A group of phenyl benzopyrans named for having structures like FLAVONES.
A group of FLAVONOLS based on kaempferol. They are derived from naringenin and can be hydroxylated to QUERCETIN or reduced to leucopelargonidin.
A flavonol widely distributed in plants. It is an antioxidant, like many other phenolic heterocyclic compounds. Glycosylated forms include RUTIN and quercetrin.
A group of FLAVONOIDS characterized with a 4-ketone.
5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-flavone, one of the FLAVONES.
A group of 3-hydroxy-4-keto-FLAVONOIDS.
A group of 4-keto-FLAVONOIDS.
5,7,4'-trihydroxy-flavone, one of the FLAVONES.
A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.
A flavonol glycoside found in many plants, including BUCKWHEAT; TOBACCO; FORSYTHIA; HYDRANGEA; VIOLA, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility.
Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.
Benzene derivatives that include one or more hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure.
Picrates are salts of picric acid, an explosive organic compound previously used as a yellow dye and antiseptic, which are now primarily used in chemical research and industrial applications. Please note that picrates should be handled with care due to their potential explosiveness when heated or subjected to friction.
A plant genus of the family BERBERIDACEAE which is used in DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL. Members contain flavonol glycosides including epimedins, icariin and noricariin.
An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.
A group of FLAVONOIDS derived from FLAVONOLS, which lack the ketone oxygen at the 4-position. They are glycosylated versions of cyanidin, pelargonidin or delphinidin. The conjugated bonds result in blue, red, and purple colors in flowers of plants.
Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE.
Plants whose roots, leaves, seeds, bark, or other constituent parts possess therapeutic, tonic, purgative, curative or other pharmacologic attributes, when administered to man or animals.
A plant genus of the family RUTACEAE. They bear the familiar citrus fruits including oranges, grapefruit, lemons, and limes. There are many hybrids which makes the nomenclature confusing.
A plant species of the genus SCUTELLARIA, family LAMIACEAE, that contains skullcapflavone and is used in CHINESE HERBAL DRUGS.
The above-ground plant without the roots.
A large class of organic compounds having more than one PHENOL group.
A tree of the family Sterculiaceae (or Byttneriaceae), usually Theobroma cacao, or its seeds, which after fermentation and roasting, yield cocoa and chocolate.
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)
Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.
The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.
The outer layer of the woody parts of plants.
Substances that influence the course of a chemical reaction by ready combination with free radicals. Among other effects, this combining activity protects pancreatic islets against damage by cytokines and prevents myocardial and pulmonary perfusion injuries.
'Chalcone' is a term used in medicinal chemistry to describe a class of compounds that are synthesized as intermediates during the production of flavonoids, which have been studied for their potential anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties.
Any compound that contains a constituent sugar, in which the hydroxyl group attached to the first carbon is substituted by an alcoholic, phenolic, or other group. They are named specifically for the sugar contained, such as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose), etc. Upon hydrolysis, a sugar and nonsugar component (aglycone) are formed. (From Dorland, 28th ed; From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed)
Compounds based on CHALCONE. They are important intermediates in the formation of FLAVONOIDS.
Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.
The mulberry plant family of the order Urticales, subclass Hamamelidae, class Magnoliopsida. They have milky latex and small, petalless male or female flowers.
A resinous substance obtained from beehives that is used traditionally as an antimicrobial. It is a heterogeneous mixture of many substances.
Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.
Attachment of isoprenoids (TERPENES) to other compounds, especially PROTEINS and FLAVONOIDS.
A genus in the family ROSACEAE of shrubs and small trees native to the North Temperate Zone. It is best known for a traditional medication for the heart.
3-Phenylchromones. Isomeric form of FLAVONOIDS in which the benzene group is attached to the 3 position of the benzopyran ring instead of the 2 position.
A plant family of the order Primulales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. The flowers have both stamens and pistil, and the fruits are capsules.
Biphenyl compounds are organic substances consisting of two phenyl rings connected by a single covalent bond, and can exhibit various properties and uses, including as intermediates in chemical synthesis, components in plastics and dyes, and as additives in fuels.
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
A plant family of the order Commelinales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons).
An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE and topoisomerase-II (DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE II); activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 PHASE arrest in human and murine cell lines and inhibits PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE.
A naturally occurring phenolic acid which is a carcinogenic inhibitor. It has also been shown to prevent paraquat-induced oxidative stress in rats. (From J Chromatogr A 1996;741(2):223-31; Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1996;60(5):765-68).
A plant family in the order Sapindales that grows in warmer regions and has conspicuous flowers.
Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Other plants called broom include CYTISUS; SPARTIUM; and BROMUS.
Inorganic or organic oxy acids of sulfur which contain the RSO2(OH) radical.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain bidensyneosides (polyacetylene glucosides).
Dimers (homo and hetero) of FLAVONOIDS.
A large plant family of the order Asterales, subclass Asteridae, class Magnoliopsida. The family is also known as Compositae. Flower petals are joined near the base and stamens alternate with the corolla lobes. The common name of "daisy" refers to several genera of this family including Aster; CHRYSANTHEMUM; RUDBECKIA; TANACETUM.
A broad range of biologically active compounds which occur naturally in plants having important medicinal and nutritional properties.
Deciduous plant rich in volatile oil (OILS, VOLATILE). It is used as a flavoring agent and has many other uses both internally and topically.
The infusion of leaves of CAMELLIA SINENSIS (formerly Thea sinensis) as a beverage, the familiar Asian tea, which contains CATECHIN (especially epigallocatechin gallate) and CAFFEINE.
A plant genus of the family ELAEAGNACEAE. Linoleic (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acids (18:3n-3) comprised about 70% of seed oil fatty acids. This is unrelated to 'artificial sea buckthorn oil'. This genus does not belong to the buckthorn family (RHAMNACEAE).
A plant genus of the family MORACEAE that is widely planted for shade.
A genus of leguminous herbs or shrubs whose roots yield GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID and its derivative, CARBENOXOLONE.
Chinese herbal or plant extracts which are used as drugs to treat diseases or promote general well-being. The concept does not include synthesized compounds manufactured in China.
The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.
The parts of plants, including SEEDS.
Root-like underground horizontal stem of plants that produces shoots above and roots below. Distinguished from true roots which don't have buds and nodes. Similar to true roots in being underground and thickened by storage deposits.
The usually underground portions of a plant that serve as support, store food, and through which water and mineral nutrients enter the plant. (From American Heritage Dictionary, 1982; Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
Oils which evaporate readily. The volatile oils occur in aromatic plants, to which they give odor and other characteristics. Most volatile oils consist of a mixture of two or more TERPENES or of a mixture of an eleoptene (the more volatile constituent of a volatile oil) with a stearopten (the more solid constituent). The synonym essential oils refers to the essence of a plant, as its perfume or scent, and not to its indispensability.
A plant species of the genus CITRUS, family RUTACEAE that produces the familiar grapefruit. There is evidence that grapefruit inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4, resulting in delayed metabolism and higher blood levels of a variety of drugs.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
Benzoate derivatives substituted by one or more hydroxy groups in any position on the benzene ring.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members contain isoacteoside, luteolin, indole-3-carboxylic acid.
The buckthorn plant family, of the order Rhamnales, includes some species with edible fruits and some that are medicinal.
A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE after which the compound SCOPOLAMINE HYDROBROMIDE got its name.
Liquids that are suitable for drinking. (From Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)
A colorless or slightly yellow crystalline compound obtained from nutgalls. It is used in photography, pharmaceuticals, and as an analytical reagent.
Fermented juice of fresh grapes or of other fruit or plant products used as a beverage.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members contain ISOFLAVONES, some of which show molluscicidal and schistosomicidal activity. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to DERRIS.
A plant genus of the family ACANTHACEAE. Members contain andrographolide and other DITERPENES and androechin, a CHALCONE.
Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Glucosides are glycosides that contain glucose as the sugar component, often forming part of the plant's defense mechanism and can have various pharmacological effects when extracted and used medically.
A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.
Glycosides of GLUCURONIC ACID formed by the reaction of URIDINE DIPHOSPHATE GLUCURONIC ACID with certain endogenous and exogenous substances. Their formation is important for the detoxification of drugs, steroid excretion and BILIRUBIN metabolism to a more water-soluble compound that can be eliminated in the URINE and BILE.
Parts of plants that usually grow vertically upwards towards the light and support the leaves, buds, and reproductive structures. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)
A plant family of the order Myrtales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. They are mainly trees and shrubs. Many members contain mucilage and COUMARINS.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. Members of this genus can cause CONTACT DERMATITIS.
The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.
Compounds with a benzene ring fused to a thiazole ring.
The concentration of a compound needed to reduce population growth of organisms, including eukaryotic cells, by 50% in vitro. Though often expressed to denote in vitro antibacterial activity, it is also used as a benchmark for cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cells in culture.
A plant species of the genus ARTEMISIA, family ASTERACEAE. It is the source of the antimalarial artemisinin (ANTIMALARIALS).
Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.
A plant genus in the family FABACEAE, subfamily Papilionaceae, order Fabales, subclass Rosidae. Many of the species are associated with poisoning of grazing animals. Some of the species are used medicinally.
Hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives. Act as activators of the indoleacetic acid oxidizing system, thereby producing a decrease in the endogenous level of bound indoleacetic acid in plants.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE.
The only specie of the genus Ginkgo, family Ginkgoacea. It is the source of extracts of medicinal interest, especially Egb 761. Ginkgo may refer to the genus or species.
A food group comprised of EDIBLE PLANTS or their parts.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that contains tephrorin, tephrosone, and C-prenylflavonoids.
A plant genus in the family VITACEAE, order Rhamnales, subclass Rosidae. It is a woody vine cultivated worldwide. It is best known for grapes, the edible fruit and used to make WINE and raisins.
A bioflavonoid that strengthens vascular walls.
A plant genus of the family COMBRETACEAE. Triterpenes and combretastatin have been identified in members of this genus.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The common names of daisy or marguerite are easily confused with other plants. Some species in this genus have been reclassified to TANACETUM.
The myrtle plant family of the order Myrtales. It includes several aromatic medicinal plants such as EUCALYPTUS.
A plant family of the order Typhales, subclass Commelinidae, class Liliopsida (monocotyledons) that contains a single genus, Typha, that grows worldwide.
Several plant species of the genus VACCINIUM known for the edible blueberry fruit.
The large family of plants characterized by pods. Some are edible and some cause LATHYRISM or FAVISM and other forms of poisoning. Other species yield useful materials like gums from ACACIA and various LECTINS like PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS from PHASEOLUS. Many of them harbor NITROGEN FIXATION bacteria on their roots. Many but not all species of "beans" belong to this family.
A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE. The common names of beebalm or lemonbalm are also used for MONARDA.
A mass spectrometry technique used for analysis of nonvolatile compounds such as proteins and macromolecules. The technique involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry.
The reproductive organs of plants.
A plant genus of the family VIOLACEAE. Some species in this genus are called bouncing bet which is a common name more often used with SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS. Members contain macrocyclic peptides.
An order of the ANGIOSPERMS, subclass Rosidae. Its members include some of the most known ornamental and edible plants of temperate zones including roses, apples, cherries, and peaches.
Herbaceous biennial plants and their edible bulbs, belonging to the Liliaceae.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. The common name of thoroughwort is also used for other plants including EUPATORIUM; CHROMOLAENA, Hebeclinium and Koanophyllon. Eupolin is the aqueous extract of the leaves.
Substances released by PLANTS such as PLANT GUMS and PLANT RESINS.
A plant species of the genus CYNARA, family ASTERACEAE. The flower bud is the familiar artichoke eaten as a vegetable.
A plant genus in the family ROSACEAE, order Rosales, subclass Rosidae. It is best known as a source of the edible fruit (apple) and is cultivated in temperate climates worldwide.
A plant genus of the family Anacardiaceae, order Sapindales, subclass Rosidae. It is a source of gallotannin (TANNIC ACID) and of somewhat edible fruit. Do not confuse with TOXICODENDRON which used to be part of this genus.
A plant species of the genus CITRUS, family RUTACEAE that provides the familiar orange fruit which is also a source of orange oil.
A plant species of the family VACCINIUM known for the sour fruit which is sometimes used for urinary tract infections.
A plant genus of the family VITACEAE. Cissus rufescence gum is considered comparable to TRAGACANTH.
A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.
A plant family of the order Myrtales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida composed of tropical plants with parallel-nerved leaves.
A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.
A plant genus in the family ROSACEAE, order Rosales, subclass Rosidae. It is best known as a source of edible fruits such as apricot, plum, peach, cherry, and almond.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
The buttercup plant family of the order Ranunculales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. The leaves are usually alternate and stalkless. The flowers usually have two to five free sepals and may be radially symmetrical or irregular.
A plant genus of the family AQUIFOLIACEAE. The common name of 'holly' usually refers to this genus but may sometimes refer to similar looking plants of the MAHONIA or QUERCUS genus.
The mint plant family. They are characteristically aromatic, and many of them are cultivated for their oils. Most have square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped, open-mouthed, tubular corollas (united petals), with five-lobed, bell-like calyxes (united sepals).
The relationship between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other or a relationship between different species where both of the organisms in question benefit from the presence of the other.
Human colonic ADENOCARCINOMA cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells, such as ENTEROCYTES. These cells are valuable in vitro tools for studies related to intestinal cell function and differentiation.
Agents that are used to treat allergic reactions. Most of these drugs act by preventing the release of inflammatory mediators or inhibiting the actions of released mediators on their target cells. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p475)
A plant genus of the family ROSACEAE that has been used in folk treatment of diabetes. Members contain agrimoniin (TANNINS).
A plant family of the order Polygalales, subclass Rosidae class, Magnoliopsida that are mostly shrubs and small trees. Many of the members contain indole alkaloids.
Agents that reduce the frequency or rate of spontaneous or induced tumors independently of the mechanism involved.
A sweet viscous liquid food, produced in the honey sacs of various bees from nectar collected from flowers. The nectar is ripened into honey by inversion of its sucrose sugar into fructose and glucose. It is somewhat acidic and has mild antiseptic properties, being sometimes used in the treatment of burns and lacerations.
The showy mistletoe plant family of the order Santalales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. This includes parasitic tropical plants with haustoria connecting to the hosts. The leaves are opposite and thick. The flowers (4-7) have both calyx and corolla. The fruit is a berry with one seed.
A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.
Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.
The spurge family of flowering plants, in the order Euphorbiales, contains some 7,500 species in 275 genera. The family consists of annual and perennial herbs and woody shrubs or trees.
Agents obtained from higher plants that have demonstrable cytostatic or antineoplastic activity.
A large plant family in the order Apiales, also known as Umbelliferae. Most are aromatic herbs with alternate, feather-divided leaves that are sheathed at the base. The flowers often form a conspicuous flat-topped umbel. Each small individual flower is usually bisexual, with five sepals, five petals, and an enlarged disk at the base of the style. The fruits are ridged and are composed of two parts that split open at maturity.
A plant genus in the family VISCACEAE, order Santalales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Species of this genus contain cytotoxic LECTINS. The common name of MISTLETOE is used for many species of this and the LORANTHACEAE families.
Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor.
A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain germacrane and sesquiterpene LACTONES.
Electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (OXIDATION-REDUCTION).
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE that contains butrin and isobutrin.
An organism of the vegetable kingdom suitable by nature for use as a food, especially by human beings. Not all parts of any given plant are edible but all parts of edible plants have been known to figure as raw or cooked food: leaves, roots, tubers, stems, seeds, buds, fruits, and flowers. The most commonly edible parts of plants are FRUIT, usually sweet, fleshy, and succulent. Most edible plants are commonly cultivated for their nutritional value and are referred to as VEGETABLES.
Sets of enzymatic reactions occurring in organisms and that form biochemicals by making new covalent bonds.
A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The common name of "Bird-Of-Paradise" is also used for other plants such as Heliconia (HELICONIACEAE) and Strelitzia (STRELITZIACEAE) and some birds. The common name of "Cat's-Claw" is more often used with UNCARIA. The common name of "Pernambuco" also refers to a state in Brazil. Furanoditerpenoid lactones and caesalpin are produced by members of this genus.
The fern plant family of the order Polypodiales, class Filicopsida, division Pteridophyta, subkingdom Tracheobionta.

An investigation into the binding of the carcinogen 15,16-dihydro-11-methylcyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one to DNA in vitro. (1/5753)

After metabolic activation the carcinogen 15,16-dihydro-11-[3H]methylcyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-one binds to DNA in vitro, and this binding is prevented by 7,8-benzoflavone. Radioactivity cannot be removed from the DNA with organic solvents or by chromatography on Sephadex G-50, even after heat denaturation of the DNA. Enzymatic hydrolysis yields radioactive fractions, which elute from a column of Sephadex LH-20 immediately after the natural nucleosides. At least two species of reactive metabolites are involved in this bending, those with a half-life of a few hr and others with greater stability. After extraction from the aqueous incubation mixture, they could be detected in discrete polar fractions from separations of the complex metabolite mixture by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Their ability to bind to DNA decreased with time at ambient temperature, and they were rapidly deactivated by acid. 7,8-Benzolflavone acted by suppressing the formation of polar metabolites derived from enzymatic oxidation of the aromatic double bonds. The inhibitor had no effect on the enzymes hydroxylating saturated carbon; hence it is unlikely that metabolism of the methyl group is important in conversion of this carcinogen to its proximate form, although the presence of the 11-methyl group is essential for carcinogenic activity in this series.  (+info)

The direct spectrophotometric observation of benzo(a)pyrene phenol formation by liver microsomes. (2/5753)

Optical spectral repetitive scan analysis during the oxidative metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene by liver microsomal suspensions reveals the time-dependent formation of an intermediate(s) of which the visible spectra resemble those of several benzo(a)pyrene phenols. Liver microsomes from 3-methylcholanthrene-treated rats showed a greater rate of formation of the phenols than did microsomes from control animals; the rate of formation catalyzed by liver microsomes from phenobarbital-pretreated rats was intermediate. When 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene was used as a standard for comparison of activity, the rates of formation of phenols were compared when measured by fluorometric, spectrophotometric, or high-pressure liquid chromatographic analytical techniques. An epoxide hydrase inhibitor, 1,1,1-trichloropropene-2,3-oxide, enhanced phenol formation regardless of the source of liver microsomes, and 7,8-benzoflavone inhibited control and 3-methylcholanthrene-induced microsomal metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene, 7,8-Benzoflavone did not effect benzo(a)pyrene metabolism by liver microsomes from phenobarbital-pretreated rats. The effect of inhibitors on the spectrophotometric assay correlates well with the results obtained from benzo(a)pyrene metabolite analysis using high-pressure liquid chromatography.  (+info)

The MAP kinase ERK2 inhibits the cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase HSPDE4D3 by phosphorylating it at Ser579. (3/5753)

The extracellular receptor stimulated kinase ERK2 (p42(MAPK))-phosphorylated human cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4D3 at Ser579 and profoundly reduced ( approximately 75%) its activity. These effects could be reversed by the action of protein phosphatase PP1. The inhibitory state of PDE4D3, engendered by ERK2 phosphorylation, was mimicked by the Ser579-->Asp mutant form of PDE4D3. In COS1 cells transfected to express PDE4D3, challenge with epidermal growth factor (EGF) caused the phosphorylation and inhibition of PDE4D3. This effect was blocked by the MEK inhibitor PD98059 and was not apparent using the Ser579-->Ala mutant form of PDE4D3. Challenge of HEK293 and F442A cells with EGF led to the PD98059-ablatable inhibition of endogenous PDE4D3 and PDE4D5 activities. EGF challenge of COS1 cells transfected to express PDE4D3 increased cAMP levels through a process ablated by PD98059. The activity of the Ser579-->Asp mutant form of PDE4D3 was increased by PKA phosphorylation. The transient form of the EGF-induced inhibition of PDE4D3 is thus suggested to be due to feedback regulation by PKA causing the ablation of the ERK2-induced inhibition of PDE4D3. We identify a novel means of cross-talk between the cAMP and ERK signalling pathways whereby cell stimuli that lead to ERK2 activation may modulate cAMP signalling.  (+info)

Salmonella typhimurium and lipopolysaccharide stimulate extracellularly regulated kinase activation in macrophages by a mechanism involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and phospholipase D as novel intermediates. (4/5753)

Activation of the extracellularly regulated kinase (ERK) pathway is part of the early biochemical events that follow lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of macrophages or their infection by virulent and attenuated Salmonella strains. Phagocytosis as well as the secretion of invasion-associated proteins is dispensable for ERK activation by the pathogen. Furthermore, the pathways used by Salmonella and LPS to stimulate ERK are identical, suggesting that kinase activation might be solely mediated by LPS. Both stimuli activate ERK by a mechanism involving herbimycin-dependent tyrosine kinase(s) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Phospholipase D activation and stimulation of protein kinase C appear to be intermediates in this novel pathway of MEK/ERK activation.  (+info)

Role of the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase cascade in human neutrophil killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans and in migration. (5/5753)

Killing of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans by neutrophils involves adherence of the microorganisms, phagocytosis, and a collaborative action of oxygen reactive species and components of the granules. While a number of intracellular signalling pathways have been proposed to regulate neutrophil responses, the extent to which each pathway contributes to the killing of S. aureus and C. albicans has not been clearly defined. We have therefore examined the effect of blocking one such pathway, the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) cascade, using the specific inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase, PD98059, on the ability of human neutrophils to kill S. aureus and C. albicans. Our data demonstrate the presence of ERK2 and a 43-kDa form of ERK but not ERK1 in human neutrophils. Upon stimulation with formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (fMLP), the activities of both ERK2 and the 43-kDa form were stimulated. Despite abrogating the activity of both ERK forms, PD98059 only slightly reduced the ability of neutrophils to kill S. aureus or C. albicans. This is consistent with our finding that PD98059 had no effect on neutrophil adherence or degranulation, although pretreatment of neutrophils with PD98059 inhibited fMLP-stimulated superoxide production by 50%, suggesting that a change in superoxide production per se is not strictly correlated with microbicidal activity. However, fMLP-stimulated chemokinesis was markedly inhibited, while random migration and fMLP-stimulated chemotaxis were partially inhibited, by PD98059. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that the ERK cascade plays only a minor role in the microbicidal activity of neutrophils and that the ERK cascade is involved primarily in regulating neutrophil migration in response to fMLP.  (+info)

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 is a novel mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells. (6/5753)

A mitogen for growth-arrested cultured bovine aortic smooth muscle cells was purified to homogeneity from the supernatant of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells by heparin affinity chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. This mitogen was revealed to be tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2), which is a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor. TFPI-2 was expressed in baby hamster kidney cells using a mammalian expression vector. Recombinant TFPI-2 (rTFPI-2) stimulated DNA synthesis and cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (1-500 nM). rTFPI-2 activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity and stimulated early proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA expression in smooth muscle cells. MAPK, c-fos expression and the mitogenic activity were inhibited by a specific inhibitor of MAPK kinase, PD098059. Thus, the mitogenic function of rTFPI-2 is considered to be mediated through MAPK pathway. TFPI has been reported to exhibit antiproliferative action after vascular smooth muscle injury in addition to the ability to inhibit activation of the extrinsic coagulation cascade. However, structurally similar TFPI-2 was found to have a mitogenic activity for the smooth muscle cell.  (+info)

Influence of tangeretin on tamoxifen's therapeutic benefit in mammary cancer. (7/5753)

BACKGROUND: Tamoxifen and the citrus flavonoid tangeretin exhibit similar inhibitory effects on the growth and invasive properties of human mammary cancer cells in vitro; furthermore, the two agents have displayed additive effects in vitro. In this study, we examined whether tangeretin would enhance tamoxifen's therapeutic benefit in vivo. METHODS: Female nude mice (n = 80) were inoculated subcutaneously with human MCF-7/6 mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Groups of 20 mice were treated orally by adding the following substances to their drinking water: tamoxifen (3 x 10(-5) M), tangeretin (1 x 10(-4) M), tamoxifen plus tangeretin (3 x 10(-5) M plus 1 x 10(-4) M), or solvent. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Oral treatment of mice with tamoxifen resulted in a statistically significant inhibition of tumor growth compared with solvent treatment (two-sided P = .001). Treatment with tangeretin did not inhibit tumor growth, and addition of this compound to drinking water with tamoxifen completely neutralized tamoxifen's inhibitory effect. The median survival time of tumor-bearing mice treated with tamoxifen plus tangeretin was reduced in comparison with that of mice treated with tamoxifen alone (14 versus 56 weeks; two-sided P = .002). Tangeretin (1 x 10(-6) M or higher) inhibited the cytolytic effect of murine natural killer cells on MCF-7/6 cells in vitro, which may explain why tamoxifen-induced inhibition of tumor growth in mice is abolished when tangeretin is present in drinking water. IMPLICATIONS: We describe an in vivo model to study potential interference of dietary compounds, such as flavonoids, with tamoxifen, which could lead to reduced efficacy of adjuvant therapy. In our study, the tumor growth-inhibiting effect of oral tamoxifen was reversed upon addition of tangeretin to the diet. Our data argue against excessive consumption of tangeretin-added products and supplements by patients with mammary cancer during tamoxifen treatment.  (+info)

Thrombopoietin-induced conformational change in p53 lies downstream of the p44/p42 mitogen activated protein kinase cascade in the human growth factor-dependent cell line M07e. (8/5753)

Thrombopoietin is a cytokine with potent megakaryocytopoietic and thrombopoietic activities in vivo. Wild-type p53 is a conformationally flexible, anti-oncogenic transcription factor that plays a principal role in mediating growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis in factor-dependent hematopoietic cells. We recently reported that Tpo induces a conformational change in and functional inactivation of p53, coincident with its anti-apoptotic effects, in the human factor-dependent cell line M07e. In an effort to identify potential signaling cascades through which Tpo illicits these effects on p53, we report here that treating M07e cells with MAPK kinase inhibitor PD98059 dramatically suppressed Tpo-induced conformational change in p53 as well as Tpo-enhanced viability in M07e cells in a p53-dependent manner. Furthermore, the expression of constitutively active Raf1 in M07e cells induced conformational change in p53 independent of Tpo stimulation. Inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway revealed that JAK/STAT signaling plays an insignificant role in conformational modulation of p53 and apoptosis suppression. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase did not have a significant effect on p53 conformation but did have a weak but significant effect on Tpo-enhanced viability. Cytokine-induced activation of the MAPK pathway and the subsequent functional neutralization of p53, may be an event by which apoptosis is commonly suppressed in hematopoiesis.  (+info)

Flavonoids are a type of plant compounds with antioxidant properties that are beneficial to health. They are found in various fruits, vegetables, grains, and wine. Flavonoids have been studied for their potential to prevent chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer due to their ability to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress.

There are several subclasses of flavonoids, including:

1. Flavanols: Found in tea, chocolate, grapes, and berries. They have been shown to improve blood flow and lower blood pressure.
2. Flavones: Found in parsley, celery, and citrus fruits. They have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
3. Flavanonols: Found in citrus fruits, onions, and tea. They have been shown to improve blood flow and reduce inflammation.
4. Isoflavones: Found in soybeans and legumes. They have estrogen-like effects and may help prevent hormone-related cancers.
5. Anthocyanidins: Found in berries, grapes, and other fruits. They have antioxidant properties and may help improve vision and memory.

It is important to note that while flavonoids have potential health benefits, they should not be used as a substitute for medical treatment or a healthy lifestyle. It is always best to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen.

Kaempferol is not a medical term, but a chemical compound. It is a type of flavonoid, a class of plant pigments that are known for their antioxidant properties. Kaempferol can be found in various plants and foods such as tea, broccoli, kale, spinach, grapes, and some types of berries.

Medically, kaempferol has been studied for its potential health benefits due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. However, more research is needed to confirm these effects and determine the appropriate dosages for medical use. It's important to note that consuming foods rich in kaempferol as part of a balanced diet is generally considered safe and beneficial for health.

Quercetin is a type of flavonoid antioxidant that is found in plant foods, including leafy greens, tomatoes, berries, and broccoli. It has been studied for its potential health benefits, such as reducing inflammation, protecting against damage to cells, and helping to reduce the risk of heart disease and cancer. Quercetin is also known for its ability to stabilize mast cells and prevent the release of histamine, making it a popular natural remedy for allergies. It is available in supplement form, but it is always recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Flavanones are a type of flavonoid, which is a class of plant pigments widely found in fruits, vegetables, and other plants. Flavanones are known for their antioxidant properties and potential health benefits. They are typically found in citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and grapefruits. Some common flavanones include hesperetin, naringenin, and eriodictyol. These compounds have been studied for their potential effects on cardiovascular health, cancer prevention, and neuroprotection, although more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential.

Luteolin is a flavonoid, which is a type of plant pigment that has various beneficial effects on human health. It can be found in various fruits, vegetables, and herbs such as artichokes, peppers, celery, broccoli, peppermint, rosemary, and chamomile tea.

Luteolin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties in laboratory studies. It works by inhibiting the activity of certain enzymes and receptors that play a role in inflammation and cancer development. However, more research is needed to determine its effectiveness and safety as a treatment for various medical conditions.

Flavonols are a type of flavonoid, which is a class of plant and fungal metabolites. They are characterized by the presence of a 3-hydroxyflavone skeleton. Flavonols are found in a variety of plants and are known for their antioxidant properties. Some common dietary sources of flavonols include onions, kale, broccoli, apples, tea, and red wine. They have been studied for their potential health benefits, including reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Flavonols are also known to have anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and antimicrobial properties.

Flavones are a type of flavonoid, which is a class of plant and fungal metabolites. They are characterized by a phenylbenzopyrone structure, consisting of two benzene rings (A and B) linked through a heterocyclic pyrone ring (C). Flavones specifically have a double bond between the second and third carbon atoms in the C ring, which contributes to their planar structure.

Flavones are found in various plants, including fruits, vegetables, and herbs, and they have been studied for their potential health benefits. Some common flavones include luteolin, apigenin, and chrysin. These compounds have been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties in laboratory studies, but more research is needed to determine their effectiveness and safety in humans.

Apigenin is a flavonoid, which is a type of plant pigment that is responsible for the color of many fruits and vegetables. It is found in various plants such as chamomile, parsley, celery, and citrus fruits. Apigenin has been studied for its potential health benefits, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits and determine the safe and effective dosage for human use.

Hesperidin is a flavonoid, specifically a type of flavanone glycoside, that is commonly found in citrus fruits such as oranges, lemons, and grapefruits. It is particularly abundant in the peel and membranes of these fruits. Hesperidin has been studied for its potential health benefits, including its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular protective properties. However, more research is needed to fully understand its effects and potential therapeutic uses.

Rutin is a flavonoid, a type of plant pigment that is found in various plants and foods including citrus fruits, buckwheat, and asparagus. It has antioxidant properties and is known to help strengthen blood vessels and reduce inflammation. In medical terms, rutin may be mentioned in the context of discussing treatments for conditions related to these effects, such as varicose veins or hemorrhoids. However, it's important to note that while rutin has potential health benefits, more research is needed to fully understand its effects and proper dosages.

A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.

Chamomile is a common name for several daisy-like plants that belong to the family Asteraceae, and more specifically to the genus Matricaria or Chamaemelum. The two most commonly used varieties are Matricaria recutita, also known as German chamomile, and Chamaemelum nobile, or Roman chamomile.

Chamomile has been used traditionally for medicinal purposes due to its rich phytochemistry, which includes various terpenoids, flavonoids, and other compounds. The most well-known active constituents are the volatile oils (including alpha-bisabolol, chamazulene, and farnesene) and the flavonoid apigenin.

Chamomile is often used in herbal teas, essential oils, and various dietary supplements for its calming, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, spasmolytic, and mild sedative properties. Some of its applications include:

1. Treatment of anxiety and insomnia: Chamomile is known to help promote relaxation and sleep, making it a popular natural remedy for people suffering from anxiety or insomnia.
2. Digestive health: Chamomile has been used traditionally to treat various gastrointestinal disorders, such as indigestion, bloating, gastritis, and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), due to its antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory effects on the digestive tract.
3. Skin conditions: Chamomile is often found in skincare products and topical treatments for its soothing, anti-inflammatory, and vulnerary properties, which can help alleviate skin irritations, rashes, and inflammation.
4. Menstrual discomfort: Chamomile's antispasmodic and analgesic effects may provide relief from menstrual cramps and pain.
5. Respiratory health: Chamomile has been used to treat respiratory conditions, such as coughs, colds, bronchitis, and asthma, due to its anti-inflammatory and expectorant properties.
6. Oral health: The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of chamomile make it useful for maintaining oral hygiene and treating conditions like mouth ulcers, gum inflammation, and plaque buildup.

It is important to note that while chamomile has many potential health benefits, it may cause allergic reactions in some individuals, particularly those with sensitivities to ragweed, chrysanthemums, or daisies. Additionally, chamomile should not be consumed in large quantities during pregnancy, as it may stimulate uterine contractions and potentially lead to premature labor. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any new herbal remedy, especially if you have pre-existing medical conditions or are taking medications.

Phenols, also known as phenolic acids or phenol derivatives, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring. In the context of medicine and biology, phenols are often referred to as a type of antioxidant that can be found in various foods and plants.

Phenols have the ability to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can cause damage to cells and contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Some common examples of phenolic compounds include gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and ellagic acid, among many others.

Phenols can also have various pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and analgesic effects. However, some phenolic compounds can also be toxic or irritating to the body in high concentrations, so their use as therapeutic agents must be carefully monitored and controlled.

I am not a medical expert, but I can provide some information that may be helpful. "Picrates" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. Instead, it is a term used in chemistry to refer to salts of picric acid (2,4,6-trinitrophenol), which was once used as a yellow dye and explosive.

Picric acid has been used historically in some medical applications, such as a component in certain topical antiseptics and in histological staining procedures. However, its use in modern medicine is quite limited due to its high sensitivity to impact, heat, and friction, which makes it potentially dangerous to handle.

Therefore, it's important to note that "picrates" is not a medical term per se but rather a chemical one, and any medical application of picric acid or its salts would be highly specialized and unlikely to be encountered in most healthcare settings.

Epimedium is a genus of plants in the family Berberidaceae, also known as barberry family. It is commonly known as Horny Goat Weed due to its traditional use as an aphrodisiac in Chinese medicine. The active compound of Epimedium, icariin, has been studied for its potential effects on improving sexual function and treating erectile dysfunction. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings and establish the safety and efficacy of this herb as a treatment for sexual dysfunction.

It's important to note that natural does not always mean safe, and it's crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen, including Epimedium, to ensure safety and avoid potential interactions with other medications.

A catechin is a type of plant phenol and antioxidant found in various foods and beverages, such as tea, cocoa, and certain fruits and vegetables. Chemically, catechins are flavan-3-ols, which are a subclass of flavonoids. They have several potential health benefits, including reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Catechins are known to have anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, and antidiabetic properties. They can also help improve oral health by inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria in the mouth. The most well-known catechin is epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is found in high concentrations in green tea and has been extensively studied for its potential health benefits.

In summary, a catechin is a type of antioxidant compound found in various plant-based foods and beverages that may have several health benefits, including reducing the risk of chronic diseases and improving oral health.

Anthocyanins are a type of plant pigment that belong to the flavonoid group. They are responsible for providing colors ranging from red, purple, and blue to black in various fruits, vegetables, flowers, and leaves. Anthocyanins have been studied extensively due to their potential health benefits, which include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties. They also play a role in protecting plants from environmental stressors such as UV radiation, pathogens, and extreme temperatures. Chemically, anthocyanins are water-soluble compounds that can form complex structures with other molecules, leading to variations in their color expression depending on pH levels.

Antioxidants are substances that can prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that the body produces as a reaction to environmental and other pressures. Antioxidants are able to neutralize free radicals by donating an electron to them, thus stabilizing them and preventing them from causing further damage to the cells.

Antioxidants can be found in a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains. Some common antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and selenium. Antioxidants are also available as dietary supplements.

In addition to their role in protecting cells from damage, antioxidants have been studied for their potential to prevent or treat a number of health conditions, including cancer, heart disease, and age-related macular degeneration. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using antioxidant supplements.

"Sophora" does not have a specific medical definition, but it is a term that refers to various species of the Sophora plant genus, which belongs to the Fabaceae (legume) family. Some of these plants have been used in traditional medicine in different cultures.

For instance, Sophora flavescens (Ku Shen) has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antipyretic properties. It contains several alkaloids, such as matrine and oxymatrine, which have demonstrated pharmacological activities.

Another example is Sophora japonica (Japanese pagoda tree), whose seeds, leaves, and bark have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating various conditions like diarrhea, insomnia, and skin diseases. Its active compounds include flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids, which contribute to its medicinal properties.

It is essential to note that the use of Sophora species or their extracts in a medical context should be based on scientific research and under professional medical supervision due to potential side effects and interactions with other medications.

Medicinal plants are defined as those plants that contain naturally occurring chemical compounds which can be used for therapeutic purposes, either directly or indirectly. These plants have been used for centuries in various traditional systems of medicine, such as Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, and Native American medicine, to prevent or treat various health conditions.

Medicinal plants contain a wide variety of bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, and saponins, among others. These compounds have been found to possess various pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities.

Medicinal plants can be used in various forms, including whole plant material, extracts, essential oils, and isolated compounds. They can be administered through different routes, such as oral, topical, or respiratory, depending on the desired therapeutic effect.

It is important to note that while medicinal plants have been used safely and effectively for centuries, they should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Some medicinal plants can interact with prescription medications or have adverse effects if used inappropriately.

'Citrus' is a genus of flowering plants in the rue family, Rutaceae. It includes several species of shrubs and trees that produce fruits known as citrus fruits. Some common examples of citrus fruits are oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits, and pomelos. These fruits are popular for their juicy pulp and fragrant zest, which are used in a wide variety of culinary applications around the world.

Citrus fruits are also known for their high vitamin C content and other health benefits. They contain various bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and carotenoids, which have antioxidant properties and may help protect against chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, citrus fruits are a good source of dietary fiber, which can aid in digestion and help regulate blood sugar levels.

In medical terms, citrus fruits may be recommended as part of a healthy diet to help prevent nutrient deficiencies and promote overall health. However, it's important to note that some people may have allergies or sensitivities to citrus fruits, which can cause symptoms like mouth irritation, hives, or anaphylaxis in severe cases. Additionally, citrus fruits can interact with certain medications, so it's always a good idea to consult with a healthcare provider before making any significant changes to your diet.

Scutellaria baicalensis, also known as Chinese skullcap or Baikal skullcap, is a plant native to China and other parts of East Asia. In traditional Chinese medicine, it has been used for various purposes such as treating respiratory infections, inflammation, and liver diseases. The root of the plant contains flavonoids, including baicalein, baicalin, and wogonin, which have been studied for their potential medicinal properties. These compounds have been found to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral effects in laboratory studies. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings and determine the safety and effectiveness of Scutellaria baicalensis as a treatment for various medical conditions in humans.

Aerial parts of plants refer to the above-ground portions of a plant, including leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits. These parts are often used in medicine, either in their entirety or as isolated extracts, to take advantage of their medicinal properties. The specific components of aerial parts that are used in medicine can vary depending on the plant species and the desired therapeutic effects. For example, the leaves of some plants may contain active compounds that have anti-inflammatory or analgesic properties, while the flowers of others may be rich in antioxidants or compounds with sedative effects. In general, aerial parts of plants are used in herbal medicine to treat a wide range of conditions, including respiratory, digestive, and nervous system disorders, as well as skin conditions and infections.

Polyphenols are a type of phytochemical, which are naturally occurring compounds found in plant-based foods. They contain multiple phenol units and can be classified into several subgroups, including flavonoids, stilbenes, tannins, and lignans. These compounds have been studied for their potential health benefits due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulating properties. They are found in a wide variety of foods such as fruits, vegetables, tea, wine, chocolate, and cereals.

The term "cacao" refers to the plant Theobroma cacao, which is native to tropical regions of Central and South America. It is a small evergreen tree that produces large, football-shaped fruits called pods. Each pod contains 20-60 seeds, also known as beans, which are used to make cocoa powder and chocolate.

Cacao beans contain several bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, theobromine, and caffeine, that have been shown to have potential health benefits. However, it is important to note that these benefits are typically associated with moderate consumption of cocoa products, rather than large amounts of chocolate or cacao beans themselves.

In summary, while "cacao" may be used interchangeably with "cocoa" in some contexts, the term technically refers to the plant and its seeds, rather than the processed powder or chocolate that is derived from them.

Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.

I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.

Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.

Proanthocyanidins are a type of polyphenolic compound that are found in various plants, including fruits, vegetables, and bark. They are also known as condensed tannins or oligomeric procyanidins (OPCs). These compounds are characterized by their ability to form complex structures through the linkage of flavan-3-ol units.

Proanthocyanidins have been studied for their potential health benefits, which may include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular protective effects. They have also been shown to have a positive impact on collagen stability, which may contribute to their potential role in promoting skin and joint health.

Foods that are rich in proanthocyanidins include grapes (and red wine), berries, apples, cocoa, and green tea. These compounds can be difficult for the body to absorb, but supplements containing standardized extracts of proanthocyanidins are also available.

It's important to note that while proanthocyanidins have shown promise in laboratory and animal studies, more research is needed to fully understand their potential health benefits and safety profile in humans. As with any supplement, it's always a good idea to talk to your healthcare provider before starting to take proanthocyanidins.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "fruit" is not a medical term per se. It is a common term used to describe the part of a plant that develops from the ovary after flowering and contains seeds. However, in a nutritional or dietary context, "fruits" are often referred to as foods that are typically sweet and juicy, and come from plants' flowers. They are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, making them an essential part of a healthy diet. But in a strict medical sense, there isn't a specific definition for "fruit."

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Plant Bark" is not a term with a specific medical definition. In general, the bark refers to the outermost covering of a tree or other plant, which serves as protection and provides a barrier against external threats. It is composed of layers including the inner bark (phloem), which transports nutrients throughout the plant, and the outer bark (periderm), which is made up of dead cells that form a protective layer.

While some plants or plant parts do have medicinal properties and are used in various forms of traditional or alternative medicine, "Plant Bark" by itself does not have any specific medical connotations. If you're referring to a specific type of plant bark with potential medicinal uses, please provide more details so I can give a more accurate response.

Free radical scavengers, also known as antioxidants, are substances that neutralize or stabilize free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons, capable of causing damage to cells and tissues in the body through a process called oxidative stress. Antioxidants donate an electron to the free radical, thereby neutralizing it and preventing it from causing further damage. They can be found naturally in foods such as fruits, vegetables, and nuts, or they can be synthesized and used as dietary supplements. Examples of antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and selenium.

A chalcone is a type of organic compound that is characterized by a chemical structure consisting of two aromatic rings connected by a three-carbon α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system. Chalcones are important intermediates in the synthesis of various flavonoids and isoflavonoids, which are classes of compounds found in many plants and have been studied for their potential medicinal properties.

Chalcones themselves have also been investigated for their biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. However, it is important to note that while some chalcone derivatives have shown promising results in preclinical studies, more research is needed to establish their safety and efficacy in humans.

Glycosides are organic compounds that consist of a glycone (a sugar component) linked to a non-sugar component, known as an aglycone, via a glycosidic bond. They can be found in various plants, microorganisms, and some animals. Depending on the nature of the aglycone, glycosides can be classified into different types, such as anthraquinone glycosides, cardiac glycosides, and saponin glycosides.

These compounds have diverse biological activities and pharmacological effects. For instance:

* Cardiac glycosides, like digoxin and digitoxin, are used in the treatment of heart failure and certain cardiac arrhythmias due to their positive inotropic (contractility-enhancing) and negative chronotropic (heart rate-slowing) effects on the heart.
* Saponin glycosides have potent detergent properties and can cause hemolysis (rupture of red blood cells). They are used in various industries, including cosmetics and food processing, and have potential applications in drug delivery systems.
* Some glycosides, like amygdalin found in apricot kernels and bitter almonds, can release cyanide upon hydrolysis, making them potentially toxic.

It is important to note that while some glycosides have therapeutic uses, others can be harmful or even lethal if ingested or otherwise introduced into the body in large quantities.

Chalcones are a class of compounds that have a chemical structure consisting of two aromatic rings connected by a three-carbon α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system. The name "chalcone" is derived from the Greek word "chalcos," meaning copper, due to the yellow color that many chalcones exhibit.

Chalcones are synthesized through a reaction known as the Claisen-Schmidt condensation between an aldehyde and a ketone. They are important intermediates in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, which are a large group of plant pigments that have various biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties.

Chalcones themselves have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, including their ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cells, bacteria, and fungi. However, more research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms of action and safety profiles before they can be developed into drugs.

Tannins, also known as tannic acid or gallotannins, are a type of polyphenolic biomolecule found in plants. They are most commonly known for their ability to bind to proteins and other organic compounds, forming insoluble complexes. This property is what gives tannins their characteristic astringent taste and is also the basis for their use in traditional medicine and industry.

In the context of human health, tannins have been studied for their potential beneficial effects on various physiological processes, such as antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effects, and inhibition of enzymes involved in cancer development. However, excessive consumption of tannins can also have negative health effects, including stomach irritation, nausea, and liver damage.

Tannins are found in a wide variety of plants, including fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, bark, leaves, and roots. They are particularly abundant in certain types of food and beverages, such as red wine, tea, coffee, chocolate, and some herbs and spices. In the medical field, tannins have been used topically for their astringent properties to treat wounds, burns, and skin irritations. However, it is important to note that the evidence supporting the health benefits of tannins is still limited and more research is needed to fully understand their effects on human health.

Moraceae is not a medical term but a botanical term that refers to a family of flowering plants, also known as the mulberry family. This family includes various trees and shrubs that are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Some members of this family have economic importance, such as Mulberries (Morus spp.), Figs (Ficus carica), and Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis).

However, in a medical context, some plants from the Moraceae family may have medicinal uses. For example:
1. Ficus carica (Fig) - The latex of the fig tree has been used traditionally for treating warts and skin diseases.
2. Morus alba (White Mulberry) - Its bark is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol.
3. Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit) - Its seeds are used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for treating diarrhea and asthma.

It's important to note that the use of these plants as medicines should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can interact with other medications and have potential side effects.

Propolis is a resinous substance that honeybees collect from tree buds, sap flows, or other botanical sources. They use it to seal gaps and holes in their hives as a protective barrier against external threats such as intruders (like other insects) and harsh weather conditions. Propolis has been found to have various chemical compositions depending on the plant sources, but it primarily consists of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and esters, which contribute to its biological activities. It has been used in traditional medicine for centuries due to its potential health benefits, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and wound-healing properties; however, more scientific research is needed to confirm these effects and establish safe and effective therapeutic dosages.

Phytotherapy is the use of extracts of natural origin, especially plants or plant parts, for therapeutic purposes. It is also known as herbal medicine and is a traditional practice in many cultures. The active compounds in these plant extracts are believed to have various medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or sedative effects. Practitioners of phytotherapy may use the whole plant, dried parts, or concentrated extracts to prepare teas, capsules, tinctures, or ointments for therapeutic use. It is important to note that the effectiveness and safety of phytotherapy are not always supported by scientific evidence, and it should be used with caution and preferably under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Prenylation is a post-translational modification process in which a prenyl group, such as a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl group, is added to a protein covalently. This modification typically occurs at a cysteine residue within a CAAX motif (C is cysteine, A is an aliphatic amino acid, and X is any amino acid) found at the carboxyl-terminus of the protein. Prenylation plays a crucial role in membrane association, protein-protein interactions, and intracellular trafficking of proteins, particularly those involved in signal transduction pathways.

'Crataegus' is a genus of plants in the family Rosaceae, commonly known as Hawthorns. These plants are native to Europe, Asia, and North America, and are characterized by their thorny branches and clusters of white or pink flowers that bloom in the spring. The fruit of these plants, which are small red or black berries, are often used in herbal medicine for treating heart-related conditions.

In a medical context, Crataegus is most commonly referred to as Hawthorn, and its medicinal uses are primarily related to cardiovascular health. Hawthorn extracts have been shown to improve circulation, lower blood pressure, and help regulate irregular heartbeats. It has also been used to treat anxiety and digestive issues.

It is important to note that while Hawthorn has a long history of use in traditional medicine, it should not be used as a substitute for conventional medical treatment. Before taking any herbal supplements, including Hawthorn, it is always best to consult with a healthcare provider.

Isoflavones are a type of plant-derived compounds called phytoestrogens, which have a chemical structure similar to human estrogen. They are found in various plants, particularly in soybeans and soy products. Isoflavones can act as weak estrogens or anti-estrogens in the body, depending on the levels of natural hormones present. These compounds have been studied for their potential health benefits, including reducing menopausal symptoms, improving cardiovascular health, and preventing certain types of cancer. However, more research is needed to fully understand their effects and safety.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Primulaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in botany, specifically a family of flowering plants, also known as the primrose family. This family includes a variety of genera and species, such as Primula (primroses), Cyclamen, and Dodecatheon (shooting stars).

If you have any medical terms or concepts that you would like me to define or explain, please let me know!

Biphenyl compounds, also known as diphenyls, are a class of organic compounds consisting of two benzene rings linked by a single carbon-carbon bond. The chemical structure of biphenyl compounds can be represented as C6H5-C6H5. These compounds are widely used in the industrial sector, including as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals, as solvents, and in the production of plastics and dyes. Some biphenyl compounds also have biological activity and can be found in natural products. For example, some plant-derived compounds that belong to this class have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of chromatography that separates and analyzes compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase under high pressure. The mobile phase, which can be a gas or liquid, carries the sample mixture through a column containing the stationary phase.

In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid, and it is pumped through the column at high pressures (up to several hundred atmospheres) to achieve faster separation times and better resolution than other types of liquid chromatography. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid, and it interacts differently with each component in the sample mixture, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.

HPLC is widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other fields to separate, identify, and quantify compounds present in complex mixtures. It can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, including drugs, hormones, vitamins, pigments, flavors, and pollutants. HPLC is also used in the preparation of pure samples for further study or use.

Eriocaulaceae is a family of monocotyledonous plants, also known as the Pipewort family. This family includes around 15 genera and about 1,200 species of mostly terrestrial herbs that are characterized by their simple, grass-like or rosette-forming leaves and their distinctive, often solitary flower heads (capitula) that resemble small pipes or vases. The flowers themselves are usually quite small and inconspicuous, with both male and female parts present in each flower.

Eriocaulaceae are found primarily in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, although some species can be found in temperate areas as well. Many species prefer wet or moist habitats, such as marshes, swamps, and the edges of ponds and streams. Some species are adapted to grow in nutrient-poor soils or in sandy or rocky habitats.

The family includes a number of economically important plants, including some that are used as ornamental plants in gardens and landscapes. Some species are also used in traditional medicine in various parts of the world.

Genistein is defined as a type of isoflavone, which is a plant-derived compound with estrogen-like properties. It is found in soybeans and other legumes. Genistein acts as a phytoestrogen, meaning it can bind to estrogen receptors and have both weak estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects in the body.

In addition to its estrogenic activity, genistein has been found to have various biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. It has been studied for its potential role in preventing or treating a variety of health conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and menopausal symptoms. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of genistein supplementation.

Chlorogenic acid is a type of polyphenolic compound that is found in various plants, including coffee, tea, and several fruits and vegetables. It is a ester of cinnamic acid and quinic acid. Chlorogenic acids are known to have antioxidant properties and may also play a role in regulating glucose metabolism and inhibiting the growth of certain types of cancer cells. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits and risks associated with chlorogenic acid consumption.

Rutaceae is a family of plants in the order Sapindales, also known as the rue or citrus family. It includes aromatic trees and shrubs, with around 150 genera and 2,000 species. Many members of this family are economically important, particularly those in the citrus genus (Citrus spp.), which include oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits, and other citrus fruits. These plants contain essential oils that are used in perfumes, flavorings, and traditional medicines. Some other notable members of Rutaceae include rue (Ruta graveolens), a medicinal herb with a long history of use in traditional medicine, and Cascarilla bark (Croton eluteria), which is used to make a bitter tonic.

Hydroxyethylrutoside is not a medical term itself, but it is a semi-synthetic flavonoid that has been used in medicine, particularly in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency and its symptoms such as varicose veins, leg edema, and skin changes. It is believed to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and vaso protective properties.

In a medical context, hydroxyethylrutoside may be referred to as a medication or pharmaceutical agent, rather than a specific disease or condition.

'Baccharis' is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family, Asteraceae. It includes around 300 species, many of which are native to the Americas. Some common names for Baccharis plants include broomsedge, coyote brush, and silverling. These plants can vary in size and appearance, but they often have small, clustered flowers and narrow, linear leaves. While some species of Baccharis have medicinal uses, such as being used to treat skin conditions or wounds, it is important to note that the safety and effectiveness of these uses has not been thoroughly studied and should be approached with caution. Additionally, some species of Baccharis may contain toxic compounds and should not be ingested without consulting a medical professional.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "sulfonic acids" are not a medical term. They are a type of compound in chemistry, specifically strong organic acids that contain the functional group -SO3H. Sulfonic acids are widely used in industry and research, including the production of detergents, dyes, and pharmaceuticals.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, please don't hesitate to ask!

"Bidens" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, also known as the daisy or composite family. The name "Bidens" comes from the Latin words "bi," meaning two, and "dens," meaning teeth, referring to the characteristic pair of pointed bracts at the base of each flower. These plants are often called "beggar's ticks" or "stickseeds" because the small, barbed seeds cling to fur, feathers, and clothing, aiding in their dispersal.

There is no medical definition for "Bidens" as it does not refer to any medical condition, disease, or treatment. It is purely a taxonomic term used in botany to classify a group of plants with similar characteristics.

Biflavonoids are a type of flavonoid, which are plant-based compounds with antioxidant properties. Biflavonoids are unique because they consist of two flavonoid molecules joined together. They can be found in various plants, including fruits, vegetables, and herbs. Some research suggests that biflavonoids may have potential health benefits, such as reducing inflammation and protecting against oxidative stress. However, more research is needed to confirm these effects and determine the optimal dosages for human consumption.

Asteraceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the daisy family or sunflower family. It is one of the largest and most diverse families of vascular plants, with over 1,900 genera and 32,000 species. The family includes a wide variety of plants, ranging from annual and perennial herbs to shrubs and trees.

The defining characteristic of Asteraceae is the presence of a unique type of inflorescence called a capitulum, which resembles a single flower but is actually composed of many small flowers (florets) arranged in a dense head. The florets are typically bisexual, with both male and female reproductive structures, and are radially symmetrical.

Asteraceae includes many economically important plants, such as sunflowers, daisies, artichokes, lettuce, chicory, and ragweed. Some species of Asteraceae are also used in traditional medicine and have been found to contain bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic uses.

It's worth noting that the taxonomy of this family has undergone significant revisions in recent years, and some genera and species have been moved to other families or renamed.

Phytochemicals are compounds that are produced by plants (hence the "phyto-") for their own defense against predators and diseases. They are found in various plant parts such as fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, nuts, and teas. Phytochemicals can have beneficial effects on human health as they exhibit protective or disease preventive properties.

These compounds belong to a diverse group with varying structures and chemical properties. Some common classes of phytochemicals include carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, organosulfides, and alkaloids. They have been shown to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and immune system-enhancing properties, among others.

It is important to note that while phytochemicals can contribute to overall health and wellness, they should not be considered a cure or treatment for medical conditions. A balanced diet rich in various fruits, vegetables, and whole foods is recommended for optimal health benefits.

Ginger, in a medical context, refers to the root of the plant Zingiber officinale. It has been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years to treat various ailments such as nausea, vomiting, and inflammation. The active components of ginger are called gingerols and shogaols, which have been found to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antiemetic properties.

However, it's important to note that while ginger has many potential health benefits, it can also interact with certain medications and may not be suitable for everyone. As with any treatment, it's always best to consult with a healthcare provider before starting to use ginger or any other natural remedy.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tea" is not a medical term. It generally refers to a hot beverage made by infusing the leaves of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) in hot water. There are various types of tea including black, green, white, oolong, and herbal teas, but these are not medical terms. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I'd be happy to try to help if I can, but it would be helpful if you could provide more context or clarify what you're asking about.

"Hippophae" is a genus name in botany, which refers to a group of shrubs known as sea buckthorn. While it is not a medical term itself, certain parts of some species of Hippophae, particularly Hippophae rhamnoides, have been used in traditional medicine in various cultures. The berries and leaves of this plant are rich in vitamins, antioxidants, and other bioactive compounds, and have been used to treat a variety of health conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, skin diseases, and respiratory infections. However, it is important to note that the scientific evidence supporting these traditional uses is generally limited, and more research is needed to establish their safety and efficacy.

"Morus" is not a term commonly used in medical terminology. However, it may refer to "Morus alba," which is the scientific name for the white mulberry tree. Some studies suggest that certain compounds found in the leaves of this tree may have potential health benefits, but more research is needed. It's important to note that supplements containing these compounds should not be used as a substitute for medical treatment, and individuals should consult with their healthcare provider before taking them.

"Glycyrrhiza" is the medical term for the licorice plant (Glycyrrhiza glabra), which belongs to the legume family. The root of this plant contains glycyrrhizin, a sweet-tasting compound that has been used in traditional medicine for various purposes such as treating coughs, stomach ulcers, and liver disorders. However, excessive consumption of glycyrrhizin can lead to serious side effects like high blood pressure, low potassium levels, and even heart problems. Therefore, it is important to use licorice products under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Chinese herbal drugs, also known as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), refer to a system of medicine that has been practiced in China for thousands of years. It is based on the belief that the body's vital energy, called Qi, must be balanced and flowing freely for good health. TCM uses various techniques such as herbal therapy, acupuncture, dietary therapy, and exercise to restore balance and promote healing.

Chinese herbal drugs are usually prescribed in the form of teas, powders, pills, or tinctures and may contain one or a combination of herbs. The herbs used in Chinese medicine are typically derived from plants, minerals, or animal products. Some commonly used Chinese herbs include ginseng, astragalus, licorice root, and cinnamon bark.

It is important to note that the use of Chinese herbal drugs should be under the guidance of a qualified practitioner, as some herbs can interact with prescription medications or have side effects. Additionally, the quality and safety of Chinese herbal products can vary widely depending on the source and manufacturing process.

A Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) in the context of medicinal chemistry and pharmacology refers to the relationship between the chemical structure of a drug or molecule and its biological activity or effect on a target protein, cell, or organism. SAR studies aim to identify patterns and correlations between structural features of a compound and its ability to interact with a specific biological target, leading to a desired therapeutic response or undesired side effects.

By analyzing the SAR, researchers can optimize the chemical structure of lead compounds to enhance their potency, selectivity, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties, ultimately guiding the design and development of novel drugs with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Plant Structures" is not a medical term. It is a term used in the field of botany to refer to the different parts of a plant, such as roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Each of these structures has specific functions that contribute to the overall growth, reproduction, and survival of the plant. If you have any questions related to biology or botany, I'd be happy to try and help answer them!

A rhizome is not typically used as a medical term, but it is a term borrowed from botany that has been adopted in some areas of medicine, particularly in psychiatry and psychotherapy.

In its original botanical sense, a rhizome is a horizontal stem of a plant that grows underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes. This growth pattern is contrasted with that of a root system, which grows downward, and a stem system, which grows upward.

In psychiatry and psychotherapy, the term "rhizome" has been used as a metaphor to describe a non-hierarchical and decentralized approach to understanding mental processes and subjectivity. The rhizome model emphasizes the complexity, multiplicity, and interconnectedness of these processes, and rejects simplistic or reductionist explanations that focus on a single cause or origin. Instead, it encourages a more holistic and dynamic view of mental life, one that is open to multiple perspectives and interpretations.

It's important to note that the use of the term "rhizome" in this context is metaphorical and not medical in the strict sense. It is a way of thinking about mental processes and subjectivity that has been influenced by poststructuralist and feminist theories, among others.

A plant root is not a medical term per se, but it is a term from botany, which is the study of plants. However, I can certainly provide a definition for you.

Plant roots are the underground organs of a plant that typically grow downward into the soil. They serve several important functions, including:

1. Anchorage: Roots help to stabilize the plant and keep it upright in the ground.
2. Absorption: Roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil, which are essential for the plant's growth and development.
3. Conduction: Roots conduct water and nutrients up to the above-ground parts of the plant, such as the stem and leaves.
4. Vegetative reproduction: Some plants can reproduce vegetatively through their roots, producing new plants from root fragments or specialized structures called rhizomes or tubers.

Roots are composed of several different tissues, including the epidermis, cortex, endodermis, and vascular tissue. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the root, which secretes a waxy substance called suberin that helps to prevent water loss. The cortex is the middle layer of the root, which contains cells that store carbohydrates and other nutrients. The endodermis is a thin layer of cells that surrounds the vascular tissue and regulates the movement of water and solutes into and out of the root. The vascular tissue consists of xylem and phloem, which transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.

Volatile oils, also known as essential oils, are a type of organic compound that are naturally produced in plants. They are called "volatile" because they evaporate quickly at room temperature due to their high vapor pressure. These oils are composed of complex mixtures of various compounds, including terpenes, terpenoids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and alcohols. They are responsible for the characteristic aroma and flavor of many plants and are often used in perfumes, flavors, and aromatherapy. In a medical context, volatile oils may have therapeutic properties and be used in certain medications or treatments, but it's important to note that they can also cause adverse reactions if not used properly.

'Citrus paradisi' is the scientific name for a citrus fruit also known as the grapefruit. Grapefruits are a hybrid of pomelo and orange, believed to have originated in Barbados in the 18th century. They are known for their tangy, slightly bitter taste and juicy pulp.

Grapefruits are popular for their nutritional benefits as they are high in vitamin C, fiber, and antioxidants like lycopene and flavonoids. Some studies suggest that consuming grapefruit may help with weight loss, reduce the risk of certain cancers, and improve heart health. However, it's important to note that grapefruits can interact with certain medications, so it's always best to consult with a healthcare provider before adding them to your diet if you are taking medication.

A diet, in medical terms, refers to the planned and regular consumption of food and drinks. It is a balanced selection of nutrient-rich foods that an individual eats on a daily or periodic basis to meet their energy needs and maintain good health. A well-balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.

A diet may also be prescribed for therapeutic purposes, such as in the management of certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend specific restrictions or modifications to an individual's regular diet to help manage their condition and improve their overall health.

It is important to note that a healthy and balanced diet should be tailored to an individual's age, gender, body size, activity level, and any underlying medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or nutritionist, can help ensure that an individual's dietary needs are being met in a safe and effective way.

Hydroxybenzoates are the salts or esters of hydroxybenzoic acids. They are commonly used as preservatives in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products due to their antimicrobial and antifungal properties. The most common examples include methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben. These compounds work by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and fungi, thereby increasing the shelf life and safety of various products. However, there has been some concern about their potential health effects, including possible hormonal disruption, and their use in certain applications is being re-evaluated.

"Bauhinia" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, also known as the pea or legume family. The genus includes around 300 species of trees, shrubs, and vines that are native to tropical and subtropical regions of the world, particularly in Africa, Asia, and South America.

Many Bauhinia species have distinctive bilobed or butterfly-shaped leaves, which is why they are sometimes called "orchid trees" or "butterfly trees." The flowers of Bauhinia plants are also showy and often fragrant, with five petals arranged in a variety of colors and patterns.

While "Bauhinia" is not a medical term per se, some species of the plant have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating skin conditions, inflammation, and fever. However, it's important to note that the safety and efficacy of using Bauhinia for medicinal purposes have not been thoroughly studied or proven through scientific research. Therefore, it's always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using any plant or herbal remedy for medical purposes.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Rhamnaceae" is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in biology. It refers to a family of flowering plants known as the Buckthorn family. This family includes around 50 genera and about 900 species of trees, shrubs, and lianas (woody vines) that are found throughout the world, particularly in temperate and subtropical regions.

Some members of this family have been used in traditional medicine, but it is important to note that the use of botanicals for medicinal purposes should always be done under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as they can interact with other medications or have potential side effects.

Scopolia is not a medical condition or term itself, but it refers to a genus of plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae) that includes several species such as Scopolia carniolica and Scopolia japonica. These plants contain powerful alkaloids including scopolamine and hyoscyamine, which have been used in medicine for their anticholinergic properties to treat conditions like motion sickness, gastrointestinal disorders, and Parkinson's disease. However, these substances can also cause significant side effects and toxicity if not properly managed. Improper use or misuse of Scopolia plants can lead to severe poisoning, resulting in symptoms such as dry mouth, dilated pupils, blurred vision, tachycardia, delirium, hallucinations, convulsions, coma, and even death.

A beverage is a drink intended for human consumption. The term is often used to refer to any drink that is not alcoholic or, in other words, non-alcoholic beverages. This includes drinks such as water, juice, tea, coffee, and soda. However, it can also include alcoholic drinks like beer, wine, and spirits.

In a medical context, beverages are often discussed in relation to their impact on health. For example, sugary drinks like soda and energy drinks have been linked to obesity, diabetes, and other health problems. On the other hand, drinks like water and unsweetened tea can help to keep people hydrated and may have other health benefits.

It's important for individuals to be mindful of their beverage choices and to choose options that are healthy and support their overall well-being. This may involve limiting sugary drinks, choosing water or unsweetened tea instead of soda, and avoiding excessive caffeine intake.

Gallic acid is an organic compound that is widely found in nature. It's a type of phenolic acid, which means it contains a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to an aromatic ring. Gallic acid is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water and alcohol.

In the medical field, gallic acid is known for its antioxidant properties. It has been shown to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to aging and diseases such as cancer and heart disease. Gallic acid also has anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties.

Gallic acid is found in a variety of plants, including tea leaves, grapes, oak bark, and sumac. It can be extracted from these plants and used in the production of pharmaceuticals, food additives, and cosmetics. In some cases, gallic acid may be used as a marker for the identification and authentication of plant-based materials.

It's important to note that while gallic acid has potential health benefits, it should not be taken as a substitute for medical treatment or advice from a healthcare professional.

'Wine' is not typically defined in medical terms, but it is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of grape juice. It contains ethanol and can have varying levels of other compounds depending on the type of grape used, the region where it was produced, and the method of fermentation.

In a medical context, wine might be referred to in terms of its potential health effects, which can vary. Moderate consumption of wine, particularly red wine, has been associated with certain health benefits, such as improved cardiovascular health. However, heavy or excessive drinking can lead to numerous health problems, including addiction, liver disease, heart disease, and an increased risk of various types of cancer.

It's important to note that while moderate consumption may have some health benefits, the potential risks of alcohol consumption generally outweigh the benefits for many people. Therefore, it's recommended that individuals who do not currently drink alcohol should not start drinking for health benefits. Those who choose to drink should do so in moderation, defined as up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men.

"Millettia" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae, also known as the legume family. These plants are primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, particularly in Africa, Asia, and Australia. Some species of Millettia have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating fever, malaria, and skin diseases. However, it's important to note that the medicinal properties and safety of these plants can vary widely depending on the specific species and preparation methods, so they should only be used under the guidance of a qualified healthcare provider.

Andrographis is a plant species (Andrographis paniculata) native to South Asia, commonly used in traditional medicine. Its primary active component is andrographolide, which has been studied for its potential anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immune-boosting properties. It's often used in herbal remedies for treating symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections, sore throats, and fever. However, more research is needed to confirm its effectiveness and safety.

Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet (UV-Vis) is a type of spectrophotometry that measures how much ultraviolet (UV) and visible light is absorbed or transmitted by a sample. It uses a device called a spectrophotometer to measure the intensity of light at different wavelengths as it passes through a sample. The resulting data can be used to determine the concentration of specific components within the sample, identify unknown substances, or evaluate the physical and chemical properties of materials.

UV-Vis spectroscopy is widely used in various fields such as chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals, and environmental science. It can detect a wide range of substances including organic compounds, metal ions, proteins, nucleic acids, and dyes. The technique is non-destructive, meaning that the sample remains unchanged after the measurement.

In UV-Vis spectroscopy, the sample is placed in a cuvette or other container, and light from a source is directed through it. The light then passes through a monochromator, which separates it into its component wavelengths. The monochromatic light is then directed through the sample, and the intensity of the transmitted or absorbed light is measured by a detector.

The resulting absorption spectrum can provide information about the concentration and identity of the components in the sample. For example, if a compound has a known absorption maximum at a specific wavelength, its concentration can be determined by measuring the absorbance at that wavelength and comparing it to a standard curve.

Overall, UV-Vis spectrophotometry is a versatile and powerful analytical technique for quantitative and qualitative analysis of various samples in different fields.

Glucosides are chemical compounds that consist of a glycosidic bond between a sugar molecule (typically glucose) and another non-sugar molecule, which can be an alcohol, phenol, or steroid. They occur naturally in various plants and some microorganisms.

Glucosides are not medical terms per se, but they do have significance in pharmacology and toxicology because some of them may release the sugar portion upon hydrolysis, yielding aglycone, which can have physiological effects when ingested or absorbed into the body. Some glucosides are used as medications or dietary supplements due to their therapeutic properties, while others can be toxic if consumed in large quantities.

Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol or wood alcohol, is a volatile, colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor similar to that of ethanol (drinking alcohol). It is used in various industrial applications such as the production of formaldehyde, acetic acid, and other chemicals. In the medical field, methanol is considered a toxic alcohol that can cause severe intoxication and metabolic disturbances when ingested or improperly consumed. Methanol poisoning can lead to neurological symptoms, blindness, and even death if not treated promptly and effectively.

Glucuronides are conjugated compounds formed in the liver by the attachment of glucuronic acid to a variety of molecules, including drugs, hormones, and environmental toxins. This process, known as glucuronidation, is catalyzed by enzymes called UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) and increases the water solubility of these compounds, allowing them to be more easily excreted from the body through urine or bile.

Glucuronidation plays a crucial role in the detoxification and elimination of many substances, including drugs and toxins. However, in some cases, glucuronides can also be hydrolyzed back into their original forms by enzymes called β-glucuronidases, which can lead to reabsorption of the parent compound and prolong its effects or toxicity.

Overall, understanding the metabolism and disposition of glucuronides is important for predicting drug interactions, pharmacokinetics, and potential adverse effects.

A plant stem is not typically defined in a medical context, but rather in the field of botany. However, I can certainly provide a general biological definition for you.

In plants, stems are organs that serve primarily as support structures, holding leaves, flowers, and fruits aloft where they can receive sunlight and exchange gases. They also act as conduits, transporting water, nutrients, and sugars made during photosynthesis between the roots and shoots of a plant.

The stem is usually composed of three main tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground. The dermal tissue system forms the outermost layer(s) of the stem, providing protection and sometimes participating in gas exchange. The vascular tissue system contains the xylem (which transports water and nutrients upward) and phloem (which transports sugars and other organic compounds downward). The ground tissue system, located between the dermal and vascular tissues, is responsible for food storage and support.

While not a direct medical definition, understanding the structure and function of plant stems can be relevant in fields such as nutrition, agriculture, and environmental science, which have implications for human health.

Thymelaeaceae is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in botany. It refers to a family of flowering plants that includes around 50 genera and about 800 species. Some members of this family have been used in traditional medicine, but it's important to note that the use of specific plant species for medicinal purposes should be under the guidance of healthcare professionals, as they can provide information on safe usage, potential interactions with other medications, and appropriate dosages.

'Dalbergia' is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes several species of trees and shrubs that are native to tropical regions of the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Many species of Dalbergia are valued for their hard and dense wood, which is often used to make furniture, musical instruments, and other decorative objects. Some of the more well-known species of Dalbergia include rosewood, cocobolo, and kingwood. The wood of these trees is highly prized for its rich color, fine grain, and durability.

In addition to their economic importance, species of Dalbergia also have cultural significance in many parts of the world. For example, in India, the wood of Dalbergia sissoo (also known as sheesham or Indian rosewood) is used to make traditional furniture and decorative items, and is considered to be a symbol of wealth and prosperity. In Africa, the bark of certain species of Dalbergia is used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including fever, malaria, and skin conditions.

It's worth noting that some species of Dalbergia are threatened by overexploitation and habitat loss, and are listed as endangered or vulnerable on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. As a result, many countries have implemented regulations to control the trade in these species and protect them from further decline.

A hydroxyl radical is defined in biochemistry and medicine as an extremely reactive species, characterized by the presence of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (OH-). It is formed when a water molecule (H2O) is split into a hydroxide ion (OH-) and a hydrogen ion (H+) in the process of oxidation.

In medical terms, hydroxyl radicals are important in understanding free radical damage and oxidative stress, which can contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. They are also involved in the body's natural defense mechanisms against pathogens. However, an overproduction of hydroxyl radicals can cause damage to cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to cell dysfunction and death.

Benzothiazoles are a class of heterocyclic organic compounds that contain a benzene fused to a thiazole ring. They have the chemical formula C7H5NS. Benzothiazoles and their derivatives have a wide range of applications in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes, and materials science.

In the medical field, benzothiazoles have been studied for their potential therapeutic properties. Some benzothiazole derivatives have shown promising results as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer agents. However, more research is needed to fully understand the medical potential of these compounds and to develop safe and effective drugs based on them.

It's important to note that while benzothiazoles themselves have some biological activity, most of the medical applications come from their derivatives, which are modified versions of the basic benzothiazole structure. These modifications can significantly alter the properties of the compound, leading to new therapeutic possibilities.

Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50) is a measure used in pharmacology, toxicology, and virology to describe the potency of a drug or chemical compound. It refers to the concentration needed to reduce the biological or biochemical activity of a given substance by half. Specifically, it is most commonly used in reference to the inhibition of an enzyme or receptor.

In the context of infectious diseases, IC50 values are often used to compare the effectiveness of antiviral drugs against a particular virus. A lower IC50 value indicates that less of the drug is needed to achieve the desired effect, suggesting greater potency and potentially fewer side effects. Conversely, a higher IC50 value suggests that more of the drug is required to achieve the same effect, indicating lower potency.

It's important to note that IC50 values can vary depending on the specific assay or experimental conditions used, so they should be interpreted with caution and in conjunction with other measures of drug efficacy.

Artemisia annua, also known as sweet wormwood or annual mugwort, is a plant species in the daisy family (Asteraceae). It is native to temperate Asia but has been naturalized in many parts of the world. The plant can grow up to 2 meters tall and has narrow, aromatic leaves with small yellow or white flowers.

Artemisia annua has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, particularly in China where it is known as Qing Hao. It contains a compound called artemisinin, which has been found to have antimalarial properties. Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are now widely used as first-line treatments for malaria caused by the Plasmodium falciparum parasite.

It is important to note that while artemisinin has been shown to be effective in treating malaria, it should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as improper use can lead to drug resistance and other adverse effects. Additionally, Artemisia annua should not be used as a substitute for proven malarial treatments recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO).

'Hypericum' is a genus of flowering plants, also known as St. John's Wort. While it is primarily used in herbal medicine and not considered a standard medical term, it is important to note that some species of Hypericum have been found to have medicinal properties. The most commonly studied and used species is Hypericum perforatum, which has been found to have potential benefits in treating depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. However, its use as a medical treatment is still a subject of ongoing research and debate, and it can interact with several medications. Always consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement or medication.

Astragalus membranaceus, also known as Astragalus propinquus, is a plant that is native to China and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. It is often referred to simply as "astragalus" and its root is used in herbal remedies.

In traditional Chinese medicine, astragalus is considered to have warming and drying properties, and is often used to strengthen the body's defenses, or "wei qi," which is believed to help protect against external pathogens. It is also used to treat a variety of conditions, including fatigue, weakness, and respiratory infections.

In modern scientific research, astragalus has been studied for its potential immune-boosting, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. Some studies have suggested that it may help to improve immune function, reduce inflammation, and protect against oxidative stress. However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits and determine the optimal dosage and safety of astragalus supplements.

It's important to note that astragalus should not be used as a substitute for conventional medical treatment, and anyone considering taking it as a supplement should speak with their healthcare provider first to discuss the potential risks and benefits.

Coumaric acids are a type of phenolic acid that are widely distributed in plants. They are found in various foods such as fruits, vegetables, and grains. The most common forms of coumaric acids are p-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, and m-coumaric acid.

Coumaric acids have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. They may also play a role in preventing chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of coumaric acids.

It's worth noting that coumaric acids are not to be confused with warfarin (also known as Coumadin), a medication used as an anticoagulant. While both coumaric acids and warfarin contain a similar chemical structure, they have different effects on the body.

"Trifolium" is not a medical term. It is actually the genus name for a group of plants commonly known as clover. These plants belong to the family Fabaceae and are found in many temperate regions around the world. Some species, like red clover (Trifolium pratense), are used in herbal medicine for various purposes, such as treating respiratory conditions, skin inflammations, and menopausal symptoms. However, it's important to consult with a healthcare professional before using any herbal remedies.

"Ginkgo biloba" is a specific species of tree, and its extract is commonly used in dietary supplements. According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), Ginkgo biloba extract is derived from the dried leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree and contains several components with antioxidant properties, including flavonoids and terpenoids.

Ginkgo biloba extract has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, and it is one of the most commonly used herbal supplements in Europe and the United States. It is often used for its potential benefits on memory, cognitive function, and mood, although the evidence supporting these uses is mixed. Some studies have suggested that Ginkgo biloba extract may help to improve symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, as well as tinnitus (ringing in the ears), but more research is needed to confirm these effects.

It is important to note that Ginkgo biloba can interact with certain medications, including blood thinners, and may increase the risk of bleeding. As with any supplement or medication, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider before taking Ginkgo biloba extract to ensure safety and effectiveness.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "vegetables" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a dietary category that includes various plant-based foods, typically referring to the edible parts of herbaceous plants excluding fruit (but including seeds), such as leaves, stems, roots, tubers, and bulbs.

However, in a nutritional or clinical context, vegetables are often defined by their nutrient content. For example, they may be classified as foods that are high in certain vitamins, minerals, and fiber, and low in calories and fat. Different healthcare professionals or organizations might have slightly different definitions or classifications of what constitutes a vegetable, but there is no single medical definition for this term.

Tephrosia is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It includes several species that are native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Some common names for Tephrosia include wild sensitive plant, fish poison pea, and devil's shrub.

In a medical context, Tephrosia is not widely recognized or used as a treatment. However, some species of Tephrosia have been reported to have medicinal properties in traditional medicine. For example, Tephrosia purpurea has been used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat a variety of conditions, including skin diseases, inflammation, and fever. The roots and leaves of this plant contain various chemical compounds that may have therapeutic effects, such as tannins, saponins, and alkaloids.

It is important to note that the use of Tephrosia or any other herbal remedy should be done under the guidance of a qualified healthcare provider, as these substances can interact with other medications and have potential side effects. Additionally, more research is needed to confirm the safety and efficacy of Tephrosia for medical purposes.

"Vitis" is a genus name and it refers to a group of flowering plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. This genus includes over 70 species of grapes that are native to the Northern Hemisphere, particularly in North America and Asia. The most commonly cultivated species is "Vitis vinifera," which is the source of most of the world's table and wine grapes.

Therefore, a medical definition of 'Vitis' may not be directly applicable as it is more commonly used in botany and agriculture rather than medicine. However, some compounds derived from Vitis species have been studied for their potential medicinal properties, such as resveratrol found in the skin of red grapes, which has been investigated for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardioprotective effects.

Diosmin is a type of flavonoid, which is a class of plant pigments that are known for their antioxidant properties. It is found naturally in various plants, including citrus fruits, and is often extracted and concentrated for use as a dietary supplement or medication. Diosmin has been studied for its potential benefits in treating conditions such as venous insufficiency, hemorrhoids, and lymphedema.

In medical terms, diosmin is often prescribed to improve the symptoms of chronic venous insufficiency, a condition in which the veins in the legs have difficulty returning blood to the heart. Diosmin has been shown to help improve the tone of the veins and reduce inflammation, which can help alleviate symptoms such as swelling, pain, and fatigue in the legs.

Diosmin is typically taken orally in the form of a tablet or capsule, and may be prescribed alone or in combination with other medications. As with any medication or supplement, it's important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when taking diosmin.

"Combretum" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Combretaceae, also known as the shrubs and small trees commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. These plants have various medicinal uses in different cultures. The active compounds in some species have been studied for potential anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antimalarial properties. However, it's important to note that using herbal remedies can involve risks, and it's crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new treatment.

I am not a doctor, but I can provide some information about chrysanthemums. Chrysanthemums are flowering plants that belong to the genus Chrysanthemum in the family Asteraceae. They are native to Asia and northeastern Europe and are particularly significant in East Asian cultures.

Chrysanthemums have been cultivated for centuries for their beautiful flowers, which come in a variety of colors including white, yellow, red, and purple. In some countries, chrysanthemums are considered symbolic of death and are used in funerals or on graves, while in others they represent life, joy, and longevity.

While chrysanthemums do not have a direct medical definition, some parts of the plant have been used in traditional medicine in various cultures. For example, chrysanthemum flowers are sometimes used to make teas that are believed to help with headaches, fever, and inflammation. However, it is important to note that the effectiveness of these remedies has not been scientifically proven, and chrysanthemums can cause allergic reactions or other adverse effects in some people. Therefore, it is always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using any herbal remedies.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Myrtaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in biology, specifically the family name for a group of flowering plants that include eucalyptus, tea tree, and myrtle, among others. These plants have fleshy fruits or dry capsules and contain essential oils with various medicinal properties. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Typhaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in botany, specifically the name of a family of flowering plants that includes cattails and bulrushes. In modern classification systems, Typhaceae is often included within the broader family Typhaeaceae or combined with Sparganiaceae into the order Typhales.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or healthcare, please don't hesitate to ask!

A blueberry plant (Vaccinium spp.) is a shrub that belongs to the heath family (Ericaceae) and is known for its small, round, blue-purple berries. The term "blueberry plant" generally refers to several species within the genus Vaccinium that produce edible fruits, including highbush blueberries (V. corymbosum), lowbush blueberries (V. angustifolium), and rabbiteye blueberries (V. ashei). These plants are native to North America and can be found growing in woodlands, swamps, and sandy areas.

Blueberry plants have simple, elliptical leaves that are typically green in color but may turn red or yellow in the fall. The flowers of blueberry plants are bell-shaped and range in color from white to pink. The fruit is a small berry that contains numerous tiny seeds and is rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals.

Blueberry plants are popular for their delicious fruits, which can be eaten fresh or used in a variety of culinary applications, such as pies, jams, and smoothies. The plants are also grown for ornamental purposes due to their attractive flowers and foliage. Blueberry plants prefer acidic soil with a pH between 4.0 and 5.5 and require consistent moisture and well-drained conditions to thrive.

Fabaceae is the scientific name for a family of flowering plants commonly known as the legume, pea, or bean family. This family includes a wide variety of plants that are important economically, agriculturally, and ecologically. Many members of Fabaceae have compound leaves and produce fruits that are legumes, which are long, thin pods that contain seeds. Some well-known examples of plants in this family include beans, peas, lentils, peanuts, clover, and alfalfa.

In addition to their importance as food crops, many Fabaceae species have the ability to fix nitrogen from the atmosphere into the soil through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria that live in nodules on their roots. This makes them valuable for improving soil fertility and is one reason why they are often used in crop rotation and as cover crops.

It's worth noting that Fabaceae is sometimes still referred to by its older scientific name, Leguminosae.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Melissa" is not a medical term. It is a proper name, which is commonly used as a female given name in the English-speaking world. In botany, "Melissa" refers to a genus of aromatic herbs in the mint family, also known as lemon balm. The essential oil from this plant has been used in traditional medicine for its calming and soothing properties. If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try to help if I can provide reliable and accurate information.

Mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI-MS) is an analytical technique used to identify and quantify chemical species in a sample based on the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. In ESI-MS, analytes are ionized through the use of an electrospray, where a liquid sample is introduced through a metal capillary needle at high voltage, creating an aerosol of charged droplets. As the solvent evaporates, the analyte molecules become charged and can be directed into a mass spectrometer for analysis.

ESI-MS is particularly useful for the analysis of large biomolecules such as proteins, peptides, and nucleic acids, due to its ability to gently ionize these species without fragmentation. The technique provides information about the molecular weight and charge state of the analytes, which can be used to infer their identity and structure. Additionally, ESI-MS can be interfaced with separation techniques such as liquid chromatography (LC) for further purification and characterization of complex samples.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "flowers" is not a term that has a medical definition. The term "flowers" is commonly used to refer to the reproductive structures of flowering plants (angiosperms), which are characterized by having both male and female reproductive organs or separate male and female flowers.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health conditions, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you!

"Viola" is a term that has different meanings in various scientific and medical contexts. Here are some possible definitions related to medicine and biology:

1. Viola tricolor L. (Heartsease or Johnny-jump-up) - A species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae, which is used in herbal medicine for treating skin conditions, coughs, and respiratory issues.
2. Viola odorata L. (Sweet violet) - Another species of flowering plant in the family Violaceae, whose leaves and flowers are used to make teas, syrups, and other medicinal preparations for treating various ailments such as coughs, colds, and skin conditions.
3. In anatomy, "viola" is an archaic term that refers to the human uvula or the conical piece of soft tissue hanging down at the back of the throat.
4. Viola (musical instrument) - While not directly related to medicine, it's worth noting that "viola" is also a stringed musical instrument similar to a violin but slightly larger and with a deeper sound. In some contexts, such as music therapy, musical instruments can have therapeutic applications in healthcare settings.

It's essential to clarify the specific meaning of "Viola" in the given medical or scientific context since it can refer to different things depending on the field.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Rosales" is not a medical term. It is a botanical term used in the classification of plants. Rosales is an order of flowering plants that includes roses, as well as many other plants such as apples, cherries, almonds, and strawberries. The plants in this group are characterized by having flowers with multiple stamens and styles. I hope this clarifies any confusion. If you have any medical terms you would like defined, please let me know!

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "onions" are not a medical term. They are a type of vegetable, specifically a variety of bulb vegetables, known scientifically as Allium cepa. Onions are widely used in cooking and have been cultivated for centuries for their unique, pungent flavor and potential health benefits. If you have any questions about onions in a culinary or nutritional context, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

Chromolaena is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family, Asteraceae. It includes several species that are native to the Americas and have been introduced to other parts of the world. Some Chromolaena species, such as Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) and Chromolaena moszkowskii (Mozzkowski's crotalaria), are invasive weeds that can cause significant environmental and economic damage in areas where they have been introduced.

There is no specific medical definition associated with the term "Chromolaena" as it refers to a genus of plants, not a medical condition or treatment. However, some Chromolaena species have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating skin conditions, wounds, and fever. It's important to note that the safety and efficacy of using Chromolaena for medicinal purposes have not been thoroughly studied, so it's recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using any plant-based remedies.

Medical definitions typically focus on the relevance of a term to medical practice, and I'm not sure if there is a specific medical definition for "plant exudates." However, in a broader context, plant exudates refer to the various substances that are released or exuded by plants, often as a result of damage or stress. These can include a wide variety of compounds, such as sap, resins, latex, gums, essential oils, and tannins. Some of these compounds can have medicinal properties and are used in various forms of traditional and modern medicine. For example, the resin from certain pine trees (rosin) has been used to treat respiratory ailments, while willow bark, which contains salicin (a precursor to aspirin), has been used for pain relief for centuries.

'Cynara scolymus' is the scientific name for the plant species more commonly known as artichoke. It belongs to the family Asteraceae and is native to the Mediterranean region. The artichoke plant produces large, purple flower buds that are eaten as a vegetable. The edible portion of the bud consists of the fleshy bases of the scales (or bracts) and the heart, which is the base of the bud. Artichokes are rich in antioxidants, fiber, and various nutrients, making them a valuable addition to a healthy diet.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malus" is not a medical term. It is a genus name in the plant kingdom, referring to the apple tree. If you have a different term or concept in mind, please provide it so I can give you an accurate definition or explanation.

"Rhus" is a genus of plants that includes several species commonly known as poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac. These plants contain an oil called urushiol, which can cause an allergic reaction in many people when they come into contact with the plant's leaves, stems, or roots. The reaction typically includes a red, itchy rash that can blister and ooze.

In some contexts, "rhus" may also refer to homeopathic remedies made from these plants. However, it is important to note that the use of such remedies is not supported by scientific evidence and can be dangerous. It is always best to consult with a healthcare provider for medical advice regarding allergic reactions or other health concerns.

'Citrus sinensis' is the scientific name for the fruit species more commonly known as sweet oranges. These are popular fruits that belong to the Rutaceae family and have originated in Southeast Asia. Sweet oranges are widely cultivated and consumed all over the world, both fresh and as juice. They have a sweet taste and juicy pulp, enclosed in a thick and fragrant orange-colored peel. Some well-known varieties of 'Citrus sinensis' include Navel, Valencia, and Blood oranges.

"Vaccinium macrocarpon" is the scientific name for the American cranberry, a type of evergreen shrub that produces berries which are commonly used in food and also have potential health benefits. The active ingredients in cranberries, including proanthocyanidins, are thought to help prevent urinary tract infections by preventing bacteria from adhering to the walls of the urinary tract. However, it is important to note that consuming cranberry products should not be considered a substitute for medical treatment for UTIs or any other health conditions.

"Cissus" is a genus of plants in the grape family, Vitaceae. It includes around 350 species of woody vines and shrubs that are found primarily in tropical regions around the world. Some species of Cissus have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes, including wound healing and treating bone fractures. However, it is important to note that the use of these plants as a medical treatment should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as they can also have side effects and interact with other medications.

Tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) is not typically considered a medical term, but rather a chemical compound. It is used in some medical and laboratory contexts. Here's a definition:

Tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) is an organic peroxide with the formula (CH3)3COOH. It is a colorless liquid, commercially available in concentrations up to 70%. It is used as an initiator in chemical reactions, a source of hydroxyl radicals in free-radical chemistry, and as a reagent in organic synthesis. Its use in medical contexts is typically limited to laboratory research and not as a therapeutic agent.

Handling tert-butylhydroperoxide requires caution due to its potential to cause fires and explosions when it comes into contact with certain substances, especially reducing agents and strong acids. Always follow safety guidelines and use appropriate personal protective equipment when handling this compound.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Melastomataceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in botany, referring to the Melastomataceae family of plants, also known as the melastome or blueberry family. This family includes around 400 genera and 5,000 species of flowering plants, many of which are found in tropical regions around the world.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help. Please provide me with more information so that I can better assist you.

Ascorbic acid is the chemical name for Vitamin C. It is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. Ascorbic acid is required for the synthesis of collagen, a protein that plays a role in the structure of bones, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. It also functions as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.

Ascorbic acid cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through diet or supplementation. Good food sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, strawberries, bell peppers, broccoli, and spinach.

In the medical field, ascorbic acid is used to treat or prevent vitamin C deficiency and related conditions, such as scurvy. It may also be used in the treatment of various other health conditions, including common cold, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, although its effectiveness for these uses is still a matter of scientific debate.

"Prunus" is a term that refers to a genus of plants, which includes many familiar fruits such as plums, cherries, peaches, and almonds. It's not a medical term, but rather a botanical one. The fruit of these plants are often used in food medicine due to their nutritional value and health benefits. For example, prunes (dried plums) are known for their laxative effects. However, the plant itself or its extracts can also have medicinal uses, mainly as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cardioprotective agents.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Ranunculaceae is a family of flowering plants, also known as the buttercup family. It includes over 2,000 species distributed across 58 genera. The plants in this family are characterized by their showy, often brightly colored flowers and typically have numerous stamens and carpels. Many members of Ranunculaceae contain toxic compounds, which can be irritants or even poisonous if ingested. Examples of plants in this family include buttercups, delphiniums, monkshood, and columbines.

"Ilex" is a genus name, which refers to a group of plants in the family Aquifoliaceae. It's commonly known as "holly." This group includes over 400 species of evergreen or deciduous shrubs and trees, many of which have glossy, spiny leaves and bright red berries. Some species of Ilex are used in traditional medicine for various purposes, such as treating diarrhea, stimulating digestion, and reducing inflammation. However, it's important to note that the use of herbal remedies should always be discussed with a healthcare provider beforehand, as they can interact with other medications or have unintended side effects.

I apologize for the confusion, but "Lamiaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in biology, specifically it is a family of flowering plants that includes many familiar herbs such as mint, rosemary, sage, basil, and lavender. These plants are often used in medicine, cooking, and for ornamental purposes. The Lamiaceae family is characterized by their square stems, opposite leaves, and two-lipped flowers.

In the context of medicine and biology, symbiosis is a type of close and long-term biological interaction between two different biological organisms. Generally, one organism, called the symbiont, lives inside or on another organism, called the host. This interaction can be mutually beneficial (mutualistic), harmful to the host organism (parasitic), or have no effect on either organism (commensal).

Examples of mutualistic symbiotic relationships in humans include the bacteria that live in our gut and help us digest food, as well as the algae that live inside corals and provide them with nutrients. Parasitic symbioses, on the other hand, involve organisms like viruses or parasitic worms that live inside a host and cause harm to it.

It's worth noting that while the term "symbiosis" is often used in popular culture to refer to any close relationship between two organisms, in scientific contexts it has a more specific meaning related to long-term biological interactions.

Caco-2 cells are a type of human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line that is commonly used in scientific research, particularly in the field of drug development and toxicology. These cells are capable of forming a monolayer with tight junctions, which makes them an excellent model for studying intestinal absorption, transport, and metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotic compounds.

Caco-2 cells express many of the transporters and enzymes that are found in the human small intestine, making them a valuable tool for predicting drug absorption and bioavailability in humans. They are also used to study the mechanisms of drug transport across the intestinal epithelium, including passive diffusion and active transport by various transporters.

In addition to their use in drug development, Caco-2 cells are also used to study the toxicological effects of various compounds on human intestinal cells. They can be used to investigate the mechanisms of toxicity, as well as to evaluate the potential for drugs and other compounds to induce intestinal damage or inflammation.

Overall, Caco-2 cells are a widely used and valuable tool in both drug development and toxicology research, providing important insights into the absorption, transport, metabolism, and toxicity of various compounds in the human body.

Anti-allergic agents, also known as antihistamines, are a class of medications used to treat allergies. They work by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that is released during an allergic reaction and causes symptoms such as itching, sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes.

There are two main types of antihistamines: first-generation and second-generation. First-generation antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl) and chlorpheniramine (Chlor-Trimeton), can cause drowsiness and other side effects, such as dry mouth and blurred vision. They are typically used for the treatment of short-term symptoms, such as those caused by seasonal allergies or a mild reaction to an insect bite.

Second-generation antihistamines, such as loratadine (Claritin) and cetirizine (Zyrtec), are less likely to cause drowsiness and other side effects. They are often used for the long-term treatment of chronic allergies, such as those caused by dust mites or pet dander.

In addition to their use in treating allergies, antihistamines may also be used to treat symptoms of motion sickness, insomnia, and anxiety. It is important to follow the instructions on the label when taking antihistamines and to talk to a healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns about using these medications.

Agrimonia is a genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, commonly known as agrimony. The term "agrimonia" generally refers to the plants in this genus and their properties. Agrimonia species are native to Europe, Asia, and North America, and have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes.

The medical definition of 'agrimonia' typically refers to the medicinal uses and pharmacological properties of these plants. Agrimony has been traditionally used as a herbal remedy for a variety of health conditions, including digestive disorders, skin problems, respiratory ailments, and wound healing.

Modern scientific research has investigated some of the potential therapeutic effects of agrimonia, such as its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. However, more studies are needed to confirm these findings and establish the safety and efficacy of agrimony for medical use.

It is important to note that while some people may find agrimony helpful as a complementary therapy, it should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice or treatment.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Malpighiaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic name in the field of botany, referring to a family of flowering plants commonly known as the "malpighias" or "cotton-silk flowers." This family includes around 75 genera and 1,300 species of trees, shrubs, and herbs, many of which are tropical in distribution.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help with those instead!

Anticarcinogenic agents are substances that prevent, inhibit or reduce the development of cancer. They can be natural or synthetic compounds that interfere with the process of carcinogenesis at various stages, such as initiation, promotion, and progression. Anticarcinogenic agents may work by preventing DNA damage, promoting DNA repair, reducing inflammation, inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death), or modulating immune responses.

Examples of anticarcinogenic agents include chemopreventive agents, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and retinoids; phytochemicals found in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods; and medications used to treat cancer, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapies.

It is important to note that while some anticarcinogenic agents have been shown to be effective in preventing or reducing the risk of certain types of cancer, they may also have potential side effects and risks. Therefore, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using any anticarcinogenic agent for cancer prevention or treatment purposes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "honey" is not typically considered a medical term. It is a natural sweet substance produced by honeybees from the nectar of flowers. Honey is composed primarily of fructose and glucose, with small amounts of other sugars, water, proteins, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and various organic compounds.

While honey does have some potential health benefits, such as its antimicrobial properties and its use in wound healing, it is not a medical treatment or intervention. If you have any questions about the medicinal uses of honey or its role in health, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Loranthaceae" is not a medical term. It is a botanical term that refers to a family of flowering plants known as the mistletoes. These parasitic plants attach themselves to the branches of trees and shrubs, penetrating the bark to draw nutrients from the host plant. They have adapted to a parasitic lifestyle through evolution, losing their roots and some leaves.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health science, I would be happy to help!

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a colorless, odorless, clear liquid with a slightly sweet taste, although drinking it is harmful and can cause poisoning. It is a weak oxidizing agent and is used as an antiseptic and a bleaching agent. In diluted form, it is used to disinfect wounds and kill bacteria and viruses on the skin; in higher concentrations, it can be used to bleach hair or remove stains from clothing. It is also used as a propellant in rocketry and in certain industrial processes. Chemically, hydrogen peroxide is composed of two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms, and it is structurally similar to water (H2O), with an extra oxygen atom. This gives it its oxidizing properties, as the additional oxygen can be released and used to react with other substances.

Acyltransferases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an acyl group (a functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and single-bonded to a hydrogen atom) from one molecule to another. This transfer involves the formation of an ester bond between the acyl group donor and the acyl group acceptor.

Acyltransferases play important roles in various biological processes, including the biosynthesis of lipids, fatty acids, and other metabolites. They are also involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics (foreign substances) by catalyzing the addition of an acyl group to these compounds, making them more water-soluble and easier to excrete from the body.

Examples of acyltransferases include serine palmitoyltransferase, which is involved in the biosynthesis of sphingolipids, and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), which facilitates the transfer of cholesteryl esters between lipoproteins.

Acyltransferases are classified based on the type of acyl group they transfer and the nature of the acyl group donor and acceptor molecules. They can be further categorized into subclasses based on their sequence similarities, three-dimensional structures, and evolutionary relationships.

Euphorbiaceae is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in botany. It refers to the spurge family, which is a large family of flowering plants that includes around 300 genera and 7,500 species. Some members of this family have medicinal uses, but others are toxic or invasive. Therefore, it is important to use caution when handling or consuming any plant material from this family.

Antineoplastic agents, phytogenic, also known as plant-derived anticancer drugs, are medications that are derived from plants and used to treat cancer. These agents have natural origins and work by interfering with the growth and multiplication of cancer cells, helping to slow or stop the spread of the disease. Some examples of antineoplastic agents, phytogenic include paclitaxel (Taxol), vincristine, vinblastine, and etoposide. These drugs are often used in combination with other treatments such as surgery, radiation therapy, and other medications to provide a comprehensive approach to cancer care.

Apiaceae is a family of flowering plants also known as Umbelliferae. It includes aromatic herbs and vegetables such as carrots, parsley, celery, fennel, and dill. The plants in this family are characterized by their umbrella-shaped clusters of flowers (umbels) and hollow stems. Some members of Apiaceae contain toxic compounds, so caution should be taken when identifying and consuming wild plants from this family.

"Viscum" is the generic name for mistletoe, a parasitic plant that grows on the branches of trees. It is used in complementary and alternative medicine, particularly in Europe. The most widely used species are Viscum album (European mistletoe) and Phoradendron serotinum (American mistletoe).

In a medical context, "Viscum" refers to the extracts of the mistletoe plant that are used in various forms of therapy. These extracts contain various biologically active compounds such as lectins, viscotoxins, and polysaccharides, which are believed to have immunomodulatory, antiproliferative, and cytotoxic effects.

Mistletoe extracts are used primarily in the treatment of cancer, with the goal of improving quality of life, reducing side effects of conventional therapies, and potentially enhancing the effectiveness of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. However, it's important to note that the scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited, and mistletoe therapy should only be administered under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional.

Lipid peroxidation is a process in which free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), steal electrons from lipids containing carbon-carbon double bonds, particularly polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). This results in the formation of lipid hydroperoxides, which can decompose to form a variety of compounds including reactive carbonyl compounds, aldehydes, and ketones.

Malondialdehyde (MDA) is one such compound that is commonly used as a marker for lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation can cause damage to cell membranes, leading to changes in their fluidity and permeability, and can also result in the modification of proteins and DNA, contributing to cellular dysfunction and ultimately cell death. It is associated with various pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Vernonia" is not a medical term. It is the name of a genus of plants in the sunflower family, also known as ironweeds. Some species of Vernonia have been used in traditional medicine, such as Vernonia anthelmintica, which has been used in Ayurvedic medicine for its supposed anti-parasitic properties. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support these uses.

If you are looking for a medical term and have made a mistake in spelling or phrasing, please let me know and I will do my best to provide an accurate definition.

Medical definitions of "oxidants" refer to them as oxidizing agents or substances that can gain electrons and be reduced. They are capable of accepting electrons from other molecules in chemical reactions, leading to the production of oxidation products. In biological systems, oxidants play a crucial role in various cellular processes such as energy production and immune responses. However, an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant levels can lead to a state of oxidative stress, which has been linked to several diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative disorders. Examples of oxidants include reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical, as well as reactive nitrogen species (RNS), such as nitric oxide and peroxynitrite.

'Butea' is a plant genus that belongs to the legume family, Fabaceae. It is also known as Flame of the Forest due to its vibrant red-orange flowers. The most common species is Butea monosperma, which is native to India and other parts of Asia.

The bark, roots, and seeds of this plant have been used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine for various purposes such as treating skin diseases, diarrhea, dysentery, and menstrual disorders. However, it's important to note that the use of Butea in modern medicine is not well-studied, and its safety and efficacy have not been established by scientific research.

Therefore, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional before using any products derived from this plant for medicinal purposes.

Edible plants are those that can be safely consumed by humans and other animals as a source of nutrition. They have various parts (such as fruits, vegetables, seeds, roots, stems, and leaves) that can be used for food after being harvested and prepared properly. Some edible plants have been cultivated and domesticated for agricultural purposes, while others are gathered from the wild. It is important to note that not all plants are safe to eat, and some may even be toxic or deadly if consumed. Proper identification and knowledge of preparation methods are crucial before consuming any plant material.

Biosynthetic pathways refer to the series of biochemical reactions that occur within cells and living organisms, leading to the production (synthesis) of complex molecules from simpler precursors. These pathways involve a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, where each reaction builds upon the product of the previous one, ultimately resulting in the formation of a specific biomolecule.

Examples of biosynthetic pathways include:

1. The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) - an essential metabolic pathway that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2. Glycolysis - a process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate to generate ATP and NADH.
3. Gluconeogenesis - the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and certain amino acids.
4. Fatty acid synthesis - a process that produces fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA through a series of reduction reactions.
5. Amino acid synthesis - the production of various amino acids from simpler precursors, often involving intermediates in central metabolic pathways like the Krebs cycle or glycolysis.
6. Steroid biosynthesis - the formation of steroids from simple precursors such as cholesterol and its derivatives.
7. Terpenoid biosynthesis - the production of terpenes, terpenoids, and sterols from isoprene units (isopentenyl pyrophosphate).
8. Nucleotide synthesis - the generation of nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA, through complex biochemical pathways involving various precursors and cofactors.

Understanding biosynthetic pathways is crucial for comprehending cellular metabolism, developing drugs that target specific metabolic processes, and engineering organisms with desired traits in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering applications.

'Caesalpinia' is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It includes several species that are native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Some common names for plants in this genus include poison ivy, pencil cactus, and Brazilian rosewood.

Many species of Caesalpinia contain toxic compounds and can cause skin irritation or other adverse health effects if ingested or come into contact with the skin. For example, the sap of some species can cause a rash similar to poison ivy. It is important to use caution when handling these plants and to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms after coming into contact with them.

It is worth noting that 'Caesalpinia' is a taxonomic category used in the classification of plants, and it does not have a specific medical definition. If you are looking for information about a specific medical condition or treatment, I would recommend consulting a healthcare professional or searching for information from a reputable medical source.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Polypodiaceae" is not a medical term. It is a taxonomic category in botany, specifically a family of ferns known as the "Polypody Family." This family includes various species of leafy ferns that are commonly found growing on trees, rocks, and soil in many parts of the world. If you have any questions about a medical term or concept, I'd be happy to help clarify those for you.

Flavonoids are secondary metabolites synthesized mainly by plants. The general structure of flavonoids is a 15-carbon skeleton ... Unit: mg/100g Food composition data for flavonoids were provided by the USDA database on flavonoids. In the United States ... Microbial metabolism is a major contributor to the overall metabolism of dietary flavonoids. The effect of habitual flavonoid ... doi:10.1016/0022-2860(71)87109-0. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flavonoids. USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of ...
The synthesis of flavonoid alkaloids has been achieved A number of flavonoid alkaloids have been discovered that possess ... A flavonoid alkaloid also known as a flavoalkaloid is a type of natural product produced by plants that contains both a ... The most common flavonoid alkaloids contain a nitrogen heterocycle such as a pyridine or piperidine which is covalently bonded ... Synthesis of novel flavonoid alkaloids as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry. Jain SK, Bharate SB, ...
Flavonoids are synthesized by the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway in which the amino acid phenylalanine is used to produce 4- ... This can be combined with malonyl-CoA to yield the true backbone of flavonoids, a group of compounds called chalcones, which ... Flavonoid Biosynthesis Diagrams Flavanoids can possess chiral carbons. Methods of analysis should take this element into ... Conjugate ring-closure of chalcones results in the familiar form of flavonoids, the three-ringed structure of a flavone. The ...
... flavonoid 3-hydroxylase (erroneous), NADPH:flavonoid-3'-hydroxylase, and flavonoid 3-monooxygenase (erroneous). This enzyme ... In enzymology, a flavonoid 3'-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.82, was wrongly classified as EC 1.14.13.21 in the past) is an enzyme ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is flavonoid,NADPH:oxygen oxidoreductase (3'-hydroxylating). Other names in common use ... Forkmann G, Heller W, Grisebach H (1980). "Anthocyanin biosynthesis in flowers of Matthiola incana flavanone 3- and flavonoid 3 ...
C-methylated flavonoids are a category of flavonoid having methylation(s) on carbon. An example of such compounds is the ... O-methylated flavonoid v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking ... sources from January 2021, All articles lacking sources, Flavonoids, All stub articles, Aromatic compound stubs). ...
The O-methylated flavonoids or methoxyflavonoids are flavonoids with methylations on hydroxyl groups (methoxy bonds). O- ... methylation has an effect on the solubility of flavonoids. O-methylated flavonoids formation implies the presence of specific O ... Kim, Bong-Gyu; Lee, Youngshim; Hur, Hor-Gil; Lim, Yoongho; Ahn, Joong-Hoon (2006). "Flavonoid 3′-O-methyltransferase from rice ... Schroder, G; Wehinger, E; Lukacin, R; Wellmann, F; Seefelder, W; Schwab, W; Schröder, J (2004). "Flavonoid methylation: a novel ...
... (EC 1.14.14.81 was wrongly classified as EC 1.14.13.88 in the past) is an enzyme with systematic ... H2O Flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase is a heme-thiolate protein (P-450). Menting J, Scopes RK, Stevenson TW (October 1994). " ... "Characterization of Flavonoid 3[prime],5[prime]-Hydroxylase in Microsomal Membrane Fraction of Petunia hybrida Flowers". Plant ... "A cytochrome b5 is required for full activity of flavonoid 3', 5'-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 involved in the formation of ...
Flavonoid+4'-O-methyltransferase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC ... Flavonoid 4'-O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.231, SOMT-2, 4'-hydroxyisoflavone methyltransferase) is an enzyme with systematic ... name S-adenosyl-L-methionine:flavonoid 4'-O-methyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction S-adenosyl ...
... may refer to: Kaempferol 4'-O-methyltransferase Flavonoid 4'-O- ...
... flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Flavonoids include the anthocyanins and tannins which contribute to the color and mouthfeel of ... The non-flavonoids include the stilbenoids such as resveratrol and phenolic acids such as benzoic, caffeic and cinnamic acids. ... Like other flavonoids, the concentration of flavonols in the grape berries increases as they are exposed to sunlight. Wine ... June 2001). "Flavonoids act as negative regulators of auxin transport in vivo in arabidopsis". Plant Physiol. 126 (2): 524-35. ...
Phenols called flavonoids are under preliminary research, as of 2020, but there is no evidence that flavonoids have antioxidant ... According to a report released by USDA, in a 200-ml cup of tea, the mean total content of flavonoids is 266.68 mg for green tea ... Tea has one of the highest contents of flavonoids among common food and beverage products. Catechins are the largest type of ... "Flavonoids". Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 2016. Retrieved 2020-04-15. EFSA Panel on Dietetic ...
"Flavonoids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. November 2015. ...
"Flavonoids". Micronutrient Information Center. Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 2016. Retrieved ...
... is a source of flavonoids and antioxidants, especially luteolin, apigenin, folate, vitamin K, vitamin C, and vitamin A ... Delage, PhD, Barbara (November 2015). "Flavonoids". Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. ...
"Flavonoids". Linus Pauling Institute. 28 April 2014. "Hinokitiol , 499-44-5". www.chemicalbook.com. Bentley, Ronald (2008). "A ...
"Flavonoids". Micronutrient Information Center. Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 2016. Retrieved 2 ... together with other flavonoids localized mainly in berry skins, seeds and leaves. Although berry pigments have antioxidant ...
"Flavonoids". Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016. Lemmo W (September 2014 ... For example, phenolic antioxidants such as stilbenes, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acid strongly absorb UV radiation due to ... Beecher GR (October 2003). "Overview of dietary flavonoids: nomenclature, occurrence and intake". The Journal of Nutrition. 133 ... "Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 20 (7): 933- ...
... malonylated flavonoids, acylated, prenylated and malonated proteins). De novo fatty acid biosynthesis in plants occurs in ... flavonoids; malonic acid; acetylated phenolics, alkaloids, isoprenoids, anthocyanins, and sugars; and, mevalonate-derived ...
"Flavonoids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. February 2016. ... flavonoids, resveratrol, and lignans that are present in numerous plant foods. Some phytochemical compounds are under ...
... (from Latin flavus "yellow") are a class of flavonoids based on the backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one (2-phenyl-1- ... "Flavonoids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. November 2015. ... David Stauth (5 March 2007). "Studies force new view on biology of flavonoids". EurekAlert!; Adapted from a news release issued ... Harborne, Jeffrey B.; Marby, Helga; Marby, T. J. (1975). The Flavonoids - Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2909-9. ISBN 978-0- ...
Davies NM, Yáñez JA (2013). "Flavonoids and drug interactions". In Davies NM, Yanez JA (eds.). Flavonoid pharmacokinetics: ... flavonoids, stilbenes, and lignans". Flavonoids include flavones, flavonols, flavanols, flavanones, isoflavones, ... Polyphenols include flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin, some of which have been used historically as dyes and for ... Flavonoid configurations can also cause significant differences in sensory properties, e.g. epicatechin is more bitter and ...
... is a flavonoid widely distributed in nature. The name has been used since 1857, and is derived from quercetum (oak ... Compared to other flavonoids quercetin is one of the most effective inducers of the phase II detoxification enzymes. In-vitro ... Quercetin is the aglycone form of a number of other flavonoid glycosides, such as rutin (also known as quercetin-3-O-rutinoside ... Quercetin is a plant flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols. It is found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves, seeds, ...
"Flavonoids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 1 February 2016. Retrieved 11 ...
... flavonoids; coumarins; organic acids such as citric acid and a red dye; phenolics such as phenolic acid; and anthraquinone ...
... flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, and flavonoid 3',5'-hydroxylase, These oxidation products are further reduced by the enzyme ... flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3′H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), UDP-glucoside: flavonoid ... "Studies force new view on biology of flavonoids", by David Stauth, EurekAlert!. Adapted from a news release issued by Oregon ... Anthocyanin pigments are assembled like all other flavonoids from two different streams of chemical raw materials in the cell: ...
Various citrus fruit peels contain 32 to 49 mg/g of flavonoids expressed as rutin equivalents. Citrus leaves contain rutin at ... Rutin is a citrus flavonoid glycoside found in many plants, including buckwheat, the leaves and petioles of Rheum species, and ... Wang, Yuan-Chuen; Chuang, Yueh-Chueh; Hsu, Hsing-Wen (2008). "The flavonoid, carotenoid and pectin content in peels of citrus ... As a flavonol among similar flavonoids, rutin has low bioavailability due to poor absorption, high metabolism, and rapid ...
... flavonoids, stilbenes or lignans. Flavonoids can be further divided into groups based on their similar chemical structure, such ... Others, such as some polyphenols and flavonoids, may be pro-oxidants in high ingested amounts. Non-digestible dietary fibers ... "Flavonoids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. November ...
As flavonoids, catechins can act as antioxidants when in high concentration in vitro, but compared with other flavonoids, their ... Chun OK, Chung SJ, Song WO (May 2007). "Estimated dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of U.S. adults". The Journal ... 2015). "Flavonoid intake in European adults (18 to 64 years)". PLOS ONE. 10 (5): e0128132. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1028132V. doi: ... November 2004). "Flavonoid biosynthesis in the tea plant Camellia sinensis: properties of enzymes of the prominent epicatechin ...
The Systematic Identification of Flavonoids. Mabry et al, 1970, page 81 The compound in the Mediterranean diet that makes ... Forkmann, G. (January 1991). "Flavonoids as Flower Pigments: The Formation of the Natural Spectrum and its Extension by Genetic ... Apigenin is particularly abundant in the flowers of chamomile plants, constituting 68% of total flavonoids. Dried parsley can ... USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods, Release 3 (2011) (ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata, Articles ...
doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)96524-4. Potonay, T.; Batta, G.; Dinya, Z. (1988). "Flavonoids. 41. Stereospecific synthesis of 2,3- ...
Flavonoids are secondary metabolites synthesized mainly by plants. The general structure of flavonoids is a 15-carbon skeleton ... Unit: mg/100g Food composition data for flavonoids were provided by the USDA database on flavonoids. In the United States ... Microbial metabolism is a major contributor to the overall metabolism of dietary flavonoids. The effect of habitual flavonoid ... doi:10.1016/0022-2860(71)87109-0. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flavonoids. USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of ...
... http://www.chiro.org/Graphics_Box_NUTRITION/ABSTRACTS/Flavonoids_Recent_ ... Flavonoids: Recent Advances as Anticancer Drugs This section is compiled by Frank M. Painter, D.C.. Send all comments or ... In recent years, flavonoids and their synthetic analogues have been intensely investigated in the treatment of ovarian, breast ... This review presents recent advances on the aspects of the natural flavonoids and their synthetic analogues in the treatment of ...
Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in fruits like apples and pears and vegetables like spinach and kale, as well as ... Foods richest in flavonoids include apples, pears, and spinach, but many more have a wealth of the compounds as well. ... Researchers say flavonoids found in fruits, vegetables, chocolate, tea, and wine may help reduce the risk of Alzheimers ... As soon as the evidence of the flavonoid consumption began to show, he said, "We wanted to delve even further. We knew we were ...
Flavonoid compounds - produced by the roots of some sorghum plants - positively affect soil microorganisms, according to Penn ...
Many dietary flavonoids have been found to reverse DNA aberrations that promote neoplastic transformation, particularly for PCa ... We overviewed the most recent evidence of the antitumoral effects exerted by dietary flavonoids, with a special focus on their ... The optimization of the use of flavonoids as natural epigenetic modulators for chemoprevention and as a possible treatment of ... Many research studies have highlighted the positive effects of natural flavonoids on chronic diseases, including PCa. Different ...
Discover the pharmacological potential of flavonoids in food, medicine, and cosmetics. Learn about the assignment of purity ... Flavonoids are the most widely used in the field of the food, medicine, and cosmetic due to their pharmacological functions and ... Certification and uncertainty evaluation of flavonoids certified reference materials () Can Quan, Huanfang Yao, Caixia Hou ... Flavonoids; Certified Reference Material (CRM); Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (QNMR); Mass balance approach; ...
... Med Sci Monit. 2001 May:7 ...
The review also focuses on flavonoid-drug interactions as well as the reversal activity of flavonoids useful against MDR. In ... Emerging significance of flavonoids as P-glycoprotein inhibitors in cancer chemotherapy J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2009;12(1):46-78. ... Flavonoids (polyphenolic herbal constituents) form the third generation, non-pharmaceutical category of P-gp inhibitors. The ... This paper presents an overview of the investigations on the feasibility and application of flavonoids as P-gp modulators for ...
... will examine whether adding flavonoids found in cocoa to the diet, gives additional protection against heart disease on top of ... Flavonoid can help to reduce heart disease risk​ "We hope to show that adding flavonoids to their diets will provide additional ... Can flavonoid-rich chocolate protect against heart disease?. By Linda Rano 27-Apr-2008. - Last updated on 19-Jul-2008 at 12:46 ... If the trial confirms the beneficial affects of flavonoids "it could have a far-reaching impact on the advice we give to ...
Contents Summary Introduction Flavonoid Subclasses Metabolism and Bioavailability Chemical structures Interactions with food ... Chemical structure of flavonoids. Most flavonoids occur in edible plants and foods as β-glycosides, i.e., bound to one or more ... Only flavonoid aglycones (not bound to a sugar molecule) and a few flavonoid glucosides (bound to glucose) are easily absorbed ... Although some flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods may enhance cognitive function in the aging brain, it is not yet clear ...
... * Abdel Nasser B. Singaba , Amer H. ... "Molluscicidal Activity and New Flavonoids from Egyptian Iris germanica L. (var. alba)" Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, vol. ... "Molluscicidal Activity and New Flavonoids from Egyptian Iris germanica L. (var. alba)" Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 61, no ... Singaba A, Ahmed A, Sinkkonen J, Ovcharenko V, Pihlaja K. Molluscicidal Activity and New Flavonoids from Egyptian Iris ...
flavonoids and ionic liquids R. Bogel-Łukasik, L. M. Nobre Gonçalves and E. Bogel-Łukasik, Green Chem., 2010, 12, 1947 DOI: ... Phase equilibrium phenomena in solutions involving tannins, flavonoids and ionic liquids Rafał Bogel-Łukasik,*ab Linda Maria ...
Astragalin (AG) is a natural flavonoid that can be isolated from a variety of familiar edible plants, such as the seeds of ... Astragalin (AG) is a natural flavonoid that can be isolated from a variety of familiar edible plants, such as the seeds of ... Naturally occurring flavonoids have long been utilized as essential templates for the development of novel drugs and as ... Naturally occurring flavonoids have long been utilized as essential templates for the development of novel drugs and as ...
The current study illustrated the possible positive effects of flavonoids present in the leaves of Mespilus germanica on ... Mespilus germanica Flavonoids Attenuate Cognitive Dysfunction in the Streptozotocin-induced Rat Model of Alzheimers Disease. ... Rats received different doses of Mespilus germanica flavonoids or saline over three weeks starting one day before surgery. Next ... Flavonoids extracted by Mespilus germanica considerably eradicated the negative effects of streptozotocin. Accordingly, ...
The C-glycosylated flavonoids are thought to be suitable for human health applications due to their bioactivity.64 Flavonoids ... Flavonoids from duckweeds: potential applications in the human diet†. Débora Pagliuso. a, Carmen Eusebia Palacios Jara. ab, ... Recently, flavonoids such as quercetin and rutin have been shown to interfere with the entrance of the SARS-Cov-2 in cells, ... The diversity of flavonoids in the five duckweed species revealed as major constituents luteolin and its derivatives (36.4 μg ...
Discover the antioxidant power of flavonoids in foods! Analyzing their properties, antioxidant activity, and fat concentration ... Amount of Lipids, Antioxidant Activity, Chemometric Analysis, Fat Content, Flavonoids, Food, Fruit, Vegetables ... Flavonoids are a class of natural polyphenolic compounds which cannot be synthesized by humans. These substances possess a ... The purpose of this study was to analyze the properties of certain foods, determining the total flavonoids as well as their ...
Citrus contain special flavonoids that have been shown to protect the brain. The top three citrus fruits. ... Limes contain special flavonoids called "flavonol glycosides." Not only are these flavonoids powerful antioxidants that help ... And citrus flavonoids, which exert little adverse effect and have low or no cytotoxicity to healthy, normal cells, can actually ... Researchers have discovered that one particular group of antioxidants called "flavonoids" are particularly good at protecting ...
Flavonoid-rich cocoa supplements may improve biomarkers of heart health, boost mobility, and improve the quality of life for ... The people were randomly assigned to receive beverages formulated with no cocoa (placebo), flavonoid-free cocoa, or flavonoid- ... Provocative: Cocoa flavonoids may improve mobility & quality of life for older people. By Stephen Daniells 07-Jun-2019. - Last ... The flavonoid dose in the active group was 179 mg. Beverages were to be consumed once every day for up to 12-weeks. ...
... By Olivia Haslam 09-Aug-2023. - ... Flavonoids like rutin can have potential therapeutic benefits​, having been reported in previous studies​ for its antioxidant, ... The three-month-long study found that those who received daily supplementation with the flavonoid showed significant reductions ...
Science Based Nutrition , Learn , General Nutrition , FAQs , Is there a flavonoid supplement I can take? ... Flavonoids occur in plants and help ward off plant diseases. More than 4000 flavanoids have been identified and found in our ... So eat your fruits and vegetables to get your proper flavonoid intake and take a good multivitamin and mineral formula for ... Additionally unusual levels of flavonoids can interfere with the activity of many of our bodys enzyme systems and hormone ...
Our previous studies have shown that the total flavonoids (TFs) from Rosa laevigata Michx fruit has various activities, however ... the contents of some flavonoids, including quercetin, kaempferide and isorhamnetin have been determined in the total flavonoids ... Zhao L, Xu L, Tao X, Han X, Yin L, Qi Y, Peng J. Protective Effect of the Total Flavonoids from Rosa laevigata Michx Fruit on ... Zhao L, Xu L, Tao X, Han X, Yin L, Qi Y, Peng J. Protective Effect of the Total Flavonoids from Rosa laevigata Michx Fruit on ...
Home CDN , giveaway , health , US Lipo-Flavonoid Plus Giveaway (ENDED) Lipo-Flavonoid Plus Giveaway (ENDED) Catherine McDiarmid ... Todays giveaway is Lipo-Flavonoid Plus - a box of 100 caplets - value $30.. Lipo-Flavonoid Plus is a nutritional supplement ( ... Take Lipo-Flavonoid More: Natural Treatments to Ease Tinnitus Intensity (.pdf). Debbys Story: A Tinnitus Sufferer Finds Relief ... I could truly use Lipo-Flavonoid Plus to treat my tinnitus. I did not know such a product even existed, and simply could NOT ...
... may have a lower chance of dying prematurely than those who do not eat as many flavonoids. Thats according to a study ... People with Parkinsons disease who eat a diet that includes three or more servings per week of foods high in flavonoids, like ... To read the abstract of the study, "Intake of flavonoids and flavonoid-rich foods, and mortality risk among individuals with ... and their intake of different types of flavonoids was calculated by multiplying the flavonoid content of each food by its ...
In summary, these results suggest that FhCHS1 plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of flavonoid in Freesia hybrida and ... may be used to modify the components of flavonoids in other plants. ... catalyzes the first committed step in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. In this study, the cDNA (FhCHS1) encoding CHS from ...
We studied the relationship between esophageal cancer and dietary proanthocyanidins, flavonoids and flavonoid subclasses ( ... which is strongly correlated with flavonoid consumption. We conclude that total flavonoids and proanthocyanidins do not have ... Neither total flavonoid nor proanthocyanidin intake was associated with EAC and ESCC in either white or black men. In white men ... Flavonoids and proanthocyanidins are bioactive polyphenolic components of fruits and vegetables that may account for part of ...
Structural Studies of Certain Naturally Occurring Flavonoids and Use of Flavonoids as Antioxidants. Publication Type : Thesis ... HomePublicationsStructural Studies of Certain Naturally Occurring Flavonoids and Use of Flavonoids as Antioxidants ... "Structural Studies of Certain Naturally Occurring Flavonoids and Use of Flavonoids as Antioxidants", Delhi University, Delhi, ...
... Ingredients by Nature ~ CITRUSHIELD ORAC Citrus Flavonoid ... The formula contains citrus flavonoid extracts and whole fruit powders from five varieties of citrus, including lemon (Citrus ... The CITRUSHIELD formula is a proprietary formulation from 100-percent whole citrus fruits and flavonoid extracts. ... citrus flavonoid formula. The formula is intended for use in supplements to aid individuals in obtaining the appropriate ...
Previously, the neuroprotection of phenolic acids and flavonoids in... ... Previously, the neuroprotection of phenolic acids and flavonoids in the brain has been indicated.. Material and Methods:. This ... Ji H-F, Zhang H-Y. Theoretical evaluation of flavonoids as multipotent agents to combat Alzheimers disease. J Mol Struct. ( ... Ishge K, Schubert D, Sagara Y. Flavonoids protect neuronal cells from oxidative stress by three distinct mechanisms. Free Rad ...
Flavonoid compounds are synthesized by all members of the Aceraceae (Maple family) in its two genera: Acer with 180 species; ... The Flavonoid Systematics of the Genus Dahlia (Compositae). Mem (26)2 MSRP: ... A Survey of Foliar Flavonoids in the Aceraceae. Mem (54). Rating Required Select Rating. 1 star (worst). 2 stars. 3 stars ( ... This treatment presents a survey of the kinds and distributions of flavonoid compounds in the leaves of species of Aceraceae, ...
The total flavonoid content of the different samples ranged between 5 and 20 μg flavonoid/g honey. The major flavonoids in ... The HPLC conditions for flavonoid analysis have also been improved. This technique was applied to the analysis of flavonoids in ... A simple extractive technique for honey flavonoid HPLC analysis. F. Ferreresa, F.A. Tomás-Barberána, C. Solera, C. García- ... Abstract - A simple technique for routine analysis of flavonoids from honey has been described utilising a combination of ...
  • Every four years, participants were surveyed about how often they ate various foods, and their intake of different types of flavonoids was calculated by multiplying the flavonoid content of each food by its frequency. (icaa.cc)
  • According to the IUPAC nomenclature, they can be classified into: flavonoids or bioflavonoids isoflavonoids, derived from 3-phenylchromen-4-one (3-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone) structure neoflavonoids, derived from 4-phenylcoumarine (4-phenyl-1,2-benzopyrone) structure The three flavonoid classes above are all ketone-containing compounds and as such, anthoxanthins (flavones and flavonols). (wikipedia.org)
  • The terms flavonoid and bioflavonoid have also been more loosely used to describe non-ketone polyhydroxy polyphenol compounds, which are more specifically termed flavanoids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in fruits like apples and pears and vegetables like spinach and kale, as well as chocolate, tea, and wine. (healthline.com)
  • A study published last summer reported that flavonoid consumption may improve heart health and reduce cancer risk, but the January study was the first research to show these compounds may also help brain health in people. (healthline.com)
  • Foods richest in flavonoids include apples, pears, and spinach, but many more have a wealth of the compounds as well. (healthline.com)
  • Flavonoids are a large family of polyphenolic plant compounds. (oregonstate.edu)
  • 13,14 Among the secondary metabolites, the flavonoids are a group of compounds synthesized from cinnamic acid derivatives coupled with three acetate units that display several biological roles. (rsc.org)
  • The substitution pattern of the central ring along with the degree of unsaturation and the oxidation of the flavonoid structure resolve this group of compounds into six main classes: flavonol, flavone, flavanonol, flavanone, anthocyanin, and isoflavonoid. (rsc.org)
  • Flavonoids are a class of natural polyphenolic compounds which cannot be synthesized by humans. (scirp.org)
  • This treatment presents a survey of the kinds and distributions of flavonoid compounds in the leaves of species of Aceraceae, their usefulness in delimitation of infrageneric taxa, and their contribution as indicators of phylogenetic relationships within the Aceraceae. (nybgshop.org)
  • Seven different yeast strains producing flavonoids (naringenin, kaempferol, dihydrokaempferol, apigenin and afzelechin), a stilbenoid (resveratrol) and a dihydrochalcone (phloretin) were used as a base for the introduction of a library of decorating enzymes known to be active towards some of these compounds. (ruc.dk)
  • Although no compounds with significant antibacterial properties were identified, the method for the construction of flavonoid libraries that is presented here could serve as a base for future screenings. (ruc.dk)
  • Conclusions: The ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of S. radicans L.f. contains phenolic compounds and flavonoids, with antioxidant activity in three in vitro methods. (edu.pe)
  • This study showed the leaves and seeds extracts of these two medicinal plants are found rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds. (nepjol.info)
  • 4-coumarate-CoA ligase intermediate in the biosynthesis of polyketides such as flavonoids (pigmentation) and other natural organic compounds. (cdc.gov)
  • Both had a similar chemical constitution, the glycerin being more efficient in concentrating phenolic compounds and flavonoids. (bvsalud.org)
  • The results of small-scale randomized controlled trials suggest that consumption of flavonoid-rich food and beverages containing anthocyanins or flavan-3-ols may improve vascular endothelial function. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Flavonoids are classified into 12 major subclasses based on chemical structures, six of which, namely anthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, and isoflavones ( Table 1 and Figures 1-9 ) are of dietary significance. (oregonstate.edu)
  • The study looked at several types of flavonoids and found that higher consumption of flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins, both before and after a Parkinson's diagnosis, was associated with lower risk of death during the study period. (icaa.cc)
  • We studied the relationship between esophageal cancer and dietary proanthocyanidins, flavonoids and flavonoid subclasses (anthocyanidins, flavan-3-ols, flavanones, flavones, flavonols and isoflavonoids) using recently developed USDA and Tufts flavonoid and proanthocyanidin databases. (rti.org)
  • A report published in December 2007 by Global Business Insights predicted that green, which contains high levels of flavonoids and polyphenols, was among the main functional ingredients likely to become more popular. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Flavonoids, a class of polyphenols, have exhibited multifaceted implications against several diseases including cancer, without showing significant toxicity towards the normal cells. (lu.se)
  • Over five thousand flavonoids have been identified, which comprise the most abundant group of plant Polyphenols next to Stilbenes (resveratrol, pinosylvin, isorhapontin), Lignans (nuts, seeds, and whole grain cereal sources), and Phenolic acids (found in a variety of foods). (acu-cell.com)
  • As a group with other polyphenols, flavonoids - and Bioflavonoid Complex Supplements - have been found to reduce the development of cardiovascular disease, [1] cancer, osteoporosis, and provide many other health benefits as a result of their antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and at times anti-allergenic properties. (acu-cell.com)
  • It is high in flavonoids, polyphenols, and catechins. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Flavonoids (polyphenolic herbal constituents) form the third generation, non-pharmaceutical category of P-gp inhibitors. (nih.gov)
  • Flavonoids and proanthocyanidins are bioactive polyphenolic components of fruits and vegetables that may account for part of the protective effect of raw fruit and vegetable consumption in esophageal cancer. (rti.org)
  • Flavonoids are polyphenolic secondary plant metabolites which commonly exist as multiple 0-and C-glycosidic derivatives (1,2), but also may be present as aglycones (3). (taylorfrancis.com)
  • Abstract - A simple technique for routine analysis of flavonoids from honey has been described utilising a combination of filtration through the resin Amberlite XAD-2 and extraction with ethyl ether. (apidologie.org)
  • High intakes of dietary flavonoids are generally regarded as safe, especially because of their low bioavailability. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Populations with higher intakes of dietary flavonoids have a reduced risk of developing cardiovascular disease. (teas.com.au)
  • In the study, researchers concluded that higher dietary intakes of flavonoids and their subclass of flavonols might be associated with a reduced risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. (healthline.com)
  • Different classes of dietary flavonoids exhibit anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-aging, cardioprotective, anti-viral/bacterial and anti-carcinogenic properties. (mdpi.com)
  • Dietary flavonoids are naturally occurring in fruit, vegetables, chocolate, and beverages like wine and tea. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Since the 1990s, there has been a growing interest in dietary flavonoids due to their likely contribution to the health benefits of fruit- and vegetable-rich diets. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Background: Dietary flavonoids have beneficial effects on blood pressure in intervention settings, but there is limited information on habitual intake and risk of hypertension in population-based studies. (harvard.edu)
  • More research is needed to understand the association between dietary flavonoids and better survival. (icaa.cc)
  • None of the associations remained significant after adjusting for dietary fiber, which is strongly correlated with flavonoid consumption. (rti.org)
  • A708B: Association between dietary flavonoid intake and hypertension and dementia in Australian women. (alswh.org.au)
  • This study aims to evaluate dietary intake of flavonoids in prevalence and incidence of hypertension among women in different life stages. (alswh.org.au)
  • Secondary outcomes are to evaluate dietary intake of flavonoids in prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer`s disease/dementia and investigate association between hypertension and these conditions. (alswh.org.au)
  • Several studies have found that drinking tea may be good for the heart due to power of flavonoid antioxidants - the antioxidants found in tea, " said Douglas Balentine, Ph.D., Director Nutrition Sciences North America, who presented at the ADA Food and Nutrition Conference & Expo about the role of dietary flavonoids in health. (teas.com.au)
  • In a presentation titled "Potential Health Benefits of Dietary Flavonoids" Balentine presented the latest findings about tea consumption and human health. (teas.com.au)
  • Clinical and mechanistic studies have demonstrated that dietary flavonoids, especially the catechin class, may help improve cardiovascular health by improving endothelial function, reducing inflammation in the vascular endothelium, and by reducing platelet activity. (teas.com.au)
  • Beverages were found to be the major contributors of dietary flavonoids in this study, with an average of 125.0 mg/day. (teas.com.au)
  • Tea was found to provide 117mg/day of dietary flavonoids or 87 percent of the dietary flavonoids in the U.S. diet. (teas.com.au)
  • This means that both black and green tea can contribute dietary flavonoids to the body. (teas.com.au)
  • Flavonoids) have been found in multiple strong studies to have an anti-inflammatory impact on health," Kirkpatrick told Healthline. (healthline.com)
  • Flavonoids are the most widely used in the field of the food, medicine, and cosmetic due to their pharmacological functions and biological activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and antioxidation. (scirp.org)
  • Flavonoids like rutin can have potential therapeutic benefits ​, having been reported in previous studies ​ for its antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, cardio-protective, and anti-inflammatory properties. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Xie C, Kang J, Li Z, Schauss AG , Badger TM, Nagarajan S, Wu T, Wu X. The açaí flavonoid velutin is a potent anti-inflammatory agent: blockade of LPS-mediated TNF-α and IL-6 production through inhibiting NF-κB activation and MAPK pathway. (aibmr.com)
  • Flavonoids have been described to have anti-inflammatory properties and flavonoid-degrading bacteria have been associated with the prevention of malignancy, cardiovascular disease, diabetes type 2 and cognitive decline. (ecco-ibd.eu)
  • Researchers have discovered that one particular group of antioxidants called "flavonoids" are particularly good at protecting the brain from oxidative stress. (doctorshealthpress.com)
  • Not only are these flavonoids powerful antioxidants that help stop free radical damage, but they also potentially have the power to stop cancer cells from dividing and spreading. (doctorshealthpress.com)
  • Dietetic Association's (ADA) annual meeting revealed that tea provides more flavonoid antioxidants than any other food or beverage in the U.S. diet. (teas.com.au)
  • Other studies presented at the conference indicated that tea flavonoid antioxidants might provide a myriad of health benefits, including reduced risk for heart disease, control of metabolic syndrome and blood glucose regulation as well as emerging neuroprotective effects. (teas.com.au)
  • For most Americans, drinking a cup of tea a day - hot or cold, black or green - will nearly double their current intake of flavonoid antioxidants. (teas.com.au)
  • Tea, the primary source of flavonoid antioxidants in the U.S. diet,contains approximately 125 mg flavonoids per cup (225ml). (teas.com.au)
  • The data presented by Exponent adds to similar data presented earlier this year from Michigan State University researchers, who also found tea to be the leading source of flavonoid antioxidants in the U.S. diet. (teas.com.au)
  • Total flavonoid and subclass intakes were calculated from semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaires collected every 4 y by using an updated and extended US Department of Agriculture database. (harvard.edu)
  • People with Parkinson's disease who eat a diet that includes three or more servings per week of foods high in flavonoids, like tea, apples, berries and red wine, may have a lower chance of dying prematurely than those who do not eat as many flavonoids. (icaa.cc)
  • Additionally unusual levels of flavonoids can interfere with the activity of many of our body's enzyme systems and hormone metabolism - mainly estrogen and thyroid hormones. (dotfit.com)
  • Flavonoids are secondary metabolites synthesized mainly by plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Flavonoids and their metabolites may contribute significantly to this effect. (nih.gov)
  • Flavonoids are secondary plant metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. (ruc.dk)
  • The study found that black and green tea resulted in a comparable increase in the urinary excretion of flavonoid metabolites. (teas.com.au)
  • This work described the assignment of purity values to 3 flavonoids certified reference materials (CRMs) including baicalein, 5,7-dihydoxy flavones and naringenine which were developed in this study according to the ISO Guides 34 and 35. (scirp.org)
  • Bioflavonoids ( or Flavonoids ) provide much of the flavor and color in fruits & vegetables, as well as berries and flowers. (acu-cell.com)
  • As soon as the evidence of the flavonoid consumption began to show, he said, "We wanted to delve even further. (healthline.com)
  • Vieux F, Maillot M, Rehm CD, Drewnowski A. Flavonoid Intakes in the US Diet Are Linked to Higher Socioeconomic Status and to Tea Consumption: Analyses of NHANES 2011-16 Data. (lipton.com)
  • Evidence suggesting that some flavonoids or flavonoid-rich foods may enhance cognitive function is currently limited, and it is not yet known whether their consumption could lower the risk of cognitive impairments and dementia in humans. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Based on the findings, OsCOP1 is involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and embryogenesis of rice grains. (isaaa.org)
  • Flavonoids: a review on biosynthesis and transportation mechanism in plants. (bvsalud.org)
  • In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the biosynthetic pathway and regulation of flavonoids through forward genetic approaches. (bvsalud.org)
  • leaves extract showed the flavonoid content (0.49±0.02 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dry extract) among the three samples studied, respectively. (nepjol.info)
  • The present review addresses the antihypertensive effect of quercetin, one of the most abundant flavonoids present in fruits and vegetables, and probably the best studied flavonoid because of its high biological activity. (redheracles.net)
  • Since raised blood pressure is the major cause of stroke as well as an important risk factor for ischemic heart disease, we propose that the blood pressure-lowering effect of quercetin could be an important mechanism contributing to the reduced risk of myocardial infarction and stroke observed with fruit and vegetables-rich diets, and possibly with flavonoid-rich diets. (redheracles.net)
  • In the follow-up study, the flavonoid-rich cocoa was associated with significant improvements in metabolic, oxidative stress, and inflammatory endpoints. (confectionerynews.com)
  • Ishge K, Schubert D, Sagara Y. Flavonoids protect neuronal cells from oxidative stress by three distinct mechanisms. (aaem.pl)
  • Also, some flavonoids can act as signaling molecules for allelopathic interactions, such as phytoalexins and detoxifying agents. (rsc.org)
  • Over 5000 naturally occurring flavonoids have been characterized from various plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Naturally occurring flavonoids have long been utilized as essential templates for the development of novel drugs and as critical ingredients for functional foods. (frontiersin.org)
  • miRs are considered as next-generation medicine of recent times, and their targeting by naturally occurring flavonoids in cancer cells could be deemed as a signature step. (lu.se)
  • The major flavonoids in these samples were the flavanones pinocembrin and pinobanksin and the flavone chrysin. (apidologie.org)
  • The CITRUSHIELD formula is a proprietary formulation from 100-percent whole citrus fruits and flavonoid extracts. (naturalproductsinsider.com)
  • The formula contains citrus flavonoid extracts and whole fruit powders from five varieties of citrus, including lemon (Citrus limon), lime (Citrus aurantifolia), orange (Citrus sinensis), tangerine (Citrus reticulata) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi). (naturalproductsinsider.com)
  • Determination of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, Antidiabetic, and Antioxidant Activities of Leaves and Seeds Extracts of Eucalyptus robusta Sm. (nepjol.info)
  • Besides the natural bioactive properties in plants, flavonoids are phytochemicals with several medically-relevant biological activities such as antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial antihepatotoxic, anti-osteoporotic, antiulcer, anti-proliferative. (rsc.org)
  • In this concern, flavonoids are the prevalent group of natural bioactive molecules that have shown interesting biological activities, including antidiabetic properties. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Numerous studies have shown that flavonoids can prevent cardiovascular disease [ 16 - 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Experts say a healthy diet, including foods with flavonoids, as well as lifestyle factors like exercise and sleep can help reduce dementia risk. (healthline.com)
  • In a study published last week in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition researchers said people who eat higher amounts of flavonoid-rich foods such as berries, apples, and tea were less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. (healthline.com)
  • Pinocembrin, the most abundant flavonoid in propolis, has been recently proven to interfere with RAGE activation in Aβ-RAGE-induced toxicity. (blogspot.com)
  • The purpose of this study was to analyze the properties of certain foods, determining the total flavonoids as well as their antioxidant activity and fat concentration. (scirp.org)
  • ú, were evaluated for flavonoid content and antioxidant activity using multivariate statistical analysis (PCA) as a statistical tool to evaluate the correlation between these two parameters. (scirp.org)
  • As samples with ED 50 up to 500 μg/mL show promising antioxidant activity, several Brazilian fruit and vegetables could be consumed to this end, with a good correlation between flavonoid content and antioxidant activity in most samples. (scirp.org)
  • Total flavonoids, bioactivating metals and antioxidant activity in vitro of ethanolic extract of Solanum radicans L.f. (edu.pe)
  • Objective: To determine the presence of total flavonoids, bioactivating metals and in vitro antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of Solanum radicans L.f. (edu.pe)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Total flavonoids, bioactivating metals and antioxidant activity in vitro of ethanolic extract of Solanum radicans L.f. (edu.pe)
  • Researchers say flavonoids found in fruits, vegetables, chocolate, tea, and wine may help reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease. (healthline.com)
  • While flavonoids are found in many plant-based foods, like fruits and dark green veggies, tea is one of the top sources of flavonoids in the diet and can be a convenient way to help support a healthy heart with two cups every day. (lipton.com)
  • So eat your fruits and vegetables to get your proper flavonoid intake and take a good multivitamin and mineral formula for anything that you might miss from your daily diet. (dotfit.com)
  • Flavonoids are a type of antioxidant that are known to be biologically active and are found primarily in plant-based foods and beverages, including fruits and vegetables, chocolate, red wine and regular tea. (teas.com.au)
  • Chun, O.K. Greater flavonoid intake is associated with improved CVD risk factors in US adults. (lipton.com)
  • The total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) were quantified by the Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent and aluminium chloride colorimetric method. (nepjol.info)
  • Glycosylated flavonols (bound to at least one sugar molecule) are the most widely distributed flavonoids in the diet (2, 3) . (oregonstate.edu)
  • Flavonoid can help to reduce heart disease risk ​ " We hope to show that adding flavonoids to their diets will provide additional protection from heart disease and give women the opportunity to take more control over reducing their risk of heart disease in the future ​", said Professor Aedin Cassidy, lead researcher and Professor of Diet and Health at UEA. (nutraingredients.com)
  • There has been much interest in the potential health benefits of flavonoids associated with fruit- and vegetable-rich diets. (oregonstate.edu)
  • The people in the group that represented the highest 25% of flavonoid consumers, on average, had about 673 milligrams (mg) in their diets each day, compared to the people in the lowest 25%, who had about 134 mg. (icaa.cc)
  • Showing our 2 Super Rutin Flavonoid Complex - 60 x 180mg Vegicaps reviews with an average rating of Very Good. (bodykind.com)
  • This paper presents an overview of the investigations on the feasibility and application of flavonoids as P-gp modulators for improved efficacy of anti-cancer drugs like taxanes, anthracyclines, epipodophyllotoxins, camptothecins and vinca alkaloids. (nih.gov)
  • In it, researchers reported that people who consumed smaller amounts of the flavonoid-rich foods were two to four times more likely to develop Alzheimer's and related dementias over a 20-year time span. (healthline.com)
  • Using data from the national nutrition monitoring surveys (CFSIII) and the USDA Database describing the flavonoid content of foods, a research team from Exponent, a scientific research firm, found that the average flavonoid intake of U.S. consumers is 134.0 mg/day. (teas.com.au)
  • However, flavonoid supplements may affect the action of anticoagulants and increase the toxicity of a wide range of drugs when taken concurrently. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Flavonoid-rich cocoa supplements may improve biomarkers of heart health, boost mobility, and improve the quality of life for people over 55, suggests a new study. (confectionerynews.com)
  • Therefore, the current chapter serves as a bird's eye view of anti-diabetic flavonoids for further experimental studies and to develop potent markers of therapeutic agents. (eurekaselect.com)
  • As naringenin is a precursor for other commercially relevant flavonoids we developed a platform for the production of a library of flavonoid derivatives and screened them for antibacterial properties. (ruc.dk)
  • MEM 57 C11-Flavonoid Chemistry and the Taxonomy of Cycads. (nybgshop.org)
  • In addition, some flavonoids have inhibitory activity against organisms that cause plant diseases, e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • The review also focuses on flavonoid-drug interactions as well as the reversal activity of flavonoids useful against MDR. (nih.gov)
  • Molluscicidal Activity and New Flavonoids from Egyptian Iris germanica L. (var. (degruyter.com)
  • Many of the biological effects of flavonoids appear to be related to their ability to modulate a number of cell-signaling cascades. (oregonstate.edu)
  • The present study aimed at the determination of total phenolic and flavonoid content and biological activities of Eucalyptus robusta (Sm. (nepjol.info)
  • And citrus flavonoids, which exert little adverse effect and have low or no cytotoxicity to healthy, normal cells, can actually cross the blood-brain barrier, making them all the more effective. (doctorshealthpress.com)
  • MONTCLAIR, Calif. Ingredients by Nature introduced CITRUSHIELD, a high oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) citrus flavonoid formula. (naturalproductsinsider.com)
  • Flavonoids have been shown to exhibit antiinflammatory, antithrombogenic, antidiabetic, anticancer, and neuroprotective activities through different mechanisms of action in vitro and in animal models. (oregonstate.edu)
  • They report that study participants who consumed the most flavonoids had a 48 percent lower chance of developing Alzheimer's disease. (healthline.com)
  • In another study published in late January in the journal Neurology, researchers also said that consuming flavonoids might help fight the advancement of Alzheimer's disease. (healthline.com)
  • Specifically, of the 921 study participants, those who consumed the most flavonoids had a 48 percent lower chance of developing Alzheimer's disease. (healthline.com)
  • The current study illustrated the possible positive effects of flavonoids present in the leaves of Mespilus germanica on cognitive performance, learning and memory function in an intra-cerebroventricular streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer's disease model in male Wistar rats. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Total Flavonoids from Carya cathayensis Sarg. (hindawi.com)
  • This study aimed to investigate whether the total flavonoids (TFs) from Carya cathayensis Sarg. (hindawi.com)
  • The total flavonoids (TFs) were extracted from the leaves of Carya cathayensis Sarg. (hindawi.com)
  • with 40% ethanol and enriched total flavonoids by polyamide [ 27 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Our previous studies have shown that the total flavonoids (TFs) from Rosa laevigata Michx fruit has various activities, however, there were no papers reporting the role of the TFs against renal IRI. (mdpi.com)
  • After adjusting for factors like age and total calories, the group of highest flavonoid consumers had a 70% greater chance of survival compared to people in the lowest group. (icaa.cc)
  • Neither total flavonoid nor proanthocyanidin intake was associated with EAC and ESCC in either white or black men. (rti.org)
  • We conclude that total flavonoids and proanthocyanidins do not have strong protective effects in either EAC or ESCC. (rti.org)
  • The total flavonoid content of the different samples ranged between 5 and 20 μg flavonoid/g honey. (apidologie.org)
  • A total of 18 different flavonoids were detected in the honey samples analysed. (apidologie.org)
  • Hence, in the stated book chapter, we are intended to emphasize the importance and therapeutic potential of flavonoids as templates for future diabetic therapeutic drugs. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Flavonoids are widely distributed in plants, fulfilling many functions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many research studies have highlighted the positive effects of natural flavonoids on chronic diseases, including PCa. (mdpi.com)
  • Middleton Jr., E. and Kandaswami, C. (1992) Effects of flavonoids on immune and inflammatory cell functions. (scirp.org)
  • Despite promising results in animal studies, only a limited number of observational studies have reported potential cancer preventive effects of flavonoids in humans. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Flavonoids extracted by Mespilus germanica considerably eradicated the negative effects of streptozotocin. (ijpsonline.com)
  • 16,18-21 Flavonoids display several other properties such as immunomodulation, apoptotic effects, and consolidation of applications on carcinogenesis, inflammation, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis. (rsc.org)
  • Some protective effects were evident in flavonoid subclasses and population subgroups. (rti.org)
  • Grape contains flavonoids, which can have antioxidant effects. (medlineplus.gov)
  • These effects were found to be maximum of tannins (7%-14% in dried material), between 1.5-3.5 hours after starting to chew vitamins, minerals and flavonoids [4,8]. (who.int)
  • Rhizobia living in soil are able to sense the flavonoids and this triggers the secretion of Nod factors, which in turn are recognized by the host plant and can lead to root hair deformation and several cellular responses such as ion fluxes and the formation of a root nodule. (wikipedia.org)
  • A study to be conducted by the University of East Anglia (UEA), UK, will examine whether adding flavonoids found in cocoa to the diet, gives additional protection against heart disease on top of that provided by prescription drugs. (nutraingredients.com)
  • The people were randomly assigned to receive beverages formulated with no cocoa (placebo), flavonoid-free cocoa, or flavonoid-rich natural cocoa. (confectionerynews.com)
  • Results from the initial study showed that the flavonoid-rich cocoa group experienced improvements in levels of blood glucose, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and oxidative markers. (confectionerynews.com)
  • The researchers also observed improvements in physical performance, frailty indicators, and quality of life, compared to the flavonoid-free cocoa group. (confectionerynews.com)
  • One reason is the chemical interaction of other nutrients with flavonoids which can have a synergistic, or inhibiting effect. (acu-cell.com)
  • Correlation network analysis identified two flavonoid-degrading bacteria to be more important than expected by chance. (ecco-ibd.eu)
  • Accordingly, Mespilus germanica leaf flavonoids can improve cognitive deficits resulted from injection of streptozotocin. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Flavonoids as Prominent Anti-diabetic Agents, Frontiers in Clinical Drug Research-Diabetes and Obesity (2021) 6: 31. (eurekaselect.com)
  • The flavonoids diversity showed a significant content of luteolin and its derivatives, except for Landoltia punctata that had significant apigenin content. (rsc.org)
  • Emerging evidence suggests that flavonoids may also play a role in maintaining blood sugar levels and improves insulin sensitivity. (teas.com.au)