Hiv seroprevalence. Medical search

Studies of the number of cases where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is present in a specific population at a designated time. The presence in a given individual is determined by the finding of HIV antibodies in the serum (HIV SEROPOSITIVITY).

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES based on the detection through serological testing of characteristic change in the serum level of specific ANTIBODIES. Latent subclinical infections and carrier states can thus be detected in addition to clinically overt cases.

Immunologic tests for identification of HIV (HTLV-III/LAV) antibodies. They include assays for HIV SEROPOSITIVITY and HIV SERONEGATIVITY that have been developed for screening persons carrying the viral antibody from patients with overt symptoms of AIDS or AIDS-RELATED COMPLEX.

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Testing or screening required by federal, state, or local law or other agencies for the diagnosis of specified conditions. It is usually limited to specific populations such as categories of health care providers, members of the military, and prisoners or to specific situations such as premarital examinations or donor screening.

Development of neutralizing antibodies in individuals who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV/HTLV-III/LAV).

Abuse, overuse, or misuse of a substance by its injection into a vein.

Studies in which a number of subjects are selected from all subjects in a defined population. Conclusions based on sample results may be attributed only to the population sampled.

Sexual activities of humans.

(Disclaimer: This is a playful and fictitious response, as there isn't a medical definition for 'New York City'.)

Undertaking a task involving a challenge for achievement or a desirable goal in which there is a lack of certainty or a fear of failure. It may also include the exhibiting of certain behaviors whose outcomes may present a risk to the individual or to those associated with him or her.

'Prisoners,' in a medical context, refer to individuals who are incarcerated and may face challenges in accessing adequate healthcare services due to various systemic and individual barriers, which can significantly impact their health status and outcomes.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.

Those facilities which administer health services to individuals who do not require hospitalization or institutionalization.

The co-occurrence of pregnancy and an INFECTION. The infection may precede or follow FERTILIZATION.

Ongoing scrutiny of a population (general population, study population, target population, etc.), generally using methods distinguished by their practicability, uniformity, and frequently their rapidity, rather than by complete accuracy.

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The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas.

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact.

Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with LONGITUDINAL STUDIES which are followed over a period of time.

Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.

The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.

Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.

The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.

Antibodies to the HEPATITIS A ANTIGENS including antibodies to envelope, core, and non-structural proteins.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.

INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.

Immune status consisting of non-production of HIV antibodies, as determined by various serological tests.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man.

'Blood donors' are individuals who voluntarily and safely donate a specific amount of their own blood, which can be further separated into components, to be used for transfusion purposes or for manufacturing medical products, without receiving remuneration that is intended to reward them financially.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

A genus of protozoa parasitic to birds and mammals. T. gondii is one of the most common infectious pathogenic animal parasites of man.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Infection by round worms of the genus TOXOCARA, usually found in wild and domesticated cats and dogs and foxes, except for the larvae, which may produce visceral and ocular larva migrans in man.

Voluntary newborn HIV-1 antibody testing: a successful model program for the identification of HIV-1-seropositive infants. (1/416)

Harlem Hospital in New York City has one of the highest HIV-1 newborn seroprevalence rates in the United States. We report the results of a program introduced in 1993 and designed to identify HIV-1-seropositive (HIV+) newborns at birth. All new mothers, independent of risk, received HIV counseling that emphasized the medical imperative to know the infant's HIV status as well as their own. Consent was obtained to test the infant; discarded cord blood samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and when positive, Western Blot confirmation. We compared the number of HIV+ infants identified through voluntary testing with the number reported by the anonymous New York State Newborn HIV Seroprevalence Study. In 1993, 97.8% (91 of 93) of the number of HIV+ infants identified by the anonymous testing were identified through voluntary maternal and newborn testing programs. Eighty-five HIV+ infants were identified before nursery discharge: 50% (42/85) through newborn testing; 14% (12/85) through prenatal testing; 13% (11/85) presented to care knowing their status; 23% (20/85) were known because of a previous HIV+ child. Six additional HIV+ children were diagnosed after hospital discharge (mean age, 5.5 months; range 1.5 through 17 months); four presented with symptomatic disease. The optimal time for identification of the HIV+ pregnant woman is before or during pregnancy, but when this does not occur, voluntary newborn testing can identify many HIV+ infants who would otherwise be discharged undiagnosed from the nursery. (+info)

Oral examination: a screening tool for HIV infection? (2/416)

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the predictive values for HIV infection of diagnosis of oral manifestations of the infection. METHOD: Prevalence of oral manifestations was compared in cross sectional blinded clinical examinations of homosexual men attending a genitourinary medicine clinic. Data were extrapolated to populations in England and Wales based on estimates of the prevalence of HIV infection. RESULTS: Data were analysed for 572 HIV infected and non-infected men (312 and 260 respectively). Positive predictive values for erythematous candidiasis, hairy leucoplakia and pseudomembranous candidiasis were greater than 0.96 at the genitourinary medicine clinic and are estimated to be greater than 0.72 among homosexual men in London. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical diagnoses of mucosal lesions alone are poor predictors of HIV infection but are useful when used in conjunction with a social history to establish if there are risk factors for infection. (+info)

Trend of HIV incidence rates among drug users in an HIV epicenter in northern Thailand (1989-1997). (3/416)

OBJECTIVES: To determine trends and associated risk factors of HIV incidence (1989-1997) in a drug abuse treatment clinic in northern Thailand where HIV is epidemic. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Nine-years (1989-1997) of data (excluding names) from the logbook of drug abusers seeking treatments in Mae Chan Hospital in Chiangrai Thailand, were transcribed and double-entered into separate computer files which were later validated against each other. For each patient, the dates of the first HIV negative, the last HIV negative, and the first HIV positive were determined. A retrospective cohort of drug users who were initially HIV-negative and treated for more than once was constructed. HIV seroconversion was assumed to follow a uniform distribution between the last negative and the first positive HIV tests. The incidence rates and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 378 repeat patients, 16 (4.2%) HIV seroconverted. This is equivalent to 5.11 per 100 person-years of observation (PYO) (95% CI = 3.13-8.35). The incidence remained relatively stable over the study period while the prevalence was on the decline. The younger, Thai lowlanders, drug injectors had higher incidence rates than the older, ethnic minorities and drug smokers, respectively. CONCLUSION: Prevalence can give illusional results. It is necessary to know baseline HIV incidence to monitor and evaluate an HIV intervention program. (+info)

Non-participation bias in unlinked anonymous HIV-prevalence surveys in England and Wales. (4/416)

The objective was to assess the potential bias in unlinked anonymous HIV-seroprevalence surveys from objections to specimens being included. Objection rates in seroprevalence surveys were examined. Statistically large clusters of objections were considered to be the result of health care worker behaviour, and were disregarded. Underlying objection rates were estimated from remaining data and compared to seroprevalence. Overall objection rates approached or exceeded seroprevalence in many participating centres. However, underlying objection rates declined with time while prevalences were generally unchanging. Also, underlying rates correlated poorly with observed seroprevalences. Findings were therefore consistent with processes producing the clusters of objections and underlying objection rates independently of serostatus of individuals. Although national seroprevalence estimates produced by the surveys are reasonably free from objection bias, regional seroprevalence estimates outside London remain vulnerable to bias as a result of some centres returning data whose quality cannot be guaranteed. (+info)

Per-contact risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission between male sexual partners. (5/416)

The risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission from various types of homosexual contact, including oral sex, is of biologic, epidemiologic, and public health importance. The per-contact risk of acquiring HIV infection from specific acts was estimated in a prospective cohort study of 2,189 high-risk homosexual and bisexual men, conducted in San Francisco, California; Denver, Colorado; and Chicago, Illinois, in 1992-1994. During 2,633 person-years of follow-up, 60 seroconversions were observed. The estimated per-contact risk of acquiring HIV from unprotected receptive anal intercourse (URA) was 0.82 percent (95% confidence interval: 0.24, 2.76 percent) when the partner was known to be HIV+ and 0.27 percent (95% confidence interval: 0.06, 0.49 percent) when partners of unknown serostatus were included. There was heterogeneity in per-contact risk, with nine seroconversions occurring after only one or two episodes of URA. The per-contact risk associated with unprotected insertive anal and receptive oral sex with HIV-positive or unknown serostatus partners was 0.06 and 0.04 percent, respectively. URA accounted for only 15 percent of all reported sexual activity by seroconverters. As lower-risk practices become more common, they may play a larger role in propagating the epidemic and should also be addressed by interventions targeting high-risk homosexual and bisexual men. (+info)

Human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence among inmates of the penitentiary complex of the region of campinas, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. (6/416)

Six hundred and ninety three male inmates from three penitentiaries, two (A and B) maximum-security systems and one (C) minimum-security facility, located in Campinas, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil were studied for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies, using a cross-sectional design. The search for anti-HIV antibodies in 693 samples of sera collected was carried out by two serological tests: (a) the Microparticle enzyme immunoassay-HIV-1 and HIV-2 (MEIA) (Abbott Laboratories) and (b) the Western Blot-HIV-1 (WB) (Cambridge Biotech Corporation) to confirm positive results with MEIA. Sera reactivity for HIV antibodies was 14.4%. The highest frequency of anti-HIV antibodies was found in the A and B maximum-security prisons: 17% and 21.5%, respectively. In prison C, the frequency of reagents was 10.9%. Seventy three inmates, initially negative in the MEIA test, were checked again five and seven months later. Three of them, all from the maximum-security facilities, became reactive in the MEIA test, with confirmation in the WB, suggesting that serological conversion had occurred after imprisonment. (+info)

Effects of HIV counseling and testing on sexual risk behavior: a meta-analytic review of published research, 1985-1997. (7/416)

OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether HIV counseling and testing leads to reductions in sexual risk behavior. METHODS: The meta-analysis included 27 published studies that provided sexual behavior outcome data, assessed behavior before and after counseling and testing, and provided details sufficient for the calculation of effect sizes. The studies involved 19,597 participants. RESULTS: After counseling and testing, HIV-positive participants and HIV-serodiscordant couples reduced unprotected intercourse and increased condom use more than HIV-negative and untested participants. HIV-negative participants did not modify their behavior more than untested participants. Participants' age, volition for testing, and injection drug use treatment status, as well as the sample seroprevalence and length of the follow-up, explained the variance in results. CONCLUSIONS: HIV counseling and testing appears to provide an effective means of secondary prevention for HIV-positive individuals but, as conducted in the reviewed studies, is not an effective primary prevention strategy for uninfected participants. Theory-driven research with attention given to the context of testing is needed to further explicate the determinants of behavior change resulting from HIV counseling and testing, and the effectiveness of specific counseling approaches. (+info)

Use of a hybrid capture assay of self-collected vaginal swabs in rural Uganda for detection of human papillomavirus. (8/416)

A random sample of 960 women aged 15-59 years enrolled in a population-based study in rural Uganda were asked to provide self-collected vaginal swabs for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing by hybrid capture assay. The intensity of HPV infection was assessed by the relative light unit (RLU) ratio in the specimen-to-positive control (PC) ratio. In total, 898 women (93%) provided a swab and 737 provided serum for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) determination. HPV prevalence was 16.7% and was highest in younger women. HIV-1 prevalence was 17.8%. HPV prevalence was 44.3% in HIV-positive and 10.2% in HIV-negative women (rate ratio, 5.36; 95% confidence interval, 3.81-7.54). The intensity of HPV infection was significantly greater among HIV-positive than HIV-negative women (54. 4 vs. 11.1 RLU/PC; P=.026); intensity of infection was highest in women aged <30 years. The higher prevalence and intensity of HPV infection in HIV-positive women could facilitate HPV transmission in this population. Self-collected vaginal swabs could be used in population-based screening to identify women at high risk of cervical neoplasia. (+info)

HIV seroprevalence refers to the proportion or percentage of a population that has antibodies against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in their blood, indicating current or previous HIV infection. It is often determined through serological testing methods that detect the presence of HIV antibodies in blood samples. The data from HIV seroprevalence studies are essential for understanding the spread and distribution of HIV within a specific population or geographic area, helping to inform public health policies and interventions aimed at controlling and preventing HIV transmission.

Seroepidemiologic studies are a type of epidemiological study that measures the presence and levels of antibodies in a population's blood serum to investigate the prevalence, distribution, and transmission of infectious diseases. These studies help to identify patterns of infection and immunity within a population, which can inform public health policies and interventions.

Seroepidemiologic studies typically involve collecting blood samples from a representative sample of individuals in a population and testing them for the presence of antibodies against specific pathogens. The results are then analyzed to estimate the prevalence of infection and immunity within the population, as well as any factors associated with increased or decreased risk of infection.

These studies can provide valuable insights into the spread of infectious diseases, including emerging and re-emerging infections, and help to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programs. Additionally, seroepidemiologic studies can also be used to investigate the transmission dynamics of infectious agents, such as identifying sources of infection or tracking the spread of antibiotic resistance.

AIDS serodiagnosis refers to the detection and confirmation of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection through the identification of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to the virus. These antibodies are typically detected in blood samples using various testing methods, such as ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) and Western blot. A positive result in both tests indicates a high probability of HIV infection and progression to AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), provided the individual has not been recently infected, as it may take several weeks for the antibodies to develop and become detectable. Regular testing and early diagnosis are crucial for timely medical intervention, treatment, and prevention of further transmission.

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection is a viral illness that progressively attacks and weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to other infections and diseases. The virus primarily infects CD4+ T cells, a type of white blood cell essential for fighting off infections. Over time, as the number of these immune cells declines, the body becomes increasingly vulnerable to opportunistic infections and cancers.

HIV infection has three stages:

1. Acute HIV infection: This is the initial stage that occurs within 2-4 weeks after exposure to the virus. During this period, individuals may experience flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, rash, swollen glands, and muscle aches. The virus replicates rapidly, and the viral load in the body is very high.
2. Chronic HIV infection (Clinical latency): This stage follows the acute infection and can last several years if left untreated. Although individuals may not show any symptoms during this phase, the virus continues to replicate at low levels, and the immune system gradually weakens. The viral load remains relatively stable, but the number of CD4+ T cells declines over time.
3. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): This is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely damaged immune system and numerous opportunistic infections or cancers. At this stage, the CD4+ T cell count drops below 200 cells/mm3 of blood.

It's important to note that with proper antiretroviral therapy (ART), individuals with HIV infection can effectively manage the virus, maintain a healthy immune system, and significantly reduce the risk of transmission to others. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving long-term health outcomes and reducing the spread of HIV.

Mandatory testing refers to the practice of requiring individuals to undergo medical testing, typically for infectious diseases, as a condition for certain activities or privileges. This can include testing before starting a new job, entering school, receiving medical treatment, or participating in group activities. The purpose of mandatory testing is to protect public health by identifying and isolating infected individuals to prevent the spread of disease. It is important to note that mandatory testing must be implemented in accordance with legal and ethical guidelines to ensure individual rights and privacy are respected.

HIV seropositivity is a term used to describe a positive result on an HIV antibody test. This means that the individual has developed antibodies against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), indicating that they have been infected with the virus. However, it's important to note that this does not necessarily mean that the person has AIDS, as there can be a long period between HIV infection and the development of AIDS.

Substance abuse, intravenous, refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances that are introduced directly into the bloodstream through injection, for non-medical purposes. This behavior can lead to a range of short- and long-term health consequences, including addiction, dependence, and an increased risk of infectious diseases such as HIV and hepatitis C. Intravenous substance abuse often involves drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and amphetamines, and is characterized by the repeated injection of these substances using needles and syringes. The practice can also have serious social consequences, including disrupted family relationships, lost productivity, and criminal behavior.

"Sampling studies" is not a specific medical term, but rather a general term that refers to research studies in which a sample of individuals or data is collected and analyzed to make inferences about a larger population. In medical research, sampling studies can be used to estimate the prevalence of diseases or risk factors within a certain population, to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions, or to study the relationships between various health-related variables.

The sample for a sampling study may be selected using various methods, such as random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, or convenience sampling. The choice of sampling method depends on the research question, the characteristics of the population of interest, and practical considerations related to cost, time, and feasibility.

It is important to note that sampling studies have limitations and potential sources of bias, just like any other research design. Therefore, it is essential to carefully consider the study methods and limitations when interpreting the results of sampling studies in medical research.

Sexual behavior refers to any physical or emotional interaction that has the potential to lead to sexual arousal and/or satisfaction. This can include a wide range of activities, such as kissing, touching, fondling, oral sex, vaginal sex, anal sex, and masturbation. It can also involve the use of sexual aids, such as vibrators or pornography.

Sexual behavior is influenced by a variety of factors, including biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences. It is an important aspect of human development and relationships, and it is essential to healthy sexual functioning and satisfaction. However, sexual behavior can also be associated with risks, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies, and it is important for individuals to engage in safe and responsible sexual practices.

It's important to note that sexual behavior can vary widely among individuals and cultures, and what may be considered normal or acceptable in one culture or context may not be in another. It's also important to recognize that all individuals have the right to make informed decisions about their own sexual behavior and to have their sexual rights and autonomy respected.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "New York City" is not a medical term or concept. It's a city located in the state of New York, United States. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to help with those!

In the context of medicine, risk-taking refers to the decision-making process where an individual or a healthcare provider knowingly engages in an activity or continues a course of treatment despite the potential for negative outcomes or complications. This could include situations where the benefits of the action outweigh the potential risks, or where the risks are accepted as part of the process of providing care.

For example, a patient with a life-threatening illness may choose to undergo a risky surgical procedure because the potential benefits (such as improved quality of life or increased longevity) outweigh the risks (such as complications from the surgery or anesthesia). Similarly, a healthcare provider may prescribe a medication with known side effects because the benefits of the medication for treating the patient's condition are deemed to be greater than the potential risks.

Risk-taking can also refer to behaviors that increase the likelihood of negative health outcomes, such as engaging in high-risk activities like substance abuse or dangerous sexual behavior. In these cases, healthcare providers may work with patients to identify and address the underlying factors contributing to their risky behaviors, such as mental health issues or lack of knowledge about safe practices.

I apologize for any confusion, but "prisoners" is not a medical term. It generally refers to individuals who are deprived of their personal freedom and are being held in a prison or jail as a result of being convicted of a crime or while awaiting trial. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I would be happy to help!

Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, life-threatening condition caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by the significant weakening of the immune system, making the person more susceptible to various opportunistic infections and cancers.

The medical definition of AIDS includes specific criteria based on CD4+ T-cell count or the presence of certain opportunistic infections and diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), a person with HIV is diagnosed with AIDS when:

1. The CD4+ T-cell count falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (mm3) - a normal range is typically between 500 and 1,600 cells/mm3.
2. They develop one or more opportunistic infections or cancers that are indicative of advanced HIV disease, regardless of their CD4+ T-cell count.

Some examples of these opportunistic infections and cancers include:

* Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
* Candidiasis (thrush) affecting the esophagus, trachea, or lungs
* Cryptococcal meningitis
* Toxoplasmosis of the brain
* Cytomegalovirus disease
* Kaposi's sarcoma
* Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
* Invasive cervical cancer

It is important to note that with appropriate antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV can maintain their CD4+ T-cell counts, suppress viral replication, and prevent the progression to AIDS. Early diagnosis and consistent treatment are crucial for managing HIV and improving life expectancy and quality of life.

Ambulatory care facilities are healthcare providers where patients receive medical services, treatments, or procedures that do not require an overnight hospital stay. These facilities are often used for diagnosis, observation, and outpatient care such as same-day surgery, preventive health screenings, and minor procedures. They can include a wide range of settings like physician offices, community clinics, urgent care centers, dialysis centers, and surgical centers. The goal of ambulatory care facilities is to provide high-quality medical services in a convenient and cost-effective manner for patients who do not require hospitalization.

Infectious pregnancy complications refer to infections that occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother, fetus, or both. These infections can lead to serious consequences such as preterm labor, low birth weight, birth defects, stillbirth, or even death. Some common infectious agents that can cause pregnancy complications include:

1. Bacteria: Examples include group B streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, which can cause sepsis, meningitis, or pneumonia in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.
2. Viruses: Examples include cytomegalovirus, rubella, varicella-zoster, and HIV, which can cause congenital anomalies, developmental delays, or transmission of the virus to the fetus.
3. Parasites: Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause severe neurological damage in the fetus if transmitted during pregnancy.
4. Fungi: Examples include Candida albicans, which can cause fungal infections in the mother and lead to preterm labor or stillbirth.

Preventive measures such as vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding high-risk behaviors can help reduce the risk of infectious pregnancy complications. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of infections during pregnancy are also crucial to prevent adverse outcomes.

Population surveillance in a public health and medical context refers to the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health-related data for a defined population over time. It aims to monitor the health status, identify emerging health threats or trends, and evaluate the impact of interventions within that population. This information is used to inform public health policy, prioritize healthcare resources, and guide disease prevention and control efforts. Population surveillance can involve various data sources, such as vital records, disease registries, surveys, and electronic health records.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "New York" is not a medical term or concept. New York refers to a state in the United States, as well as its largest city. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Urban Population" is not a medical term. It is a demographic term used to describe the portion of a country's population that lives in areas classified as urban. The United Nations defines an urban area as a city, town, or other agglomeration with a population of 20,000 or more. However, the specific definition can vary by country and organization.

In contrast, medical terms typically refer to conditions, diseases, symptoms, treatments, or healthcare-related concepts. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to help if I can!

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs), also known as Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), are a group of diseases or infections that spread primarily through sexual contact, including vaginal, oral, and anal sex. They can also be transmitted through non-sexual means such as mother-to-child transmission during childbirth or breastfeeding, or via shared needles.

STDs can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe, and some may not show any symptoms at all. Common STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), hepatitis B, and pubic lice.

If left untreated, some STDs can lead to serious health complications, such as infertility, organ damage, blindness, or even death. It is important to practice safe sex and get regular screenings for STDs if you are sexually active, especially if you have multiple partners or engage in high-risk behaviors.

Preventive measures include using barrier methods of protection, such as condoms, dental dams, and female condoms, getting vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B, and limiting the number of sexual partners. If you suspect that you may have an STD, it is important to seek medical attention promptly for diagnosis and treatment.

A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.

In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.

Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.

Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.

HIV antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) in the body. These antibodies are designed to recognize and bind to specific parts of the virus, known as antigens, in order to neutralize or eliminate it.

There are several types of HIV antibodies that can be produced, including:

1. Anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-2 antibodies: These are antibodies that specifically target the HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses, respectively.
2. Antibodies to HIV envelope proteins: These antibodies recognize and bind to the outer envelope of the virus, which is covered in glycoprotein spikes that allow the virus to attach to and enter host cells.
3. Antibodies to HIV core proteins: These antibodies recognize and bind to the interior of the viral particle, where the genetic material of the virus is housed.

The presence of HIV antibodies in the blood can be detected through a variety of tests, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. A positive test result for HIV antibodies indicates that an individual has been infected with the virus, although it may take several weeks or months after infection for the antibodies to become detectable.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

Hepatitis A antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to a Hepatitis A virus infection or after vaccination. There are two types of Hepatitis A antibodies:

1. IgM anti-HAV (Hepatitis A Virus) antibodies: These are the first type of antibodies produced by the immune system during a Hepatitis A infection. They appear in the blood within 2 to 4 weeks after exposure to the virus and remain detectable for up to 12 weeks. The presence of IgM anti-HAV antibodies indicates a recent or ongoing Hepatitis A infection.

2. IgG anti-HAV antibodies: These are the second type of antibodies produced by the immune system during a Hepatitis A infection, and they appear in the blood several weeks after the onset of illness. IgG anti-HAV antibodies remain detectable for many years, providing long-term immunity against future Hepatitis A infections. After vaccination, only IgG anti-HAV antibodies are produced, indicating immunity to Hepatitis A.

Testing for Hepatitis A antibodies is used to diagnose acute or past Hepatitis A infections and to assess immunity following vaccination.

Antibodies, protozoan, refer to the immune system's response to an infection caused by a protozoan organism. Protozoa are single-celled microorganisms that can cause various diseases in humans, such as malaria, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis.

When the body is infected with a protozoan, the immune system responds by producing specific proteins called antibodies. Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell called a B-cell, and they recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the protozoan organism.

There are five main types of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each type of antibody has a different role in the immune response. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody and provides long-term immunity to previously encountered pathogens. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection and is important for activating the complement system, which helps to destroy the protozoan organism.

Overall, the production of antibodies against protozoan organisms is a critical part of the immune response and helps to protect the body from further infection.

Hepatitis A is a viral infection that specifically targets the liver, causing inflammation and impaired function. This disease is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which spreads primarily through the fecal-oral route, often due to poor sanitation and hygiene. Individuals can become infected by consuming food or water contaminated with HAV or by coming into direct contact with an infected person's stool.

The symptoms of hepatitis A may include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, clay-colored bowel movements, joint pain, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes). However, in some cases, particularly in children under six years old, the infection may be asymptomatic.

While hepatitis A can be unpleasant and cause serious complications, it is rarely fatal and most people recover completely within a few months. Preventive measures include vaccination, practicing good hygiene, and avoiding potentially contaminated food and water.

HIV seronegativity is a term used to describe a person who has tested negative for HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) antibodies in their blood. This means that the individual does not show evidence of current or past infection with HIV, which can cause AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). However, it's important to note that there is a window period after initial infection during which a person may test negative for HIV antibodies, even though they are indeed infected. This window period typically lasts between 2-6 weeks but can extend up to 3 months in some cases. Therefore, if someone believes they have been exposed to HIV, they should consider getting tested again after this window period has passed.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the parasitic protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. It can infect humans, birds, and most warm-blooded animals, including marine mammals. In humans, it is usually contracted through eating undercooked, contaminated meat or ingesting oocysts (a form of the parasite) from cat feces, often through contact with litter boxes or gardening in soil that has been contaminated with cat feces.

The infection can also be passed to the fetus if a woman becomes infected during or just before pregnancy. Most healthy individuals who become infected with Toxoplasma gondii experience few symptoms and are not aware they have the disease. However, for those with weakened immune systems, such as people with HIV/AIDS, organ transplant recipients, and pregnant women, toxoplasmosis can cause severe complications, including damage to the brain, eyes, and other organs.

Symptoms of toxoplasmosis in individuals with weakened immune systems may include swollen lymph nodes, fever, fatigue, muscle aches, and headache. In pregnant women, infection can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, or severe developmental problems in the baby. Treatment typically involves antiparasitic medications such as pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine.

A blood donor is a person who voluntarily gives their own blood or blood components to be used for the benefit of another person in need. The blood donation process involves collecting the donor's blood, testing it for infectious diseases, and then storing it until it is needed by a patient. There are several types of blood donations, including:

1. Whole blood donation: This is the most common type of blood donation, where a donor gives one unit (about 450-500 milliliters) of whole blood. The blood is then separated into its components (red cells, plasma, and platelets) for transfusion to patients with different needs.
2. Double red cell donation: In this type of donation, the donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates two units of red cells from the whole blood. The remaining plasma and platelets are returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every 112 days.
3. Platelet donation: A donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates platelets from the whole blood. The red cells and plasma are then returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every seven days, up to 24 times a year.
4. Plasma donation: A donor's blood is collected using a special machine that separates plasma from the whole blood. The red cells and platelets are then returned to the donor during the donation process. This type of donation can be done every 28 days, up to 13 times a year.

Blood donors must meet certain eligibility criteria, such as being in good health, aged between 18 and 65 (in some countries, the upper age limit may vary), and weighing over 50 kg (110 lbs). Donors are also required to answer medical questionnaires and undergo a mini-physical examination before each donation. The frequency of blood donations varies depending on the type of donation and the donor's health status.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody, which is a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to foreign substances like bacteria or viruses. IgG is the most abundant type of antibody in human blood, making up about 75-80% of all antibodies. It is found in all body fluids and plays a crucial role in fighting infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

IgG has several important functions:

1. Neutralization: IgG can bind to the surface of bacteria or viruses, preventing them from attaching to and infecting human cells.
2. Opsonization: IgG coats the surface of pathogens, making them more recognizable and easier for immune cells like neutrophils and macrophages to phagocytose (engulf and destroy) them.
3. Complement activation: IgG can activate the complement system, a group of proteins that work together to help eliminate pathogens from the body. Activation of the complement system leads to the formation of the membrane attack complex, which creates holes in the cell membranes of bacteria, leading to their lysis (destruction).
4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC): IgG can bind to immune cells like natural killer (NK) cells and trigger them to release substances that cause target cells (such as virus-infected or cancerous cells) to undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death).
5. Immune complex formation: IgG can form immune complexes with antigens, which can then be removed from the body through various mechanisms, such as phagocytosis by immune cells or excretion in urine.

IgG is a critical component of adaptive immunity and provides long-lasting protection against reinfection with many pathogens. It has four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4) that differ in their structure, function, and distribution in the body.

"Toxoplasma" is a genus of protozoan parasites, and the most well-known species is "Toxoplasma gondii." This particular species is capable of infecting virtually all warm-blooded animals, including humans. It's known for its complex life cycle that involves felines (cats) as the definitive host.

Infection in humans, called toxoplasmosis, often occurs through ingestion of contaminated food or water, or through contact with cat feces that contain T. gondii oocysts. While many people infected with Toxoplasma show no symptoms, it can cause serious health problems in immunocompromised individuals and developing fetuses if a woman becomes infected during pregnancy.

It's important to note that while I strive to provide accurate information, this definition should not be used for self-diagnosis or treatment. Always consult with a healthcare professional for medical advice.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

Toxocariasis is a parasitic infection caused by the roundworms Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati, which are found in the intestines of dogs and cats, respectively. Humans become infected through the accidental ingestion of infective eggs from contaminated soil, water, or food. The larvae hatch in the small intestine and migrate to various tissues, including the liver, lungs, eyes, and central nervous system, where they can cause inflammation and damage.

The severity of the infection depends on the number of larvae that have infected the body and the organs involved. Most infections are asymptomatic or mild, causing symptoms such as fever, cough, rash, or abdominal discomfort. However, in severe cases, toxocariasis can lead to serious complications, including blindness (ocular larva migrans) or neurological damage (visceral larva migrans).

Preventive measures include good hygiene practices, such as washing hands after handling soil or pets, and avoiding contact with dog or cat feces. Regular deworming of pets can also help reduce the risk of transmission.

Notices to Readers Report on National HIV Seroprevalence Surveys CDC collaborates with state and local health departments, ... National HIV seroprevalence surveys--summary of results: data from serosurveillance activities through 1989. Atlanta: US ... Single copies of the publication, National HIV Seroprevalence Surveys--Summary of Results: Data from Serosurveillance ... HIV) seroprevalence surveys in a variety of sentinel populations. Together these surveys constitute a serosurveillance network ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001853.htm

HIV infection/AIDS caused >5% of all deaths world-wide, as the worlds fourth leading cause of mortality, and became the ... and higher fertility rates had higher HIV seroprevalence. Countries with high HIV seroprevalence had fewer women using ... Male circumcision and Muslim religion were colinearly associated with lower HIV seroprevalence. Countries with high HIV ... Variable measures were compared between highest and lowest tertiles of HIV seroprevalence.. Results: Geography, religion, and ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/472429

Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence and Chronic Infections in Patients with HIV, Switzerland Alain Kenfak-Foguena1, Franziska ... Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence and Chronic Infections in Patients with HIV, Switzerland. ... and the Swiss HIV Cohort Study Author affiliations: Author affiliations: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and Lausanne ... Longitudinal description of blood hepatitis E virus (HEV) serology, HEV RNA, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, HIV RNA, ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/6/10-1067-f2.htm

Title : HIV antibody seroprevalence among childbearing women surveyed in Maryland. Personal Author(s) : Matuszak, D L;Panny, S ... A blinded survey of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody seroprevalence among childbearing women was conducted in ... Among 230,360 women with diagnosed HIV in the United States (U.S.), ~ 8,500 give birth annually, and unplanned pregnancies (as ... Overall, 99 specimens were positive on two enzyme-linked immunoassays and on Western blot, providing a seroprevalence rate of ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/63536

HIV). To test the feasibility of such a survey, CDCs National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) recently conducted a pilot ... Pilot study of a household survey to determine HIV seroprevalence Centers for Disease Control (CDC). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ... Pilot study of a household survey to determine HIV seroprevalence Centers for Disease Control (CDC) ... HIV antibodies in a remote rural area in Rwanda, Central Africa: an analysis of potential risk factors for HIV seropositivity. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1898620

There are limited data on HIV/AIDS. In 2004, a sentinel HIV seroprevalence survey was conducted. Blood samples were collected ... Samples were tested for syphilis and HIV. Overall HIV prevalence was 1.4%, significantly higher than that observed in many ... There are limited data on HIV/AIDS. In 2004, a sentinel HIV seroprevalence survey was conducted. Blood samples were collected ... attending antenatal care clinics participating in the HIV seroprevalence survey, Somaliland, 2004 Table 2 HIV prevalence among ...

http://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-16-2010/volume-16-issue-2/article2.html

Seroprevalence of HIV-1 infection in a cohort of homosexually active men. ... Seroprevalence of HIV-1 infection in a cohort of homosexually active men. ... Seroprevalence of HIV-1 infection in a cohort of homosexually active men. ...

https://sti.bmj.com/content/66/6/423.citation-tools

Recent HIV seroprevalence levels by country : January 1998. by United States. Bureau of the Census. ... Recent HIV seroprevalence levels by country : July 2002. by United States. Bureau of the Census. ... Guidelines on estimating the size of populations most at risk to HIV. by UNAIDS/WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS/STI ... by UNAIDS/WHO Working Group on Global HIV/AIDS/STI Surveillance , World Health Organization. Dept. of HIV/AIDS , Centers for ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BHIV%20seroprevalence.%7D

This study of participants of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study shows a 2.6% (19/735) seroprevalence of HEV in HIV-infected patients ... Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence and Chronic Infections in Patients with HIV, Switzerland On This Page ... Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence and Chronic Infections in Patients with HIV, Switzerland. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2011; ... Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence and Chronic Infections in Patients with HIV, Switzerland. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(6):1074- ...

https://wwwnc-origin.cdc.gov/eid/article/17/6/10-1067

HIV seroprevalence in three population groups Adu-Sarkodie, Y; Matke, P; Appiah-Denkyira, E; Tetteh, C. *Adu-Sarkodie, Y; s.af ... Using a combination of an Enzyme immunoassay and Western Blotting; we found anti-HIV seroprevalence of 1.6 per cent; 1.2 per ... Due to worldwide interest in the epidemiology of HIV disease; correct identification of infected people is important. The false ... The importance of anti-HIV confirmatory testing when the test objective is diagnosis is stressed ...

https://search.bvsalud.org/aimafro/resource/en/biblio-1262250

HIV seroprevalence per district and burden of HIV attributable tuberculosis among tuberculosis patients. RESULTS:. A total of ... To determine HIV seroprevalence among tuberculosis patients and the burden of HIV attributable tuberculosis among notified ... PIP This cross-sectional survey determined HIV seroprevalence among tuberculosis patients and the burden of HIV attributable ... HIV sero-prevalence among tuberculosis patients in Kenya. Van Gorkom, J; Kibuga, D; Adallah, S; Adungosi, J; Aluvaala, B; ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/hansen/resource/pt/mdl-10520351

Prediction of Outcome From Adult Bacterial Meningitis in a High-HIV-Seroprevalence, Resource-Poor Setting Using the Malawi ... Prediction of Outcome From Adult Bacterial Meningitis in a High-HIV-Seroprevalence, Resource-Poor Setting Using the Malawi ... Integration of HIV services with primary care in Yangon, Myanmar * Burkholderia pseudomallei multi-centre study to establish ... Ambulatory induction phase treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV integrated primary care clinics, Yangon, Myanmar ...

https://www.tropmedres.ac/publications/666021

HIV Serosorting with HIV Seropositivity or HIV Seroprevalence. * Laboratory Personnel with Medical Laboratory Personnel ... HIV Serosorting Category G - Biological Sciences Bays Caves Cell Cycle Checkpoints Cellular Microenvironment Clonal Evolution ...

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/techbull/nd11/nd11_medline_data_changes_2012.html

National HIV seroprevalence summary: results through 1992. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public ... For women whose HIV infection status has not been determined, HIV counseling should be provided and HIV testing offered as soon ... HIV Infection and AIDS in Women and Children HIV infection is a major cause of illness and death among women and children. ... Some HIV-infected women do not receive prenatal care, choose not to be tested for HIV, or do not retain custody of their ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0038277/m0038277.asp

HIV Seroprevalence*; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Middle Aged; Models, Theoretical; Respiratory Tract Diseases/ ... In HIV-stratified models, higher CO exposure was associated with increased odds of respiratory symptoms among HIV-infected (AOR ... Title: Personal carbon monoxide exposure, respiratory symptoms, and the potentially modifying roles of sex and HIV infection in ... MeSH Terms: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carbon Monoxide/analysis*; Environmental Exposure/analysis*; Female; HIV Infections ...

https://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm?do=portfolio.publicationDetail&id=3685685

Categories: HIV Seroprevalence Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted ...

https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=HIV+Seroprevalence&parentid=29364&catid=28434

Acceptability of routine HIV counselling and testing, and HIV seroprevalence in Ugandan hospitals ...

https://apps.who.int:80/iris/handle/10665/260543/browse?locale-attribute=zh&type=author&value=Abang,+Betty

Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infection among intravenous drug users in Shahr-e-Kord, Islamic Republic of Iran Imani, R. ... Serum samples were screened for HBV, HCV and HIV infection. Only 1 participant [‎0.8%]‎ was HIV positive, 15 [‎11.2%]‎ were HCV ... Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C infections among young adult males in Pakistan Butt, T.; Amin, M.S. (‎2008)‎ This ... Seroprevalence of hepatitis B in Nahavand, Islamic Republic of Iran Alizadeh, A.H.M.; Ranjbar, M.; Ansari, S.; MirArab, A.; ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/115916/discover?locale-attribute=pt&filter_relational_operator_0=equals&filter_0=[2000+TO+2009]&filtertype=mesh&filtertype_0=dateIssued&filter_relational_operator=authority&filter=Hepatitis+B

Voluntary screening programs for pregnant women will further decrease the number of cases of pediatric HIV infection. The ... Offering zidovudine treatment to pregnant women known to be HIV-positive will decrease the number of cases of pediatric HIV ... HIV Seroprevalence Actions. * Search in PubMed * Search in MeSH * Add to Search ... Economic impact of treatment of HIV-positive pregnant women and their newborns with zidovudine. Implications for HIV screening ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8656505

Seroprevalence of HIV infection in rural South Africa.. Abdool Karim Q; Abdool Karim SS; Singh B; Short R; Ngxongo S. AIDS; ... Towards achieving the 90-90-90 HIV targets: results from the south African 2017 national HIV survey.. Marinda E; Simbayi L; ... Increasing HIV prevalence in a rural district of South Africa from 1992 through 1995.. Coleman RL; Wilkinson D. J Acquir Immune ... HIV infection among patients with sexually transmitted diseases in rural South Africa.. Wilkinson D; Wilkinson N. Int J STD ...

https://pubmedhh.nlm.nih.gov/biomarkers/search.php?id=34143995&mod=related&page=1&outid=&proj=

Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and HIV in blood donors in northern Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 52(9):398-402. 12532573. . ... Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus among blood donors in Nyala, South Dar Fur, Sudan. Virol J 6:146 doi: ... Seroprevalence of viral hepatitis in Tanzanian adults. Trop Med Int Health 3(9):757-763. 9754673. . Crossref, Medline, Google ... Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C infections among young adult males in Pakistan. East Mediterr Health J 14(4):791-797. ...

https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.0901388

Targeting HIV Incidence in the United States (U01 Clinical Trial Required) RFA-AI-19-067. NIAID ... Do milestones include targets for overall enrollment, enrollment of key subgroups, and baseline seroprevalence? ... primary HIV prevention interventions can reduce HIV incidence among key populations experiencing new HIV infections in the ... High HIV incidence rates have also been reported for transgender populations. Nearly twenty percent of HIV cases in the U.S. in ...

http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-AI-19-067.html

"Seroprevalence , NIH". clinicalinfo.hiv.gov. Retrieved 24 August 2021. HIV Portland Glossary definition of seroprevalence v t e ... Seroprevalence is the number of persons in a population who test positive for a specific disease based on serology (blood serum ... HIV, and SARS-CoV-2), this number is not significant if the specificity of the antibody is low.[citation needed] " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seroprevalence

When Ellner started in Uganda, the seroprevalence of HIV in the antenatal clinic where he worked was over 20%. "It was a scary ... Related publication Immunogenicity of a recombinant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-canarypox vaccine in HIV-seronegative ... Success combatting HIV in Uganda "We were the first American university-first non-Ugandan university-to come with funding and ... In the early days of the HIV epidemic, Robbins-whod won the 1954 Nobel prize (with Drs. John Enders and Thomas Weller) for ...

https://www.fic.nih.gov/News/GlobalHealthMatters/september-october-2023/Pages/from-capacity-building-to-capacity-transfer-uganda.aspx?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=news

For HIV-1 to fuse, a CD4+ cell must express a co-receptor that the virus can use. The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 are ... Viral and host factors influence the rate of HIV-1 disease progression. ... Viral and host factors influence the rate of HIV-1 disease progression. For HIV-1 to fuse, a CD4+ cell must express a co- ... A chemokine receptor CCR2 allele delays HIV-1 disease progression and is associated with a CCR5 promoter mutation Nat Med. 1998 ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9500612/

The study therefore aimed at determining the prevalence of syphilis in HIV positive antiretroviral therapy naive patients in Cape Coast and the associated risk factors involved in infection. (scirp.org)
Recruitment, prevalence and statistically significant relationship were then calculated relative to the HIV-uninfected cohort. (scielo.org.za)
All groups were similar in HIV prevalence. (scielo.org.za)
However, the proportion may be 10% or higher in developing countries and also in those countries which import blood and blood products from countries with high HIV prevalence. (who.int)
Anal cancer and its precursor anal intraepithelial neoplasia have a high prevalence in the HIV-positive population [7] . (ophrp.org)
OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of HIV among pregnant women in Ethiopia. (hivevidence.org)
Background STI prevalence or incidence data among HIV infected can help to distinguish populations with different levels of sexual HIV transmission risk. (bmj.com)
Aim of the current work is to examine prevalence of and associations between HSV-2 infection, and HIV infection among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Kohtla-Järve, Estonia. (bmj.com)
HIV infection and intravenous drug use are directly related to the prevalence of Hepatitis B in different nations, regions, and populations. (edu.et)
The general objective of the present study is to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of Hepatitis B Virus infection among HIV/ADIS patients attending Debark Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. (edu.et)
We aimed to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 among People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWH) attending a tertiary public hospital in Salvador, Brazil, patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis and Hospital's Healthcare Workers (HCW), and to compare their SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels. (bjid.org.br)
Since 1990, an annual cross-sectional survey of HIV prevalence and risk behaviours among 500 current Glasgow IDU has provided a more representative sample. (nih.gov)
The findings reported here suggest that implementing harm-reduction measures when prevalence is low may inhibit the rapid dissemination of HIV. (nih.gov)
The cascade was defined as HIV prevalence, HIV diagnosed, Antiretroviral (ART) Prescription, and currently on ART. (scielo.br)
A study conducted in 2016 with transgender women in Rio de Janeiro identified a difference between the reported and confirmed HIV prevalence (24.2% and 31.2%, respectively), suggesting that a part of the population did not know their serological status, or did not have access to prior HIV testing before participating in the study 6 6. (scielo.br)
Furthermore, the prevalence of HIV infection in transgender women is not documented in a systematic way by health services, neither by most surveillance systems (which frequently do not report the category "transgender"), resulting in a lack of information about the epidemic. (scielo.br)
1 Yet, there is a dearth of research evidence regarding the HIV disease burden, prevalence of HIV-related sexual risk, and factors associated with sexual risk among transmasculine persons who are gay, bisexual, or have sex with men (T-GBMSM). (lww.com)
The cause of the accentuated and/or accelerated aging in people with HIV remains to be fully elucidated, with factors like HIV associated chronic immune activation and dysfunction, ART toxicity and the higher prevalence of traditional risk factors each having been implicated to contribute to age-associated comorbidity development ( 8 , 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
Young people's sexual health in South Africa: HIV prevalence and sexual behaviours from a nationally representative household survey. (ajtmh.org)
The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) projected using a deterministic mathematical model was put into the AIDS Impact Model (AIM) of the SPECTRUM Policy Modelling System to estimate the potential demographic impact ofAIDS in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. (kemri-wellcome.org)
The prevalence of HIV is predicted to stabilize at 10% in adults, resulting in a total number of people living with HIV at 200,000 and a cumulative number of deaths due to AIDS at 50,000. (kemri-wellcome.org)
In this study, which was originally reported by aidsmap from the HIV Vaccine Conference in 2013 , researchers from the University of Oxford found that HIV from Gaborone in Botswana, where HIV prevalence peaked in the year 2000, reproduced 11% more slowly than virus in Durban, where HIV prevalence peaked in 2010. (aidsmap.com)
It covers a serum bank samples of 2,101 obtained in the framework of a national survey on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among subjects of both sexes aged 15 to 24 years. (omicsonline.org)
HIV-infection is associated with an increased HHV-8 sero-prevalence in all population groups examined. (uab.edu)
Seroprevalence of HIV among non-regular condom users was 27% while 3% HIV prevalence was reported among regular condom users. (confex.com)
The average prevalence of coinfection between HIV and genital inflammatory diseases is of 16.3% [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
From April 1987 to December 1990, a total of 3895 persons participated in our anonymous HIV-antybody prevalence study in groups at risk for sexually-acquired HIV infection. (bvsalud.org)

Diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections is very important considering the spread of HIV and the extensive use of highly active antiretroviral therapy worldwide. (scirp.org)
HIV infection severely weakens the immune system of infected individuals who are therefore exposed to opportunistic infections including sexually transmitted infections. (scirp.org)
The co-infection of sexually transmitted infections and HIV may be having a profound detrimental effect especially among the youth in developing countries. (scirp.org)
This series found no significant difference in the incidence of bone infections, bone tumours or the need for limb reconstruction, between HIV-positive and -negative patients. (scielo.org.za)
Infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remain an epidemic in Southern Africa. (scielo.org.za)
7,8 Most notably in relation to skeletal disease, HIV suppresses lymphocytes and macrophages that are known to be important in both bone healing 9,10 and resistance to bacterial infection, 11 potentially making patients more susceptible to osseous infections, delayed unions, malunions and non-unions. (scielo.org.za)
As positively identifying the occurrence of disease is usually based upon the presence of antibodies for that disease (especially with viral infections such as herpes simplex, HIV, and SARS-CoV-2), this number is not significant if the specificity of the antibody is low. (wikipedia.org)
Despite the undeniable significance of blood transfusion in saving a millions life in emergencies and medical treatment, the quality of blood faced challenges from transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs) such as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), HBV (hepatitis B virus) and HCV (hepatitis C virus). (biomedcentral.com)
Seroprevalence of transfusion-transmissible infections was high and alarming therefore proper screening of donated blood with test methods having better diagnostic performance should be employed. (biomedcentral.com)
With recent increases in the number of specialized colorectal clinics and hospitals, persons who develop anorectal diseases due to anal intercourse or HIV infections tend to be treated in these centers. (ophrp.org)
To compare rates of serologic concordance in the female sex partners of men with HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections, and to determine the serologic status of sex partners of men who reacted serologically to both viruses. (nih.gov)

With establishment of HIV screening facilities, the proportion of AIDS cases due to blood transmission has decreased. (who.int)
AIDS due to blood transmission will continue to occur due to the time lag between the occurrence of HIV infection and appearance of AIDS. (who.int)
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is essentially a sexually transmitted disease but like many other sexually transmitted diseases, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which causes AIDS can also be transmitted through blood or blood products and from infected mother to baby. (who.int)
After the establishment of facilities for screening of blood donations against HIV, the proportion of AIDS cases due to transmission through blood or blood products started decreasing. (who.int)
This is mainly due to the time lag between the occurrence of HIV infection and the appearance of AIDS. (who.int)
In other cases, they are more insidious - as in the case of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Africa which has had a significant impact on patterns of spending. (who.int)
In February 1994, the National Institutes of Health announced interim results from a multicenter, placebo-controlled clinical trial (AIDS Clinical Trials Group {ACTG} protocol 076), indicating that administration of zidovudine (ZDV) to a selected group of pregnant women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to their newborns reduced the risk for perinatal HIV transmission by approximately two thirds. (cdc.gov)
During the past decade, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among women, the population accounting for the most rapid increase in cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in recent years. (cdc.gov)
HIV surveillance systems based on colorectal hospitals for HIV/AIDS transmission prevention by early HIV diagnosis are needed. (ophrp.org)
The Division of AIDS of KCDC designed a questionnaire to identify the status of HIV testing in colorectal hospitals. (ophrp.org)
Cancer is a leading cause of death among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). (nature.com)
However, it might not capture more recent behaviour change in response to the HIV/AIDS among population groups studied. (bmj.com)
The result uses to develop appropriate preventive services, allocate resources decided on priorities and target populations with HIV/AIDS. (edu.et)
In Brazil, different modalities of discrimination and prejudice, such as transphobia and unprotected sex, place this population at a higher risk of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases 5 5. (scielo.br)
Namibia to score remarkable achievements in stabilizing HIV/AIDS, ensuring access to sexual and reproductive health information and services and improving the quality of maternal, new- born, child and adolescent health and nutrition services in the country. (who.int)
and MDG 6 focuses on combating HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases that underlie and threaten the nation's achievement of the other three goals. (who.int)
Supported by operating grants from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Institute of Gender and Health (Funding Reference MOP-106478) and HIV/AIDS Community-Based Research Program (Funding Reference 167492). (lww.com)
Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used to explore associations between biological age advancement and immunological changes in the T cell and monocyte compartment in people with HIV (n=40), comparable HIV-negative individuals (n=40) participating in the Comorbidity in Relation to AIDS (COBRA) cohort, and blood donors (n=35). (frontiersin.org)
The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has dramatically reduced AIDS-associated morbidity and mortality, and greatly improved life expectancy of people with HIV ( 1 - 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Women and HIV/AIDS: Confronting the Crisis. (ajtmh.org)
Geneva: The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. (ajtmh.org)
Communicating HIV and AIDS, what works? (ajtmh.org)
In a low-fertility urban society of Africa, this study shows the potential for the HIV/AIDS epidemic to turn the rate of natural increase to negative. (kemri-wellcome.org)
Background* 75% of people living with HIV/AIDS in South Asia live in India, making up about 15% of the world HIV/AIDS population. (confex.com)
Here we review the characteristics of mucosal immunity of the female genital tract, its alterations due to HIV/AIDS, and the characteristics of coinfections between HIV/AIDS and the most prevalent STDs. (hindawi.com)

Objective: To document the epidemiology of HIV, hepatitis B, and syphilis among pregnant women at a Guatemalan national hospital. (elsevierpure.com)

We measured the seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies amongst randomly selected blood transfusion donor sera in Malawi from January 2020 to July 2021 using a cross-sectional study design. (biomedcentral.com)
The transition period from infection with HIV to the detectable presence of HIV antibodies in the blood. (aidsmap.com)
The presence in a given individual is determined by the finding of HIV antibodies in the serum (HIV SEROPOSITIVITY). (bvsalud.org)

Educational status and multiple sexual behaviors are significantly associated with HIV acquisition whilst marital status was significantly associated with HBsAg seropositivity. (biomedcentral.com)

Effective methods are available for prevention of HIV transmission through blood, but antigen and PCR tests are expensive and not recommended for screening of blood donations in developing countries. (who.int)
Effective technology is available for prevention of HIV transmission through blood. (who.int)
The recommendations stress the importance of early diagnosis of HIV infection for the health of both women and their infants and are based on advances made in HIV-related treatment and prevention. (cdc.gov)
To reverse these trends, HIV education and services for prevention and health care must be made available to all women. (cdc.gov)
Also encouragement of blood donation from voluntary donors and creating awareness on the general public regarding HIV, HBsAg and HCV transmission and prevention should be strengthen. (biomedcentral.com)
HIV maternal-to-child transmission (MTCT) prevention programs were feasible in our setting. (elsevierpure.com)
In the USA, the FOCUS Programme is a public health initiative that enables partners to develop and share best practices in routine bloodborne virus (HIV, HCV, HBV) screening, diagnosis and linkage to care in accordance with screening guidelines promulgated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the US Preventive Services Task Force and state and local public health departments. (bmj.com)
HIV prevention interventions targeting T-GBMSM who are predominantly attracted to men and interventions addressing sequelae of childhood sexual abuse may be warranted. (lww.com)
5 allows us to reach millions of people globally with accurate and reliable resources about HIV prevention and treatment. (aidsmap.com)
In 2005, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended use of a 28-day course of antiretroviral therapy to prevent HIV infection in those who have had substantial risk for HIV exposure via injecting drug use. (medscape.com)

In Ghana, data on population about HIV and Syphilis are very scanty. (scirp.org)
Mid-year population estimates from 2013 indicate 10% of the almost 53 million people in South Africa are infected with HIV 1 KwaZulu-Natal has the highest infection rate with over 21 % of adults between the ages of 15 and 49 years infected. (scielo.org.za)
The most significant advance for this population has been the results from a placebo-controlled, clinical trial that indicated that administration of zidovudine to HIV-infected pregnant women and their newborns reduced the risk for perinatal transmission of HIV by approximately two thirds (1). (cdc.gov)
The incidence of anal disease is higher among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection than among the general population. (ophrp.org)
MSM are known to have more anorectal diseases compared with the general population [2] , and anal sex enhances HIV infection risk [3] . (ophrp.org)
The relative risk for developing anal cancer among HIV-positive MSM is 37 times higher than for the general population [8] . (ophrp.org)
However, young trans women and those not registered in health care service may benefit from efforts to engage this part of the population in care to improve HIV treatment and care outcomes. (scielo.br)
In the current study, we aimed to identify risk factors for HIV infection in an emergency department (ED) population. (bmj.com)
Conclusions The study ED services a high-risk population with regard to HIV infection. (bmj.com)
Transgender men who have sex with men have been labeled a key population at disproportionate risk of sexually transmitted HIV. (lww.com)
However, successfully treated people with HIV are now reported to have higher rates of age-associated comorbidities than the general population ( 1 , 4 - 7 ), suggesting accentuated and possible even accelerated aging of people with HIV. (frontiersin.org)
Population growth is expected to continue with or without HIV, as a result of high net in-migration, although data for migration are scanty. (kemri-wellcome.org)
2 Contributing to the rise are changing patterns of immigration, 3- 6 increased homelessness 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and HIV infection, 3, 9 as well as an ageing population. (bmj.com)
Due to low general seroprevalence of HHV-8 in the population in developed countries and early initiation of anti-retroviral therapy, HIV-related KS is an infrequent condition in developed countries. (uab.edu)
They are a potential reservoir of HIV infection and contribute to spread of HIV in the general population through their clients who act as a bridging population. (confex.com)
Studies of the number of cases where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is present in a specific population at a designated time. (bvsalud.org)

Baral SD, Poteat T, Strömdahl S, Wirtz AL, Guadamuz TE, Beyrer C. Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. (scielo.br)

In all, 150 HIV positive antiretroviral naive subjects were studied and 15 (10%) were positive for VDRL test, with females (6.00%) and males (4.00%), who were mainly within the age group of 20 - 39 years. (scirp.org)
The result showed that co-infection of Syphilis in HIV positive antiretroviral therapy naive patients persists in the Cape Coast Metropolis, which is an indication of prominence of STIs that require further study on a larger scale to ascertain the extent of co-infection and to formulate policy for treatment to help minimize the rate of infection. (scirp.org)
Asare-Bediako, P. , Dankwa, K. , Azumah, D. and Nuvor, S. (2018) Seroprevalence and Risk Factors of Syphilis Infection among Antiretroviral Therapy Naive HIV Patients at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Ghana. (scirp.org)
HIV management has advanced significantly over the last 20 years, chiefly through the advent of antiretroviral medication. (scielo.org.za)
People with HIV on successful antiretroviral therapy show signs of premature aging and are reported to have higher rates of age-associated comorbidities. (frontiersin.org)

A cross-sectional study was carried out using initial HIV rapid and confirmation tests, and then Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test with the Ultra Rapid Test Kits for syphilis. (scirp.org)
Demographic data, risky sexual behaviours capable of co-transmission of both HIV and Syphilis, were also collected through the use of questionnaires. (scirp.org)
The development of both HIV and Syphilis infection in patients is complex and remains not well elucidated in spite of about 2 decades of clinical experience with co-infected patients. (scirp.org)
Results: From 2004 to 2009, 118 (0.76%) of 15 563 of women tested in the prenatal clinic had HIV infection, 29 (0.22%) of 13 028 women tested had hepatitis B virus infection, and 78 (0.60%) of 13 027 had a positive test for syphilis. (elsevierpure.com)

HIV seroprevalence among recipients of multiple blood transfusions decreased from 270 per 10 000 in 1987-89 to 7 per 10 000 in 1995. (who.int)

however, it is unclear whether bone tumours and mal- or non-unions are more prevalent in patients with HIV. (scielo.org.za)
Patients with HIV are chronically immunosuppressed, which may increase their risk for development of malignancies [4,5] . (ophrp.org)
The differential diagnosis of pulmonary nodules in patients with HIV is broad and includes TBC, nocardia which is usually associated with skin lesions that look like nodules and abscesses, and fungal pathogens including histoplasma, paracoccidiodomycosis and cryptococcus Pneumocystosis rarely presents with nodules. (uab.edu)

serum separated and screened with ELISA tests for detection of anti-HIV, hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV. (biomedcentral.com)
Patients were screened using HIV antigen/antibody testing and diagnoses were confirmed using HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody testing. (bmj.com)
The T cell immune phenotypic profile in blood donors was related to loss of T cell function, whereas the same set of markers were related to chronic antigen stimulation and immune senescence in HIV-negative individuals. (frontiersin.org)

In Korea, the major route of HIV transmission is sexual contact (99%) and the ratio of men to women for HIV positivity is 11:1. (ophrp.org)
The sexual route is the main route of HIV transmission, with an increased risk of infection in women compared to men. (hindawi.com)

This cross-sectional study was undertaken with the aim of determining the seroprevalence and risk factors of HIV, HBV, and HCV among blood donors. (biomedcentral.com)
The proportion of blood donors having at least one viral-TTI was 12.6% while the magnitudes of HIV, HBV, and HCV were 2.6, 5.8 and 4.2%, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
This compared to an age, sex and residency area-weighted seroprevalence of 32.4% [95%CrI: 30.6 - 34.5%] among 7164 blood donors. (medrxiv.org)
An inflammatory monocyte immune phenotypic profile associated with age advancement in HIV-negative individuals, while the monocyte profile in blood donors and people with HIV was more reflective of loss of function. (frontiersin.org)
While the monocyte and T cell immune phenotypic profile within the HIV-negative individuals reflected those observed in the combined three groups, a distinct profile related to immune dysfunction, was observed within blood donors and people with HIV. (frontiersin.org)
Seroprevalence of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in Adult HIV-Infected Patients and Blood Donors in Croatia (str. (srce.hr)

Recent HIV seroprevalence levels by country : July 2002. (who.int)
The annual number of HIV tests increased from 58,647 (at 21 hospitals) in 2002 to 246,709 (at 58 hospitals) in 2007. (ophrp.org)
The questionnaire comprised six topics about HIV testing, such as whether the colorectal hospital tested for HIV in their own hospital, the methods of HIV test, the reason for recommendation of HIV test to patients, the necessity for HIV test under endoscopy, and the annual number of HIV tests (2002-07). (ophrp.org)
The study of 15,875 patients within the pan-European CASCADE cohort finds that the estimated CD4 count after seroconversion (a measure of how strongly the acute phase of HIV infection attacks the immune system) fell from 770 cells/mm 3 in 1979 to 570 cells/mm 3 in 2002. (aidsmap.com)
The average 'set point' viral load - the rate at which HIV reproduces in the absence of treatment, after the initial burst of viral replication - increased from 11,200 copies/ml in 1980 to 31,000 copies/ml in 2002 (with a possible slight decline to 25,500 copies/ml by 2008). (aidsmap.com)

The first HIV-positive diagnosis among injecting drug users (IDU) in Glasgow was made in 1985. (nih.gov)
The largest cohort study ever to look at CD4 count and viral loads in HIV-positive people around the time of diagnosis has found evidence that HIV, at least in Europe, has become more virulent over time. (aidsmap.com)

After the HIV antibody test became available in 1985, the risk of getting HIV infection from blood transfusion was virtually eliminated in developed countries with the establishment of universal screening of blood donations. (who.int)
Sub-Saharan Africa inhabited with 38 million HIV infected peoples, remains one of the highest regions as 68% of globally HIV infected people are residing in this region consequently resulting about 15% of HIV transmission through blood transfusion [ 11 , 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

These recommendations were developed by the U.S. Public Health Service to address the increasing epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among women and their infants. (cdc.gov)
Risk Behaviors for Getting HIV Infection among the Croatian Men Who Have Sex With Men (str. (srce.hr)
Seroprevalence and factors associated with hepatitis B virus infection among the hill tribe youths, northern Thailand. (bvsalud.org)

Methods We performed a cross-sectional study that employed a post hoc risk factor analysis of ED patients ≥18 years who were screened for HIV between 27 November 2018 and 26 November 2019, at a single urban, quaternary referral academic hospital. (bmj.com)
Multiple challenges in conducting good quality epidemiological surveys on people with disabilities require innovative methods to better understand the link between disability and HIV. (bmj.com)
This paper describes how the design and methods of the HandiVIH study were adapted to document the vulnerability of people with disabilities to HIV, and to compare their situation with that of people without disabilities. (bmj.com)

Risk behaviors for HCVand HIV-seroprevalence among female crack users in Porto Alegre, Brazil. (bvsalud.org)

The following persons either served as consultants at the workshop for developing the recommendations for HIV counseling and voluntary testing for pregnant women or were members of the U.S. Public Health Service Task Force on the Use of Zidovudine to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. (cdc.gov)
This document recommends routine HIV counseling and voluntary testing for all pregnant women and is intended to serve as guidance for health-care providers in educating women about the importance of knowing their HIV infection status. (cdc.gov)
Women who have HIV infection or who are at risk for infection need access to current information regarding a) early interventions to improve survival rates and quality of life for HIV-infected persons, b) strategies to reduce the risk for perinatal HIV transmission, and c) management of HIV-infection in pregnant women and perinatally exposed or infected children. (cdc.gov)
Results from a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial have indicated that the risk for perinatal HIV transmission can be substantially reduced by administration of zidovudine (ZDV {also referred to as AZT}) to HIV-infected pregnant women and their newborns (1). (cdc.gov)
Among subjects, 717 were infected with HIV only, and 12 were HIV-HBV co-infected pregnant women. (hivevidence.org)
Objectives In 2019, the US Preventative Services Task Force released updated guidelines recommending HIV screening in all individuals aged 15-64 years and all pregnant females. (bmj.com)

Longitudinal description of blood hepatitis E virus (HEV) serology, HEV RNA, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, HIV RNA, and CD4 count in patient with positive real-time PCR results for HEV infection but without serologic seroconversion to immunoglobulin (Ig) G. (cdc.gov)
Samples were stored at -80°C in the Spanish HIV BioBank, and serology was performed using the Platelia SARS-CoV-2 Total Ab assays (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA). (natap.org)

Multiple logistic regression models were used to identify risk factors associated with HIV positivity. (bmj.com)

When seroconversion occurs (usually within a few weeks of infection), the result of an HIV antibody test changes from HIV negative to HIV positive. (aidsmap.com)

Bacillary angiomatosis is the second-most-common cause of angiomatous skin lesions in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (medscape.com)
HIV-infected persons have more anorectal diseases, and the most frequent reason to undergo surgical operation is anorectal diseases [11-13] . (ophrp.org)
This study is among the first to examine factors associated with HIV-related sexual risk among transgender men and other transmasculine persons who are gay, bisexual, or have sex with men (T-GBMSM). (lww.com)

Considerable progress has been made to prevent transmission of HIV through blood in the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. (who.int)
On June 6 7, 1994, the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) convened a workshop in Bethesda, Maryland, to a) develop recommendations for the use of ZDV to reduce the risk for perinatal HIV transmission and b) discuss the implications of these recommendations for treatment, counseling, and HIV testing of women and infants. (cdc.gov)
for women who have HIV infection, these programs can enable them to receive appropriate and timely medical interventions for their own health and for reducing the risk for perinatal (i.e., mother to infant) and other modes of HIV transmission. (cdc.gov)
Dual reactivity was also frequent in these spouses, suggesting transmission of both HIV-1 and HIV-2, or of a cross-reactive strain, and a minority of partners were infected with HIV-2 alone. (nih.gov)
Prospective studies of discordant couples using quantitative molecular diagnostic techniques are required for better understanding of dual reactivity and transmission of HIV-1 and HIV-2. (nih.gov)
Conclusion* Correct and consistent use of condoms during anal penetrative intercourse appears to reduce HIV transmission in hijras. (confex.com)
Future research focus and programmatic responses should aim at reduction of HIV and STI transmission among hijra communities in India. (confex.com)

Naturally in-hospital seroprevalence rates reflect this, with some 2332.8% of inpatients HIV positive. (scielo.org.za)
Hospitalized men reactive on synthetic peptide-based tests to HIV-1, HIV-2 or both viruses (dually reactive), and their spouses visiting them in hospital. (nih.gov)

Demographic indicators from 1984 (the start of the HIV epidemic in Ethiopia) to 2024, including and excluding the HIV epidemic, were compared. (kemri-wellcome.org)

Of the trans women living with HIV, 80.9% were already diagnosed, 76.6% of them had been prescribed, of which 90.3% were currently on treatment. (scielo.br)
35 means we can empower more people living with HIV to challenge stigma with our information workshops, videos and broadcasts. (aidsmap.com)

FOCUS funding supports HIV, HCV and HBV screening and linkage to a first appointment. (bmj.com)

We determined SARS-CoV-2 Ab in plasma samples collected from April 1st to September 30th, 2020, from enrollees in the Spanish HIV Research Network Cohort (CoRIS), a prospective national cohort of PWH, naive to ART at study entry, seen for the first time from January 1st, 2004. (natap.org)

Despite having been the subject of intensive studies, it is not fully elucidated what exactly occurs after HIV contact with the female genital tract mucosa. (hindawi.com)

A study of seroprevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus involving 2384 (96%) of Mama Yemo Hospital's (Kinshasa, Zaire) 2492 personnel found 152 (6.4%) to be seropositive. (itg.be)
Viruses cannot replicate without the machinery and metabolism of cells (human cells, in the case of HIV), which is why viruses infect cells. (aidsmap.com)
Kaposi's sarcoma is caused by HHV-8 (human herpes virus 8) and was first described in Africa in the pre-HIV era. (uab.edu)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is caused by the retrovirus HIV-1 (and less commonly by the related retrovirus HIV-2). (msdmanuals.com)
Інфекція вірусом імунодефіциту людини (ВІЛ) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain. (msdmanuals.com)
Психосоціальний підхід до дітей із ВІЛ-інфекцією Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is caused by the retrovirus HIV-1 (and less commonly by the related retrovirus HIV-2). (msdmanuals.com)

T-GBMSM seem to share some HIV acquisition risk factors with their cisgender counterparts. (lww.com)

This study aimed to determine the HIV seroprevalence of patients attending a tumour, sepsis and reconstruction (TSR) unit, and explore its relationship to bone infection, bone tumours and patients undergoing limb reconstruction. (scielo.org.za)
Therefore, this study aimed to identify HIV seroprevalence among patients in anorectal clinics/hospitals in Korea. (ophrp.org)
Unveiling of HIV dynamics among transgender women: a respondent-driven sampling study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. (scielo.br)
An HIV test is proposed to each study participant. (bmj.com)
During the study period, blood samples were collected and stored in the HIV BioBank from 1,076 consecutive PWH in CoRIS: 88.0% male at birth, median age 43 yr., 72.3% MSM, 97.7% on ART, median CD4+ 688 cells/mm, 91.4% undetectable HIV viral load. (natap.org)

Evaluation of a system using oral mucosal transudate for HIV-1 antibody screening and confirmatory testing. (ajtmh.org)

Introduction In resource-limited countries, people with disabilities seem to be particularly vulnerable to HIV infection due to barriers to accessing information and services, frequent exposure to sexual violence and social exclusion. (bmj.com)

In the United States, since HIV infection was first recognized, more than 10,000 cases have been reported in children and young adolescents, but this number represents only 1% of total cases. (msdmanuals.com)

Table 2 Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors associated with baseline HIV Infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Risk factors associated with resistance to HIV testing among transwomen in Brazil. (scielo.br)

Informed consent was obtained, a structured questionnaire including demographics, drug use history, and sexual risk behaviour was administered, and a blood sample was collected for HIV and HSV-2 antibody testing. (bmj.com)
Since 1987 a wide range of measures aimed at reducing HIV-related risk behaviour among IDU has been introduced and maintained in Glasgow. (nih.gov)

Conclusion HSV-2 seroprevalence can be used as a marker of (long-term) sexual risk. (bmj.com)

About 58% had never perceived any risk of acquiring HIV by their sexual practices. (confex.com)
Low or no risk perception and poor knowledge of HIV resulted in unsafe sexual practices. (confex.com)

The frequency of seroconversion after transfusion of HIV-infected blood is very high, over 90% [2]. (who.int)

Odds for being HSV-2 positive was higher among HIV infected IDUs (OR 1.9.95% CI 1.3-2.9). (bmj.com)

The viral load that the body settles at within a few weeks to months after infection with HIV. (aidsmap.com)
After a few weeks to months, this rapid replication of HIV declines and the person's viral load drops to its set point. (aidsmap.com)

These programs also can facilitate appropriate follow-up care and services for HIV-infected women, their infants, and other family members. (cdc.gov)
in women peak seroprevalence (13.9%) occurred in 20- to 29-year-olds. (itg.be)
To examine the HIV care cascade among trans women and travestis in São Paulo - Brazil, the most populous city in South America. (scielo.br)
Respondent driven sampling (RDS) was used to recruit 386 transgender women and travestis who participated in a HIV risk survey and were tested for HIV. (scielo.br)
Among the different populations at high risk of HIV infection, people who identify as transgender women and travestis have one of the highest HIV infection rates around the world 1 1. (scielo.br)

These data support universal screening of ED patients for HIV. (bmj.com)
However, they have often been left behind in the HIV response, probably because of the lack of reliable epidemiological data measuring this vulnerability. (bmj.com)
Additionally, a questionnaire including a life-event interview is used to collect data on respondents' life-course history of social isolation, employment, sexual partnership, HIV risk factors and fertility. (bmj.com)

In many studies, HIV infection led to significantly increased rates of several cancers, including Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, brain cancer, and seminoma [6] . (ophrp.org)
The hiv seroprevalence rates of clusters, and the limitation is a we minum. (nicomuhly.com)
and in some African countries with high HIV rates it is the most common malignancy in men. (uab.edu)

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Voluntary newborn HIV-1 antibody testing: a successful model program for the identification of HIV-1-seropositive infants. (1/416)

Oral examination: a screening tool for HIV infection? (2/416)

Trend of HIV incidence rates among drug users in an HIV epicenter in northern Thailand (1989-1997). (3/416)

Non-participation bias in unlinked anonymous HIV-prevalence surveys in England and Wales. (4/416)

Per-contact risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission between male sexual partners. (5/416)

Human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence among inmates of the penitentiary complex of the region of campinas, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. (6/416)

Effects of HIV counseling and testing on sexual risk behavior: a meta-analytic review of published research, 1985-1997. (7/416)

Use of a hybrid capture assay of self-collected vaginal swabs in rural Uganda for detection of human papillomavirus. (8/416)

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HIV Seroprevalence

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Voluntary newborn HIV-1 antibody testing: a successful model program for the identification of HIV-1-seropositive infants. (1/416)

Oral examination: a screening tool for HIV infection? (2/416)

Trend of HIV incidence rates among drug users in an HIV epicenter in northern Thailand (1989-1997). (3/416)

Non-participation bias in unlinked anonymous HIV-prevalence surveys in England and Wales. (4/416)

Per-contact risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission between male sexual partners. (5/416)

Human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence among inmates of the penitentiary complex of the region of campinas, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. (6/416)

Effects of HIV counseling and testing on sexual risk behavior: a meta-analytic review of published research, 1985-1997. (7/416)

Use of a hybrid capture assay of self-collected vaginal swabs in rural Uganda for detection of human papillomavirus. (8/416)

Notices to Readers Report on National HIV Seroprevalence Surveys

Correlates of National HIV Seroprevalence: An Ecologic Analysis

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HIV antibody seroprevalence among childbearing women surveyed in Maryland.

Pilot study of a household survey to determine HIV seroprevalence - PubMed

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HIV seroprevalence in three population groups | Ghana Med. J. (Online);29: 621-624, 1995. tab | AIM

HIV sero-prevalence among tuberculosis patients in Kenya. | East Afr Med J;76(8): 452-6, 1999 Aug. | MEDLINE

Prediction of Outcome From Adult Bacterial Meningitis in a High-HIV-Seroprevalence, Resource-Poor Setting Using the Malawi...

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A chemokine receptor CCR2 allele delays HIV-1 disease progression and is associated with a CCR5 promoter mutation

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