suddenly get much worse. (vin.com)
  • Gastric H. pylori infection, age, male gender and high risk clinical presentations were independent risk factors for colorectal polyps. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If you have a peptic ulcer and an H pylori infection, treatment is recommended. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pharmacological considerations and step-by-step proposal for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in the year 2018. (medscape.com)
  • Papastergiou V, Georgopoulos SD, Karatapanis S. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: meeting the challenge of antimicrobial resistance. (medscape.com)
  • Doctors only prescribe treatment for H pylori infections if they have progressed to an actual ulcer. (healthychildren.org)
  • After treatment, doctors will repeat breath or stool tests to make sure the infection is gone. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Two weeks triple therapy is an effective treatment in children with HP infection. (openarchives.gr)
  • Updated treatment strategies in Hp infection presented in the guidelines of the Toronto Consensus Group (2016) are reported. (uniroma1.it)
  • Several triple therapy regimens for the treatment of H pylori infection in patients with gastric and duodenal peptic ulcer disease are used. (medscape.com)
  • Its use is more common to diagnose Helicobacter pylori, but not to verify its disappearance after treatment. (fastlyheal.com)
  • In combination for treatment of H. pylori infection and duodenal ulcer disease. (nih.gov)
  • Empirical rescue treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in third and subsequent lines: 8-year. (falkfoundation.org)
  • To evaluate the use, effectiveness and safety of Helicobacter pylori empirical rescue therapy in third and subsequent treatment lines in Europe. (falkfoundation.org)
  • Chronic infection with H pylori causes atrophic and even metaplastic changes in the stomach, and it has a known association with peptic ulcer disease. (medscape.com)
  • Complaints, Endoscopic and Histopathological Findings in Children with Helicobacter pylori Infection: Are There Any Correlations with Each Other? (behcetuzdergisi.com)
  • In this study, the most common complaints, endoscopic and histopathological findings in children with H. pylori infection were evaluated and their correlation with each other was explicated. (behcetuzdergisi.com)
  • A population-based epidemiologic study of Helicobacter pylori infection and its association with systemic inflammation. (medscape.com)
  • Further research is warranted to identify the epidemiologic and clinical features of H. cinaedi infection. (cdc.gov)
  • How does Helicobacter pylori infection influence rheumatoid arthritis? (news-medical.net)
  • The association between Helicobacter pylori infection and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). (news-medical.net)
  • People with H. pylori infections may be more likely to develop cancer in the stomach, including mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. (endoscopycenterofocala.com)
  • In addition, infection with H. pylori increases the risk of development of gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Many reports have stated that the cure of Helicobacter pylori infection can induce a complete remission of low-grade gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. (nih.gov)
  • Objective: There is no significant clinical manifestations indicating Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in pediatric population. (behcetuzdergisi.com)
  • Doctors treat H. pylori infection with a combination of medicines. (nih.gov)
  • Vonoprazan, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin combination is used to treat patients with H. pylori infection. (drugs.com)
  • Randomized controlled trial comparing 7-day triple, 10-day sequential, and 7-day concomitant therapies for Helicobacter pylori infection. (medscape.com)
  • Drug therapies used to fight the ulcer-causing bacteria Helicobacter Pylori may help treat Crohn's disease . (diagnose-me.com)
  • Improved expression and purification of the Helicobacter pylori adhesin BabA through the incorporation of a hexa-lysine tag. (medscape.com)
  • Chronic bacterial infections have been associated with CHD. (drcalapai.com)
  • The order Campylobacterales includes human pathogens such as Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni. (wikipedia.org)
  • A: People with more severe H. pylori infection are at a greater risk of cancer than those who are asymptomatic. (nih.gov)
  • Accordingly, this study aimed to identify polymorphisms in the IL-1B and IL-1RN genes and their associations with H. pylori infection, cagA gene of H. pylori, and gastroduodenal diseases. (jidc.org)
  • First, what are the factors, both bacterial and host, that determine the disease outcome of infection? (medscape.com)
  • Most dogs and cats harbor Helicobacter in the stomachs to some extent and do not get sick as a result but in the right circumstances, a Helicobacter infection can complicate other intestinal disease. (vin.com)
  • It is unclear what constitutes a few Helicobacter bacteria sharing the stomach with its host peacefully and numerous Helicobacter organisms disrupting the stomach lining integrity and causing disease. (vin.com)
  • Some Helicobacter species are also capable of producing toxins but the role of such toxins in this disease process is not clear. (vin.com)
  • Dorer, M. S., Talarico, S. & Salama, N. R. Helicobacter pylori 's unconventional role in health and disease. (nature.com)
  • Children from Northern Sardinia who were between the ages of 10 months to 6 years and were screened for Hp infection in 1994-1995 using IgG serology, were asked in 2012, whether they had developed asthma and/or allergic disease in pediatric age, using the global initiative on asthma guidelines questionnaire. (brieflands.com)
  • Aim: This study aims to validate the anti-Helicobacter pylori efficacy of amoxicillin-loaded nanoparticles and nanogels with pH-responsive and site-specific drug release properties against H. pylori infection. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Dosing for H. pylori Infection: Triple therapy: 1 gram amoxicillin, 500 mg clarithromycin, and 30 mg lansoprazole, all given twice daily (every 12 hours) for 14 days. (nih.gov)
  • Helicobacter cinaedi is an enterohepatic bacillus that causes infections of various manifestations. (cdc.gov)
  • Although various manifestations of H. cinaedi infection have been described, to our knowledge, no cases of hepatic cyst infection have been reported. (cdc.gov)
  • 6 Currently there are few data on prevalence of infection among children in developed countries, but it is believed to be low. (bmj.com)
  • Chronic inflammation can induce aberrant β-catenin activation in the context of H. pylori infection. (nature.com)
  • The objective of this study was to determine the control and infection-related levels of M(1)dG in the liver DNA of mice over time, using an immunoslot-blot procedure. (open.ac.uk)