The external and internal organs related to reproduction.
The male reproductive organs. They are divided into the external organs (PENIS; SCROTUM;and URETHRA) and the internal organs (TESTIS; EPIDIDYMIS; VAS DEFERENS; SEMINAL VESICLES; EJACULATORY DUCTS; PROSTATE; and BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS).
The female reproductive organs. The external organs include the VULVA; BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS; and CLITORIS. The internal organs include the VAGINA; UTERUS; OVARY; and FALLOPIAN TUBES.
An erectile structure homologous with the penis, situated beneath the anterior labial commissure, partially hidden between the anterior ends of the labia minora.
In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.
A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is below its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the ventral surface of the PENIS or on the PERINEUM. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is in the VAGINA.
Development of male secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the FEMALE. It is due to the effects of androgenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.
The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra.
The process in developing sex- or gender-specific tissue, organ, or function after SEX DETERMINATION PROCESSES have set the sex of the GONADS. Major areas of sex differentiation occur in the reproductive tract (GENITALIA) and the brain.
Sexual union of a male and a female in non-human species.
A cutaneous pouch of skin containing the testicles and spermatic cords.
A type of defective gonadal development in patients with a wide spectrum of chromosomal mosaic variants. Their karyotypes are of partial sex chromosome monosomy resulting from an absence or an abnormal second sex chromosome (X or Y). Karyotypes include 45,X/46,XX; 45,X/46,XX/47,XXX; 46,XXp-; 45,X/46,XY; 45,X/47,XYY; 46,XYpi; etc. The spectrum of phenotypes may range from phenotypic female to phenotypic male including variations in gonads and internal and external genitalia, depending on the ratio in each gonad of 45,X primordial germ cells to those with normal 46,XX or 46,XY constitution.
Congenital conditions in individuals with a male karyotype, in which the development of the gonadal or anatomical sex is atypical.
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.
Validation of the SEX of an individual by inspection of the GONADS and/or by genetic tests.
The processes of anatomical and physiological changes related to sexual or reproductive functions during the life span of a human or an animal, from FERTILIZATION to DEATH. These include SEX DETERMINATION PROCESSES; SEX DIFFERENTIATION; SEXUAL MATURATION; and changes during AGING.
Sexual activities of animals.
Pathological processes of the VULVA.
Pathological processes involving the male reproductive tract (GENITALIA, MALE).
The 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis may be sporadic or familial. Familial XX gonadal dysgenesis is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait and its locus was mapped to chromosome 2. Mutation in the gene for the FSH receptor (RECEPTORS, FSH) was detected. Sporadic XX gonadal dysgenesis is heterogeneous and has been associated with trisomy-13 and trisomy-18. These phenotypic females are characterized by a normal stature, sexual infantilism, bilateral streak gonads, amenorrhea, elevated plasma LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH concentration.
Abnormal number or structure of the SEX CHROMOSOMES. Some sex chromosome aberrations are associated with SEX CHROMOSOME DISORDERS and SEX CHROMOSOME DISORDERS OF SEX DEVELOPMENT.
Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.
Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.
A tube that transports URINE from the URINARY BLADDER to the outside of the body in both the sexes. It also has a reproductive function in the male by providing a passage for SPERM.
A disorder of sexual development transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait. These patients have a karyotype of 46,XY with end-organ resistance to androgen due to mutations in the androgen receptor (RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN) gene. Severity of the defect in receptor quantity or quality correlates with their phenotypes. In these genetic males, the phenotypic spectrum ranges from those with normal female external genitalia, through those with genital ambiguity as in Reifenstein Syndrome, to that of a normal male with INFERTILITY.
Pathological processes involving the PENIS or its component tissues.
All the organs involved in reproduction and the formation and release of URINE. It includes the kidneys, ureters, BLADDER; URETHRA, and the organs of reproduction - ovaries, UTERUS; FALLOPIAN TUBES; VAGINA; and CLITORIS in women and the testes; SEMINAL VESICLES; PROSTATE; seminal ducts; and PENIS in men.
'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term referring to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual, which may be genetic or environmental in origin, and can affect various systems and organs of the body.
A number of syndromes with defective gonadal developments such as streak GONADS and dysgenetic testes or ovaries. The spectrum of gonadal and sexual abnormalities is reflected in their varied sex chromosome (SEX CHROMOSOMES) constitution as shown by the karyotypes of 45,X monosomy (TURNER SYNDROME); 46,XX (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, 46XX); 46,XY (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, 46,XY); and sex chromosome MOSAICISM; (GONADAL DYSGENESIS, MIXED). Their phenotypes range from female, through ambiguous, to male. This concept includes gonadal agenesis.
The primary testis-determining gene in mammalians, located on the Y CHROMOSOME. It codes for a high mobility group box transcription factor (TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS) which initiates the development of the TESTES from the embryonic GONADS.
Congenital structural abnormalities of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.
A developmental defect in which a TESTIS or both TESTES failed to descend from high in the ABDOMEN to the bottom of the SCROTUM. Testicular descent is essential to normal SPERMATOGENESIS which requires temperature lower than the BODY TEMPERATURE. Cryptorchidism can be subclassified by the location of the maldescended testis.
A dilated cavity extended caudally from the hindgut. In adult birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes but few mammals, cloaca is a common chamber into which the digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts discharge their contents. In most mammals, cloaca gives rise to LARGE INTESTINE; URINARY BLADDER; and GENITALIA.
An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.
A suborder of HEMIPTERA, called true bugs, characterized by the possession of two pairs of wings. It includes the medically important families CIMICIDAE and REDUVIIDAE. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Clinical conditions caused by an abnormal sex chromosome constitution (SEX CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS), in which there is extra or missing sex chromosome material (either a whole chromosome or a chromosome segment).
Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).
The body region lying between the genital area and the ANUS on the surface of the trunk, and to the shallow compartment lying deep to this area that is inferior to the PELVIC DIAPHRAGM. The surface area is between the VULVA and the anus in the female, and between the SCROTUM and the anus in the male.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The selection or choice of sexual partner in animals. Often this reproductive preference is based on traits in the potential mate, such as coloration, size, or behavioral boldness. If the chosen ones are genetically different from the rejected ones, then NATURAL SELECTION is occurring.
Cutaneous lesions arising from infection with Treponema pallidum. In the primary stage, 18-21 days following infection, one or more chancres appear. If untreated, the subsequent stages of the disease appear as syphilids. These eruptions are superficial, nondestructive, exanthematic, transient, macular roseolas that may later be maculopapular or papular polymorphous or scaly, pustular, pigmented eruptions.(Arnold, Odom, and James, Andrew's Diseases of the Skin, 8th ed, p409)
The genital canal in the female, extending from the UTERUS to the VULVA. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)
The deposit of SEMEN or SPERMATOZOA into the VAGINA to facilitate FERTILIZATION.
An infant during the first month after birth.
An enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of TESTOSTERONE to 5-ALPHA DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE.
Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity.
Mapping of the KARYOTYPE of a cell.
Eating other individuals of one's own species.
A complex neoplasm composed of a mixture of gonadal elements, such as large primordial GERM CELLS, immature SERTOLI CELLS or GRANULOSA CELLS of the sex cord, and gonadal stromal cells. Gonadoblastomas are most often associated with gonadal dysgenesis, 46, XY.
The external genitalia of the female. It includes the CLITORIS, the labia, the vestibule, and its glands.
A foul-smelling accumulation of SEBUM and desquaminated epidermal cells, especially the cheesy substance found under the foreskin of the penis and at the base of the labia minor near the clitoris.
Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.
A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.
Peculiarities associated with the internal structure, form, topology, or architecture of organisms that distinguishes them from others of the same species or group.
Compounds that interact with ANDROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of TESTOSTERONE. Depending on the target tissues, androgenic effects can be on SEX DIFFERENTIATION; male reproductive organs, SPERMATOGENESIS; secondary male SEX CHARACTERISTICS; LIBIDO; development of muscle mass, strength, and power.
The occurrence in an individual of two or more cell populations of different chromosomal constitutions, derived from a single ZYGOTE, as opposed to CHIMERISM in which the different cell populations are derived from more than one zygote.
A general term encompassing three types of excision of the external female genitalia - Sunna, clitoridectomy, and infibulation. It is associated with severe health risks and has been declared illegal in many places, but continues to be widely practiced in a number of countries, particularly in Africa.
An inherited condition characterized by multiple malformations of CARTILAGE and bone including CRANIOSYNOSTOSIS; midface hypoplasia; radiohumeral SYNOSTOSIS; CHOANAL ATRESIA; femoral bowing; neonatal fractures; and multiple joint CONTRACTURES and, occasionally, urogenital, gastrointestinal or cardiac defects. In utero exposure to FLUCONAZOLE, as well as mutations in at least two separate genes are associated with this condition - POR (encoding P450 (cytochrome) oxidoreductase (NADPH-FERRIHEMOPROTEIN REDUCTASE)) and FGFR2 (encoding FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2).
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
Congenital structural deformities of the upper and lower extremities collectively or unspecified.
A syndrome characterized by abdominal wall musculature deficiency, cryptorchism, and urinary tract abnormalities. The syndrome derives its name from its characteristic distended abdomen with wrinkled skin.
A characteristic symptom complex.
The human female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in humans.
A "smooth brain" malformation of the CEREBRAL CORTEX resulting from abnormal location of developing neurons during corticogenesis. It is characterized by an absence of normal convoluted indentations on the surface of the brain (agyria), or fewer and shallower indentations (pachygryia). There is a reduced number of cortical layers, typically 4 instead of 6, resulting in a thickened cortex, and reduced cerebral white matter that is a reversal of the normal ratio of cerebral white matter to cortex.
INSECTS of the order Coleoptera, containing over 350,000 species in 150 families. They possess hard bodies and their mouthparts are adapted for chewing.
A family of large terrestrial carnivores possessing long legs, coarse guard hairs and a busy tail. It is comprised of hyenas and aardwolves.
The mechanisms by which the SEX of an individual's GONADS are fixed.
A syndrome characterized by CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE and GONADAL DYSGENESIS in phenotypic females with karyotype of 46,XY or female individual with a normal 46,XX karyotype. It is caused by donor splice-site mutations of Wilms tumor suppressor gene (GENES, WILMS TUMOR) on chromosome 11.
A genus of cone-nosed bugs of the subfamily TRIATOMINAE. Its species are vectors of TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI.
Defects in the SEX DETERMINATION PROCESS in 46, XY individuals that result in abnormal gonadal development and deficiencies in TESTOSTERONE and subsequently ANTIMULLERIAN HORMONE or other factors required for normal male sex development. This leads to the development of female phenotypes (male to female sex reversal), normal to tall stature, and bilateral streak or dysgenic gonads which are susceptible to GONADAL TISSUE NEOPLASMS. An XY gonadal dysgenesis is associated with structural abnormalities on the Y CHROMOSOME, a mutation in the GENE, SRY, or a mutation in other autosomal genes that are involved in sex determination.
Excessive pigmentation of the skin, usually as a result of increased epidermal or dermal melanin pigmentation, hypermelanosis. Hyperpigmentation can be localized or generalized. The condition may arise from exposure to light, chemicals or other substances, or from a primary metabolic imbalance.
Inherited disorders that are characterized by subcutaneous and submucosal EDEMA in the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT and GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.
A discipline or occupation concerned with the study of INSECTS, including the biology and the control of insects.
The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.
A pair of ducts near the WOLFFIAN DUCTS in a developing embryo. In the male embryo, they degenerate with the appearance of testicular ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. In the absence of anti-mullerian hormone, mullerian ducts give rise to the female reproductive tract, including the OVIDUCTS; UTERUS; CERVIX; and VAGINA.
The family Gryllidae consists of the common house cricket, Acheta domesticus, which is used in neurological and physiological studies. Other genera include Gryllotalpa (mole cricket); Gryllus (field cricket); and Oecanthus (tree cricket).
The male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans and in some other male-heterogametic species in which the homologue of the X chromosome has been retained.
A congenital abnormality characterized by the persistence of the anal membrane, resulting in a thin membrane covering the normal ANAL CANAL. Imperforation is not always complete and is treated by surgery in infancy. This defect is often associated with NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS; MENTAL RETARDATION; and DOWN SYNDROME.
An acute necrotic infection of the SCROTUM; PENIS; or PERINEUM. It is characterized by scrotum pain and redness with rapid progression to gangrene and sloughing of tissue. Fournier gangrene is usually secondary to perirectal or periurethral infections associated with local trauma, operative procedures, or urinary tract disease.
A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.
The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.
The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.
The reproductive organ (GONADS) in female animals. In vertebrates, the ovary contains two functional parts: the OVARIAN FOLLICLE for the production of female germ cells (OOGENESIS); and the endocrine cells (GRANULOSA CELLS; THECA CELLS; and LUTEAL CELLS) for the production of ESTROGENS and PROGESTERONE.
The male gonad containing two functional parts: the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES for the production and transport of male germ cells (SPERMATOGENESIS) and the interstitial compartment containing LEYDIG CELLS that produce ANDROGENS.
A transcription factor that plays an essential role in the development of the TESTES. It is encoded by a gene on the Y chromosome and contains a specific HMG-BOX DOMAIN that is found within members of the SOX family of transcription factors.
A chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease usually affecting the female genitalia (VULVAR LICHEN SCLEROSUS) and BALANITIS XEROTICA OBLITERANS in males. It is also called white spot disease and Csillag's disease.
Achievement of full sexual capacity in animals and in humans.
An order of MAMMALS, usually flesh eaters with appropriate dentition. Suborders include the terrestrial carnivores Fissipedia, and the aquatic carnivores PINNIPEDIA.
A soft, loose-fitting polyurethane sheath, closed at one end, with flexible rings at both ends. The device is inserted into the vagina by compressing the inner ring and pushing it in. Properly positioned, the ring at the closed end covers the cervix, and the sheath lines the walls of the vagina. The outer ring remains outside the vagina, covering the labia. (Med Lett Drugs Ther 1993 Dec 24;35(12):123)
Gross hypo- or aplasia of one or more long bones of one or more limbs. The concept includes amelia, hemimelia, phocomelia, and sirenomelia.
The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.
A pair of excretory ducts of the middle kidneys (MESONEPHROI) of an embryo, also called mesonephric ducts. In higher vertebrates, Wolffian ducts persist in the male forming VAS DEFERENS, but atrophy into vestigial structures in the female.
A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.
An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.
Cancers or tumors of the PENIS or of its component tissues.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Proteins, generally found in the CYTOPLASM, that specifically bind ANDROGENS and mediate their cellular actions. The complex of the androgen and receptor migrates to the CELL NUCLEUS where it induces transcription of specific segments of DNA.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.
A period in the human life in which the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system takes place and reaches full maturity. The onset of synchronized endocrine events in puberty lead to the capacity for reproduction (FERTILITY), development of secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS, and other changes seen in ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT.
The gamete-producing glands, OVARY or TESTIS.
A metabolite of PROGESTERONE with a hydroxyl group at the 17-alpha position. It serves as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of HYDROCORTISONE and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES.
The recording of images in three-dimensional form on a photographic film by exposing it to a laser beam reflected from the object under study.
The terminal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE, beginning from the ampulla of the RECTUM and ending at the anus.
An autosomal dominant disorder with an acronym of its seven features (LENTIGO; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM abnormalities; ocular HYPERTELORISM; PULMONARY STENOSIS; abnormal genitalia; retardation of growth; and DEAFNESS or SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS). This syndrome is caused by mutations of PTPN11 gene encoding the non-receptor PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE, type 11, and is an allelic to NOONAN SYNDROME. Features of LEOPARD syndrome overlap with those of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1 which is caused by mutations in the NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1 GENES.
A birth defect in which the URINARY BLADDER is malformed and exposed, inside out, and protruded through the ABDOMINAL WALL. It is caused by closure defects involving the top front surface of the bladder, as well as the lower abdominal wall; SKIN; MUSCLES; and the pubic bone.
Determination of the nature of a pathological condition or disease in the postimplantation EMBRYO; FETUS; or pregnant female before birth.
Formation of differentiated cells and complicated tissue organization to provide specialized functions.
The farthest or outermost projections of the body, such as the HAND and FOOT.
The consequences of exposing the FETUS in utero to certain factors, such as NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS; DRUGS; RADIATION; and other physical or chemical factors. These consequences are observed later in the offspring after BIRTH.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
The surgical removal of one or both ovaries.
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
A transcription factor and member of the nuclear receptor family NR5 that is expressed throughout the adrenal and reproductive axes during development. It plays an important role in sexual differentiation, formation of primary steroidogenic tissues, and their functions in post-natal and adult life. It regulates the expression of key steroidogenic enzymes.
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.
The age of the conceptus, beginning from the time of FERTILIZATION. In clinical obstetrics, the gestational age is often estimated as the time from the last day of the last MENSTRUATION which is about 2 weeks before OVULATION and fertilization.
'Bicyclo compounds' in medicinal chemistry refer to organic molecules containing two fused rings, where each ring shares two common atoms, creating a topological structure that resembles two overlapping circles or bicycle tires.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
A fibroblast growth factor that preferentially activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 4. It was initially identified as an androgen-induced growth factor and plays a role in regulating growth of human BREAST NEOPLASMS and PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS.
The human male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans.

Mucin expression and function in the female reproductive tract. (1/847)

Reproductive tract epithelia are characterized by the presence of a thick, apical glycocalyx. This glycoprotein coat is drastically reduced in the uterus of many species during the time of embryo implantation. Recent studies indicate that mucin glycoproteins constitute a large proportion of the apical glycocalyx. One of these mucins, Muc-1, has particularly important functions at the luminal surface of the uterus and other female reproductive tract tissues. Muc-1 appears to play a dominant role in maintaining a functionally non-receptive uterine surface with regard to blastocyst attachment. Conversion to a receptive uterine state is brought about by the concerted actions of ovarian steroid hormones that in several species also strongly modulate Muc-1 protein and mRNA expression. Muc-1 also appears to serve a general function in protecting reproductive tract mucosa since Muc-1 null mice are particularly prone to bacterial infection. Collectively, these studies indicate that mucins, including Muc-1, play important barrier roles in reproductive processes and protection from bacterial pathogenesis in the female reproductive tract.  (+info)

T cell-tropic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and simian-human immunodeficiency viruses are readily transmitted by vaginal inoculation of rhesus macaques, and Langerhans' cells of the female genital tract are infected with SIV. (2/847)

Intravaginal inoculation with T cell-tropic molecular clones of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) or some dual-tropic strains of SIV or SHIV produced systemic infection in rhesus macaques. Vaginal inoculation with other dual-tropic molecular clones of SIV or SHIV did not infect rhesus macaques even after multiple inoculations. While in vitro measures of macrophage tropism do not predict which primate lentiviruses will produce systemic infection after intravaginal inoculation, the level to which a virus replicates in vivo after intravenous inoculation does predict the outcome of intravaginal inoculation. Another series of studies, using combined in situ hybridization and immunolabeling to simultaneously detect SIV RNA and identify the immunophenotype of infected cells, demonstrated that a large proportion (approximately 40% in some animals) of the SIV-infected cells in the vagina and cervix were Langerhans' cells. This is the first in vivo demonstration that Langerhans' cells in the genital tract are infected with SIV and that dendritic cells are significant reservoirs for lentiviruses.  (+info)

Mucosal vaccination strategies for women. (3/847)

Women were immunized orally, rectally, or vaginally with a recombinant cholera toxin B-containing vaccine to determine which of these mucosal immunization routes generate the greatest levels of antibody in the female genital tract and rectum. ELISA was used to measure concentrations of cholera toxin B-specific IgA and IgG antibody in serum and secretions before and after three immunizations. Each immunization route similarly increased specific IgG in serum and specific IgA in saliva. Only the vaginal route increased IgA antibodies in genital tract secretions and could be shown to induce a local IgG response. However, vaginal immunization failed to produce antibody in the rectum. In a similar fashion, rectal immunization elicited highest concentrations of locally derived IgA and IgG antibody in the rectum but was ineffective for generating antibody in the genital tract. The data suggest that local immunization may induce the greatest immune responses in the female genital tract and rectum of humans.  (+info)

Sexual function in women suffering from aortoiliac occlusive disease. (4/847)

OBJECTIVE: To describe the sexual function in women suffering aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) and in an age-matched reference group. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-six women suffering from AIOD were included. Twenty were investigated before vascular intervention (untreated) and 16 different women after treatment (treated). Eighteen age-matched women served as a reference group. The patients answered a questionnaire including sexual, social and medical questions and a gynaecological examination was performed. RESULTS: Untreated patients with AIOD have a significantly impaired physical well-being compared to the other groups (p < 0.001). A negative effect of the vascular disease and its treatment on sexual life was experienced by 69% of treated compared to 40% affected among untreated (p = 0.05). Vulval sensibility was impaired in 44% of treated, 11% of untreated and 22% of reference patients. Defective anal sphincter function was found in 33% of treated, 17% of untreated and 6% in the reference group. Those differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic AIOD in women is associated with a significantly impaired physical and sexual well-being. Though limited by size and methodology, the results indicate the possibility of iatrogenic nerve damage.  (+info)

Detection of human herpesvirus 8 in cervicovaginal secretions and seroprevalence in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive and -seronegative women. (5/847)

Epidemiologic studies suggest that human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) may be sexually transmitted. To study the potential for HHV-8 transmission through cervicovaginal (CV) secretions, the presence of HHV-8 DNA was investigated by nested polymerase chain reaction in the cellular fraction of CV secretions from 36 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-seropositive and 29 HIV-1-seronegative women. The same patients were tested for antibodies to two defined HHV-8 antigens (latency-associated nuclear antigen and open-reading frame 65-encoded structural protein) and for HHV-8 DNA in their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The findings were compared with the rate of HHV-8 detection in semen samples of 20 HIV-1-infected men. HHV-8 DNA was detected in the CV samples from only 1 HHV-8-seropositive AIDS patient, in 3 PBMC samples (1/29 HIV-1-seronegative patients, 1/3 AIDS patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, and 1/19 AIDS patients), and in 1 of 20 semen samples. HHV-8 infection was more common in HIV-1-infected than uninfected women. Thus HHV-8 DNA is only rarely detectable in CV secretions and semen of HHV-8-infected individuals.  (+info)

The oestrous cycle of the brown lemur, Lemur fulvus. (6/847)

Examination of vaginal smears and observations of the colour and tumescence of the genitalia and discharge of mucus of 9 brown lemurs indicated that the oestrous cycle lasted for 30 days and that cycles occurred between September and July. The timing of cycles of females housed in visual isolation differed from that of females able to see other lemurs, indicating that the oestrous cycle in this species can be influenced by different housing conditions.  (+info)

Sperm transport and storage in the agile antechinus (Antechinus agilis). (7/847)

This study was an examination of the timing of ejaculation and the dynamics of sperm transport in the female reproductive tract of the agile Antechinus (Antechinus agilis) and the relationship of these parameters to single and multiple matings. Mating in this species is characteristically long compared with that of other mammals, lasting for up to 8-12 h during which time the pair remain locked together. After the first hour of mating, only approximately 40% of males had ejaculated, but by the third hour all males had ejaculated. The total number of spermatozoa extracted from the female tract remained at approximately 30 x 10(3) spermatozoa per side over the next 9 h of copulation. After completion of male/female access (12 h), approximately 56% of spermatozoa extracted were located in the lower isthmic region of the oviduct where specialized sperm storage crypts are located. The number of spermatozoa extracted from the female reproductive tract did not decline over the next 3 days, but there was a change in the distribution of spermatozoa with an increase in the proportion of extracted spermatozoa stored in the lower isthmus (approximately 76%). However, 7 to 14 days after mating, only approximately 30% of the stored spermatozoa ( approximately 9.4 x 10(3) spermatozoa per side) were still present in the isthmus. When females were mated with a second male on a consecutive day, the sperm numbers extracted from the tract were about twice that deposited during single mating, with sperm transport to the lower isthmus occurring over a similar time frame. Although the occurrence of extended copulations in the wild has not yet been confirmed, these laboratory results suggest that similar periods of copulation are likely, since completion of the ejaculation process requires at least 3 h. The extended copulation in A. agilis reduces the possibility of an early second mating, which might interfere with the normal transport and crypt colonization of spermatozoa through competition.  (+info)

Molecular cloning of cDNA for equine follistatin and its gene expression in the reproductive tissues of the mare. (8/847)

A cDNA clone encoding equine follistatin was isolated from an equine ovarian cDNA library. Out of 1.2 x 10(5) independent clones screened, one positive clone was isolated and its cDNA sequence determined. The isolated clone, named EQ-FS-1, contained a complete open reading frame encoding 344 amino acid residues. The similarity of its deduced amino acid sequence to these of other mammalian species was greater than 95%. Although its expression level varied among the tissues examined, follistatin mRNA was detected in the equine uteroplacental tissues, follicles and corpora lutea by Northern blot analysis. In situ hybridization revealed that the expression of follistatin mRNA in the equine follicle was restricted exclusively to granulosa cells. When the expression pattern of follistatin mRNA in the equine uteroplacental tissues from mid- to late-pregnancy was examined, it was shown that its expression level tended to decrease after mid-pregnancy. These results suggest that follistatin acts in the reproductive tissues of the mare in maintaining pregnancy.  (+info)

Genitalia, also known as the genitals, refer to the reproductive organs located in the pelvic region. In males, these include the penis and testicles, while in females, they consist of the vulva, vagina, clitoris, and ovaries. Genitalia are essential for sexual reproduction and can also be associated with various medical conditions, such as infections, injuries, or congenital abnormalities.

"Male genitalia" refers to the reproductive and sexual organs that are typically present in male individuals. These structures include:

1. Testes: A pair of oval-shaped glands located in the scrotum that produce sperm and testosterone.
2. Epididymis: A long, coiled tube that lies on the surface of each testicle where sperm matures and is stored.
3. Vas deferens: A pair of muscular tubes that transport sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
4. Seminal vesicles: Glands that produce a fluid that mixes with sperm to create semen.
5. Prostate gland: A small gland that surrounds the urethra and produces a fluid that also mixes with sperm to create semen.
6. Bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands): Two pea-sized glands that produce a lubricating fluid that is released into the urethra during sexual arousal.
7. Urethra: A tube that runs through the penis and carries urine from the bladder out of the body, as well as semen during ejaculation.
8. Penis: The external organ that serves as both a reproductive and excretory organ, expelling both semen and urine.

Female genitalia refer to the reproductive and sexual organs located in the female pelvic region. They are primarily involved in reproduction, menstruation, and sexual activity. The external female genitalia, also known as the vulva, include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and the external openings of the urethra and vagina. The internal female genitalia consist of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. These structures work together to facilitate menstruation, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.

The clitoris is an important female sex organ that is primarily responsible for sexual arousal and pleasure. It is a small, highly sensitive piece of tissue located at the front of the vulva, where the labia minora meet. The clitoris is made up of two parts: the visible part, known as the glans clitoris, and the hidden part, called the corpora cavernosa and crura.

The glans clitoris is a small knob-like structure that is covered by a hood, or prepuce, and is located at the top of the vulva. It contains a high concentration of nerve endings, making it highly sensitive to touch and stimulation. The corpora cavernosa and crura are the internal parts of the clitoris, which are made up of sponge-like erectile tissue that becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal, leading to clitoral erection.

The clitoris plays a crucial role in female sexual response and pleasure. During sexual arousal, the clitoris swells and becomes more sensitive to touch, which can lead to orgasm. The clitoris is also an important source of sexual pleasure during masturbation and partnered sexual activity. Despite its importance in female sexuality, the clitoris has historically been overlooked or stigmatized in many cultures, leading to a lack of understanding and education about this vital organ.

Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) are a group of conditions that occur when there is a difference in the development and assignment of sex characteristics. These differences may be apparent at birth, at puberty, or later in life. DSD can affect chromosomes, gonads, genitals, or secondary sexual characteristics, and can result from genetic mutations or environmental factors during fetal development.

DSDs were previously referred to as "intersex" conditions, but the term "Disorders of Sex Development" is now preferred in medical settings because it is more descriptive and less stigmatizing. DSDs are not errors or abnormalities, but rather variations in human development that require sensitive and individualized care.

The diagnosis and management of DSD can be complex and may involve a team of healthcare providers, including endocrinologists, urologists, gynecologists, psychologists, and genetic counselors. Treatment options depend on the specific type of DSD and may include hormone therapy, surgery, or other interventions to support physical and emotional well-being.

Hypospadias is a congenital condition in males where the urethral opening (meatus), which is the end of the urethra through which urine exits, is not located at the tip of the penis but instead appears on the underside of the penis. The severity of hypospadias can vary, with some cases having the meatus located closer to the tip and others further down on the shaft or even at the scrotum or perineum (the area between the scrotum and the anus). This condition affects about 1 in every 200-250 male newborns. The exact cause of hypospadias is not fully understood, but it's believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Surgical correction is usually recommended during infancy or early childhood to prevent complications such as difficulty urinating while standing, problems with sexual function, and psychological issues related to body image.

Virilism is a condition that results from excessive exposure to androgens (male hormones) such as testosterone. It can occur in both males and females, but it is more noticeable in women and children. In females, virilism can cause various masculinizing features like excess body hair, deepened voice, enlarged clitoris, and irregular menstrual cycles. In children, it can lead to premature puberty and growth abnormalities. Virilism is often caused by conditions that involve the adrenal glands or ovaries, including tumors, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and certain medications.

The penis is a part of the male reproductive and urinary systems. It has three parts: the root, the body, and the glans. The root attaches to the pelvic bone and the body makes up the majority of the free-hanging portion. The glans is the cone-shaped end that protects the urethra, the tube inside the penis that carries urine from the bladder and semen from the testicles.

The penis has a dual function - it acts as a conduit for both urine and semen. During sexual arousal, the penis becomes erect when blood fills two chambers inside its shaft. This process is facilitated by the relaxation of the smooth muscles in the arterial walls and the trappping of blood in the corpora cavernosa. The stiffness of the penis enables sexual intercourse. After ejaculation, or when the sexual arousal passes, the muscles contract and the blood flows out of the penis back into the body, causing it to become flaccid again.

The foreskin, a layer of skin that covers the glans, is sometimes removed in a procedure called circumcision. Circumcision is often performed for religious or cultural reasons, or as a matter of family custom. In some countries, it's also done for medical reasons, such as to treat conditions like phimosis (an inability to retract the foreskin) or balanitis (inflammation of the glans).

It's important to note that any changes in appearance, size, or function of the penis should be evaluated by a healthcare professional, as they could indicate an underlying medical condition.

"Sex differentiation" is a term used in the field of medicine, specifically in reproductive endocrinology and genetics. It refers to the biological development of sexual characteristics that distinguish males from females. This process is regulated by hormones and genetic factors.

There are two main stages of sex differentiation: genetic sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation. Genetic sex determination occurs at fertilization, where the combination of X and Y chromosomes determines the sex of the individual (typically, XX = female and XY = male). Gonadal sex differentiation then takes place during fetal development, where the genetic sex signals the development of either ovaries or testes.

Once the gonads are formed, they produce hormones that drive further sexual differentiation, leading to the development of internal reproductive structures (such as the uterus and fallopian tubes in females, and the vas deferens and seminal vesicles in males) and external genitalia.

It's important to note that while sex differentiation is typically categorized as male or female, there are individuals who may have variations in their sexual development, leading to intersex conditions. These variations can occur at any stage of the sex differentiation process and can result in a range of physical characteristics that do not fit neatly into male or female categories.

Copulation is the act of sexual reproduction in animals, achieved through the process of mating and engaging in sexual intercourse. It involves the insertion of the male's reproductive organ (the penis) into the female's reproductive organ (vagina), followed by the ejaculation of semen, which contains sperm. The sperm then travels up through the cervix and into the uterus, where they may fertilize an egg or ovum that has been released from one of the ovaries.

In a broader sense, copulation can also refer to the act of reproduction in other organisms, such as plants, fungi, and protists, which may involve different processes such as pollination, fusion of gametes, or vegetative reproduction.

The scrotum is a part of the external male genitalia. It's a sac-like structure made up of several layers of skin and smooth muscle, which hangs down behind and beneath the penis. The primary function of the scrotum is to maintain the testicles at a temperature slightly lower than the core body temperature, which is optimal for sperm production.

The scrotum contains two compartments, each one housing a testicle. It's located in the pubic region and is usually visible externally. The skin of the scrotum is thin and wrinkled, which allows it to expand and contract depending on the temperature, accommodating the shrinking or swelling of the testicles.

Please note that while I strive to provide accurate information, this definition is intended to be a general overview and should not replace professional medical advice.

Gonadal dysgenesis, mixed is a medical condition that refers to the abnormal development and function of the gonads (ovaries or testes). In this form of gonadal dysgenesis, both ovarian and testicular tissues are present in the same individual, but they are not properly organized or functioning. This can lead to ambiguous genitalia, infertility, and an increased risk of developing gonadal tumors. The condition is often associated with genetic disorders such as Turner, Klinefelter, or other sex chromosome abnormalities.

'46, XY Disorders of Sex Development' (DSD) is a term used to describe conditions in which individuals are born with chromosomes, gonads, or genitals that do not fit typical definitions of male or female. In these cases, the individual has 46 chromosomes, including one X and one Y chromosome (46, XY), which would typically result in the development of male characteristics. However, for various reasons, the sexual differentiation process may be disrupted, leading to atypical development of the internal and/or external sex organs.

There are several possible causes of 46, XY DSD, including genetic mutations, hormonal imbalances, or anatomical abnormalities. These conditions can range from mild to severe in terms of their impact on physical health and sexual function, and they may also have psychological and social implications.

Examples of 46, XY DSD include complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), and disorders of gonadal development such as Swyer syndrome. Treatment for 46, XY DSD may involve surgical intervention, hormone replacement therapy, and/or psychological support.

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of inherited genetic disorders that affect the adrenal glands, which are triangular-shaped glands located on top of the kidneys. The adrenal glands are responsible for producing several essential hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.

CAH is caused by mutations in genes that code for enzymes involved in the synthesis of these hormones. The most common form of CAH is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, which affects approximately 90% to 95% of all cases. Other less common forms of CAH include 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency and 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency.

The severity of the disorder can vary widely, depending on the degree of enzyme deficiency. In severe cases, the lack of cortisol production can lead to life-threatening salt wasting and electrolyte imbalances in newborns. The excess androgens produced due to the enzyme deficiency can also cause virilization, or masculinization, of female fetuses, leading to ambiguous genitalia at birth.

In milder forms of CAH, symptoms may not appear until later in childhood or even adulthood. These may include early puberty, rapid growth followed by premature fusion of the growth plates and short stature, acne, excessive hair growth, irregular menstrual periods, and infertility.

Treatment for CAH typically involves replacing the missing hormones with medications such as hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone, and/or sex hormones. Regular monitoring of hormone levels and careful management of medication doses is essential to prevent complications such as adrenal crisis, growth suppression, and osteoporosis.

In severe cases of CAH, early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent or minimize the risk of serious health problems and improve quality of life. Genetic counseling may also be recommended for affected individuals and their families to discuss the risks of passing on the disorder to future generations.

Sex determination analysis is a medical or biological examination used to establish the genetic or phenotypic sex of an individual. This can be done through various methods, including:

1. Genetic testing: Examination of an individual's DNA to identify the presence of specific sex chromosomes (XX for females and XY for males). This is typically performed through a blood or tissue sample.
2. Chromosomal analysis: Microscopic examination of an individual's chromosomes to determine their number and structure. In humans, females typically have 46 chromosomes, including two X chromosomes (46,XX), while males typically have 46 chromosomes, including one X and one Y chromosome (46,XY).
3. Phenotypic analysis: Observation of an individual's physical characteristics, such as the presence or absence of certain sex organs or secondary sexual characteristics, to determine their phenotypic sex.

Sex determination analysis is used in various medical and research contexts, including prenatal testing, diagnosis of disorders of sex development (DSDs), forensic investigations, and population studies. It's important to note that while sex determination analysis can provide information about an individual's genetic or phenotypic sex, it does not necessarily reflect their gender identity, which is a personal sense of being male, female, or something else.

Sexual development is a multidimensional process that includes physical, cognitive, emotional, and social aspects. It refers to the changes and growth that occur in an individual from infancy to adulthood related to sexuality, reproduction, and gender identity. This process involves the maturation of primary and secondary sex characteristics, the development of sexual attraction and desire, and the acquisition of knowledge about sexual health and relationships.

Physical aspects of sexual development include the maturation of reproductive organs, hormonal changes, and the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development in females and facial hair growth in males. Cognitive aspects involve the development of sexual knowledge, attitudes, and values. Emotional aspects refer to the emergence of sexual feelings, desires, and fantasies, as well as the ability to form intimate relationships. Social aspects include the development of gender roles and identities, communication skills related to sexuality, and the ability to navigate social norms and expectations around sexual behavior.

Sexual development is a complex and ongoing process that is influenced by various factors such as genetics, hormones, environment, culture, and personal experiences. It is important to note that sexual development varies widely among individuals, and there is no one "normal" or "correct" way for it to unfold.

Sexual behavior in animals refers to a variety of behaviors related to reproduction and mating that occur between members of the same species. These behaviors can include courtship displays, mating rituals, and various physical acts. The specific forms of sexual behavior displayed by a given species are influenced by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors.

In some animals, sexual behavior is closely tied to reproductive cycles and may only occur during certain times of the year or under specific conditions. In other species, sexual behavior may be more frequent and less closely tied to reproduction, serving instead as a means of social bonding or communication.

It's important to note that while humans are animals, the term "sexual behavior" is often used in a more specific sense to refer to sexual activities between human beings. The study of sexual behavior in animals is an important area of research within the field of animal behavior and can provide insights into the evolutionary origins of human sexual behavior as well as the underlying mechanisms that drive it.

Vulvar diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the vulva, which is the external female genital area including the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, and the vaginal opening. These conditions can cause various symptoms such as itching, burning, pain, soreness, irritation, or abnormal growths or lesions. Some common vulvar diseases include:

1. Vulvitis: inflammation of the vulva that can be caused by infection, allergies, or irritants.
2. Lichen sclerosus: a chronic skin condition that causes thin, white patches on the vulva.
3. Lichen planus: an inflammatory condition that affects the skin and mucous membranes, including the vulva.
4. Vulvar cancer: a rare type of cancer that develops in the tissues of the vulva.
5. Genital warts: caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, these are small growths or bumps on the vulva.
6. Pudendal neuralgia: a nerve condition that causes pain in the vulvar area.
7. Vestibulodynia: pain or discomfort in the vestibule, the area surrounding the vaginal opening.

It is important to consult a healthcare professional if experiencing any symptoms related to vulvar diseases for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Genital diseases in males refer to various medical conditions that affect the male reproductive and urinary systems, including the penis, testicles, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethra. These conditions can be infectious, inflammatory, degenerative, or neoplastic (cancerous) in nature. Some common examples of male genital diseases include:

1. Balanitis: Inflammation of the foreskin and glans penis, often caused by infection, irritants, or poor hygiene.
2. Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, which can be acute or chronic, bacterial or non-bacterial in origin.
3. Epididymitis: Inflammation of the epididymis, a coiled tube at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm. It is often caused by infection.
4. Orchitis: Inflammation of the testicle, usually resulting from infection or autoimmune disorders.
5. Testicular torsion: A surgical emergency characterized by twisting of the spermatic cord, leading to reduced blood flow and potential tissue damage in the testicle.
6. Varicocele: Dilated veins in the scrotum that can cause pain, discomfort, or fertility issues.
7. Peyronie's disease: A connective tissue disorder causing scarring and curvature of the penis during erections.
8. Penile cancer: Malignant growths on the penis, often squamous cell carcinomas, which can spread to other parts of the body if left untreated.
9. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that can cause lower urinary tract symptoms such as difficulty initiating or maintaining a steady stream of urine.
10. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Infectious diseases, like chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and human papillomavirus (HPV), that can be transmitted through sexual contact and affect the male genital region.

Gonadal dysgenesis, 46,XX is a medical condition where an individual with a 46,XX karyotype has underdeveloped or absent gonads (ovaries). Normally, individuals with a 46,XX karyotype have ovaries that produce female sex hormones and develop into reproductive organs. However, in cases of gonadal dysgenesis, the gonads do not develop properly and may appear as streak gonads, which lack germ cells and are incapable of producing sex hormones or gametes (eggs).

Individuals with 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis often have female external genitalia but may have primary amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) due to the underdeveloped or absent ovaries. They may also have other features such as short stature, webbed neck, and intellectual disability, depending on the underlying cause of the condition.

The underlying causes of 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis can vary, including genetic mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, or exposure to environmental factors during fetal development. Some individuals with this condition may have an increased risk of developing gonadal tumors, so regular monitoring and follow-up care are essential.

Sex chromosome aberrations refer to structural and numerical abnormalities in the sex chromosomes, which are typically represented as X and Y chromosomes in humans. These aberrations can result in variations in the number of sex chromosomes, such as Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY), Turner syndrome (45,X), and Jacobs/XYY syndrome (47,XYY). They can also include structural changes, such as deletions, duplications, or translocations of sex chromosome material.

Sex chromosome aberrations may lead to a range of phenotypic effects, including differences in physical characteristics, cognitive development, fertility, and susceptibility to certain health conditions. The manifestation and severity of these impacts can vary widely depending on the specific type and extent of the aberration, as well as individual genetic factors and environmental influences.

It is important to note that while sex chromosome aberrations may pose challenges and require medical management, they do not inherently define or limit a person's potential, identity, or worth. Comprehensive care, support, and education can help individuals with sex chromosome aberrations lead fulfilling lives and reach their full potential.

Feminization is a process or condition in which typically male characteristics are diminished or absent, and female characteristics become more prominent. This term is often used in the context of transgender health to describe hormone therapy that helps individuals align their physical appearance with their gender identity. The goal of feminizing hormone therapy is to promote the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development, softer skin, reduced muscle mass and body hair, and fat redistribution to create a more typically female body shape. It's important to note that every individual's experience with feminization is unique, and the specific changes experienced may vary depending on factors such as age, genetics, and the duration of hormone therapy.

"Sex characteristics" refer to the anatomical, chromosomal, and genetic features that define males and females. These include both primary sex characteristics (such as reproductive organs like ovaries or testes) and secondary sex characteristics (such as breasts or facial hair) that typically develop during puberty. Sex characteristics are primarily determined by the presence of either X or Y chromosomes, with XX individuals usually developing as females and XY individuals usually developing as males, although variations and exceptions to this rule do occur.

The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. In males, it also serves as the conduit for semen during ejaculation. The male urethra is longer than the female urethra and is divided into sections: the prostatic, membranous, and spongy (or penile) urethra. The female urethra extends from the bladder to the external urethral orifice, which is located just above the vaginal opening.

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is a genetic condition that occurs in individuals who are genetically male (have one X and one Y chromosome) but are resistant to androgens, which are hormones that play a role in male sexual development. This resistance is caused by changes (mutations) in the gene for the androgen receptor.

There are three main types of AIS: complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS), partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), and mild androgen insensitivity syndrome (MAIS).

In CAIS, individuals are completely resistant to androgens, which results in the development of female external genitalia at birth. Despite having testes, these individuals do not have a functioning male reproductive system and typically have a female gender identity. They may be diagnosed during adolescence when they do not begin to menstruate or experience other signs of puberty.

In PAIS and MAIS, the degree of androgen insensitivity varies, resulting in a range of physical characteristics that can include both male and female features. These individuals may have ambiguous genitalia at birth, and their gender identity may not align with their genetic sex.

It's important to note that people with AIS are typically healthy and do not have an increased risk of medical conditions beyond those related to their hormonal differences. However, they may face challenges related to their gender identity, sexual development, and fertility. It is recommended that individuals with AIS receive comprehensive medical care and support from a team of healthcare professionals who specialize in this condition.

Penile diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the penis, including infections, inflammatory conditions, and structural abnormalities. Some common penile diseases include:

1. Balanitis: an infection or inflammation of the foreskin and/or head of the penis.
2. Balanoposthitis: an infection or inflammation of both the foreskin and the head of the penis.
3. Phimosis: a condition in which the foreskin is too tight to be pulled back over the head of the penis.
4. Paraphimosis: a medical emergency in which the foreskin becomes trapped behind the head of the penis and cannot be returned to its normal position.
5. Peyronie's disease: a condition characterized by the development of scar tissue inside the penis, leading to curvature during erections.
6. Erectile dysfunction: the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for sexual intercourse.
7. Penile cancer: a rare form of cancer that affects the skin and tissues of the penis.

These conditions can have various causes, including bacterial or fungal infections, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), skin conditions, trauma, or underlying medical conditions. Treatment for penile diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity, but may include medications, surgery, or lifestyle changes.

The urogenital system is a part of the human body that includes the urinary and genital systems. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, which work together to produce, store, and eliminate urine. On the other hand, the genital system, also known as the reproductive system, is responsible for the production, development, and reproduction of offspring. In males, this includes the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, and penis. In females, it includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, and external genitalia.

The urogenital system is closely related anatomically and functionally. For example, in males, the urethra serves as a shared conduit for both urine and semen, while in females, the urethra and vagina are separate but adjacent structures. Additionally, some organs, such as the prostate gland in males and the Skene's glands in females, have functions that overlap between the urinary and genital systems.

Disorders of the urogenital system can affect both the urinary and reproductive functions, leading to a range of symptoms such as pain, discomfort, infection, and difficulty with urination or sexual activity. Proper care and maintenance of the urogenital system are essential for overall health and well-being.

'Abnormalities, Multiple' is a broad term that refers to the presence of two or more structural or functional anomalies in an individual. These abnormalities can be present at birth (congenital) or can develop later in life (acquired). They can affect various organs and systems of the body and can vary greatly in severity and impact on a person's health and well-being.

Multiple abnormalities can occur due to genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. Chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, exposure to teratogens (substances that cause birth defects), and maternal infections during pregnancy are some of the common causes of multiple congenital abnormalities.

Examples of multiple congenital abnormalities include Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and VATER/VACTERL association. Acquired multiple abnormalities can result from conditions such as trauma, infection, degenerative diseases, or cancer.

The medical evaluation and management of individuals with multiple abnormalities depend on the specific abnormalities present and their impact on the individual's health and functioning. A multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals is often involved in the care of these individuals to address their complex needs.

Gonadal dysgenesis is a condition characterized by the abnormal development of the gonads, which are the reproductive organs that produce sex hormones and gametes (sperm or eggs). In individuals with gonadal dysgenesis, the gonads may be underdeveloped, structurally abnormal, or completely absent. This condition can affect people of any gender and is often associated with other genetic disorders, such as Turner or Klinefelter syndromes.

The clinical presentation of gonadal dysgenesis varies widely depending on the severity of the disorder and the presence of other associated conditions. Some individuals may have normal sexual development and fertility, while others may experience delayed puberty, infertility, or ambiguous genitalia. Gonadal dysgenesis can also increase the risk of developing gonadal tumors, particularly in individuals with complete or partial absence of the gonads.

The diagnosis of gonadal dysgenesis is typically made through a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and genetic testing. Treatment may include hormone replacement therapy to support sexual development and prevent complications associated with hormonal imbalances. In some cases, surgical removal of the gonads may be recommended to reduce the risk of tumor development.

"SRY" (Sex Determining Region Y) is not a gene itself but a specific region on the Y chromosome that contains the genetic information necessary to initiate male sex determination. The SRY region encodes a protein called the testis-determining factor (TDF), which plays a crucial role in the development of the male phenotype by triggering the differentiation of the gonadal ridge into testes.

The SRY gene is typically found only on the Y chromosome and is considered one of the primary genetic factors that distinguish males from females in many mammalian species, including humans. Mutations or abnormalities in the SRY region can lead to sex chromosome-related disorders of sexual development (DSDs), such as Swyer syndrome or XY female disorder of sex development, where individuals with a 46,XY karyotype develop female phenotypes due to the absence or dysfunction of the SRY protein.

Urogenital abnormalities refer to structural or functional anomalies that affect the urinary and genital systems. These two systems are closely linked during embryonic development, and sometimes they may not develop properly, leading to various types of congenital defects. Urogenital abnormalities can range from minor issues like a bifid scrotum (a condition where the scrotum is split into two parts) to more severe problems such as bladder exstrophy (where the bladder develops outside the body).

These conditions may affect urination, reproduction, and sexual function. They can also increase the risk of infections and other complications. Urogenital abnormalities can be diagnosed through physical examination, imaging tests, or genetic testing. Treatment options depend on the specific condition but may include surgery, medication, or lifestyle changes.

Cryptorchidism is a medical condition in which one or both of a male infant's testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum before birth or within the first year of life. Normally, the testicles descend from the abdomen into the scrotum during fetal development in the second trimester. If the testicles do not descend on their own, medical intervention may be necessary to correct the condition.

Cryptorchidism is a common birth defect, affecting about 3-5% of full-term and 30% of preterm male infants. In most cases, the testicle will descend on its own within the first six months of life. If it does not, treatment may be necessary to prevent complications such as infertility, testicular cancer, and inguinal hernia.

Treatment for cryptorchidism typically involves surgery to bring the testicle down into the scrotum. This procedure is called orchiopexy and is usually performed before the age of 2. In some cases, hormonal therapy may be used as an alternative to surgery. However, this approach has limited success and is generally only recommended in certain situations.

Overall, cryptorchidism is a treatable condition that can help prevent future health problems if addressed early on. Regular check-ups with a pediatrician or healthcare provider can help ensure timely diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

A cloaca is a common cavity or channel in some animals, including many birds and reptiles, that serves as the combined endpoint for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Feces, urine, and in some cases, eggs are all expelled through this single opening. In humans and other mammals, these systems have separate openings. Anatomical anomalies can result in a human born with a cloaca, which is very rare and typically requires surgical correction.

Testosterone Propionate is a synthetic form of testosterone, an androgenic hormone naturally produced in the human body. The propionate ester is attached to the testosterone molecule to regulate its release into the bloodstream after injection. This results in a slower release and longer duration of action compared to unesterified testosterone.

Testosterone Propionate is primarily used in medical treatments for conditions associated with low testosterone levels, such as hypogonadism or delayed puberty in males. It helps to stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics, maintain bone density, and support red blood cell production.

It's important to note that Testosterone Propionate is available only through a prescription and its use should be under the supervision of a healthcare professional due to potential side effects and interactions with other medications or health conditions.

Heteroptera is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in zoology. It refers to a suborder of insects within the order Hemiptera, also known as true bugs. This group includes a wide variety of species, such as bed bugs, assassin bugs, and stink bugs. While Heteroptera is not directly related to human health or medicine, some species can have medical importance as disease vectors or pests.

Sex chromosome disorders are genetic conditions that occur due to an atypical number or structure of the sex chromosomes, which are X and Y. Normally, females have two X chromosomes (XX), and males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). However, in sex chromosome disorders, there is a variation in the number or composition of these chromosomes.

The most common sex chromosome disorders include:

1. Turner syndrome (Monosomy X): Occurs when a female has only one X chromosome (45,X). This condition affects about 1 in every 2,500 female births and can lead to short stature, infertility, heart defects, and learning disabilities.
2. Klinefelter syndrome (XXY): Occurs when a male has an extra X chromosome (47,XXY). This condition affects about 1 in every 500-1,000 male births and can lead to tall stature, infertility, breast development, and learning disabilities.
3. Jacobs syndrome (XYY): Occurs when a male has an extra Y chromosome (47,XYY). This condition affects about 1 in every 1,000 male births and can lead to tall stature, learning disabilities, and behavioral issues.
4. Triple X syndrome (XXX): Occurs when a female has an extra X chromosome (47,XXX). This condition affects about 1 in every 1,000 female births and can lead to mild developmental delays and learning disabilities.
5. Other rare sex chromosome disorders: These include conditions like 48,XXXX, 49,XXXXY, and mosaicism (a mixture of cells with different chromosome compositions).

Sex chromosome disorders can have varying degrees of impact on an individual's physical and cognitive development. While some individuals may experience significant challenges, others may have only mild or no symptoms at all. Early diagnosis and appropriate interventions can help improve outcomes for those affected by sex chromosome disorders.

Genital diseases in females refer to various medical conditions that affect the female reproductive system, including the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, and ovaries. These conditions can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, hormonal imbalances, or structural abnormalities. Some common examples of genital diseases in females include bacterial vaginosis, yeast infections, sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and human papillomavirus (HPV), pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), endometriosis, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts, and vulvar or vaginal cancer. Symptoms of genital diseases in females can vary widely depending on the specific condition but may include abnormal vaginal discharge, pain or discomfort during sex, irregular menstrual bleeding, painful urination, and pelvic pain. It is important for women to receive regular gynecological care and screenings to detect and treat genital diseases early and prevent complications.

The perineum is the region between the anus and the genitals. In anatomical terms, it refers to the diamond-shaped area located in the lower part of the pelvis and extends from the coccyx (tailbone) to the pubic symphysis, which is the joint in the front where the two pubic bones meet. This region contains various muscles that support the pelvic floor and contributes to maintaining urinary and fecal continence. The perineum can be further divided into two triangular regions: the urogenital triangle (anterior) and the anal triangle (posterior).

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

Mating preference in animals refers to the selection of specific individuals as mates based on certain characteristics or traits. These preferences can be influenced by various factors such as genetic compatibility, physical attributes (e.g., size, color, health), behavioral traits (e.g., dominance, aggression), and environmental conditions.

Mating preferences play a crucial role in the process of sexual selection, which is one of the main mechanisms driving evolutionary change. They can lead to assortative mating, where similar individuals are more likely to mate with each other, or disassortative mating, where dissimilar individuals are more likely to mate.

Mating preferences can also contribute to reproductive isolation between different populations or species, ultimately leading to speciation. In some cases, these preferences may be hard-wired into an animal's behavior, while in others, they might be more flexible and influenced by learning and experience.

Cutaneous syphilis refers to the manifestation of the sexually transmitted infection syphilis on the skin. This can occur in various stages of the disease. In the primary stage, it may appear as a painless chancre (ulcer) at the site of infection, usually appearing 3 weeks after exposure. In the secondary stage, a widespread rash can develop, often affecting the palms and soles, along with other symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, and hair loss. Later stages of syphilis can also cause skin issues, including condylomata lata (broad, flat warts) and gummatous lesions (large, destructive ulcers). It's important to note that if left untreated, syphilis can lead to serious complications affecting the heart, brain, and other organs.

The vagina is the canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of the uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal because babies pass through it during childbirth. The vagina is where sexual intercourse occurs and where menstrual blood exits the body. It has a flexible wall that can expand and retract. During sexual arousal, the vaginal walls swell with blood to become more elastic in order to accommodate penetration.

It's important to note that sometimes people use the term "vagina" to refer to the entire female genital area, including the external structures like the labia and clitoris. But technically, these are considered part of the vulva, not the vagina.

Reproduction, in the context of biology and medicine, refers to the process by which organisms produce offspring. It is a complex process that involves the creation, development, and growth of new individuals from parent organisms. In sexual reproduction, this process typically involves the combination of genetic material from two parents through the fusion of gametes (sex cells) such as sperm and egg cells. This results in the formation of a zygote, which then develops into a new individual with a unique genetic makeup.

In contrast, asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes and can occur through various mechanisms such as budding, fragmentation, or parthenogenesis. Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent organism.

Reproduction is a fundamental process that ensures the survival and continuation of species over time. It is also an area of active research in fields such as reproductive medicine, where scientists and clinicians work to understand and address issues related to human fertility, contraception, and genetic disorders.

Insemination, in a medical context, refers to the introduction of semen into the reproductive system of a female for the purpose of achieving pregnancy. This can be done through various methods including intracervical insemination (ICI), intrauterine insemination (IUI), and in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Intracervical insemination involves placing the semen at the cervix, the opening to the uterus. Intrauterine insemination involves placing the sperm directly into the uterus using a catheter. In vitro fertilization is a more complex process where the egg and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish and then transferred to the uterus.

Insemination is often used in cases of infertility, either because of male or female factors, or unexplained infertility. It can also be used for those who wish to become pregnant but do not have a partner, such as single women and same-sex female couples.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

3-Oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase is an enzyme that plays a role in steroid metabolism. It is involved in the conversion of certain steroids into others by removing hydrogen atoms and adding oxygen to create double bonds in the steroid molecule. Specifically, this enzyme catalyzes the dehydrogenation of 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroids at the 4th position, which results in the formation of a 4,5-double bond.

The enzyme is found in various tissues throughout the body and is involved in the metabolism of several important steroid hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens. It helps to regulate the levels of these hormones in the body by converting them into their active or inactive forms as needed.

Deficiencies or mutations in the 3-oxo-5-alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase enzyme can lead to various medical conditions, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which is characterized by abnormal hormone levels and development of sexual characteristics.

Electric burns are injuries to the skin and underlying tissues caused by exposure to electrical current. The damage can be both internal and external, and it depends on the voltage, amperage, type of current (alternating or direct), duration of exposure, and the pathway the current takes through the body.

Electric burns can cause extensive tissue damage, including deep burns, nerve damage, muscle damage, and fractures. They may also result in cardiac arrest, irregular heart rhythms, and respiratory failure. In some cases, electric burns may not appear severe on the surface of the skin, but they can still cause significant internal injuries.

Treatment for electric burns typically involves wound care, pain management, and monitoring for complications such as infection or organ damage. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue and repair injured muscles, nerves, and blood vessels.

Karyotyping is a medical laboratory test used to study the chromosomes in a cell. It involves obtaining a sample of cells from a patient, usually from blood or bone marrow, and then staining the chromosomes so they can be easily seen under a microscope. The chromosomes are then arranged in pairs based on their size, shape, and other features to create a karyotype. This visual representation allows for the identification and analysis of any chromosomal abnormalities, such as extra or missing chromosomes, or structural changes like translocations or inversions. These abnormalities can provide important information about genetic disorders, diseases, and developmental problems.

Cannibalism is defined in medical terms as the act or practice of consuming flesh or organs of one's own species as food. It is a term that is often used to describe situations where humans consume the flesh or organs of other humans. Cannibalism can occur in various contexts, including survival situations, cultural practices, and criminal activities.

It is important to note that cannibalism is generally considered taboo in most societies and cultures today. In medical and psychological terms, cannibalism can be associated with a range of negative consequences, such as the transmission of infectious diseases, ethical concerns, and psychological distress. However, it is essential to approach this topic with sensitivity and cultural relativism, recognizing that cultural practices and beliefs may vary widely across different societies and historical periods.

Gonadoblastoma is a rare, typically benign, slow-growing tumor that primarily affects the gonads (ovaries or testes). It most commonly occurs in individuals with disorders of sexual development, particularly those with gonadal dysgenesis and a 46,XY karyotype. The tumor is composed of germ cells and sex cord stromal cells, which differentiate into various cell types found within the gonads.

Gonadoblastomas are usually asymptomatic and are often discovered incidentally during imaging studies or surgical procedures for other conditions. In some cases, they may produce hormones leading to precocious puberty or virilization. Although typically benign, there is a risk of malignant transformation into germ cell tumors such as dysgerminoma, seminoma, or teratoma. Regular follow-up and monitoring are essential for early detection and management of potential complications. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the affected gonad.

The vulva refers to the external female genital area. It includes the mons pubis (the pad of fatty tissue covered with skin and hair that's located on the front part of the pelvis), labia majora (the outer folds of skin that surround and protect the vaginal opening), labia minora (the inner folds of skin that surround the vaginal and urethral openings), clitoris (a small, sensitive organ located at the front of the vulva where the labia minora join), the external openings of the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body) and vagina (the passageway leading to the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus).

It's important to note that understanding the anatomy and terminology related to one's own body can help facilitate effective communication with healthcare providers, promote self-awareness, and support overall health and well-being.

Smegma is a naturally occurring substance that accumulates under the foreskin in uncircumcised males and around the clitoris in females. It's a mixture of dead skin cells, oil, and moisture. While it serves a lubrication function, an excessive buildup can lead to irritation, infection, or other medical issues. It's important to maintain good personal hygiene to prevent such problems.

Epididymitis is defined as the inflammation of the epididymis, a curved tube-like structure located at the back of the testicle that stores and transports sperm. The inflammation can result from infection, trauma, or other causes, and may cause symptoms such as pain, swelling, and tenderness in the scrotum. In some cases, epididymitis may also be associated with urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted infections, or other medical conditions. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to treat any underlying infection, as well as pain relief measures and supportive care to help reduce symptoms and promote healing.

Testosterone is a steroid hormone that belongs to androsten class of hormones. It is primarily secreted by the Leydig cells in the testes of males and, to a lesser extent, by the ovaries and adrenal glands in females. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone and anabolic steroid. It plays a key role in the development of masculine characteristics, such as body hair and muscle mass, and contributes to bone density, fat distribution, red cell production, and sex drive. In females, testosterone contributes to sexual desire and bone health. Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol and its production is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

An anatomic variation refers to a deviation from the typical or normal anatomical structure, position, or configuration of organs, tissues, or bodily parts. These variations can occur in any part of the body and can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life).

Anatomic variations are relatively common and usually do not cause any symptoms or problems. However, in some cases, they may affect the function of adjacent structures, predispose to injury or disease, or complicate medical procedures or surgeries. Therefore, it is essential for healthcare professionals to be aware of these variations during diagnoses, treatment planning, and surgical interventions.

Examples of anatomic variations include:

* Variations in the course or number of blood vessels, such as a persistent left superior vena cava or an accessory renal artery.
* Variations in the position or shape of organs, such as a mobile cecum or a horseshoe kidney.
* Variations in the number or configuration of bones, such as an extra rib or a bifid uvula.
* Variations in the innervation or sensory distribution of nerves, such as a variant course of the brachial plexus or a cross-innervated hand.

Anatomic variations can be detected through various imaging techniques, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound examinations. Sometimes, they are discovered during surgical procedures or autopsies. Understanding anatomic variations is crucial for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment, and optimal patient outcomes.

Androgens are a class of hormones that are primarily responsible for the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics and reproductive function. Testosterone is the most well-known androgen, but other androgens include dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

Androgens are produced primarily by the testes in men and the ovaries in women, although small amounts are also produced by the adrenal glands in both sexes. They play a critical role in the development of male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty, such as the growth of facial hair, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass.

In addition to their role in sexual development and function, androgens also have important effects on bone density, mood, and cognitive function. Abnormal levels of androgens can contribute to a variety of medical conditions, including infertility, erectile dysfunction, acne, hirsutism (excessive hair growth), and prostate cancer.

Mosaicism, in the context of genetics and medicine, refers to the presence of two or more cell lines with different genetic compositions in an individual who has developed from a single fertilized egg. This means that some cells have one genetic makeup, while others have a different genetic makeup. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as errors during cell division after fertilization.

Mosaicism can involve chromosomes (where whole or parts of chromosomes are present in some cells but not in others) or it can involve single genes (where a particular gene is present in one form in some cells and a different form in others). The symptoms and severity of mosaicism can vary widely, depending on the type and location of the genetic difference and the proportion of cells that are affected. Some individuals with mosaicism may not experience any noticeable effects, while others may have significant health problems.

Female circumcision, also known as female genital mutilation (FGM), refers to the partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injuries to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. The procedure can cause serious physical and psychological harm, and it is widely recognized by medical organizations as a violation of human rights.

There are several types of FGM, classified into four categories by the World Health Organization:

* Type I: partial or total removal of the clitoris and/or the prepuce (clitoridectomy)
* Type II: partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora (excision)
* Type III: narrowing of the vaginal opening by creating a covering seal, which is formed by cutting and repositioning the labia minora and/or the labia majora, with or without removal of the clitoris (infibulation)
* Type IV: all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, such as pricking, piercing, incising, scraping, and cauterizing the genital area

FGM is practiced in many parts of the world, including Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. It is usually carried out on young girls, often before the age of 15, and it is often motivated by cultural, religious, or social reasons. The practice is illegal in many countries, including the United States, and international organizations have called for its elimination.

Antley-Bixler syndrome phenotype is a medical term used to describe a set of physical features that are characteristic of Antley-Bixler syndrome, a rare genetic disorder. The syndrome is caused by mutations in the genes that provide instructions for making proteins involved in the development of bones and other tissues in the body.

The Antley-Bixler syndrome phenotype typically includes:

1. Craniosynostosis: This is a condition where the bones in the skull fuse together prematurely, leading to an abnormally shaped head.
2. Abnormalities of the face and skull: These may include a prominent forehead, wide-set eyes, a beaked nose, and low-set ears.
3. Bone abnormalities: These may include bowed or bent limbs, fusion of bones in the hands and feet, and other skeletal malformations.
4. Respiratory problems: Some individuals with Antley-Bixler syndrome may have narrow airways, which can lead to breathing difficulties.
5. Genital abnormalities: In some cases, males with Antley-Bixler syndrome may have undescended testicles.

It is important to note that not all individuals with Antley-Bixler syndrome will have all of these features, and the severity of the condition can vary widely from person to person. If you suspect that your child may have Antley-Bixler syndrome, it is important to consult with a medical professional for further evaluation and diagnosis.

"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.

For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.

It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.

Congenital limb deformities refer to abnormalities in the structure, position, or function of the arms or legs that are present at birth. These deformities can vary greatly in severity and may affect any part of the limb, including the bones, muscles, joints, and nerves.

Congenital limb deformities can be caused by genetic factors, exposure to certain medications or chemicals during pregnancy, or other environmental factors. Some common types of congenital limb deformities include:

1. Clubfoot: A condition in which the foot is twisted out of shape, making it difficult to walk normally.
2. Polydactyly: A condition in which a person is born with extra fingers or toes.
3. Radial clubhand: A rare condition in which the radius bone in the forearm is missing or underdeveloped, causing the hand to turn inward and the wrist to bend.
4. Amniotic band syndrome: A condition in which strands of the amniotic sac wrap around a developing limb, restricting its growth and leading to deformities.
5. Agenesis: A condition in which a limb or part of a limb is missing at birth.

Treatment for congenital limb deformities may include surgery, bracing, physical therapy, or other interventions depending on the severity and nature of the deformity. In some cases, early intervention and treatment can help to improve function and reduce the impact of the deformity on a person's daily life.

Prune Belly Syndrome, also known as Eagle-Barrett syndrome, is a rare congenital disorder that primarily affects the urinary and digestive systems, as well as the abdominal wall. The condition is named for its most distinctive feature - a wrinkled, shrunken appearance of the abdomen, similar to a prune.

The medical definition of Prune Belly Syndrome includes the following major characteristics:

1. Absence or severe deficiency of the abdominal muscles: This results in the characteristic "prune belly" appearance and may also lead to respiratory issues due to weakened breathing muscles.
2. Urinary tract abnormalities: These can include dilated urinary tracts, undescended testes, and various kidney defects such as dysplastic (abnormally developed) or hypoplastic (underdeveloped) kidneys. Approximately 1 in 3 patients with Prune Belly Syndrome will develop chronic kidney disease.
3. Gastrointestinal abnormalities: These may include intestinal malrotation, constipation, and a higher risk of developing inguinal hernias.

Prune Belly Syndrome occurs almost exclusively in males, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 30,000 to 40,000 live births. The exact cause of the condition is unknown, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors during fetal development. Treatment typically involves a multidisciplinary approach, addressing both surgical interventions for urinary tract abnormalities and supportive care for respiratory and gastrointestinal issues.

A syndrome, in medical terms, is a set of symptoms that collectively indicate or characterize a disease, disorder, or underlying pathological process. It's essentially a collection of signs and/or symptoms that frequently occur together and can suggest a particular cause or condition, even though the exact physiological mechanisms might not be fully understood.

For example, Down syndrome is characterized by specific physical features, cognitive delays, and other developmental issues resulting from an extra copy of chromosome 21. Similarly, metabolic syndromes like diabetes mellitus type 2 involve a group of risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels that collectively increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.

It's important to note that a syndrome is not a specific diagnosis; rather, it's a pattern of symptoms that can help guide further diagnostic evaluation and management.

A chromosome is a thread-like structure that contains genetic material, made up of DNA and proteins, in the nucleus of a cell. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes, in each cell of the body, with the exception of the sperm and egg cells which contain only 23 chromosomes.

The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes in humans. Females typically have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one X and one Y chromosome (XY). The X chromosome contains hundreds of genes that are responsible for various functions in the body, including some related to sexual development and reproduction.

Humans inherit one X chromosome from their mother and either an X or a Y chromosome from their father. In females, one of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated during embryonic development, resulting in each cell having only one active X chromosome. This process, known as X-inactivation, helps to ensure that females have roughly equal levels of gene expression from the X chromosome, despite having two copies.

Abnormalities in the number or structure of the X chromosome can lead to various genetic disorders, such as Turner syndrome (X0), Klinefelter syndrome (XXY), and fragile X syndrome (an X-linked disorder caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene).

Lissencephaly is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the absence or significant reduction of normal folds (gyri) and sulci (grooves) in the cerebral cortex of the brain. The cerebral cortex, which is responsible for higher brain functions such as thinking, learning, and language, usually has a smooth, flat appearance in individuals with lissencephaly. This condition results from abnormal neuronal migration during fetal development, where nerve cells fail to migrate to their proper positions in the brain.

There are several types of lissencephaly, each with distinct genetic causes and associated symptoms. The most common form is Type I (Classic) Lissencephaly, which affects both hemispheres of the brain and is characterized by a smooth brain surface with four bands of shallow grooves. Other forms include Type II (Cobblestone) Lissencephaly, Miller-Dieker Syndrome, and X-linked Lissencephaly with Ambiguous Genitalia (XLAG).

Symptoms of lissencephaly can vary but often include severe intellectual disability, developmental delays, muscle spasticity or hypotonia, seizures, difficulty swallowing, and problems with vision and hearing. The severity of the condition depends on the extent of the brain malformation. Lissencephaly is a lifelong condition, and individuals with this disorder usually require extensive care and support throughout their lives.

"Beetles" is not a medical term. It is a common name used to refer to insects belonging to the order Coleoptera, which is one of the largest orders in the class Insecta. Beetles are characterized by their hardened forewings, known as elytra, which protect their hind wings and body when not in use for flying.

There are many different species of beetles found all over the world, and some can have an impact on human health. For example, certain types of beetles, such as bed bugs and carpet beetles, can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions in some people. Other beetles, like the Colorado potato beetle, can damage crops and lead to economic losses for farmers. However, it is important to note that most beetles are not harmful to humans and play an essential role in ecosystems as decomposers and pollinators.

Hyaenidae is not a medical term, but a biological term related to zoology and taxonomy. It refers to the family of mammals that includes hyenas. Hyenas are often mistakenly classified as members of the canid (dog) or felid (cat) families, but they are actually more closely related to herons, eagles, and other members of the order Carnivora.

There are four extant species in the Hyaenidae family: the striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), the brown hyena (Parahyaena brunnea), the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), and the aardwolf (Proteles cristata). These animals are known for their strong social structures, hunting skills, and powerful jaws.

While Hyaenidae is not directly related to medical terminology, understanding the classification of animals can be important in fields such as epidemiology and public health, where knowledge of animal behavior and ecology can help inform disease surveillance and control efforts.

"Sex determination processes" refer to the series of genetic and biological events that occur during embryonic and fetal development which lead to the development of male or female physical characteristics. In humans, this process is typically determined by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome in the fertilized egg. If the egg has a Y chromosome, it will develop into a male (genetically XY) and if it does not have a Y chromosome, it will develop into a female (genetically XX).

The sex determination process involves the activation and repression of specific genes on the sex chromosomes, which direct the development of the gonads (ovaries or testes) and the production of hormones that influence the development of secondary sexual characteristics. This includes the development of internal and external genitalia, as well as other sex-specific physical traits.

It is important to note that while sex is typically determined by genetics and biology, gender identity is a separate construct that can be self-identified and may not align with an individual's biological sex.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Frasier Syndrome" is not a recognized medical condition or syndrome in the standard medical literature. It seems like it might be a term that is specific to a certain context or fictional work. In popular culture, "Frasier" is a television show about a character named Frasier Crane, and it's possible that "Frasier Syndrome" could refer to something within the realm of that fiction. However, without more specific information about where you encountered this term, I cannot provide an accurate definition.

"Panstrongylus" is a genus of kissing bugs (triatomines), which are insects that feed on the blood of mammals, including humans. They are called "kissing bugs" because they often bite humans around the mouth and eyes. The most well-known species in this genus is "Panstrongylus megistus," which is a vector for Chagas disease, a potentially life-threatening illness endemic to Central and South America.

Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to humans through the feces of infected triatomines. The infection can lead to serious cardiac and gastrointestinal complications if left untreated.

It's important to note that while "Panstrongylus" species are vectors for Chagas disease, not all kissing bugs transmit the disease. Furthermore, Chagas disease is primarily a concern in endemic areas of Central and South America, and it's rare for travelers to contract the infection elsewhere.

Gonadal dysgenesis, 46,XY is a medical condition where the gonads (testes) fail to develop or function properly in an individual with a 46,XY karyotype (a normal male chromosomal composition). This means that the person has one X and one Y chromosome, but their gonads do not develop into fully functional testes. As a result, the person may have ambiguous genitalia or female external genitalia, and they will typically not produce enough or any male hormones. The condition can also be associated with an increased risk of developing germ cell tumors in the dysgenetic gonads.

The severity of gonadal dysgenesis, 46,XY can vary widely, and it may be accompanied by other developmental abnormalities or syndromes. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the dysgenetic gonads to reduce the risk of tumor development, as well as hormone replacement therapy to support normal sexual development and reproductive function. The underlying cause of gonadal dysgenesis, 46,XY is not always known, but it can be associated with genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities.

Hyperpigmentation is a medical term that refers to the darkening of skin areas due to an increase in melanin, the pigment that provides color to our skin. This condition can affect people of all races and ethnicities, but it's more noticeable in those with lighter skin tones.

Hyperpigmentation can be caused by various factors, including excessive sun exposure, hormonal changes (such as during pregnancy), inflammation, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions like Addison's disease or hemochromatosis. It can also result from skin injuries, such as cuts, burns, or acne, which leave dark spots known as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation.

There are several types of hyperpigmentation, including:

1. Melasma: This is a common form of hyperpigmentation that typically appears as symmetrical, blotchy patches on the face, particularly the forehead, cheeks, and upper lip. It's often triggered by hormonal changes, such as those experienced during pregnancy or while taking birth control pills.
2. Solar lentigos (age spots or liver spots): These are small, darkened areas of skin that appear due to prolonged sun exposure over time. They typically occur on the face, hands, arms, and decolletage.
3. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation: This type of hyperpigmentation occurs when an injury or inflammation heals, leaving behind a darkened area of skin. It's more common in people with darker skin tones.

Treatment for hyperpigmentation depends on the underlying cause and may include topical creams, chemical peels, laser therapy, or microdermabrasion. Preventing further sun damage is crucial to managing hyperpigmentation, so wearing sunscreen with a high SPF and protective clothing is recommended.

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of swelling in various parts of the body, including the face, lips, tongue, throat, hands, feet, and/or genitals. The swelling can also affect the gastrointestinal tract, causing abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

HAE is caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of the C1 inhibitor protein, which is a part of the body's immune system that helps regulate inflammation and blood vessel dilation. As a result, people with HAE have uncontrolled activation of the complement system and increased levels of bradykinin, a potent vasodilator that causes the characteristic swelling.

There are three types of HAE: type I, type II, and type III. Type I and type II are caused by mutations in the gene that codes for the C1 inhibitor protein, resulting in low levels or dysfunctional C1 inhibitor protein. Type III is caused by a mutation in the coagulation factor XII gene, leading to overactivation of the contact system and increased bradykinin production.

HAE is an inherited disorder, typically passed down from parent to child in an autosomal dominant pattern. This means that a person has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene from an affected parent and developing HAE. However, up to 25% of cases may occur spontaneously due to new mutations in the gene.

Treatment for HAE includes medications to prevent or reduce the severity and frequency of attacks, such as C1 inhibitor replacement therapy, attenuated androgens, and monoclonal antibodies against kallikrein. In addition, acute attacks can be treated with on-demand therapies, such as plasma-derived C1 inhibitor, icatibant, and ecallantide.

Entomology is the scientific study of insects, including their behavior, classification, and evolution. It is a branch of zoology that deals with the systematic study of insects and their relationship with humans, animals, and the environment. Entomologists may specialize in various areas such as medical entomology, agricultural entomology, or forensic entomology, among others. Medical entomology focuses on the study of insects that can transmit diseases to humans and animals, while agricultural entomology deals with insects that affect crops and livestock. Forensic entomology involves using insects found in crime scenes to help determine the time of death or other relevant information for legal investigations.

Fertility is the natural ability to conceive or to cause conception of offspring. In humans, it is the capacity of a woman and a man to reproduce through sexual reproduction. For women, fertility usually takes place during their reproductive years, which is from adolescence until menopause. A woman's fertility depends on various factors including her age, overall health, and the health of her reproductive system.

For men, fertility can be affected by a variety of factors such as age, genetics, general health, sexual function, and environmental factors that may affect sperm production or quality. Factors that can negatively impact male fertility include exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Infertility is a common medical condition affecting about 10-15% of couples trying to conceive. Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility refers to the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse, while secondary infertility refers to the inability to conceive following a previous pregnancy.

Infertility can be treated with various medical and surgical interventions depending on the underlying cause. These may include medications to stimulate ovulation, intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), or surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities.

Müllerian ducts are a pair of embryonic structures found in female mammals, including humans. They give rise to the female reproductive system during fetal development. In females, the Müllerian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper part of the vagina.

In males, the regression of Müllerian ducts is induced by a hormone called anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), produced by the developing testes. In the absence of AMH or if it fails to function properly, the Müllerian ducts may persist and lead to conditions known as persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) or Müllerian remnants in males.

In summary, Müllerian ducts are essential structures for female reproductive system development, and their regression is crucial for male reproductive organ formation.

"Gryllidae" is not a medical term. It is the family designation for crickets in the order Orthoptera, which includes various species of insects that are characterized by their long antennae and ability to produce chirping sounds. The misinterpretation might have arisen from the fact that some scientific research or studies may reference these creatures; however, it is not a medical term or concept.

The Y chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes in humans and many other animals, along with the X chromosome. The Y chromosome contains the genetic information that helps to determine an individual's sex as male. It is significantly smaller than the X chromosome and contains fewer genes.

The Y chromosome is present in males, who inherit it from their father. Females, on the other hand, have two X chromosomes, one inherited from each parent. The Y chromosome includes a gene called SRY (sex-determining region Y), which initiates the development of male sexual characteristics during embryonic development.

It is worth noting that the Y chromosome has a relatively high rate of genetic mutation and degeneration compared to other chromosomes, leading to concerns about its long-term viability in human evolution. However, current evidence suggests that the Y chromosome has been stable for at least the past 25 million years.

Imperforate anus is a congenital condition in which the opening of the anus is absent or abnormally closed or narrowed, preventing the normal passage of stool. This results in a blockage in the digestive tract and can lead to serious health complications if not treated promptly.

The anus is the external opening of the rectum, which is the lower end of the digestive tract. During fetal development, the rectum and anus normally connect through a canal called the anal canal or the recto-anal canal. In imperforate anus, this canal may be completely closed or narrowed, or it may not form properly.

Imperforate anus can occur as an isolated condition or as part of a genetic syndrome or other congenital abnormalities. The exact cause is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Treatment for imperforate anus typically involves surgery to create an opening in the anus and restore normal bowel function. In some cases, additional procedures may be necessary to correct related abnormalities or complications. The prognosis for individuals with imperforate anus depends on the severity of the condition and any associated abnormalities. With prompt and appropriate treatment, most people with imperforate anus can lead normal lives.

Fournier gangrene is a type of necrotizing fasciitis, which is a severe soft tissue infection that involves the fascia (the layer of connective tissue covering the muscle). Fournier gangrene specifically affects the genital region and can spread to the abdominal wall or thighs. It's characterized by rapid progression, extensive tissue damage, and a high mortality rate if not treated promptly with surgical debridement (removal of dead tissue) and antibiotics. The infection typically involves multiple types of bacteria, both aerobic and anaerobic, and can arise from various sources such as urinary tract infections, anal abscesses, or trauma to the genital area.

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is a sex hormone and androgen that plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of male characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It is synthesized from testosterone through the action of the enzyme 5-alpha reductase. DHT is essential for the normal development of the male genitalia during fetal development and for the maturation of the sexual organs at puberty.

In addition to its role in sexual development, DHT also contributes to the growth of hair follicles, the health of the prostate gland, and the maintenance of bone density. However, an excess of DHT has been linked to certain medical conditions, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and androgenetic alopecia (male pattern baldness).

DHT exerts its effects by binding to androgen receptors in various tissues throughout the body. Once bound, DHT triggers a series of cellular responses that regulate gene expression and influence the growth and differentiation of cells. In some cases, these responses can lead to unwanted side effects, such as hair loss or prostate enlargement.

Medications that block the action of 5-alpha reductase, such as finasteride and dutasteride, are sometimes used to treat conditions associated with excess DHT production. These drugs work by reducing the amount of DHT available to bind to androgen receptors, thereby alleviating symptoms and slowing disease progression.

In summary, dihydrotestosterone is a potent sex hormone that plays a critical role in male sexual development and function. While it is essential for normal growth and development, an excess of DHT has been linked to certain medical conditions, such as BPH and androgenetic alopecia. Medications that block the action of 5-alpha reductase are sometimes used to treat these conditions by reducing the amount of DHT available to bind to androgen receptors.

Biological evolution is the change in the genetic composition of populations of organisms over time, from one generation to the next. It is a process that results in descendants differing genetically from their ancestors. Biological evolution can be driven by several mechanisms, including natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation. These processes can lead to changes in the frequency of alleles (variants of a gene) within populations, resulting in the development of new species and the extinction of others over long periods of time. Biological evolution provides a unifying explanation for the diversity of life on Earth and is supported by extensive evidence from many different fields of science, including genetics, paleontology, comparative anatomy, and biogeography.

A phenotype is the physical or biochemical expression of an organism's genes, or the observable traits and characteristics resulting from the interaction of its genetic constitution (genotype) with environmental factors. These characteristics can include appearance, development, behavior, and resistance to disease, among others. Phenotypes can vary widely, even among individuals with identical genotypes, due to differences in environmental influences, gene expression, and genetic interactions.

An ovary is a part of the female reproductive system in which ova or eggs are produced through the process of oogenesis. They are a pair of solid, almond-shaped structures located one on each side of the uterus within the pelvic cavity. Each ovary measures about 3 to 5 centimeters in length and weighs around 14 grams.

The ovaries have two main functions: endocrine (hormonal) function and reproductive function. They produce and release eggs (ovulation) responsible for potential fertilization and development of an embryo/fetus during pregnancy. Additionally, they are essential in the production of female sex hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone, which regulate menstrual cycles, sexual development, and reproduction.

During each menstrual cycle, a mature egg is released from one of the ovaries into the fallopian tube, where it may be fertilized by sperm. If not fertilized, the egg, along with the uterine lining, will be shed, leading to menstruation.

The testis, also known as the testicle, is a male reproductive organ that is part of the endocrine system. It is located in the scrotum, outside of the abdominal cavity. The main function of the testis is to produce sperm and testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.

The testis is composed of many tiny tubules called seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced. These tubules are surrounded by a network of blood vessels, nerves, and supportive tissues. The sperm then travel through a series of ducts to the epididymis, where they mature and become capable of fertilization.

Testosterone is produced in the Leydig cells, which are located in the interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It also supports sperm production and sexual function.

Abnormalities in testicular function can lead to infertility, hormonal imbalances, and other health problems. Regular self-examinations and medical check-ups are recommended for early detection and treatment of any potential issues.

The Sex-Determining Region Y (SRY) protein is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in male sex determination. It is encoded by the SRY gene, which is located on the Y chromosome in humans and many other mammal species. The primary function of the SRY protein is to initiate the development of the testes during embryonic development.

In the absence of a functional SRY protein, the gonads will develop into ovaries. With a functional SRY protein, the gonads will develop into testes, which then produce androgens, including testosterone, that are necessary for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. Mutations in the SRY gene can lead to sex reversal, where an individual with a Y chromosome develops as a female due to non-functional or absent SRY protein.

Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus (LSEA) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that can affect both males and females, but it's most commonly found in women after menopause. It can occur at any age, including children. The condition typically affects the genital and anal areas, though it can appear elsewhere on the body as well.

The medical definition of Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus is:

A skin disorder characterized by white patches (plaques) that can be smooth or wrinkled, thickened, and easily bruised. These patches may merge to form larger areas of affected skin. The condition can cause itching, burning, pain, and blistering. In women, the vulva is often affected, and sexual intercourse may become painful. In men, it can affect the foreskin and glans penis, leading to difficulty urinating or having sex.

The exact cause of Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus remains unknown, but it's believed that hormonal imbalances, genetics, and an overactive immune system may play a role in its development. Treatment usually involves topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms. In some cases, other medications or phototherapy might be recommended. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Sexual maturation is the process of physical development during puberty that leads to the ability to reproduce. This process involves the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics, changes in hormone levels, and the acquisition of reproductive capabilities. In females, this includes the onset of menstruation and the development of breasts and hips. In males, this includes the deepening of the voice, growth of facial hair, and the production of sperm. Achieving sexual maturation is an important milestone in human development and typically occurs during adolescence.

Carnivora is an order of mammals that consists of animals whose primary diet consists of flesh. The term "Carnivora" comes from the Latin words "caro", meaning flesh, and "vorare", meaning to devour. This order includes a wide variety of species, ranging from large predators such as lions, tigers, and bears, to smaller animals such as weasels, otters, and raccoons.

While members of the Carnivora order are often referred to as "carnivores," it is important to note that not all members exclusively eat meat. Some species, such as raccoons and bears, have an omnivorous diet that includes both plants and animals. Additionally, some species within this order have evolved specialized adaptations for their specific diets, such as the elongated canines and carnassial teeth of felids (cats) and canids (dogs), which are adapted for tearing and shearing meat.

Overall, the medical definition of Carnivora refers to an order of mammals that have a diet primarily consisting of flesh, although not all members exclusively eat meat.

Female condoms are a form of barrier contraception that provides protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and pregnancy. They are made of soft, flexible nitrile rubber sheath that is inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse. The closed end of the sheath covers the cervix, while the open end remains outside the vagina, covering the labia.

The female condom works by providing a physical barrier that prevents semen from entering the vagina and coming into contact with the cervix and internal reproductive organs. This helps to prevent pregnancy and also reduces the risk of STI transmission by preventing direct genital-to-genital contact.

Female condoms are an important option for individuals who cannot or do not wish to use male condoms, as they offer similar protection against STIs and pregnancy. They can be inserted up to eight hours before sexual intercourse, providing greater spontaneity and convenience compared to male condoms. Additionally, female condoms may be used during anal sex to reduce the risk of STI transmission.

It is important to note that female condoms should not be used in conjunction with male condoms, as this can increase friction and cause either condom to break or slip off. Proper use and handling of female condoms are essential for ensuring their effectiveness and preventing accidental pregnancy or STI transmission.

Ectromelia is a medical term that refers to the congenital absence or malformation of a limb or extremity. It is also known as "congenital amputation" or "limb reduction defect." This condition can affect any extremity, including arms, legs, hands, or feet, and can range from mild, such as a missing finger or toe, to severe, such as the absence of an entire limb.

Ectromelia can be caused by various factors, including genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. In some cases, the cause may be unknown. Treatment options for ectromelia depend on the severity and location of the malformation and may include prosthetics, physical therapy, or surgery.

The X chromosome is one of the two types of sex-determining chromosomes in humans (the other being the Y chromosome). It's one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that make up a person's genetic material. Females typically have two copies of the X chromosome (XX), while males usually have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).

The X chromosome contains hundreds of genes that are responsible for the production of various proteins, many of which are essential for normal bodily functions. Some of the critical roles of the X chromosome include:

1. Sex Determination: The presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines whether an individual is male or female. If there is no Y chromosome, the individual will typically develop as a female.
2. Genetic Disorders: Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, they are less likely to be affected by X-linked genetic disorders than males. Males, having only one X chromosome, will express any recessive X-linked traits they inherit.
3. Dosage Compensation: To compensate for the difference in gene dosage between males and females, a process called X-inactivation occurs during female embryonic development. One of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell, resulting in a single functional copy per cell.

The X chromosome plays a crucial role in human genetics and development, contributing to various traits and characteristics, including sex determination and dosage compensation.

The Wolffian ducts, also known as the mesonephric ducts, are a pair of embryological structures present in the developing urinary system of male fetuses. They originate from the intermediate mesoderm and descend towards the posterior end of the developing kidney, or the metanephros.

The Wolffian ducts play a crucial role in the formation of the male reproductive system. In males, these ducts give rise to the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, and ejaculatory ducts. They also contribute to the development of the kidneys, specifically the pronephros and mesonephros, which are transient structures that eventually give way to the permanent kidney, or metanephros.

In females, the Wolffian ducts regress due to the absence of testicular hormones, as they do not contribute to the formation of female reproductive organs. Instead, the paramesonephric ducts, also known as the Mullerian ducts, develop into the female reproductive structures such as the fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina.

Turner Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects females, caused by complete or partial absence of one X chromosome. The typical karyotype is 45,X0 instead of the normal 46,XX in women. This condition leads to distinctive physical features and medical issues in growth, development, and fertility. Characteristic features include short stature, webbed neck, low-set ears, and swelling of the hands and feet. Other potential symptoms can include heart defects, hearing and vision problems, skeletal abnormalities, kidney issues, and learning disabilities. Not all individuals with Turner Syndrome will have every symptom, but most will require medical interventions and monitoring throughout their lives to address various health concerns associated with the condition.

Flutamide is an anti-androgen medication, which is primarily used to treat prostate cancer. It works by blocking the action of androgens (male hormones), such as testosterone, on cancer cells. This helps to slow down or stop the growth of prostate cancer cells. Flutamide may be given in combination with other medications, such as a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist, to enhance its effectiveness. It is usually taken by mouth in the form of tablets.

Flutamide can have side effects, including breast tenderness and enlargement, hot flashes, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and loss of sexual desire. In rare cases, it may cause more serious side effects such as liver damage. It is important to be monitored by a healthcare professional while taking this medication to ensure that it is working properly and to manage any potential side effects.

Penile neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the penis. These can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The most common type of penile cancer is squamous cell carcinoma, which begins in the flat cells that line the surface of the penis. Other types of penile cancer include melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma.

Benign penile neoplasms include conditions such as papillomas, condylomas, and peyronie's disease. These growths are usually not life-threatening, but they can cause discomfort, pain, or other symptoms that may require medical treatment.

It is important to note that any unusual changes in the penis, such as lumps, bumps, or sores, should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and appropriate treatment.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Androgen receptors (ARs) are a type of nuclear receptor protein that are expressed in various tissues throughout the body. They play a critical role in the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics and reproductive function. ARs are activated by binding to androgens, which are steroid hormones such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Once activated, ARs function as transcription factors that regulate gene expression, ultimately leading to various cellular responses.

In the context of medical definitions, androgen receptors can be defined as follows:

Androgen receptors are a type of nuclear receptor protein that bind to androgens, such as testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, and mediate their effects on gene expression in various tissues. They play critical roles in the development and maintenance of male sexual characteristics and reproductive function, and are involved in the pathogenesis of several medical conditions, including prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and androgen deficiency syndromes.

Developmental gene expression regulation refers to the processes that control the activation or repression of specific genes during embryonic and fetal development. These regulatory mechanisms ensure that genes are expressed at the right time, in the right cells, and at appropriate levels to guide proper growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of an organism.

Developmental gene expression regulation is a complex and dynamic process involving various molecular players, such as transcription factors, chromatin modifiers, non-coding RNAs, and signaling molecules. These regulators can interact with cis-regulatory elements, like enhancers and promoters, to fine-tune the spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression during development.

Dysregulation of developmental gene expression can lead to various congenital disorders and developmental abnormalities. Therefore, understanding the principles and mechanisms governing developmental gene expression regulation is crucial for uncovering the etiology of developmental diseases and devising potential therapeutic strategies.

Puberty is the period of sexual maturation, generally occurring between the ages of 10 and 16 in females and between 12 and 18 in males. It is characterized by a series of events including rapid growth, development of secondary sexual characteristics, and the acquisition of reproductive capabilities. Puberty is initiated by the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to the secretion of hormones such as estrogen and testosterone that drive the physical changes associated with this stage of development.

In females, puberty typically begins with the onset of breast development (thelarche) and the appearance of pubic hair (pubarche), followed by the start of menstruation (menarche). In males, puberty usually starts with an increase in testicular size and the growth of pubic hair, followed by the deepening of the voice, growth of facial hair, and the development of muscle mass.

It's important to note that the onset and progression of puberty can vary widely among individuals, and may be influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.

Gonads are the reproductive organs that produce gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones. In males, the gonads are the testes, which produce sperm and testosterone. In females, the gonads are the ovaries, which produce eggs and estrogen and progesterone. The development, function, and regulation of the gonads are crucial for reproductive health and fertility.

17-α-Hydroxyprogesterone is a naturally occurring hormone produced by the adrenal glands and, in smaller amounts, by the ovaries and testes. It is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones such as testosterone and estrogen.

In a medical context, 17-α-Hydroxyprogesterone may also refer to a synthetic form of this hormone that is used in the treatment of certain medical conditions. For example, a medication called 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17-OHP) is used to reduce the risk of preterm birth in women who have previously given birth prematurely. It works by suppressing uterine contractions and promoting fetal lung maturity.

It's important to note that 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can have side effects and may interact with other medications.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "holography" is not a term that has a medical definition. Holography is a technique used to create 3D images, typically using laser light. It is commonly used in non-medical fields such as data storage, art, and security features on credit cards and banknotes. I'm here to help with medical information, so please feel free to ask me about any medical topics or questions you might have!

The anal canal is the terminal portion of the digestive tract, located between the rectum and the anus. It is a short tube-like structure that is about 1 to 1.5 inches long in adults. The main function of the anal canal is to provide a seal for the elimination of feces from the body while also preventing the leakage of intestinal contents.

The inner lining of the anal canal is called the mucosa, which is kept moist by the production of mucus. The walls of the anal canal contain specialized muscles that help control the passage of stool during bowel movements. These muscles include the internal and external sphincters, which work together to maintain continence and allow for the voluntary release of feces.

The anal canal is an important part of the digestive system and plays a critical role in maintaining bowel function and overall health.

LEOPARD syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that is characterized by multiple lentigines (freckle-like spots), electrocardiographic abnormalities, ocular hypertelorism (wide-set eyes), pulmonic stenosis (narrowing of the pulmonary valve opening), abnormal genitalia, retardation of growth, and deafness. It is caused by mutations in the PTPN11 gene, which provides instructions for making a protein called SHP-2. This protein plays important roles in signaling pathways that control various cellular functions, such as cell growth and division. The signs and symptoms of LEOPARD syndrome can vary widely among affected individuals, even among members of the same family. Treatment is typically focused on managing the specific features of the condition in each individual.

Bladder exstrophy is a congenital birth defect that affects the urinary and reproductive systems, as well as the abdominal wall. In this condition, the bladder is not fully formed and is turned inside out and exposed on the outside of the body at birth. This results in the inability to control urination and can also lead to other complications such as infection and kidney damage if left untreated.

Bladder exstrophy occurs due to a problem with the development of the fetus during pregnancy, specifically during the formation of the lower abdominal wall. It is more common in boys than girls, and can occur on its own or as part of a spectrum of defects known as the exstrophy-epispadias complex.

Treatment for bladder exstrophy typically involves surgical reconstruction to repair the bladder and lower abdominal wall. This may be done in stages, starting with the closure of the abdominal wall and then followed by bladder reconstruction at a later time. In some cases, additional surgeries may be necessary to address other associated defects or complications. With proper treatment, most children with bladder exstrophy can lead normal lives, although they may require ongoing medical management and monitoring throughout their lives.

Prenatal diagnosis is the medical testing of fetuses, embryos, or pregnant women to detect the presence or absence of certain genetic disorders or birth defects. These tests can be performed through various methods such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS), amniocentesis, or ultrasound. The goal of prenatal diagnosis is to provide early information about the health of the fetus so that parents and healthcare providers can make informed decisions about pregnancy management and newborn care. It allows for early intervention, treatment, or planning for the child's needs after birth.

Organogenesis is the process of formation and development of organs during embryonic growth. It involves the complex interactions of cells, tissues, and signaling molecules that lead to the creation of specialized structures in the body. This process begins in the early stages of embryonic development, around week 4-8, and continues until birth. During organogenesis, the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) differentiate into various cell types and organize themselves into specific structures that will eventually form the functional organs of the body. Abnormalities in organogenesis can result in congenital disorders or birth defects.

The term "extremities" in a medical context refers to the most distant parts of the body, including the hands and feet (both fingers and toes), as well as the arms and legs. These are the farthest parts from the torso and head. Medical professionals may examine a patient's extremities for various reasons, such as checking circulation, assessing nerve function, or looking for injuries or abnormalities.

"Prenatal exposure delayed effects" refer to the adverse health outcomes or symptoms that become apparent in an individual during their development or later in life, which are caused by exposure to certain environmental factors or substances while they were still in the womb. These effects may not be immediately observable at birth and can take weeks, months, years, or even decades to manifest. They can result from maternal exposure to various agents such as infectious diseases, medications, illicit drugs, tobacco smoke, alcohol, or environmental pollutants during pregnancy. The delayed effects can impact multiple organ systems and may include physical, cognitive, behavioral, and developmental abnormalities. It is important to note that the risk and severity of these effects can depend on several factors, including the timing, duration, and intensity of the exposure, as well as the individual's genetic susceptibility.

The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum. It has a thick, middle layer called the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue, and an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides a nurturing environment for the fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy.

The uterus is where the baby grows and develops until it is ready for birth through the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The uterus plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle as well, by shedding its lining each month if pregnancy does not occur.

Ovariectomy is a surgical procedure in which one or both ovaries are removed. It is also known as "ovary removal" or "oophorectomy." This procedure is often performed as a treatment for various medical conditions, including ovarian cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and pelvic pain. Ovariectomy can also be part of a larger surgical procedure called an hysterectomy, in which the uterus is also removed.

In some cases, an ovariectomy may be performed as a preventative measure for individuals at high risk of developing ovarian cancer. This is known as a prophylactic ovariectomy. After an ovariectomy, a person will no longer have menstrual periods and will be unable to become pregnant naturally. Hormone replacement therapy may be recommended in some cases to help manage symptoms associated with the loss of hormones produced by the ovaries.

Organ size refers to the volume or physical measurement of an organ in the body of an individual. It can be described in terms of length, width, and height or by using specialized techniques such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRIs) to determine the volume. The size of an organ can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and overall health status. Changes in organ size may indicate various medical conditions, including growths, inflammation, or atrophy.

Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF-1 or NR5A1) is a nuclear receptor protein that functions as a transcription factor, playing a crucial role in the development and regulation of the endocrine system. It is involved in the differentiation and maintenance of steroidogenic tissues such as the adrenal glands, gonads (ovaries and testes), and the hypothalamus and pituitary glands in the brain.

SF-1 regulates the expression of genes that are essential for steroid hormone biosynthesis, including enzymes involved in the production of cortisol, aldosterone, and sex steroids (androgens, estrogens). Mutations in the SF-1 gene can lead to various disorders related to sexual development, adrenal function, and fertility.

In summary, Steroidogenic Factor 1 is a critical transcription factor that regulates the development and function of steroidogenic tissues and the biosynthesis of steroid hormones.

Female infertility is a condition characterized by the inability to conceive after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth. The causes of female infertility can be multifactorial and may include issues with ovulation, damage to the fallopian tubes or uterus, endometriosis, hormonal imbalances, age-related factors, and other medical conditions.

Some common causes of female infertility include:

1. Ovulation disorders: Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemia can affect ovulation and lead to infertility.
2. Damage to the fallopian tubes: Pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, or previous surgeries can cause scarring and blockages in the fallopian tubes, preventing the egg and sperm from meeting.
3. Uterine abnormalities: Structural issues with the uterus, such as fibroids, polyps, or congenital defects, can interfere with implantation and pregnancy.
4. Age-related factors: As women age, their fertility declines due to a decrease in the number and quality of eggs.
5. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, celiac disease, and autoimmune disorders, can contribute to infertility.

In some cases, female infertility can be treated with medications, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies (ART) like in vitro fertilization (IVF). A thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional is necessary to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Gestational age is the length of time that has passed since the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) in pregnant women. It is the standard unit used to estimate the age of a pregnancy and is typically expressed in weeks. This measure is used because the exact date of conception is often not known, but the start of the last menstrual period is usually easier to recall.

It's important to note that since ovulation typically occurs around two weeks after the start of the LMP, gestational age is approximately two weeks longer than fetal age, which is the actual time elapsed since conception. Medical professionals use both gestational and fetal age to track the development and growth of the fetus during pregnancy.

Bicyclic compounds are organic molecules that contain two rings in their structure, with at least two common atoms shared between the rings. These compounds can be found in various natural and synthetic substances, including some medications and bioactive molecules. The unique structure of bicyclic compounds can influence their chemical and physical properties, which may impact their biological activity or reactivity.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 (FGF-8) is a growth factor that belongs to the fibroblast growth factor family. It plays crucial roles in various biological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair, and cancer progression. Specifically, FGF-8 has been implicated in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival.

During embryonic development, FGF-8 is involved in the formation of the nervous system, limbs, and other organs. It acts as a signaling molecule that helps to establish patterns of gene expression and cell behavior during development. In tissue repair, FGF-8 can stimulate the proliferation and migration of cells involved in wound healing, such as fibroblasts and endothelial cells.

In cancer, FGF-8 has been shown to promote tumor growth, angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels), and metastasis. It can do this by activating signaling pathways that promote cell proliferation, survival, and migration. Overexpression of FGF-8 has been found in various types of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate, and ovarian cancer.

In summary, Fibroblast Growth Factor 8 (FGF-8) is a signaling molecule that plays important roles in embryonic development, tissue repair, and cancer progression by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival.

Human Y chromosomes are one of the two sex-determining chromosomes in humans (the other being the X chromosome). They are found in the 23rd pair of human chromosomes and are significantly smaller than the X chromosome.

The Y chromosome is passed down from father to son through the paternal line, and it plays a crucial role in male sex determination. The SRY gene (sex-determining region Y) on the Y chromosome initiates the development of male sexual characteristics during embryonic development.

In addition to the SRY gene, the human Y chromosome contains several other genes that are essential for sperm production and male fertility. However, the Y chromosome has a much lower gene density compared to other chromosomes, with only about 80 protein-coding genes, making it one of the most gene-poor chromosomes in the human genome.

Because of its small size and low gene density, the Y chromosome is particularly susceptible to genetic mutations and deletions, which can lead to various genetic disorders and male infertility. Nonetheless, the Y chromosome remains a critical component of human genetics and evolution, providing valuable insights into sex determination, inheritance patterns, and human diversity.

Genitalia in male and female of any particular Lepidopteran species are adapted to fit each other like a lock (female) and key ... There are three basic configurations of genitalia in the majority of the Lepidoptera based on how the arrangement in females of ... While the layout of internal genital ducts and openings of the female genitalia depends upon the taxonomic group that insect ... The uniqueness of genitalia of a species led to the use of the morphological study of genitalia as one of the most important ...
Also, the female genitalia can be recognized quite well. In particular, the degree of sclerotization of sternite IX and of the ... Female genitalia. Tergite IX missing, only indicated by a group of setae; sternite IX strongly reduced, weakly sclerotized, ... Male genitalia. Uncus moderately long, stout, with a broad, rounded tip; beyond the uncus a weak structure of hair-like setae; ... Phylogeny: In the male genitalia, M. aglaella has distinct lobes with long, hair-like setae on the posterior margin of the ...
Genitalia large. Yellow spots reach the side margin of tergites 3 and 4.Scutellum mainly yellow-haired. Female frons with white ... Males and females have different marking on the abdomen; males have square commas on tergites 3 and 4, whereas females have ... The male genitalia and the larva are figured described by Dusek & Laska (1961) Habitat: grassland, dune systems, dry river beds ...
As a consequence, children with XY genes may exhibit female genitalia, while those with XX genes may display male genitalia, ... Pelvic examination - female genital examination White Jr JM JR, O'Brien III DP (1990). "External Male Genitalia". In Walker HK ... Throughout development, both male and female external genitalia originate from shared fundamental structures. ... Ambiguous genitalia can manifest as a result of various factors, such as abnormal chromosomes, gonadal complications, or ...
... both male and female genitalia (eternal doubt of legal gender) Aylonit: Barren female. Female genitalia, barren. Nekeva: female ... Ancient Maya Women-Men (and Men-Women): Classic Rulers and the Third Gender, In: "Ancient Maya Women", ed. Traci Ardren. Walnut ... He told them, "Men and women, turn back", and with that, those who were "neither men nor women" did not know what to do, so ... In Sumer, they were given the cuneiform names of ur.sal ("dog/man-woman") and kur.gar.ra (also described as a man-woman). ...
As long as the skin covers their genitals, they are considered doubtful men and women. As long as the skin is present, they are ... who has both male and female genitalia. Although tumtum does not appear in the Scripture, it does in other literature. Reform ... because if the tumtum might really be a man or woman, laws for neither men nor women should be broken. Positive commandments ... but where the law is stricter towards women, they are treated as women. Androgynos Gender and Judaism Intersex people and ...
ISBN 0-7817-5309-0. "Chapter 35: Female genitalia". Archived from the original on 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2007-12-09. Anatomy ... female overview (Gross, Medium)" Diagram at med.mun.ca figures/chapter_35/35-2.HTM: Basic Human Anatomy at Dartmouth Medical ... Female genital organs", Morphological Mouse Phenotyping, Academic Press, pp. 227-251, ISBN 978-0-12-812805-3, retrieved 2021-02 ...
Female Genitalia System: f. History of major abnormalities or defects of the genitalia, such as hermaphroditism, ... Male Genitalia System: m. History of major abnormalities or defects of the genitalia such as hermaphroditism, ... Section 5 focuses on disqualifying conditions of the male and female reproductive system, on the female page the subheader 13 ... and 15r," here it was listed as "major abnormalit[y] or defect of genitalia." The amendments made for transgender people were ...
5-adult-sized genitalia. With regards to female breast development, the scale is as follows: 1-no palpable gland tissue; 2- ... ovaries in females or testicles in males) to cause increase secretion of sex steroids. In females, the predominant sex steroid ... With regards to male genitalia development, the scale goes as follows: 1-testes at the same size and proportion of early ... The average age in which both males and females reach Tanner stage 5 of pubertal development is around 15-16. There are ...
The evolution of female genitalia remains poorly understood compared to male genitalia, reflecting a now-outdated belief that ... Female is also used as a noun meaning "a female organism", though describing women as females is often considered disparaging, ... The difficulty of reaching female genitalia has also complicated their study. New 3D technology has made female genital study ... In mammals, females can have XXX or X. Mammalian females bear live young, with the exception of monotreme females, which lay ...
... males or females; genitals'. The Latin term is derived from Proto-Indo-European *séksus, from *sek-, "to cut", thus meaning ... An endosex person is someone whose innate sex characteristics fit normative medical or social ideas for female or male bodies. ... "indicate a person born with sex characteristics that are seen as typically male or female at birth, therefore not medicalized ... group organizer states that intersex people undergo unnecessary medical examinations that would be prohibited on endosex women ...
The female genitalia of Ph. udana differs from that of Ph. manniana due to the location of the sclerite in the bursa; in Ph. ... Female genitalia with papillae anales band-like; eighth segment short; sterigma with large cup-shaped anterior part; ductus ... The difference in genitalia is described in Wullaert et al., 2014: The male genitals of Ph. udana can be distinguished from Ph ... Male genitalia with tegumen a wide arch; socii with broad base, weak, setose; median process of transtilla long and slender; ...
Sloan, Nadia (September 2019). "The evolution of female genitalia". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 32 (9): 882-899. doi: ... and cryptic female choice, especially given the high level of variation within species as well as between them. "A Long-Lost ...
fag packet cigarette pack fanny female external genitalia, a woman's pudendum. fanny adams (Usually preceded by 'sweet' and ... 2. Derogatory term used for female genitalia. gassed 1. Drunk. 2. excited geezer (informal) Man. Particularly an old one. get ... mare Woman (derogatory). mark A suitable victim for a con or swindle. matelot Sailor (from the French). meat and two veg ... 2. Promiscuous woman or prostitute. slag off A verbal attack. To criticise or slander. slap-head A bald man. slapper ...
... female genitalia - the WikiSaurus list of synonyms and slang words for female genitalia in many languages. A Dictionary of ... There is a great deal of variation in the appearance of female genitals. Much of this variation lies in the significant ... The appearance of the external genitalia is similar in male and female embryos until the twelfth week and even then is ... She has used molds to create dioramas - three-dimensional models of her vulva with the hope of demystifying the female genitals ...
The female genitalia consist of a simple, sac-like corpus bursae with one or two small signa, a slender ductus bursae with ... In the genitalia, the genus is characterized by a number of putatively apomorphic features: in the male genitalia, the strongly ... in the female genitalia, the pleural membrane of sternum 7 exhibits deep pockets covered in microtrichia. Larvae of Bacotoma ... The male genitalia are characterized by oval to lanceolate valvae with complex sclerotisations of the fibula and sacculus. The ...
Gupta, Sanjeev; Kataria, Usha; Siwach, Sunita (2013). "Myiasis in female external genitalia". Indian Journal of Sexually ... The male flies compete with wild breed males for females in order to copulate and thus cause females to lay batches of ... The female flies lay their eggs on the sheep in damp, protected areas of the body that are soaked with urine and feces, mainly ... can cause intestinal myiasis in humans if the females lay their eggs on meat or fruit. Also called pseudomyiasis. Caused by ...
Is this good for Vulva?': Female Genitalia in Contemporary Art." Anna C. Chave and Francis Naumann. The Visible Vagina. Ex. Cat ... 20th-century American women writers, 21st-century American women writers, Year of birth missing (living people), American ... Women art historians, American women historians, 20th-century American historians, 21st-century American historians, Reed ...
Gargano) Female genitalia Heath, J. 1960. Two new species of Micropteryx (Lepidoptera: Micropterygidae); Estratto dal Bolletino ...
Triana, L., & Robledo, A. M. (2015). Aesthetic surgery of female external genitalia. Aesthetic surgery journal, 35(2), 165-177 ... Although present in both men and women, the mons pubis tends to be larger in women. Its fatty tissue is sensitive to estrogen, ... For females, the mons pubis forms the anterior portion of the vulva. It divides into the labia majora (literally "larger lips ... Biology of Women. Cengage Learning 2002, ISBN 978-0-7668-1142-3, p. 31 Gray, Henry: Anatomy of the Human Body. Lea & Febiger, ...
American women artists, School of the Art Institute of Chicago faculty, American women academics, 21st-century American women) ... Both are wearing comically exaggerated genitalia. It starts in the living room with an argument over dishes and ends in the ... In 2013, the Women's Caucus for Art announced that Wilding will be a 2014 recipient of the organization's Lifetime Achievement ... "Women's Caucus for Art". Archived from the original on October 3, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2013. "threewalls exhibition". ...
In female genitalia, ovipositor lobes angular. Sterigma present. Ductus bursae broad. Koçak, Ahmet Ömer; Kemal, Muhabbet (20 ... Female with filiform (thread like) and ciliate (hair like) antennae. Labial palpi narrow, conspicuous and directed upwards. ... Forewing grayish, which is slightly darker in females. Postmedial line narrow, slightly darker. Deep ocherous reniform stigma ...
The male genitalia are shiny black. The female is similar to the male except for normal sexual dimorphism and its front being ...
The authors conclude that: The continuing repression of female sexuality, wherein direct exposure to female genitalia may ... as the trend towards cosmetic surgery on the female genitals (labiaplasty, also known as "designer vagina") has left many women ... why we need to talk about women's genitalia". The Guardian. Nurka, C. (2018). Female genital cosmetic surgery: deviance, desire ... Many girls and women are insecure about the appearance of their genitals, but do not dare to bring up the topic with family and ...
Males also present with external genitalia. The abdomen of females is longer and narrower then males. A. decolor is often ... Males and females both share a similar head width and eye structure, with the main difference being that females' eyes are ... Similarly, the posterior and middle legs in males have dense hairs while females' legs are only slightly hairy. Females present ... males often tap antennae to calm the female and other males may attempt to uncouple mating pairs and mate with the female ...
Male genitals include a valva, which is usually large, as it is used to grasp the female during mating. Female genitalia ... In females the three types of genitalia are based on the relating taxa: 'monotrysian', 'exoporian', and 'ditrysian'. In the ... An egg can only be 1/1000 the mass of the female, yet she may lay up to her own mass in eggs. Females lay smaller eggs as they ... Males usually start eclosion (emergence) earlier than females and peak in numbers before females. Both of the sexes are ...
In female genitalia, ovipositor lobes angular. Ductus bursae medium long. Corpus bursae smooth and ovoid. Koçak, Ahmet Ömer; ...
Dobbeleir, Julie M. L. C. L.; Van Landuyt, Koenraad; Monstrey, Stan J. (May 2011). "Aesthetic surgery of the female genitalia ... Dobbeleir, Julie M. L. C. L.; Landuyt, Koenraad Van; Monstrey, Stan J. (May 2011). "Aesthetic Surgery of the Female Genitalia ... in spite of studies that claimed it offers no benefits to women. However, there are several accounts of women who claim to have ... The medical construction of heteronormative female bodies and sexuality through female genital cutting". Sexualities, Evolution ...
Dobbeleir, Julie M.L.C.L.; Landuyt, Koenraad Van; Monstrey, Stan J. (May 2011). "Aesthetic surgery of the female genitalia". ... Adolescents, women who are unmarried, women of low socioeconomic status, migrant women, women infected with HIV, and ethnic ... Violence against women, Violence against women in Africa, Women's health, Women's rights, World Health Organization, Social ... Furthermore, adolescents, migrant women, women infected with HIV, and ethnic minority women were deemed more likely than others ...
Female genitalic "anterior apophyses" reduced; Male genitalia relatively "deep" dorso-ventrally; Abdomen curved (especially in ... Thus, they may be involved in some mimicry complexes with Ithomiinae (e.g. the female only of Macrosoma lucivittata). A few ... The retinaculum is always lost in females, and the frenulum may be vestigial. The family have been fully catalogued and ...
I understand that the organizer will sound record, videotape, photograph during the event for the purpose of future promotion on open platforms such as websites, Facebook. * ...
SafetyLit is produced by the SafetyLit Foundation in cooperation with San Diego State University and the World Health Organization.
... a woman from Terrebonne Parish was arrested after she fired a stun gun on a victim and severely scratched a police officers ... According to WVUE in New Orleans, a woman from Terrebonne Parish was arrested after she fired a stun gun on a victim and ... It was learned that she struck and stunned the victim multiple times in various places, including the genitalia. ...
Histology slide courtesy of William L. Todt, Ph.D. at Concordia College, Moorhead, Minnesota ...
Wang Z, plazi (2017). Preliminary molecular phylogeny of beetle cockroaches (Diploptera) and notes on male and female genitalia ... Preliminary molecular phylogeny of beetle cockroaches (Diploptera) and notes on male and female genitalia (Blattodea: ... and notes on male and female genitalia (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae). Zootaxa 4320 (3): 523-534, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa ... and notes on male and female genitalia (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae). Zootaxa 4320 (3): 523-534, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa ...
ApotropaicThe term apotropaic genitals refers to instances in which exhibitions or representations of female or male genitals ... The adjective apotropaic comes from the Greek apotrope, meaning to turn away. The category of apotropaic genitals is part of ... Source for information on Genitalia, as Apotropaic: Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Culture Society History dictionary. ... FEMALE GENITALIA. Many cultures around the world have used genitals, representations of genitals, or symbols of genitals in ...
... but a quick look at their genitalia can distinguish one species from the other. ... Female U. trilobata genitalia, stained with black dye, appear like bizarre alien flowers on these slides, prepared by de Prins. ... The female genitalia of U. quadrifida, another new species, are markedly different ... ... trilobata genitals, stained with purple dye). Thats because for many years, studying the genitalia of lepidoptera (butterflies ...
GENITALS ETC indications, uses & symptoms from 12 cross linked materia medicas. Available 2C-30C, 200C, 4X-30X, 1M-10M ... Female. Female. vaginal discharge; between period. vaginal discharge; offensive smelling. vaginal discharge; thick ... Colocynthis - Genitals Etc symptoms Bitter Cucumber, Colocy, Colocynth, Coloc.. Available in 2C-30C, 200C, 4X-30X, 1M-10M from ... Genitals Etc. Cough Throat Chest Back And Neck Extremities, Limbs Skin Generalities Fever And Chill Relationships Expectoration ...
GENITALS ETC indications, uses & symptoms by T.F. Allen ... Female. (Metrorrhagia),. Leucorrhoea,. Menstruation seven days ... Cocculus Indicus - Genitals Etc symptoms - T.F. Allen Indian Cockle, Cocculus, Coccul, Cocc.. ... Filter Cocculus Indicus genitals etc symptoms:. , , Cocculus Indicus- main page Below are the main rubriks (i.e strongest ... Genitals relaxed in the night, with the prepuce drawn back behind the glans (after twelve hours), ...
Genitalia in male and female of any particular Lepidopteran species are adapted to fit each other like a lock (female) and key ... There are three basic configurations of genitalia in the majority of the Lepidoptera based on how the arrangement in females of ... While the layout of internal genital ducts and openings of the female genitalia depends upon the taxonomic group that insect ... The uniqueness of genitalia of a species led to the use of the morphological study of genitalia as one of the most important ...
Cariba josia youngi female genitalia dorsal/ventral from the collection of Guild of Natural Science Illustrators ...
The Lancashire Post is reporting a female patient between the ages of 15 and 25 was allegedly diagnosed with donovanosis in ... A rare sexually transmitted disease, which causes flesh eating ulcers to develop on a patients genitalia, is reportedly making ... Flesh eating STD causes genitals to rot away making the rounds by: Staff ... the painless disease causes progressive ulcerative lesions on the genitals or perineum, which are prone to heavy bleeding. ...
Learn how to become comfortable with your female genitalia 6/27/17 By: Jennifer Seip, LMFT, MA I have this memory of when I was ... bewelltherapygroup.org/2017/07/27/getting-comfortable-with-your-female-genitalia-4-things-you-can-do/,Getting Comfortable With ... bewelltherapygroup.org/2017/07/27/getting-comfortable-with-your-female-genitalia-4-things-you-can-do/embed/#?secret=JJVOv6WI4k ... width=600 height=400 title=“Getting Comfortable With Your Female Genitalia” — Be Well Therapy Group , ...
Why Women Are Still In A Long-Term Relationship With Magazines. Posted 1 week Ago. ... As well as this, Grant has smaller than average genitals; giving him something to compensate for, a completely removable spine ... Home » Clemenger Melbourne Applauds Meet Grant: The White Man With Small Genitals ...
GENITALS ETC. Genitals. Climacteric flushing.. Menses. Female; Menses delayed, or sudden cessation with congestion to head ... Glonoin - Genitals Etc symptoms - Boericke Nitro-glycerine, Spirits Glycerinus Nitrate, Glonoine, Glonoinum, Glon.. ... Filter Glonoin genitals etc symptoms:. , , Glonoin- main page Below are the main rubriks (i.e strongest indications or symptoms ... Materia Medica sources for Glonoin Genitals Etc. ✐ BoerickeT.F. AllenBoenninghausenHeringReversed & reworded Kent repertory ...
Ambiguous genitalia in an individual with XX genetic gender. ... Ambiguous genitalia, female. MedGen UID: 892752. •Concept ID: ... Evaluation of ambiguous genitalia.. Stambough K, Magistrado L, Perez-Milicua G. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2019 Oct;31(5):303-308 ... Recognition and assessment of atypical and ambiguous genitalia in the newborn.. Davies JH, Cheetham T. Arch Dis Child 2017 Oct; ... Clinical practice guidelines for the care of girls and women with Turner syndrome: proceedings from the 2016 Cincinnati ...
"How women passionate about Jesus." This was one of the Google searches that brought some lucky fella (or gal, I suppose) to my ... Eg: "female pirate whipping". Not sure whose doing the whipping on that one… Now that you mention it, maybe I should include ... Surprisingly, I dont really know how meth works on your genitals. Please stop asking me.. August 26, 2010. in blogging about ... 141 thoughts on "Surprisingly, I dont really know how meth works on your genitals. Please stop asking me." Read comments below ...
Female genitalia, in situ, external vulva shown. Instruments possibly used to examine the vagina shown. Female figure, anterior ... Genitalia, Female. Vulva. Part of Book De dissectione partium corporis humani libri tres, a Carolo Stephano, doctore medico, ... Vna cum figuris, & incisionum declarationibus, a Stephano Riuerio chirurgo co[m]positis. » Female genitalia ...
Re: Trans woman loses case to have her genitalia waxed « Reply #15 on: October 27, 2019, 12:57:55 am » ... Author Topic: Trans woman loses case to have her genitalia waxed (Read 3718 times) ... Many of the women she was creeping on were underage at the time. And she tried to host a underage topless pool party.. ... Yaniv is racist and the BCHRT concluded she targeted immigrant women in particular in her complaints. Shes also a pedophile. ...
... encourages or participates in the mutilation of the genitalia of a female child;… ... encourages or participates in the mutilation of the genitalia of a female child; or. (b). Removes a female child from this ... "Mutilates the genitalia of a female child" means the removal or infibulation in whole or in part of the clitoris, vulva, labia ... Mutilation of genitalia of female child: Penalties 200.5085. Use of nonmedical remedial treatment. ...
External Genitals. Vulva The external female genitalia is referred to as vulva. It consists of the labia majora and labia ... Both sexes have gonads: in females, the gonads are the ovaries. The female gonads produce female gametes (eggs); the male ... The term "vagina" is often improperly used as a generic term to refer to the vulva or female genitals, even though - strictly ... In women who have not had a vaginal birth the external os appears as a small, circular opening. In women who have had a vaginal ...
Football star and F1 drivers father forget their respective cars while woman attacks fishermen with fish ... A woman who said she wanted to urinate on ice has allegedly attacked two ice fishermen in Michigan with fish. ... A Saudi man used a hot iron to burn the genitals of his little son to stop his involuntary urination while asleep, a newspaper ... The 29-year-old woman who approached the two men in their twenties who were fishing with the request to turn their heads away ...
Text; Format: print Publication details: Genève : IOrganisation mondiale de la Santé, 2001Title translated: Female genital ... Text; Format: print Publication details: Genève : Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2001Title translated: Female genital ... Text; Format: print Publication details: Genève : Organisation mondiale de la Santé, 2001Title translated: Female genital ... Cutting the rose : female genital mutilation : the practice and its prevention / by Efua Dorkenoo. by Dorkenoo, Efua , Minority ...
Ambiguous genitalia is a birth defect where the outer genitals do not have the typical appearance of either a boy or a girl. ... Ambiguous genitalia is a birth defect where the outer genitals do not have the typical appearance of either a boy or a girl. ... The male and female reproductive organs and genitals both come from the same tissue in the fetus. Ambiguous genitalia can ... This is because it is easier for a surgeon to make female genitalia than it is to make male genitalia. Therefore, sometimes ...
Icon News 15 Year Sentence For Woman Who Chopped Husbands Genitals GENERAL - Woman, Chopped, Husband, Genitals Icon News ... The woman tried to escape, but the villagers caught her and wanted to kill her but she was rescued by the village chied , who ... In the womans defense , she said the attack was unintencious and she blamed it all on her mental illness she suffers from. ... Mr Gesora sentenced the woman to a prison term of 15 years but explained to her she had a right to appeal within 14 days. ...
Genitals. Female; Boring pain in ovary. must draw up double, with great restlessness ... Mind Vertigo, Dizziness Head Eyes Ears Nose Face Mouth Modalities Etc Abdomen Rectum, Anus, Stool Genitals Etc Cough Throat ... Women with copious menstruation, and of sedentary habits. Persons with a tendency to corpulency. The neuralgic pains are nearly ...
The Witcher 3s next-gen update features detailed and unintended female genitalia No beating around the bush about it. ... Most females in The Witcher 3 are a bit modest down there, tending to cover Aunt Mary with panties or lingerie that looks ... In the unmodded game, not all females are shown full frontal. If they are, only a non-descript area lacking any features is ... But players werent expecting, was realistic and detailed female anatomy down south. ...
Genitals. Vaginal yeast infections affect nearly 75% of women. Male partners may develop balanitis or balanoposthitis. ... Vaginal candidal infections occur in approximately 75% of women, and 40-50% of women experience recurrence. Approximately 2-5% ... Vaginal candidosis is a frequent problem among women and adolescent girls. No gender predilection is noted in other forms of ...
Your genitalia may be a lot more sensitive. Due to hormonal changes, some women find their sexual appetites turn voracious. ... Many women note a decrease in interest, comfort, and desire in the third trimester, according to several studies. And while ... She notes, "Some women may [even] have orgasms for the first time during pregnancy because of blood flow and hormones." ... S]ome couples have sex up until the woman goes into labor," Buehler says. "Unless there is a medical reason or one or both ...
  • The oviducts of the female join together to form a common duct (called the 'oviductus communis') which leads to the vagina. (wikipedia.org)
  • Genital Birth Defects Birth defects of the genitals can involve the penis, scrotum, or testes (testicles) in boys and the vagina and labia in girls. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Female genitalia, in situ, external vulva shown. (utoronto.ca)
  • Mutilates the genitalia of a female child" means the removal or infibulation in whole or in part of the clitoris, vulva, labia major or labia minor for nonmedical purposes. (public.law)
  • The uniqueness of genitalia of a species led to the use of the morphological study of genitalia as one of the most important keys in taxonomic identification of taxa below family level. (wikipedia.org)
  • Morphological studies were conducted on male and female genitalia of Myrmecaelurus acerbus (Walker, 1853) using light microscopy as well as scanning electron microscopy. (recordsofzsi.com)
  • The exoskeleton of the male genitalic region in archaeognatha with hypotheses on the early evolution and the morphological interpretation of genitalia in insects, Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny, 76(2), 235-294. (recordsofzsi.com)
  • In our study we observed some alterations in biometry of the external genitalia in anencephalic fetuses , with a pattern of morphological reduction in this group. (bvsalud.org)
  • A small penis (less than 2 to 3 centimeters, or 3/4 to 1 1/4 inches) that looks like an enlarged clitoris (the clitoris of a newborn female is normally somewhat enlarged at birth). (medlineplus.gov)
  • This chapter describes the different parts of the female reproductive system: the organs involved in the process of reproduction, hormones that regulate a woman's body, the menstrual cycle, ovulation and pregnancy, the female's role in genetic division, birth control, sexually transmitted diseases and other diseases and disorders. (wikibooks.org)
  • How low have standards for our major shopping centres sunk when Ad Standards is evaluating an advertisement based on the visibility of a woman's genitals? (collectiveshout.org)
  • The Panel considered that the cut and lines of the bodysuit in the advertisement would draw the viewer's eyes towards the woman's genitals. (collectiveshout.org)
  • The Panel noted that the bodysuit featured a very high-cut brief and that the fabric covering the woman's genitals was sheer. (collectiveshout.org)
  • That's because for many years, studying the genitalia of lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) has been "the best indicator to diagnose a species," de Prins said. (livescience.com)
  • The study of the genitalia of Lepidoptera is important for Lepidoptera taxonomy in addition to development, anatomy and natural history. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lepidoptera have some of the most complex genital structures in the insect groups with a wide variety of complex spines, setae, scales and tufts in males, claspers of different shapes and different modifications of the ductus bursae in females. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are three basic configurations of genitalia in the majority of the Lepidoptera based on how the arrangement in females of openings for copulation, fertilisation and egg-laying has evolved: Exoporian : Hepialidae and related families have an external groove that carries sperm from the copulatory opening (gonopore) to the (ovipore) and are termed Exoporian. (wikipedia.org)
  • Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lepidoptera genitalia. (wikipedia.org)
  • While the layout of internal genital ducts and openings of the female genitalia depends upon the taxonomic group that insect belongs to, the internal female reproductive system of all Lepidopterans consists of paired ovaries and accessory glands which produce the yolks and shells of the eggs. (wikipedia.org)
  • The female reproductive system is a complicated but fascinating subject. (medscape.com)
  • The male and female reproductive organs and genitals both come from the same tissue in the fetus. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Miscarriages may occur because of a problem in the fetus (such as a genetic disorder or birth defect) or in the woman (such. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Stillbirth may result from a problem in the woman, placenta, or fetus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the painless disease causes progressive ulcerative lesions on the genitals or perineum, which are prone to heavy bleeding. (mystateline.com)
  • It can be located as low as the perineum, further making the infant appear to be female. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ambiguous genitalia is a birth defect where the outer genitals do not have the typical appearance of either a boy or a girl. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ambiguous genitalia can develop if the process that causes this fetal tissue to become "male" or "female" is disrupted. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Undescended testicles commonly occur with ambiguous genitalia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • With a few exceptions, ambiguous genitalia is most often not life-threatening. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Sometimes the genitals are ambiguous, that is, not clearly female. (msdmanuals.com)
  • When a young woman reaches puberty around age 10 to 13, a promary oocyte is discharged from one of the ovaries every 28 days. (wikibooks.org)
  • Anatomical knowledge in relation to the female genitalia in adolescent girls. (bvsalud.org)
  • Interchangeable male and female genitalia allow for complete urinary catheterization. (laerdal.com)
  • The new moths were identified partially due to de Prins' examination of the bugs' genitals (pictured: male U. trilobata genitals, stained with purple dye). (livescience.com)
  • The females of some moths have a scent-emitting organ located at the tip of the abdomen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vaginal candidosis is a frequent problem among women and adolescent girls. (medscape.com)
  • Morphology of female external genitalia in Phenes raptor (Odonata: Petaluridae), International Journal of Odonatology, 14(3), 199-215. (recordsofzsi.com)
  • This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Wang, Zong-Qing (2017): Preliminary molecular phylogeny of beetle cockroaches (Diploptera) and notes on male and female genitalia (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae). (gbif.org)
  • Wang, Zong-Qing (2017): Preliminary molecular phylogeny of beetle cockroaches (Diploptera) and notes on male and female genitalia (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Diplopterinae). (gbif.org)
  • Genitalia in male and female of any particular Lepidopteran species are adapted to fit each other like a lock (female) and key (male). (wikipedia.org)
  • The reproductive systems of the male and female have some basic similarities and some specialized differences. (wikibooks.org)
  • The child may have parts of both male and female genitals. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Male and female genitalia and the larval stage are figured. (bioone.org)
  • Detailed descriptions of the genitalia of both male and female have been given. (recordsofzsi.com)
  • AGD and other biometric parameters of external female genitalia are important as ultrasonographic markers that can determine fetal gender in the first trimester . (bvsalud.org)
  • The fetuses were placed in the classic lithotomy position and before the fetal dissection , the external female genitalia were photographed with a digital camera. (bvsalud.org)
  • Female insects have a system of receptacles and ducts in which sperm is received, transported and stored. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because of these abnormalities , the external genitalia may not look clearly male or clearly female. (nih.gov)
  • Abnormalities of external genitalia are seen less often in affected females. (nih.gov)
  • Affected individuals may have external genitalia that do not look clearly male or clearly female or other abnormalities of the genitals and reproductive organs. (nih.gov)
  • Are anogenital distance and external female genitalia development changed in neural tube defects? (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of this study was to compare the biometric parameters of external female genitalia in fetuses with anencephaly and compare it to the parameters of normocephalic fetuses at different gestational ages . (bvsalud.org)
  • This article is the first to report the female external genitalia parameters in fetuses with anencephaly . (bvsalud.org)
  • Anencephalic fetuses had some alterations in external genitalia development, but the anogenital distances did vary significantly between the groups. (bvsalud.org)
  • Female genital mutilation comprises all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons. (who.int)
  • Type III - excision of part or all of the external genitalia and stitching/narrowing of the vaginal opening (infibulation). (who.int)
  • The female reproductive organs can be subdivided into the internal and external genitalia (see the images below). (medscape.com)
  • The external genitalia lie outside the true pelvis. (medscape.com)
  • Cross-sectional diagram of the female reproductive organs. (wikibooks.org)
  • Functional morphologic changes in female sex organs induced by exogenous hormones / edited by Gisela Dallenbach-Hellweg. (who.int)
  • The internal genitalia are those organs that are within the true pelvis. (medscape.com)
  • Female reproductive organs, anterior view. (medscape.com)
  • Female reproductive organs, sagittal section. (medscape.com)
  • Among cisgender women with available data, 73% reported sexual activity or close intimate contact as the likely route of exposure, with mpox lesions most frequently reported on the legs, arms, and genitals. (cdc.gov)
  • Every year in the U.S., more than 300,000 women endure invasive testing and treatment for changes in the cells (lesions) on the cervix that can develop into cancers. (cdc.gov)
  • Others may find their pelvic floor muscles too tight (as genitalia can also become more sensitive), making penetrative sex downright uncomfortable. (healthline.com)
  • A female urethra ranges in length from 3.5 to 5.0 cm. (medscape.com)
  • Cutting the rose : female genital mutilation : the practice and its prevention / by Efua Dorkenoo. (who.int)
  • The Panel noted the advice in the practice note that images of genitalia are not acceptable in advertisements, and considered that the advertisement did not treat the issue of nudity with sensitivity to the relevant audience. (collectiveshout.org)
  • The practice causes severe pain and has several immediate and long-term health consequences, including an increased risk of maternal morbidity and an increased perinatal mortality rate among babies born to women who have undergone the practice. (who.int)
  • Following the adoption of resolution WHA47.10 by the Health Assembly in 1994, on traditional practices (including female genital mutilation) harmful to the health of women and children, the Secretariat has provided increased technical support to Member States for preventing the practice and managing its consequences. (who.int)
  • Such support has included the elaboration and dissemination of a series of 1 Extrapolated from estimates that 92 million girls and women currently aged 10 and over have undergone the practice in Africa. (who.int)
  • The results of a WHO study in six African countries on the obstetric sequelae of female genital mutilation1 showed that deliveries among women who had undergone the practice (compared with deliveries among women who had not) were significantly more likely to be complicated by caesarean section, post-partum haemorrhage, episiotomies and prolonged stay in hospital. (who.int)
  • WHO's ongoing support for research on female genital mutilation includes assessments of how community-based interventions that are successful can be replicated elsewhere, of the elements in decision-making that contribute to continuation or abandonment of the practice, and of the role played by perceptions of women's sexuality in the continuation of the practice. (who.int)
  • They vary in size and distribution from female to female, and the size is dependent upon adipose content. (medscape.com)
  • Puberty can be incomplete or delayed in affected males and females. (nih.gov)
  • A woman who said she wanted to urinate on ice has allegedly attacked two ice fishermen in Michigan with fish. (emirates247.com)
  • The 29-year-old woman who approached the two men in their twenties who were fishing with the request to turn their heads away since she wanted to urinate was actually using the opportunity to attack them, police said. (emirates247.com)
  • It involves removing and damaging healthy and normal female genital tissue, and hence interferes with the natural functioning of girls' and women's bodies. (who.int)
  • These may be debilitating and may also involve the genitalia of both men and women. (medscape.com)
  • Experienced taxonomists can match males and females of the same species simply by looking at how their private parts fit together, since each species has evolved a different "lock and key" mechanism, with males serving as the "key" and females as the "lock. (livescience.com)
  • The Mobile Examination Center (MEC) interview section on sexual behavior (variable name prefix SXQ) provides information on lifetime and current sexual behavior for both males and females. (cdc.gov)
  • 1.19% in males and 0.76% in females). (who.int)
  • The genitalia are attached onto the tenth or most distal segment of the abdomen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Butterflies of the Parnassinae (Family Papilionidae) and some Acraeini (Family Nymphalidae) add a post-copulatory plug, called the sphragis, to the abdomen of the female after copulation preventing her from mating again. (wikipedia.org)
  • Female genital mutilation has been documented in 28 countries in Africa and in several countries in Asia and the Middle East. (who.int)
  • Although no prevalence data are available, there is evidence of increasing numbers of girls and women living outside their place of origin, including in North America and western Europe, who have undergone or may undergo female genital mutilation in their host country. (who.int)
  • Over the past two or three decades, local, national and international actors have significantly increased their efforts to eliminate female genital mutilation, and have made progress on several fronts. (who.int)
  • Advocacy at the international level has created a momentum suggesting that it is possible to significantly reduce the prevalence of female genital mutilation within one generation. (who.int)
  • The Secretariat intends, over the next few years, to evaluate the economic costs of female genital mutilation, both immediate medical costs and long-term costs of morbidities and psychological consequences. (who.int)
  • It plans to develop web-based and other audiovisual media for the training of health professionals to prevent female genital mutilation where possible, and to successfully manage its health consequences in women, girls and newborn babies. (who.int)
  • But players weren't expecting, was realistic and detailed female anatomy down south. (cdcity.org)
  • If a woman comes to see me reporting that she can't have an orgasm, part of it is education and understanding the anatomy and physiology. (medscape.com)
  • Vaginal yeast infections affect nearly 75% of women. (medscape.com)
  • Vaginal candidal infections occur in approximately 75% of women, and 40-50% of women experience recurrence. (medscape.com)
  • While HSV-1 only accounts for around 30 percent of genital herpes infections overall, many research teams are finding that HSV-1 is the predominant cause of genital herpes in some countries (such as Sweden ) and in some U.S. populations, especially of younger females. (plannedparenthoodaction.org)
  • This trend, in which HSV-1 infections in the genitals predominate over HSV-2, seems to be most common among younger people, women, and men who have sex with men. (plannedparenthoodaction.org)
  • Also, fewer young women are being diagnosed with cervical precancer caused by HPV infections. (cdc.gov)
  • It addresses the health conditions that are specific to or more prevalent in women, have severe consequences and imply certain risk factors. (who.int)
  • This continues until the woman reaches menopause, usually around the age of 50 years. (wikibooks.org)
  • Continued studies on mpox transmission risks in populations less commonly affected during the outbreak, including cisgender women and pregnant persons, are important to assess and understand the impact of mpox on sexual, reproductive, and overall health. (cdc.gov)
  • Genitalia analysis is a very old-fashioned technique, over 100 years old. (livescience.com)
  • On November 23, 2022, a mother of five has been sentenced to 15 years in prison for chopping off husbands genitals. (co.ke)
  • Mr Gesora sentenced the woman to a prison term of 15 years but explained to her she had a right to appeal within 14 days. (co.ke)
  • During May 11-November 7, 2022, CDC and U.S. jurisdictional health departments identified mpox in 769 cisgender women aged ≥15 years, representing 2.7% of all reported mpox cases. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC analyzed case report data for probable or confirmed †† cases among cisgender women aged ≥15 years and pregnant persons during May 11-November 7, 2022. (cdc.gov)
  • We have been working with the woman for years at this trading centre and we thought she was a genuinely good person but she has been having arguments with her husband in public," one of the eyewitnesses said. (co.ke)
  • Responses to SXD031 (age at first sexual intercourse), SXD633 (age first performed oral sex on a woman), and SXD621 (age when first had oral sex) that were 9 years or less were grouped and coded as "9 years or younger. (cdc.gov)
  • The various stages in the life of a woman range from infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood to the post- reproductive years. (who.int)
  • Especially in savanna areas, a lot of species have the same wing pattern, but genitalia are like lock and key," she said. (livescience.com)
  • The genitalia are complex and provide the basis for species discrimination in most families and also in family identification. (wikipedia.org)
  • These presumably meet the function of convincing the female that she is mating with a male of the correct species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Yaniv is racist and the BCHRT concluded she targeted immigrant women in particular in her complaints. (fstdt.net)
  • Lack of production of certain hormones can cause the embryo to develop with a female body type, regardless of genetic sex. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Women who have orgasms during pregnancy benefit from calming hormones and increased cardiovascular blood flow, and those benefits get passed down to baby, notes Aleece Fosnight , a physician assistant and sex counselor in urology, women's health, and sexual medicine. (healthline.com)
  • She notes, "Some women may [even] have orgasms for the first time during pregnancy because of blood flow and hormones. (healthline.com)
  • Symbols and figures of male genitals also serve apotropiac functions, warding off evil and fending off aggression. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The folklore of Catalonia includes references to the ways in which female genitals can calm the sea. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Italians and people from India also believed in such apotropaic powers, and Russian folklore includes stories about how women exposing their genitals scared away bears. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Data from the ongoing monkeypox (mpox) outbreak on cases in cisgender women and in pregnancy are limited. (cdc.gov)
  • Continued monitoring of mpox risk in cisgender women and during pregnancy is critical to assessing the impacts of mpox on sexual, reproductive, and overall health and to better understand perinatal outcomes. (cdc.gov)
  • In the African Region, many women are subjected to sociocultural discrimination as well as harmful traditional practices (HTPs) such as female genital mutilation4 (FGM), food taboos, early and forced marriage and pregnancy. (who.int)
  • This produces a female body type, even if the genetic sex is male. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It has no health benefits and harms girls and women in many ways. (who.int)
  • It is estimated that between 100 million and 140 million girls and women worldwide1 have been subjected to type I, II or III procedures,2 and that about three million girls and women are at risk of undergoing one of these types every year in Africa. (who.int)
  • In the human reproductive process, two kinds of sex cells ( gametes), are involved: the male gamete (sperm), and the female gamete (egg or ovum). (wikibooks.org)
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus that infects both women and men. (cdc.gov)
  • This consists of health system responsiveness to the needs of women, education of the girl-child, quality health care, elimination of gender discrimination and harmful traditional practices, and an appreciation of the role of women in sustaining human life. (who.int)