Localization and properties of a silencing element near the mat3-M mating-type cassette of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. (1/643)

Transcription is repressed in a segment of Schizosaccharomyces pombe chromosome II that encompasses the mat2-P and mat3-M mating-type cassettes. Chromosomal deletion analysis revealed the presence of a repressor element within 500 bp of mat3-M. This element acted in synergy with the trans-acting factors Swi6, Clr1, Clr2, Clr3, and Clr4 and had several properties characteristic of silencers: it did not display promoter specificity, being able to silence not only the M mating-type genes but also the S. pombe ura4 and ade6 genes placed on the centromere-distal side of the mat3-M cassette; it could repress a gene when placed further than 2.6 kb from the promoter and it acted in both orientations, although with different efficiencies, the natural orientation repressing more stringently than the reverse. Following deletion of this element, two semistable states of expression of the mat3-M region were observed and these two states could interconvert. The deletion did not affect gene expression in the vicinity of the mat2-P cassette, 11 kb away from mat3-M. Conversely, deleting 1.5 kb on the centromere-proximal side of the mat2-P cassette, which was previously shown to partially derepress transcription around mat2-P, had no effect on gene expression near mat3-M. A double deletion removing the mat2-P and mat3-M repressor elements had the same effect as the single deletions on their respective cassettes when assayed in cells of the M mating type. These observations allow us to refine a model proposing that redundant pathways silence the mating type region of S. pombe.  (+info)

A genetic screen for ribosomal DNA silencing defects identifies multiple DNA replication and chromatin-modulating factors. (2/643)

Transcriptional silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae occurs at several genetic loci, including the ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Silencing at telomeres (telomere position effect [TPE]) and the cryptic mating-type loci (HML and HMR) depends on the silent information regulator genes, SIR1, SIR2, SIR3, and SIR4. However, silencing of polymerase II-transcribed reporter genes integrated within the rDNA locus (rDNA silencing) requires only SIR2. The mechanism of rDNA silencing is therefore distinct from TPE and HM silencing. Few genes other than SIR2 have so far been linked to the rDNA silencing process. To identify additional non-Sir factors that affect rDNA silencing, we performed a genetic screen designed to isolate mutations which alter the expression of reporter genes integrated within the rDNA. We isolated two classes of mutants: those with a loss of rDNA silencing (lrs) phenotype and those with an increased rDNA silencing (irs) phenotype. Using transposon mutagenesis, lrs mutants were found in 11 different genes, and irs mutants were found in 22 different genes. Surprisingly, we did not isolate any genes involved in rRNA transcription. Instead, multiple genes associated with DNA replication and modulation of chromatin structure were isolated. We describe these two gene classes, and two previously uncharacterized genes, LRS4 and IRS4. Further characterization of the lrs and irs mutants revealed that many had alterations in rDNA chromatin structure. Several lrs mutants, including those in the cdc17 and rfc1 genes, caused lengthened telomeres, consistent with the hypothesis that telomere length modulates rDNA silencing. Mutations in the HDB (RPD3) histone deacetylase complex paradoxically increased rDNA silencing by a SIR2-dependent, SIR3-independent mechanism. Mutations in rpd3 also restored mating competence selectively to sir3Delta MATalpha strains, suggesting restoration of silencing at HMR in a sir3 mutant background.  (+info)

A constitutively active G-protein-coupled receptor causes mating self-compatibility in the mushroom Coprinus. (3/643)

In the mushroom Coprinus cinereus, the multiallelic B mating type genes are predicted to encode a large family of seven-transmembrane domain receptors and CaaX-modified pheromones. We have shown that a single amino acid change Q229P in transmembrane domain VI of one receptor confers a self-compatible mating phenotype. Using a heterologous yeast assay, we have demonstrated that this C.cinereus pheromone receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor and that the Q229P mutation is constitutively activating. A C.cinereus pheromone precursor was processed to an active species specifically in yeast MATa cells and activated the co-expressed wild-type receptor. Yeast cells expressing the wild-type receptor were used to test the activity of synthetic peptides, enabling us to predict the structure of the mature C.cinereus pheromone and to show that the Q229P mutation does not compromise normal receptor function.  (+info)

Position effect variegation at the mating-type locus of fission yeast: a cis-acting element inhibits covariegated expression of genes in the silent and expressed domains. (4/643)

Schizosaccharomyces pombe switches its mating type by transposing a copy of unexpressed genes from the respective mat2 or mat3 cassettes to mat1. The donor cassettes are located in a silent domain that is separated from the expressed mat1 cassette by the L region. We monitored the expression of ade6 from sites in the L region and examined the relationship between the expression state at these sites and at sites within the silent domain. Results indicate that: (1) the silent domain extends into the L region, but repression is gradually alleviated with increasing distance from mat2, and overexpression of swi6 enhances PEV in the L region; (2) a transcriptionally active chromatin state, associated with reporter gene expression in the L region, spreads toward the silent domain; (3) a cis-acting element, located at the junction between the L region and mat2-P, ensures repression in the silent domain, regardless of the expression state in the L region; and (4) repression in mat1-P cells is less stringently controlled than in mat1-M cells. We discuss the functional organization of the mat region and genetic elements that ensure separation between repressed and derepressed domains.  (+info)

The divergence-homogenization duality in the evolution of the b1 mating type gene of Coprinus cinereus. (5/643)

The A mating type locus of the fungus Coprinus cinereus is a complex, multigenic locus which regulates compatibility and subsequent sexual development. Genes within the A locus such as the b1 gene studied here exhibit extreme sequence variation. In this work, we asked how b1 alleles have evolved high levels of variation and, at the same time, conserved function. We compared sequence variation in 17 alleles characterized as belonging to seven different compatibility classes. Comparison of sequence variation between representatives of these seven classes shows that different regions of the b1 gene have been subject to varying levels of substitution, recombination, and structural/functional constraints. The N-terminal region of the encoded protein, which has been previously demonstrated to govern self/nonself recognition, exhibited hypervariability with levels of amino acid identity as low as 41%. We used a novel analysis of neutral mutations accumulating in this gene to rule out the possibility that the N-terminal region is hypermutable. In contrast, the C-terminal region displayed heterogeneous levels of variation, with functional motifs being better conserved. In fact, there is a duality in the b1 gene between variability and conservation; recombination events have homogenized the C-terminal region, while recombination events are undetectable in the N-terminal region. The ability to regulate sexual development is maintained in all of the mating compatibility alleles studied, and these data suggest that some functional motifs may tolerate high levels of substitution.  (+info)

Role of yeast SIR genes and mating type in directing DNA double-strand breaks to homologous and non-homologous repair paths. (6/643)

Eukaryotes have acquired many mechanisms to repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) [1]. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, this damage can be repaired either by homologous recombination, which depends on the Rad52 protein, or by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), which depends on the proteins yKu70 and yKu80 [2] [3]. How do cells choose which repair pathway to use? Deletions of the SIR2, SIR3 and SIR4 genes - which are involved in transcriptional silencing at telomeres and HM mating-type loci (HMLalpha and HMRa) in yeast [4] - have been reported to reduce NHEJ as severely as deletions of genes encoding Ku proteins [5]. Here, we report that the effect of deleting SIR genes is largely attributable to derepression of silent mating-type genes, although Sir proteins do play a minor role in end-joining. When DSBs were made on chromosomes in haploid cells that retain their mating type, sir Delta mutants reduced the frequency of NHEJ by twofold or threefold, although plasmid end-joining was not affected. In diploid cells, sir mutants showed a twofold reduction in the frequency of NHEJ in two assays. Mating type also regulated the efficiency of DSB-induced homologous recombination. In MATa/MATalpha diploid cells, a DSB induced by HO endonuclease was repaired 98% of the time by gene conversion with the homologous chromosome, whereas in diploid cells with an alpha mating type (matDelta/MATalpha) repair succeeded only 82% of the time. Mating-type regulation of genes specific to haploid or diploid cells plays a key role in determining which pathways are used to repair DSBs.  (+info)

Activation of silent replication origins at autonomously replicating sequence elements near the HML locus in budding yeast. (7/643)

In the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, replicators can function outside the chromosome as autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) elements; however, within chromosome III, certain ARSs near the transcriptionally silent HML locus show no replication origin activity. Two of these ARSs comprise the transcriptional silencers E (ARS301) and I (ARS302). Another, ARS303, resides between HML and the CHA1 gene, and its function is not known. Here we further localized and characterized ARS303 and in the process discovered a new ARS, ARS320. Both ARS303 and ARS320 are competent as chromosomal replication origins since origin activity was seen when they were inserted at a different position in chromosome III. However, at their native locations, where the two ARSs are in a cluster with ARS302, the I silencer, no replication origin activity was detected regardless of yeast mating type, special growth conditions that induce the transcriptionally repressed CHA1 gene, trans-acting mutations that abrogate transcriptional silencing at HML (sir3, orc5), or cis-acting mutations that delete the E and I silencers containing ARS elements. These results suggest that, for the HML ARS cluster (ARS303, ARS320, and ARS302), inactivity of origins is independent of local transcriptional silencing, even though origins and silencers share key cis- and trans-acting components. Surprisingly, deletion of active replication origins located 25 kb (ORI305) and 59 kb (ORI306) away led to detection of replication origin function at the HML ARS cluster, as well as at ARS301, the E silencer. Thus, replication origin silencing at HML ARSs is mediated by active replication origins residing at long distances from HML in the chromosome. The distal active origins are known to fire early in S phase, and we propose that their inactivation delays replication fork arrival at HML, providing additional time for HML ARSs to fire as origins.  (+info)

Identification of a mating type-like locus in the asexual pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. (8/643)

Candida albicans, the most prevalent fungal pathogen in humans, is thought to lack a sexual cycle. A set of C. albicans genes has been identified that corresponds to the master sexual cycle regulators a1, alpha1, and alpha2 of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating-type (MAT) locus. The C. albicans genes are arranged in a way that suggests that these genes are part of a mating type-like locus that is similar to the mating-type loci of other fungi. In addition to the transcriptional regulators a1, alpha1, and alpha2, the C. albicans mating type-like locus contains several genes not seen in other fungal MAT loci, including those encoding proteins similar to poly(A) polymerases, oxysterol binding proteins, and phosphatidylinositol kinases.  (+info)

Turgeon, B.G.; Yoder, O.C. (2000). "Proposed Nomenclature for Mating Type Genes of Filamentous Ascomycetes". Fungal Genetics ... a and α mating types) Schizophyllum commune (23,328 mating types) Tetrahymena (7 mating types) "mating type". Oxford Reference ... the plus mating type is the ancestor to female. In ciliates multiple mating types evolved from binary mating types in several ... In 2006 Japanese researchers found a gene in males of P. starrii that's an orthologue to a gene for a mating type in C. ...
1992). "Fungal mating type genes - regulators of sexual development". Mycological Research. 96 (12): 993-1006. doi:10.1016/ ... Casselton's profile on Debrett's Lorna Casselton obituary: Researcher into the genetic basis of fungal mating, The Guardian, 31 ... Using elegant genetic and molecular techniques with different genetic stocks including gene deletions and gene fusions, she has ... in particular of the incompatibility mating type factors, A and B. She made diploids which she used to demonstrate for the ...
Turgeon, B. Gillian (1998). "Application of Mating Type Gene Technology to Problems in Fungal Biology". Annual Review of ... Mating in fungi is a complex process governed by mating types. Research on fungal mating has focused on several model species ... Mating of yeast Mating type Mating-type region Neurospora crassa Dioecy § In mycology Fungus § Reproduction Nieuwenhuis, Bart P ... which has more than 240 A and B mating types, each, and S. commune, which has more than 339 A mating types and 64 B mating ...
Proposed nomenclature for mating type genes of filamentous Ascomycetes. Fungal Genetics and Biology 31:1-5 Leonard KJ, Levy Y, ... A single mating-type locus was identified the next year The mating-type locus of S. turcica follows the same naming convention ... Instead, two isolates with complementary mating type genes are required for sexual reproduction. The "perfect stage" (sexual ... while genes Ht2 and/or Ht3 do. In contrast, genes Ht2 and HtN do not confer resistance against a Race 2N isolate, while gene ...
"Characterization and population analysis of the mating-type genes in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus". Fungal ... the presence of single mating genes MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 in different strains of the fungus suggests it has a heterothallic mating ... Fungal spores can be distributed with the wind as well as through moist soil via contact with nuts and kernels, and can survive ... The numbers refer to the type of compound with 1 being major and 2 being minor. These aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins ...
Mating-type genes and the genetic structure of a world-wide collection of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. Fungal Genet ... the discovery of mating type genes indicated a capability for sexual reproduction. These mating type genes have high similarity ... Cladosporium fulvum-Tomato Pathosystem: Fungal Infection Strategy and Plant Responses Bilal ¨Okmen and Pierre J. G. M. de Wit ... to homologous genes in other ascomycete fungi. The disease management or control can be divided into two main groups: disease ...
Nakayama N, Miyajima A, Arai K (1985). "Nucleotide sequences of STE2 and STE3, cell type-specific sterile genes from ... Fungal pheromone mating factor receptors form a distinct family of G-protein-coupled receptors. Mating factor receptors STE2 ... structural properties deduced from the sequence of the STE2 gene". Nucleic Acids Res. 13 (23): 8463-8475. doi:10.1093/nar/13.23 ... and STE3 are integral membrane proteins that may be involved in the response to mating factors on the cell membrane. The amino ...
This finding was based, in part, on evidence for functional mating type (MAT) genes that are involved in fungal sexual ... "Sexual reproduction and mating-type-mediated strain development in the penicillin-producing fungus Penicillium chrysogenum". ... Although many eukaryotes are able to reproduce sexually, as much as 20% of fungal species had been thought to reproduce ... A British study determined that Aspergillus- and Penicillium-type spores were the most prevalent in the indoor air of ...
... genes, fungal MeSH G14.340.024.340.320.089 - genes, mating type, fungal MeSH G14.340.024.340.328 - genes, helminth MeSH G14.340 ... genes, fungal MeSH G14.340.325.500.089 - genes, mating type, fungal MeSH G14.340.337.500 - genes, helminth MeSH G14.340.357.500 ... genes, nef MeSH G14.340.400.500.667 - genes, pol MeSH G14.340.400.500.735 - genes, px MeSH G14.340.400.500.775 - genes, rev ... genes, vif MeSH G14.340.024.340.470.578 - genes, vpr MeSH G14.340.024.340.470.580 - genes, vpu MeSH G14.340.024.340.495 - genes ...
... or mating type. This system prevents self-fertilization and ensures a high degree of genotypic diversity. When the fungal ... Mycena aurantiomarginata uses a tetrapolar mating system, whereby genes at two different locations on the chromosomes regulate ... 1997). "Mating systems in Hymenomycetes: New reports and taxonomic implications". Mycotaxon. 63: 225-59. Konrad P. (1931). " ... Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F (1991). Fungi of Switzerland: A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Fungal Flora of Switzerland : ...
Halary S, Daubois L, Terrat Y, Ellenberger S, Wöstemeyer J, Hijri M (2013). "Mating type gene homologues and putative sex ... Simon, L.; Lalonde, M.; Bruns, T.D. (1992). "Specific Amplification of 18S Fungal Ribosomal Genes from Vesicular-Arbuscular ... The first mycorrhizal gene to be sequenced was the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA). This gene is highly conserved and ... The process is regulated by specialized chemical signaling and by changes in gene expression of both the host and AM fungi. ...
In addition, mating type gene homologues and a putative sex hormone-sensing pathway were detected in these fungi. Based on ... Sanders IR (November 2011). "Fungal sex: meiosis machinery in ancient symbiotic fungi". Curr. Biol. 21 (21): R896-7. doi: ... Halary S, Daubois L, Terrat Y, Ellenberger S, Wöstemeyer J, Hijri M (2013). "Mating type gene homologues and putative sex ... In particular, these species have seven genes that encode proteins whose only known function is in meiosis, including Dmc1 that ...
Kothe, Erika (1999). "Mating types and pheromone recognition in the homobasidiomycete Schizophyllum commune". Fungal Genetics ... 1991-08-01). "Hydrophobin Genes Involved in Formation of Aerial Hyphae and Fruit Bodies in Schizophyllum". The Plant Cell. 3 (8 ... Each locus codes for a mating type (a or b) and each type is multi-allelic: the A locus has 9 alleles for the a type and an ... While all mating types can initially fuse with any other mating type, a fertile fruitbody and subsequent spores will result ...
... fungal mating types, fungal vegetative incompatibility, plant self-incompatibility systems, colonial marine invertebrates (such ... As a general rule, rejection is mediated by the gene products of highly variable loci, which must match (or nearly match) ... Lymphocyte-like cells in these fish express highly variable lymphocyte receptor genes, which undergo somatic rearrangements ... Fraser JA, Heitman J (2004). "Evolution of fungal sex chromosomes". Molecular Microbiology. 51 (2): 299-306. CiteSeerX 10.1. ...
Wang, Qun; Wang, Shi; Xiong, Chen Lin; James, Timothy Y.; Zhang, Xiu Guo (11 August 2017). "Mating-type genes of the anamorphic ... Noble, J.A.; Crow, S.A.; Ahearn, D.G.; Kuhn, F.A. (January 1997). "Allergic fungal sinusitis in the southeastern USA: ... Although it is an asexual fungus, U. botrytis possesses the mating type locus, which consists of two dissimilar DNA sequences ... At the time, the name of the genus and the species type was published as a nomen nudum due to insufficient description. ...
"Characterization and distribution of mating type genes in the Dothistroma needle blight pathogens." Phytopathology 97, no. 7 ( ... "The genomes of the fungal plant pathogens Cladosporium fulvum and Dothistroma septosporum reveal adaptation to different hosts ... "Dothistroma pini, a forest pathogen, contains homologs of aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway genes." Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, ...
... capsulatum has two mating types, "+" and "-". The great majority of North American isolates belongs to a single genetic type, ... Global fungal diseases > Preventing Deaths from Histoplasmosis. Untereiner, W.A.; Scott, J.A.; Naveau, F.A.; Bachewich, J. ( ... but a study of multiple genes suggests a recombining, sexual population. A recent analysis has suggested that the prevalent ... Whether either of these conidial types is the principal infectious particle is unclear. They form on individual short stalks ...
Halary (2013). "Mating type gene homologues and putative sex pheromone-sensing pathway in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, a ... Fungal Diversity Press. Maia, L.C.; Kimbrough, J.W. (1998). "Ultrastructural Studies of Spores and Hypha of a Glomus Species". ... Glomus macrocarpum is one fungal species among many whose ability to enhance plant uptake of nutrients is being studied. ... Glomus macrocarpum is a vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus that forms associations with many different plant types. The ...
... haploid α-cells express α-genes and haploid a-cells express a-genes. Each cell type releases a unique pheromone: a- or α-factor ... When fungal hyphae touch, the cells merge to form a diploid zygote. Mating pairs of budding yeast cells may polarize away from ... "Cell-Type Specification and Mating-Type Conversion in Yeast". Molecular Cell Biology. 4th Edition. Arkowitz, Robert A. (August ... By secreting these factors a chemical gradient is formed that attracts the other type of yeast cell during mating. In order for ...
"Phylogeny and evolution of mating-type genes from Pyrenophora teres, the causal agent of barley "net blotch" disease". Current ... Fungal plant pathogens and diseases, Fungi described in 1923, All stub articles, Pleosporales stubs, Fungal plant disease stubs ... Index Fungorum USDA ARS Fungal Database v t e v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, ...
Studies conducted in parallel defined and illuminated evolution and function of fungal mating-type loci, illustrating parallels ... Cardenas ME, Cutler NS, Lorenz MC, Di Como CJ, Heitman J (December 1999). "The TOR signaling cascade regulates gene expression ... Lengeler KB, Fox DS, Fraser JA, Allen A, Forrester K, Dietrich FS, Heitman J (October 2002). "Mating-type locus of Cryptococcus ... Lin, X, Hull, CM, Heitman J (April 2005). "Sexual reproduction between partners of the same mating type in Cryptococcus ...
Horizontal and vertical gene transfer has occurred within and between fungal species of Cochliobolus and might be the reason ... Lu, C., et al., Identification of races and mating types of Cochliobolus carbonum from corn in the yunnan province in China. ... Fungal Diversity 51, 3-42. Jones, M.J. and L.D. Dunkle, Analysis of Cochliobolus carbonum races by PCR amplification with ... Gorlach, J.M., E. Van der Knaap, and J.D. Walton, Cloning and targeted disruption of MLG1, a gene encoding two of three ...
Despite the fact that no sexual life cycle has been documented for this species, C. glabrata strains of both mating types are ... One of them is the expression of a series of adhesins genes. These genes, which in C. glabrata are mostly encoded in the ... "Antifungal Resistance". Fungal Diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 22 June 2017. Bonnin, Alain; Vagner, Odile ... "The Asexual Yeast Candida glabrata Maintains Distinct a and α Haploid Mating Types". Eukaryotic Cell. 7 (5): 848-858. doi: ...
Paoletti M, Seymour FA, Alcocer MJ, Kaur N, Calvo AM, Archer DB, Dyer PS (August 2007). "Mating type and the genetic basis of ... Several ascomycete fungal species of the genus Cochliobolus (C. luttrellii, C. cymbopogonis, C. kusanoi and C. homomorphus) are ... Richard S, Almeida JM, Cissé OH, Luraschi A, Nielsen O, Pagni M, Hauser PM (February 2018). "Pneumocystis MAT Genes Suggest ... In yeast, heterothallic cells have mating types a and α. An experienced mother cell (one that has divided at least once) will ...
"Aspergillosis , Types of Fungal Diseases , Fungal Diseases , CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2021-05-10. Retrieved 2022-09-02. Asan A. ( ... Isolates of complementary mating types are required for sex to occur. A. flavus is the major producer of carcinogenic ... Khaldi N, Wolfe KH (August 2008). Gadagkar S (ed.). "Elusive origins of the extra genes in Aspergillus oryzae". PLOS ONE. 3 (8 ... Paoletti M, Seymour FA, Alcocer MJ, Kaur N, Calvo AM, Archer DB, Dyer PS (August 2007). "Mating type and the genetic basis of ...
... mating type idiomorphs". Phytopathology. 108 (7): 837-846. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-07-17-0233-R. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 29381450. ... Venturia effusa is a fungal pathogen of pecan trees (Carya illinoinensis), on which it causes pecan scab. The fungus is highly ... The 45 Mb genome comprises 20 chromosomes, ranging from 0.56 to 4.1 Mb, including approximately 10,800 genes. Young, Carolyn A ... Venturia effusa is a sexual species in the fungal genus Venturia. Venturia effusa was first described in 1885. ...
These insights are discussed further in the article Gene conversion. A mating between wild-type (dark brown) and mutant (tan) ... This response is likely mediated by a specific fungal receptor called the S. fimicola white collar-1 photoreceptor (SfWC-1). ... gene or vice versa. And so the phenomenon was termed "gene conversion." Gene conversion was first detected in S. fimicola in ... When a wild type (+) strain is mated with a mutant (m) strain, ordinarily each ascus will contain a pattern of four + and four ...
"Phylogeny and evolution of mating-type genes from Pyrenophora teres, the causal agent of barley "net blotch" disease". Current ... Fungal plant pathogens and diseases, Fungi described in 1971, All stub articles, Pleosporales stubs, Fungal plant disease stubs ... Fungal Authority Species Fungorum regards this form to be a synonym of Pyrenophora teres. Campbell, G. F.; Crous, P. W.; Lucas ... USDA ARS Fungal Database v t e v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Articles with ' ...
They have a tetrapolar mating system, meaning that there the mating type is controlled by 2 loci. Recently, the genome of L. ... 2002). Fungal gene expression in early symbiotic interactions between Laccaria bicolor and red pine. Plant and Soil 244: 117- ... The type species is Laccaria laccata, commonly known as the deceiver. Other notable species include L. bicolor, and the ... 2017). "Out of Asia: Biogeography of fungal populations reveals Asian origin of diversification of the Laccaria amethystina ...
... neoformans are mating type alpha. Filaments of mating type alpha have haploid nuclei ordinarily, but these can undergo a ... Fungal pathogens of humans, Animal fungal diseases, Fungal plant pathogens and diseases, Yeasts, Bird diseases, Fungi and ... Required for this process is a gene designated dmc1, a conserved homologue of genes recA in bacteria, and rad51 in eukaryotes ( ... "Sexual reproduction between partners of the same mating type in Cryptococcus neoformans". Nature. 434 (7036): 1017-1021. ...
Turgeon, B.G.; Yoder, O.C. (2000). "Proposed Nomenclature for Mating Type Genes of Filamentous Ascomycetes". Fungal Genetics ... a and α mating types) Schizophyllum commune (23,328 mating types) Tetrahymena (7 mating types) "mating type". Oxford Reference ... the plus mating type is the ancestor to female. In ciliates multiple mating types evolved from binary mating types in several ... In 2006 Japanese researchers found a gene in males of P. starrii thats an orthologue to a gene for a mating type in C. ...
Genes, Mating Type, Fungal. publications Timeline , Most Recent This graph shows the total number of publications written about ... "Genes, Fungal" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Genes, Fungal" was a major or minor topic of these ... "Genes, Fungal" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Genes, Fungal" by people in Profiles. ...
One-third of the 471 genes predicted to encode transcription factors are differentially expressed during sexual development of ... mushrooms than in the wild-type fungus. Antisense transcripts may also have a role in the formation of fruiting bodies. Better ... Comparative analyses of its 38.5-megabase genome, which encodes 13,210 predicted genes, reveal the speciess unique wood- ... report the sequence of the genetically tractable species Schizophyllum commune and identify genes involved in the formation of ...
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental * Gene Expression Regulation, Plant * Genes, Mating Type, Fungal ... One-third of the 471 genes predicted to encode transcription factors are differentially expressed during sexual development of ... Comparative analyses of its 38.5-megabase genome, which encodes 13,210 predicted genes, reveal the speciess unique wood- ... mushrooms than in the wild-type fungus. Antisense transcripts may also have a role in the formation of fruiting bodies. Better ...
... on the mating types in Botrytis cinerea. B. cinerea has two mating types and mating normally occur s in a heterothallic fashion ... of 100 fungal genomes on the evolution of their metabolic lifestyles identified that the genes involved in fungal metabolic ... Fungal symbiosis sessions looked at effector proteins and their involvement in fungal physiology and pathogenicity. It also ... fungal toxin production and other functions. Linking gene information with metabolite and phenotype data promises to identify ...
MeSH headings : Alternaria / genetics; Base Sequence; Discriminant Analysis; Genes, Mating Type, Fungal; Genetic Variation; ... Woodsmoke particulates alter expression of antiviral host response genes in human nasal epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV ... MeSH headings : Arabidopsis / metabolism; Arabidopsis Proteins / metabolism; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Mannitol ... Comparative Transcriptome Analysis to Identify Candidate Genes for FaRCg1 Conferring Resistance Against Colletotrichum ...
... delve into the structure and complexity of the fungal genome, and learn about genomic analysis methods. ... Mating Types and Sexual Reproduction. Reproduction in fungi is a complex interplay of genes, environmental cues, and chemical ... Understanding Fungal Sex: Mating Types Instead of Sexes. Instead of male and female genders, many fungi have mating types, ... These mating types determine compatibility during sexual reproduction. A fungus of one mating type can typically mate with a ...
Fungal Mating Type Gene Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology 16% * Nested Gene Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular ... such as mating type genes and the conserved zinc finger protein Rme1. We found that co-presence of mating type a1 and α2 genes ... such as mating type genes and the conserved zinc finger protein Rme1. We found that co-presence of mating type a1 and α2 genes ... such as mating type genes and the conserved zinc finger protein Rme1. We found that co-presence of mating type a1 and α2 genes ...
... a new copy of the silence mating type gene is made, the other one is removed from the mating type locus and the new type is ... Just like the fungal mating types, the plant self-incompatibility system provides an example of balancing selection in the ... This is due to the mating types. Individuals of the same mating type cannot mate with one another. The nuclei of most fungi are ... The mating-type locus B alpha 1 of Schizophyllum commune contains a pheromone receptor gene and putative pheromone genes. EMBO ...
Characterization of the mating-type genes in Leptographium procerum and Leptographium profanum Tuan A. Duong a, Z. Wilhelm de ... Fungal Genetics and Biology 2014, 62, 55-61. DOI:10.1016/j.fgb.2013.10.013 MAT gene idiomorphs suggest a heterothallic sexual ... The gene annotations used to classify the constrained elements contain nearly 40,000 genes, including RefSeq genes and gene ... of genes classified as known genes, 50% classified as having some similarity to known genes, and 90% of the genes not having ...
Efficient cloning of ascomycete mating type genes by PCR amplification of the conserved MAT HMG box. Fungal Genetics and ... Gene name. mating-type gene. Reference. Arie T, Christiansen SK, Yoder OC and Turgeon BG (1997) ... Kerényi Z, Zeller KA, Hornok L and Leslie JF (1999) Molecular standardization of mating type terminology in the Gibberella ...
2003;Shifting fungal reproductive mode by manipulation of mating type genes: obligatory heterothallism of Gibberella zeae. Mol ... Comparison of gene expression profiles between wild type and D-pcs1 revealed that pcs1 regulates genes involved in basic ... Fungal strains and media. The wild-type F. graminearum strain Z3639 (Bowden and Leslie, 1999) and mutants derived from it were ... Fungal Genet Biol 26:19-32. Hou Z, Xue C, Peng Y, Katan T, Kistler HC, Xu J-R. 2002;A mitogen-activated protein kinase gene ( ...
Genetic manipulations allowed analysis of changes in gene expression underlying pheromone signaling, cell cycle control, and ... Genome, Fungal * Lipoproteins / pharmacology * Lipoproteins / physiology * MAP Kinase Signaling System* * Mating Factor ... Publication types * Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt MeSH terms * Cell Cycle Proteins* ... Signaling and circuitry of multiple MAPK pathways revealed by a matrix of global gene expression profiles Science. 2000 Feb 4; ...
2016) and around mating-type genes in fungi and supergenes (Jay et al. 2021, Jay et al., 2022). ... 2022) analyse how linkage to a necessarily heterozygous fungal mating type locus influences the persistence/extinction time of ... Note, here, that the mating-type gene does not prevent selfing. The authors study the initial stochastic dynamics of the ... In a nutshell, high selfing or high intra-tetrad mating do increase the sheltering effect of the mating-type locus. In effect, ...
... about 1000 bp from the mating-type promoters. We demonstrate that one of these cis-acting sequences, HMRE, is able to switch ... The four SIR gene products are required in trans for repression of the silent loci, as are cis-acting sites on either side of ... Two other loci, HML and HMR, contain complete copies of the alpha and a genes, respectively, which are not expressed. ... The mating type of yeast is determined by the allele, either a or alpha, at the MAT locus. ...
The multifaceted role of mating type of the fungus and sex of the host in studies of fungal infections in humans. Journal of ... V: SCHMOLL, Monika (ur.). Gene expression systems in fungi : advancements and applications, (Fungal biology). Cham: Springer, ... Growing a circular economy with fungal biotechnology : a white paper. Fungal biology and biotechnology, 2020, 7:5-1-5-23, doi: ... Towards a fungal science that is independent of researchers gender. Journal of fungi, 2022, 8:1-17, doi: 10.3390/jof8070675 ...
Certain types of yeast can even switch their mating type. In the fungal world, the number of sexes depends on the species. ... In the experiment, Dyer and his colleagues paired strains with compatible mating genes and grew them with different light and ... Genetic analysis confirmed that genes had been sexually recombined.. In addition, the researchers discovered that the sex genes ... "The Joy of Fungal Sex: Penicillin Mold Can Reproduce Sexually, Which Could Lead to Better Antibiotics." Scientific American ...
The team didnt catch C. auris in the act, but they were able to analyze the fungal and mitochondrial genes in 1,285 strains of ... "So far, no evidence for mating and sexual reproduction have been reported in C. auris," the team writes in their new paper. ... We already know that a much more famous type of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (this is the yeast used in baking, winemaking, ... Although there are lots more we need to know about C. auris, looking deep at its genes to discover a sex life is a good place ...
... and mating group signaling. Innovation of mitochondria-localized proteins occurred widely during fungal transitions, indicating ... Our findings contribute to an increasingly detailed portrait of the gene families that define fungal phyla and underpin core ... We also find that prokaryote-derived horizontal gene transfer provided a small source of evolutionary novelty with such genes ... The overall picture is one of a relatively small number of novel genes appearing at major evolutionary transitions in the ...
... which encodes an endonuclease involved in initiating mating type interconversion, is expressed in mother cells but not in ... The SWI5 gene product was overproduced in yeast from the GAL1-10 promoter, since the SWI5 protein is made at very low levels in ... It has been demonstrated that the SWI5 gene, which is an activator of HO expression, plays a critical role in this differential ... In this paper we describe the cloning and sequencing of the SWI5 gene. The predicted amino acid sequence derived from the ...
... self-compatibility no matter mating type). Initiation of intimate reproduction is controlled by mating type genes and qualified ... Here we reveal candidate genes involved in fungal development and in the evolution of perithecia by comparisons of the gene ... self-incompatibility with specific mating types), pseudohomothallism (self-compatibility where combined mating types coexist in ... The determinant sequences for mating type, and varieties such as for example and and so are self-compatible generally, even ...
... variations in size at the transcribed spacer region of the 25S rRNA gene and tests for homozygosity at the mating type-like ( ... Reference strain SC5314 and a derived mutant, CAF2, gave identical MLST types. Heterozygous polymorphisms were found in at ... DNA fragments ( approximately 500 bp) of eight genes encoding housekeeping functions were sequenced, including four that have ... In total, 87 polymorphic sites were found among 50 notionally different isolates, giving 46 unique sequence types, underlining ...
These characteristics were restored when the ΔCmwc-1 strains were hybridized with wild-type strains of the opposite mating type ... A genome-wide expression analysis revealed that there were 1042 light-responsive genes in the wild-type strain and only 458 in ... The transcription factors involved in the fungal light reaction were mainly of the Zn2Cys6 type. CmWC-1 regulates ... Transcriptome analysis indicated the existence of 19 light-induced genes, including folE2, cfaB, litS, photolyase gene phrB2, ...
Yexuan Zhu reports on the new discovery of the fungal electrical language, followed by a re-examination of the biological ... The researchers grouped spikes within a defined time frame into fungal words. The average fungal word length appears to be ... Millions of years ago, the mutations that gave rise to Homo Sapiens from other human species, lie within the FOX2P gene, one ... Start typing to see results or hit ESC to close Oxford culture review Music news ...
Its mating type locus (MAT) contains more than 20 genes. Usually MAT-a and MAT-alpha cells are involved in mating. However same ... It is the most common cause of fungal meningoencephalitis in individuals with compromised cell-mediated immunity, especially in ... Most isolates are MAT-alpha type which is significantly more virulent than the MAT-a.There are four molecular types of ... Gene Ontology PFAM Domains KEGG KOG Secondary Metabolism Clusters CAZymes Peptidases Transporters Transcription Factors ...
and all showed moderate levels of gene and genotypic diversity. Chi-square tests of the frequencies of mating type alleles, a ... Further analysis indicated that fungal populations were more likely to have experienced a recent population expansion than a ... Multivariate logistic regression analysis was applied to detect the gene-gene interactions.\n\nResults: Neither the alleles nor ... which indicated significant gene-gene interactions between the TGF-beta 1 rs1800469 and the CD14 rs2563298 (adjusted OR = 8.23 ...
... have been used for measuring gene expression and identifying subsets of elm genes that are differentially expressed in the ... Until recently, however, functional analysis of the DED fungi was hampered by the lack of protocols for efficient gene knockout ... These analyses have also helped identify genes that were differentially expressed in DED fungi grown under defined experimental ... While the selective inactivation of Ophiostoma genes by insertional mutagenesis remains a challenge, an alternative approach ...
G5.360.340.358.840.500.360 Genes, Mating Type, Fungal G5.360.340.24.340.290.89 G5.360.340.24.340.364.500.89 G5.360.340.325. ... Fungal G5.360.340.24.340.290 G5.360.340.24.340.364.500 G5.360.340.325.500 G5.360.340.358.24.500 G5.360.340.358.365.500 Genes, ... Type I) Fatty Acid Synthetase Complex, Type II D5.500.562.437.500 D5.500.562.444 D8.811.600.317.500 D8.811.277.352.897.387.200 ... Type I D8.811.600.317.249 D8.811.277.352.897.387.100 D8.811.520.241.300.287.99 D8.811.641.758 D8.811.682.47.820.196.500.99 ...
G5.360.340.358.840.500.360 Genes, Mating Type, Fungal G5.360.340.24.340.290.89 G5.360.340.24.340.364.500.89 G5.360.340.325. ... Fungal G5.360.340.24.340.290 G5.360.340.24.340.364.500 G5.360.340.325.500 G5.360.340.358.24.500 G5.360.340.358.365.500 Genes, ... Type I) Fatty Acid Synthetase Complex, Type II D5.500.562.437.500 D5.500.562.444 D8.811.600.317.500 D8.811.277.352.897.387.200 ... Type I D8.811.600.317.249 D8.811.277.352.897.387.100 D8.811.520.241.300.287.99 D8.811.641.758 D8.811.682.47.820.196.500.99 ...
  • Comparative analyses of its 38.5-megabase genome, which encodes 13,210 predicted genes, reveal the species's unique wood-degrading machinery. (nature.com)
  • The session on genome evolution discussed the increase in available genome databases and how this information has identified genes involved in morphological and physiological processes. (bspp.org.uk)
  • The relatively large genome sizes were attributed mainly to proliferation of retrotransposons, which were found to be interspersed by a relatively small complement of genes. (bspp.org.uk)
  • The fungal genome can range from simple, streamlined sequences to more complex arrangements with a plethora of genes, introns, exons, and regulatory elements. (mycologyst.art)
  • With the advent of modern sequencing technologies, it's now possible to decode the entire genome of a fungal organism. (mycologyst.art)
  • Within the vast expanse of the fungal genome lie genes, which are sequences of DNA that code for proteins or functional RNA molecules. (mycologyst.art)
  • The genetic basis of mating in fungi is controlled by specific loci in their genome. (mycologyst.art)
  • A complete sequence of its genome displayed that the fungus still carried the genes necessary for sexual reproduction. (xantana.com)
  • The data (genome assembly and gene predictions) were obtained from GenBank (record PRJNA10698). (doe.gov)
  • Until recently, however, functional analysis of the DED fungi was hampered by the lack of protocols for efficient gene knockout and by the unavailability of a full genome sequence. (sisef.it)
  • The genetic model species Neurospora crassa has a sequenced 43 mb genome that contains 10,620 predicted genes - a complexity comparable to that of animal model systems such as Drosophila . (doe.gov)
  • In the 1960's, Japanese-American geneticist and evolutionary biologist Susumu Ohno proposed a theory in which the genes determining sex first arose at various spots scattered across the entire genome , but over time were "captured" on the sex chromosomes. (phys.org)
  • The researchers sequenced the entire genome of C. amylolentus , mapping the location of all the genes as well as the centromeres on each of the organism's 14 chromosomes. (phys.org)
  • Here we report a draft genome sequence of the G-type, and re-sequencing of the P-type for comparison. (pacb.com)
  • Complete genome sequence of Kosakonia oryzae type strain Ola 51(T). (pacb.com)
  • Our comprehensive analysis of the whole genome of F. equiseti provides basic data for studies of gene expression, regulatory and functional mechanisms, evolutionary processes, as well as disease prevention and control. (researchsquare.com)
  • His Corpus albicans study combines topics from a wide range of disciplines, such as Genetic diversity, Whole genome sequencing, Multilocus sequence typing, Typing and DNA sequencing. (research.com)
  • Notably, the lack of sulfate assimilation genes in the S. fibuligera genome reflects a unique phenotype for Saccharomycopsis clades as natural sulfur auxotrophs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, as the first gapless genome assembly in the genus Saccharomycopsis including members with desirable traits for bioconversion, the unique genomic features of S. fibuligera and its hybrid will provide in-depth insights into fungal genome dynamics as evolutionary adaptation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The diploid genome size is approximately 29 Mb, and up to 70% of the protein coding genes have not yet been characterized. (ensembl.org)
  • Homologues, gene trees, and whole genome alignments across multiple species. (ensembl.org)
  • To evaluate currently employed methods for whole-genome variant detection and elaborate best practices for fungal pathogens, we compared how 14 independent variant calling pipelines performed across 35 Candida auris isolates from 4 distinct clades and evaluated the performance of variant calling, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) counts and phylogenetic inference results. (cdc.gov)
  • citation needed] Reproduction by mating types is especially prevalent in fungi. (wikipedia.org)
  • He focussed on families of genes encoding carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZys) and oxido-reductases (OR) lying in the genomes of 30 species, with emphasis on findings in white and brown rot fungi across the taxa. (bspp.org.uk)
  • Understanding these genes and their regulatory mechanisms offers insights into the life processes, adaptations, and interactions of fungi with their environments. (mycologyst.art)
  • Reproduction in fungi is a complex interplay of genes, environmental cues, and chemical signals. (mycologyst.art)
  • Instead of male and female genders, many fungi have mating types, designated by specific genetic loci. (mycologyst.art)
  • Fungi use chemical signals, or pheromones, to detect and communicate with potential mating partners. (mycologyst.art)
  • Surprisingly, fungi also acquire genes from unrelated organisms through horizontal gene transfer, a process traditionally associated with bacteria. (mycologyst.art)
  • For fungi, the genetic diversity arising from mutations, recombination, and horizontal gene transfer enables them to adapt to different environments, resist adversities, and exploit new ecological niches. (mycologyst.art)
  • 2021). The evolution of extended regions of recombination suppression is also documented on mating-type chromosomes in fungi (Hartmann et al. (peercommunityin.org)
  • 2016) and around mating-type genes in fungi and supergenes (Jay et al. (peercommunityin.org)
  • sexual reproduction, which is also of great importance with regard to other multicellular ascomycetes, including perithecium-forming pathogens, such as and and and, INSR historically, and also have exposed crucial genes involved with asexual mating and advancement behaviors in these fungi [21], [22]. (thetechnoant.info)
  • Our results provide insights into the MK-0822 links between gene expression and sexual development of and related species, as well as contributing to our understanding of how fungi reproduce sexually. (thetechnoant.info)
  • By systematically analyzing 304 genomes from all major fungal groups, together with a broad range of eukaryotic outgroups, we have identified 188 novel orthogroups associated with major changes during the evolution of fungi. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The overall picture is one of a relatively small number of novel genes appearing at major evolutionary transitions in the phylogeny of fungi, with most arising de novo and horizontal gene transfer providing only a small additional source of evolutionary novelty. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our findings contribute to an increasingly detailed portrait of the gene families that define fungal phyla and underpin core features of extant fungi. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A recently published review article by Dr Andi Wilson in a special issue of the journal 'Microbiology & Molecular Biology Reviews' provides details of the genes that are essential to the sexual cycle in filamentous Ascomycete fungi and further describes their functions in a variety of model and non-model species. (up.ac.za)
  • Recordings from fungi are subject to a series of computational analyses in an attempt to crack the fungal lexicon and grammar. (oxfordstudent.com)
  • The average fungal word length appears to be comparable to that of some human languages - between 3 and 5 for fungi, 4.8 for English, and 4.45 for Greek. (oxfordstudent.com)
  • These analyses have also helped identify genes that were differentially expressed in DED fungi grown under defined experimental conditions. (sisef.it)
  • Critical interpretations of fossil fungi combined with phylogenies of living species have the potential to reveal patterns of character evolution and to inform estimates of the geological timing of fungal radiations. (ubc.ca)
  • Some of the best fungal fossils are of thyriothecia, formed by fly-speck fungi. (ubc.ca)
  • However, because it reflects a common pattern seen in the best sampled fungi and in narrower studies of genera and families, I hypothesize that regional endemism is the general pattern in well-studied genera and more generally fungal biogeography. (ubc.ca)
  • N. tetrasperma provides a model for studying both the genomic and evolutionary consequences of asexuality and inbreeding, two mating strategies that are widespread among plant pathogenic and animal pathogenic fungi. (doe.gov)
  • A new paper from Duke molecular genetics and microbiology shows how pathogenic Cryptococcus fungi evolved from having many sexes to just two through 50 million years of gene swapping. (phys.org)
  • Supercharging SIP in the Fungal Hyphosphere Applying high-throughput stable isotope probing to the study of a particular fungi, researchers identified novel interactions between bacteria and the fungi. (doe.gov)
  • Procedures for identifying types and strains of fungi. (lookformedical.com)
  • Filamentous ascomycetes usually have two mating types referred to as "MAT1-1" and "MAT1-2", following the yeast mating-type locus (MAT). (wikipedia.org)
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its closely related yeasts undergo mating type switching by replacing DNA sequences at the active mating type locus (MAT) with one of two silent mating type cassettes. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We found that co-presence of mating type a1 and α2 genes was sufficient to prevent mating type switching, suggesting that ploidy information resides solely in the mating type locus. (elsevierpure.com)
  • 2022) analyse how linkage to a necessarily heterozygous fungal mating type locus influences the persistence/extinction time of a new mutation at a second selected locus. (peercommunityin.org)
  • The main result is that the presence of a mating-type locus always decreases the purging probability and increases the purging time of the mutations under selfing. (peercommunityin.org)
  • Ultimately, deleterious mutations can indeed accumulate near the mating-type locus over evolutionary time scales. (peercommunityin.org)
  • In a nutshell, high selfing or high intra-tetrad mating do increase the sheltering effect of the mating-type locus. (peercommunityin.org)
  • In effect, the outcome of sheltering of deleterious mutations depends on two opposing mechanisms: 1) a higher selfing rate induces a greater production of homozygotes and an increased effect of the purging of deleterious mutations, while 2) a higher intra-tetrad selfing rate (or linkage with the mating-type locus) generates heterozygotes which have a small genetic load (and are favoured). (peercommunityin.org)
  • The mating type of yeast is determined by the allele, either a or alpha, at the MAT locus. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Additional typing information was obtained by detecting variations in size at the transcribed spacer region of the 25S rRNA gene and tests for homozygosity at the mating type-like (MTL) locus. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Its mating type locus (MAT) contains more than 20 genes. (doe.gov)
  • At one location or locus known as P/R, genes encode pheromones and pheromone receptors that help the fungus recognize compatible mating types. (phys.org)
  • At the other locus, called HD, genes govern the development of sexual structures and reproductive spores. (phys.org)
  • His studies in Genotype, Locus, Gene and Allele are all subfields of Genetics research. (research.com)
  • His Locus research incorporates elements of Typing, Mating type and Haplotype. (research.com)
  • In the ascomycete Neurospora crassa matings are restricted to interaction of strains of opposite mating type. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2]). Previously, we described a PCR-restriction fragment rently being used in molecular pathogenesis studies, repre- length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) typing scheme for Cn sented type strains, or were otherwise unique. (cdc.gov)
  • The team didn't catch C. auris in the act, but they were able to analyze the fungal and mitochondrial genes in 1,285 strains of fungus. (sciencealert.com)
  • Through the sexual reproduction of P. chrysogenum, the researchers have produced fungal strains with new properties that are quite relevant biotechnologically- an example of this being high penicillin production that lacks the contaminant chrysogenin. (xantana.com)
  • In the experiment, Dyer and his colleagues paired strains with compatible mating genes and grew them with different light and food conditions. (xantana.com)
  • We also tested for knockout phenotypes of selected candidate genes by assaying knockout strains across sexual development for their ability to produce wild type perithecia. (thetechnoant.info)
  • Strains and culture conditions Strains of complementary mating types and for (FGSC4200, FGSC2489), (FGSC2509, FGSC2508) and (FGSC8578, FGSC8579) were obtained from MK-0822 the Fungal Genetics Stock Center (FGSC) [46]. (thetechnoant.info)
  • The SWI5 gene product was overproduced in yeast from the GAL1-10 promoter, since the SWI5 protein is made at very low levels in wild-type strains, and protein extracts were used to demonstrate that the SWI5 protein binds in vitro to a segment of the HO promoter required for transcriptional activation in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A comparative genomic analysis supported the high quality of the F. equiseti assembly, exhibiting good collinearity with the reference strains, 3,483 species-specific genes, and 1,805 core genes. (researchsquare.com)
  • By breeding two of these mating-type engineered K. marxianus strains, we combined three complex traits-thermotolerance, lipid production, and facile transformation with exogenous DNA-into a single host. (asm.org)
  • Our being identified by conventional methods data show that some of the fluconazole-resistant strains have all the strains were frozen and maintained in the diverse mechanisms of resistance, including the presence of yeast stock collection of the Laboratorio Especial de Mico- point mutations in the ERG11 gene and overexpression of logia-UNIFESP for different periods of time. (pdftreatment.com)
  • The qnrB and/or qnrS genes occurred in isolates carrying each of the four types of beta-lactamase determinants detected and also in oxyimino-cephalosporin-susceptible strains. (who.int)
  • Monokaryons that encounter each other fuse, and a fertile dikaryon forms when the alleles of the mating-type loci matA and matB of the partners differ. (nature.com)
  • These loci determine the mating type and produce proteins that play a role in recognition and fusion of compatible partners. (mycologyst.art)
  • Recently, a novel mode of mating type switching was reported in methylotrophic yeast, including Ogataea polymorpha, which utilizes chromosomal recombination between inverted-repeat sequences flanking two MAT loci. (elsevierpure.com)
  • MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 contain four or five genes more than are present in the MAT loci of most ascomycetes. (kenyon.edu)
  • Along with their cDNA structures, all genes in the MAT loci are transcribed (6) . (kenyon.edu)
  • Two other loci, HML and HMR, contain complete copies of the alpha and a genes, respectively, which are not expressed. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The four SIR gene products are required in trans for repression of the silent loci, as are cis-acting sites on either side of HML and HMR, about 1000 bp from the mating-type promoters. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Interestingly, all Brazilian fluconazole-resistant isolates showed homozygosity at mating-type loci ( MTL ) associated withfluconazole resistance. (pdftreatment.com)
  • Mating types are the microorganism equivalent to sex in higher organisms and occur in isogamous and anisogamous species. (wikipedia.org)
  • species of trees other than Eucalyptus have raised the Pheromone MF 1 and MF a 1 gene fragments were poly- strong possibility that this fungus might have broader geo- merase chain reaction-amplified with fluorescently labeled graphic distribution (7-9). (cdc.gov)
  • In contrast, Cg ing clinical Cryptococcus isolates to the individual species is a primary pathogen, which predominantly infects or varieties and according to mating and hybrid types immunocompetent persons (4). (cdc.gov)
  • The number and size of these chromosomes can vary greatly among different fungal species. (mycologyst.art)
  • Between the two phyla, Basidiomycetes species may have thousands of (tetrapolar) mating types as well as a pheromone system. (tripod.com)
  • Kerényi Z, Zeller KA, Hornok L and Leslie JF (1999) Molecular standardization of mating type terminology in the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex. (jpn.org)
  • These results have provided a conceptual framework for delineating species, examining the genetic diversity and structure of field populations, determining the occurrence and transmission of fungal viruses, and identifying two previously undescribed Rhizoctonia 1) the disease-causing species of Rhizoctonia on agricultural plants and 2) beneficial species of Rhizoctonia on orchids. (ncsu.edu)
  • In the fungal world, the number of sexes depends on the species. (xantana.com)
  • However, function of genes in sexual development is not well understood, except their roles in heterothallic species such as and as regulators of pheromone expression to direct hyphal growth and fusion [4], [41]. (thetechnoant.info)
  • Here we reveal candidate genes involved in fungal development and in the evolution of perithecia by comparisons of the gene expression levels within and across three species. (thetechnoant.info)
  • Our data validate and extend previous MLST results for C. albicans, and we propose an optimized system based on sequencing eight gene fragments for routine MLST with this species. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A study in the TPCP confirms the identity of seven novel fungal species associated with Dendroctonus valens , the red turpentine beetle. (up.ac.za)
  • In the case of DED, three fungal species are known to induce the disease. (sisef.it)
  • I delimited species in the mushroom genus Russula based on the fungal nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) DNA barcode region. (ubc.ca)
  • Not itself a pathogen, it has long served as the model of choice for the estimated 1.5 million filamentous fungal species, which include important animal and plant pathogens. (doe.gov)
  • The result was an organism with a bipolar mating system, much like the male and female sexes that embody most species. (phys.org)
  • One species, B. vulgaris, includes two 'types', G-type and P-type that differ in trichome density, and their glucosinolate and saponin profiles. (pacb.com)
  • CGMCC 1.7012(T)) is the type strain of the species Kosakonia oryzae and was isolated from surface-sterilized roots of the wild rice species Oryza latifolia grown in Guangdong, China. (pacb.com)
  • Genomic studies on fungal species with hydrolytic activity have gained increased attention due to their great biotechnological potential for biomass-based biofuel production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • C. albicans is the most common fungal species isolated from biofilms either formed on (permanent) implanted medical devices or on human tissue. (ensembl.org)
  • A special type of medium is CHROMagar™ Candida which can be used to identify different species of candida. (ensembl.org)
  • To dissect the epigenetic regulation of GLS pathogenesis, we characterized a histone deacetylase gene Cfhos2 in Colletotrichum fructicola , the causing agent of GLS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fungal pathogenesis is a sophisticated process including infectious development of the pathogen and fungus-host interactions, which requires a fine-tuned regulation of gene expression dynamics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression of these genes, which can be influenced by both internal and external factors, leads to the synthesis of proteins that carry out specific functions within the fungal cell. (mycologyst.art)
  • Deletion of the SOWgp gene by using a targeted gene replacement strategy resulted in partial loss of the ability of intact spherules to bind to ECM proteins and a significant reduction in virulence of the mutant strain. (kenyon.edu)
  • Innovation of mitochondria-localized proteins occurred widely during fungal transitions, indicating their previously unrecognized importance. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The transcription factors control expression of specific proteins that give a cell its mating identity. (edu.au)
  • ONCOGENE FUSION includes an ONCOGENE as at least one of the fusion partners and such gene fusions are often detected in neoplastic cells and are transcribed into ONCOGENE FUSION PROTEINS. (edu.au)
  • It is the only mushroom-forming fungus for which genes have been inactivated by homologous recombination. (nature.com)
  • A fungus of one mating type can typically mate with a fungus of a different mating type, leading to the production of sexual spores. (mycologyst.art)
  • When haploid fungal spores germinate, their nuclei divide mitotically to produce hyphae (the structural unit of a fungus in its vegetative phase or mycelium). (tripod.com)
  • The correct taxonomic status of C. immitis as an ascomycete fungus was demonstrated by Ophuls and Moffit in 1900 (4) by culture on artificial of the fungal mycelia. (kenyon.edu)
  • Some members of Cryptococcus , a family of fungus linked to human disease, can have tens of thousands of different mating types. (phys.org)
  • Here, we use the Gal4/UAS RNAi gene knockdown system to test whether the expression of these genes provides fitness benefits for females infected with the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium robertsii under sexual transmission. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. (cdc.gov)
  • We aimed to evaluate quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) targeting three protein-coding genes of Histoplasma capsulatum (100-kDa, H and M antigens) for detection of this fungus in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples from patients with proven histoplasmosis. (cdc.gov)
  • However, assessment and inference of regulatory pathways for intimate advancement across these varieties continues to be challenging to accomplish, partly because of the complicated environmental stimuli highly relevant to intimate development and partially because of too little molecular detail concerning relevant gene relationships across intimate development. (thetechnoant.info)
  • Genetic and molecular analyses have led to the identification, cloning and characterization of a few genes that contribute to parasitic fitness in the pathogens. (sisef.it)
  • The assembly was characterized, including analyses of the genomic structure, with the aim of providing data to support the discovery of beneficial or harmful genes and to improve our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis. (researchsquare.com)
  • Under standard nomenclature, MAT1-1 (which may informally be called MAT1) encodes for a regulatory protein with an alpha box motif, while MAT1-2 (informally called MAT2) encodes for a protein with a high motility-group (HMG) DNA-binding motif, as in the yeast mating type MATα1. (wikipedia.org)
  • The corresponding mating types in yeast, a non-filamentous ascomycete, are referred to as MATa and MATα. (wikipedia.org)
  • A Genetic Screen To Identify Genes Influencing the Secondary Redox Couple NADPH/NADP+ in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (harvard.edu)
  • Here we investigated the roles of transcription factors involved in yeast sexual development, such as mating type genes and the conserved zinc finger protein Rme1. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We already know that a much more famous type of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (this is the yeast used in baking, winemaking, and brewing) will very occasionally mate with each other - particularly when undergoing stressful conditions. (sciencealert.com)
  • Certain types of yeast can even switch their mating type. (xantana.com)
  • Characterization of a transcription factor involved in mother cell specific transcription of the yeast HO gene. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The yeast HO gene, which encodes an endonuclease involved in initiating mating type interconversion, is expressed in mother cells but not in daughters. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Isolates were ERG11, and several genes encoding efflux pumps, as mea- maintained in solid yeast-peptone-glucose (YEPD: 1% sured by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. (pdftreatment.com)
  • The amylolytic yeast Saccharomycopsis fibuligera has served as a good source of enzymes and genes involved in saccharification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus providing evidence for an evolutionary link between sexes and mating types. (wikipedia.org)
  • We also find that prokaryote-derived horizontal gene transfer provided a small source of evolutionary novelty with such genes involved in key metabolic pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two other major changes occurred during this transition: (1) all stages of fungal life cycles from this evolutionary point on have true cell walls and (2) the spindle pole body acts as a microtubule-organizing center for mitotic and meiotic nuclear division [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Forming a strong foundation for new research in evolutionary biology and ecology stands a large and strong genetic community with an NSF funded Fungal Genetics Stock Center containing thousands of mutants and more than 5000 wild type isolates from global collecting efforts. (doe.gov)
  • Mating types are the microorganism equivalent to sexes in multicellular lifeforms and are thought to be the ancestor to distinct sexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Depending on the group, different mating types are often referred to by numbers, letters, or simply "+" and "−" instead of "male" and "female", which refer to "sexes" or differences in size between gametes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mating types likely predate anisogamy, and sexes evolved directly from mating types or independently in some lineages. (wikipedia.org)
  • From Mating Types to Sexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some navigate a mating scene populated by thousands of sexes, while others clone themselves asexually. (xantana.com)
  • A schematic figure from the paper illustrates how recombination occurred at the centromere and then genes migrated and fused to leave Cryptococcus with just two sexes, when before it had many. (phys.org)
  • Most sex and mating-type chromosomes exhibit an absence of recombination in large genomic regions around the animal, plant or fungal sex-determining genes. (peercommunityin.org)
  • In C. amylolentus , dozens of genes at two different locations on the chromosomes control what's called a tetrapolar, or four-part, mating system. (phys.org)
  • The details and Cg pheromone genes, which could be used for charac- of these 16 reference isolates are listed in Table 1. (cdc.gov)
  • Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was applied to 75 Candida albicans isolates, including 2 that were expected to be identical, 48 that came from diverse geographical and clinical sources, and 15 that were sequential isolates from two patients. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In total, 87 polymorphic sites were found among 50 notionally different isolates, giving 46 unique sequence types, underlining the power of MLST to differentiate isolates for epidemiological studies. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A total of 465 fungal isolates were obtained from a total of 358 isolated plant samples. (online-rpd.org)
  • Among these fungal isolates, 40 representatives of D. citri isolates which were isolated from 22 twigs and 18 leaves on 23 farms were found based on cultural characteristics on potato dextrose agar and conidial morphology. (online-rpd.org)
  • All isolates were identified as D. citri by analyzing the sequences at the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region using primers of ITS1/ITS4 or at β-tubulin using primer Btdcitri-F/R. Therefore, based on the present study, where the results of morphological identification of conidial type were consistent with DNA sequence analysis of certain gene, choosing a suitable method for a fast diagnosis of citrus melanose was suggested. (online-rpd.org)
  • Our study assessed 136 E. coli isolates that were grouped into 77 distinct biotypes defined by their origin, resistance profiling, the presence of beta-lactamase and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polimerase chain reaction typing. (who.int)
  • The blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-2 and blaCTX-M-8 genes were detected in one, 17 and eight different biotypes, respectively (45 isolates). (who.int)
  • Population genomics trace clonal diversification and intercontinental migration of an emerging fungal disease of boxwood. (ncsu.edu)
  • 75 As of 2019, genomic conflict has been considered the leading explanation for the evolution of two mating types. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fungal genomic analysis begins with the extraction of DNA, followed by sequencing, annotation, and comparative genomics. (mycologyst.art)
  • This suppression of recombination likely occurred in several time steps generating stepwise increasing genomic regions starting around the sex-determining genes. (peercommunityin.org)
  • Taken together, we demonstrate that Cfhos2 is a key epigenetic factor regulating appressorium development, virulence gene expression, and GLS pathogenesis in C. fructicola . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The determinant sequences for mating type, and varieties such as for example and and so are self-compatible generally, even though in addition they need both mating types (and and nuclei connected in pairs in four heterokaryotic spores, packed in a ascus for discharge [31]. (thetechnoant.info)
  • They have three types of spores, one is (α) spores (colorless, monospores, 5-9×2-4 μm in size, directly invade the host plant) and the second is beta (β) spores (colorless, a filamentous dandelion, 20-30×0.7-1.5 μm in size, cannot directly invade the host plant because it does not germinate) ( National Crop Pest Management System, South Korea, 2022 ). (online-rpd.org)
  • The last one is gamma (γ) spores (colorless, a multi-guttulata, fusiform to subcylindrical, 18-22×2.4-2.6 μm in size, an intermediate between α and β conidial types). (online-rpd.org)
  • The last session was on regulatory networks which mentioned the use of functional genomics to understand fungal processes. (bspp.org.uk)
  • Analysis of the profiles specified by two different MAPKs-Fus3p and Kss1p-revealed functional overlap of the filamentous growth and mating responses. (nih.gov)
  • In total, 13,134 functional genes were annotated, accounting for 94.97% of the total gene number. (researchsquare.com)
  • However, there are few in-depth studies on the functional genes. (researchsquare.com)
  • Moreover, the traditional methods for functional gene discovery are insufficient to meet the modern-day research demands due to the high error rates and low efficiencies. (researchsquare.com)
  • Therefore, studies on fungal reproduction contribute to the development of new methods to control and maintain the fungal population. (ppjonline.org)
  • We demonstrate that one of these cis-acting sequences, HMRE, is able to switch off at least two nonmating-type promoters. (ox.ac.uk)
  • have analyzed the tef-1α sequences of F. equiseti , as well as the toxin-related genes PKS13 , PKS4, and TRI5 [26], and Kari has successfully cloned a protease gene [27]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Protein-coding and non-coding genes, splice variants, cDNA and protein sequences, non-coding RNAs. (ensembl.org)
  • citation needed] Mating type genes in ascomycetes are called idiomorphs rather than alleles due to the uncertainty of the origin by common descent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterothallic ascomycetes produce gametes, which present a single Mat idiomorph, and syngamy will only be possible between gametes carrying complementary mating types. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unique features of these groups are that Basidiomycetes have more complex mating type systems consisting of much more polymorphic mating types and a pheromone/pheromone receptor system, and (filamentous) Ascomycetes have a somatic (heterokaryon) incompatibility system in addition to the sexual mating types. (tripod.com)
  • Arie T, Christiansen SK, Yoder OC and Turgeon BG (1997) Efficient cloning of ascomycete mating type genes by PCR amplification of the conserved MAT HMG box. (jpn.org)
  • This enables us to identify candidate genes underlying glucosinolate diversity, trichome density, and study the genetics of biochemical variation for glucosinolate and saponins. (pacb.com)
  • This complex dance of attraction is governed by genes that code for pheromone receptors and the pheromones themselves. (mycologyst.art)
  • span the most frequent intimate strategies in the fungal kingdom, i.e. heterothallism (self-incompatibility with specific mating types), pseudohomothallism (self-compatibility where combined mating types coexist in a single mycelium), and homothallism (self-compatibility no matter mating type). (thetechnoant.info)
  • evolution and genetic consequences of the widespread, but unique, fungal mating strategy pseudohomothallism. (doe.gov)
  • One common use is to avoid inbreeding by identifying individuals, cells or gametes as different from self (self-incompatibility as in mate choice, selective fertilization). (tripod.com)
  • Fungal Genetics and Biology. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thirty UK based scientists at tended this conference, giving or orchestrating just over 10% of the presentations - a clear demonstration that fungal biology thrives on our small island. (bspp.org.uk)
  • Fungal Genetics and Biology 45:351-362. (doe.gov)
  • One-third of the 471 genes predicted to encode transcription factors are differentially expressed during sexual development of S. commune . (nature.com)
  • Fungal genes that mostly encode TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS. (edu.au)
  • Outcrossing, through complementation, could provide the benefit of masking recessive deleterious mutations in genes which function in the dikaryon and/or diploid stage of the life cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2022). These selective mechanisms promote thus the suppression of recombination around the sex-determining gene, and recessive deleterious mutations are permanently sheltered. (peercommunityin.org)
  • Fungal colonies are connected with each other by networks called mycelia. (oxfordstudent.com)
  • However, the inversion may never be at the homozygous state if it is genetically linked to a gene in a permanently heterozygous state. (peercommunityin.org)
  • Cloning and restriction digestion of a gene fragment containing heterozygous polymorphisms indicated that the heterozygosity was genuine and not the result of sequencing errors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These genes govern various fungal processes, from metabolism to reproduction. (mycologyst.art)
  • The pathways and gene ontology of pcs1 -dependent genes from microarray experiments showed that several G-protein related pathways, oxidase activity, ribosome biogenesis, and RNA binding and processing were highly enriched, suggesting that pcs1 is involved in several different biological processes. (ppjonline.org)
  • Opportunistic fungal sepsis is seen most often in immunosuppressed patients with severe neutropenia or in postoperative patients with intravenous catheters and usually follows prolonged antibiotic therapy. (lookformedical.com)
  • The predicted amino acid sequence derived from the cloned SWI5 gene shows homology with the repeated DNA-binding domains ('zinc fingers') of Xenopus transcription factor TFIIIA. (ox.ac.uk)
  • RIViT-seq technology could speed up associating transcription factors with their target genes. (doe.gov)
  • Genes, Fungal" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
  • The Hyphal growth research Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux does as part of his general Gene study is frequently linked to other disciplines of science, such as Chromatin immunoprecipitation, Pseudohyphal growth and Asexual sporulation, therefore creating a link between diverse domains of science. (research.com)
  • Histone-modifying enzymes, which regulate eukaryotic chromatin conformation and gene expression, are key epigenetic factors controlling fungal development, virulence, and secondary metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNA-seq based transcriptome analysis highlighted that Cfhos2 regulates secondary metabolism-related virulence genes during infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Factors that cause a low incidence of tumours in offspring after birth, compared contribute to fetal susceptibility to near the end of gestation, in offspring with the incidence and multiplicity of these agents include maternal, pla that were exposed trans placental y. the same types of tumours in their cental, and fetal metabolism, the im This pattern can be seen in the directly exposed mothers. (who.int)
  • Diagnostic subsets of coexpressed genes reflected signaling activity, cross talk, and overlap of multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. (nih.gov)
  • Transcriptome analysis revealed the existence of a number of photoinducible genes, including pplR1, phrB (encoding DNA photolyase), ufaM (furan-containing fatty acid synthase), folE (GTP cyclohydrolase I), cryB (cryptochrome-like protein), and multiple genes without annotated/known function. (bvsalud.org)
  • Streamlining Regulon Identification in Bacteria Regulons are a group of genes that can be turned on or off by the same regulatory protein. (doe.gov)
  • In this paper we describe the cloning and sequencing of the SWI5 gene. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The dissemination of plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance genes may pose a substantial public health risk. (who.int)
  • Quantitative PCR and high-throughput methods, such as expressed sequence tag analysis, have been used for measuring gene expression and identifying subsets of elm genes that are differentially expressed in the presence of O. novo-ulmi . (sisef.it)
  • His Microbiology research includes themes of Fungal genetics and Microorganism. (research.com)
  • Secondary mating types evolved alongside simultaneous hermaphrodites in several lineages. (wikipedia.org)
  • In ciliates multiple mating types evolved from binary mating types in several lineages. (wikipedia.org)
  • Phylogenetic analyses further reveals that lignin -degrading class II peroxidises have expanded independently in many wood rot lineages, with ancient gene duplication. (bspp.org.uk)
  • Among them, dual Cys-type cyanobacteriochrome GAF domains possessing not only a highly conserved 'first Cys' but also a 'second Cys' are found from multiple lineages. (bvsalud.org)
  • Initiation of intimate reproduction is controlled by mating type genes and qualified MK-0822 prospects to cell fusion, nuclear pairing, nuclear fusion, meiosis, as well as the creation of haploid ascospores. (thetechnoant.info)
  • Additionally, various genes regulate the formation of sexual structures and spore production following successful mating. (mycologyst.art)
  • Additionally, the vegetative growth of the overexpression mutants was decreased in nutrient-rich conditions but was not different from the wild-type strain in nutrient-poor conditions. (ppjonline.org)
  • The green alga Spirogyra and the Zygomycetes phylum of the fungal kingdom use the mechanism for the same purpose. (tripod.com)
  • Instead, they possess mating types that govern sexual reproduction. (mycologyst.art)
  • All cells must detect and respond to changes in their environment, often through changes in gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • Genetic manipulations allowed analysis of changes in gene expression underlying pheromone signaling, cell cycle control, and polarized morphogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • We assayed for large-scale differences in morphology and the transcriptomic landscape over the time course of sexual development, identifying putative genes involved in sexual development by comparative gene expression profiling. (thetechnoant.info)
  • It has been demonstrated that the SWI5 gene, which is an activator of HO expression, plays a critical role in this differential mother/daughter expression of HO. (ox.ac.uk)
  • While the selective inactivation of Ophiostoma genes by insertional mutagenesis remains a challenge, an alternative approach based on RNA interference is now available for down-regulating the expression of targeted genes. (sisef.it)
  • A form of gene interaction whereby the expression of one gene interferes with or masks the expression of a different gene or genes. (edu.au)
  • Genes whose expression interferes with or masks the effects of other genes are said to be epistatic to the effected genes. (edu.au)
  • Genes that inhibit expression of the tumorigenic phenotype. (edu.au)
  • Together, these results show that the anticipatory expression of TotM promotes specific immunity against fungal STIs and suggest that immune anticipation is more common than currently appreciated. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • ENU during the final week of gestat the rapidly changing patterns of gene In both the fetus and the pregnant ion is approximately 50 times that of expression in fetal target tissues, female rat, the target organ for single the mother. (who.int)
  • C. neoformans ( Cn ) varieties neoformans ( CnVN ) and gru- play skin involvement and to afflict older patients, where- bii ( CnVG ), mating types, and hybrids. (cdc.gov)
  • Mutations introduce new genetic information, while recombination during sexual reproduction shuffles existing genes. (mycologyst.art)
  • These mechanisms include the presence of point mutations in the ERG11 gene and overexpression of ERG11, andseveral genes encoding efflux pumps, as measured by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. (pdftreatment.com)