Europe
Europe, Eastern
North America
European Union
Asia
Geography
Phylogeography
Africa, Northern
Middle East
Africa
International Cooperation
Mediterranean Region
Genetics, Population
Czech Republic
Fossils
Disease Outbreaks
Hungary
Haplotypes
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Ceratopogonidae
Germany
France
Asia, Central
DNA, Mitochondrial
Introduced Species
Internationality
Climate
Americas
Bluetongue
Oceania
Population Dynamics
Communicable Diseases, Emerging
Incidence
Spain
Russia
Prevalence
Population Surveillance
Encephalitis, Tick-Borne
Italy
Chromosomes, Human, Y
Poland
Communism
Seasons
Latin America
Slovakia
Orthobunyavirus
Neanderthals
Romania
Animal Migration
Gene Pool
Austria
Molecular Sequence Data
South America
Agriculture
Genotype
Hominidae
Asia, Western
Belgium
Ukraine
Risk Factors
Anthropology, Physical
Ixodes
Portugal
Demography
Alnus
Hazardous wastes in eastern and central Europe: technology and health effects. (1/257)
Issues of hazardous waste management are major concerns in the countries of eastern and central Europe. A National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences-supported conference was held in Prague, Czech Republic, as a part of a continuing effort to provide information and promote discussion among the countries of eastern and central Europe on issues related to hazardous wastes. The focus was on incineration as a means of disposal of hazardous wastes, with discussions on both engineering methods for safe incineration, and possible human health effects from incineration by-products. Representatives from government agencies, academic institutions, and local industries from 14 countries in the region participated along with a few U.S. and western European experts in this field. A series of 12 country reports documented national issues relating to the environment, with a focus on use of incineration for hazardous waste disposal. A particularly valuable contribution was made by junior scientists from the region, who described results of environmental issues in their countries. (+info)Ancestral origins and worldwide distribution of the PRNP 200K mutation causing familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. (2/257)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) belongs to a group of prion diseases that may be infectious, sporadic, or hereditary. The 200K point mutation in the PRNP gene is the most frequent cause of hereditary CJD, accounting for >70% of families with CJD worldwide. Prevalence of the 200K variant of familial CJD is especially high in Slovakia, Chile, and Italy, and among populations of Libyan and Tunisian Jews. To study ancestral origins of the 200K mutation-associated chromosomes, we selected microsatellite markers flanking the PRNP gene on chromosome 20p12-pter and an intragenic single-nucleotide polymorphism at the PRNP codon 129. Haplotypes were constructed for 62 CJD families originating from 11 world populations. The results show that Libyan, Tunisian, Italian, Chilean, and Spanish families share a major haplotype, suggesting that the 200K mutation may have originated from a single mutational event, perhaps in Spain, and spread to all these populations with Sephardic migrants expelled from Spain in the Middle Ages. Slovakian families and a family of Polish origin show another unique haplotype. The haplotypes in families from Germany, Sicily, Austria, and Japan are different from the Mediterranean or eastern European haplotypes. On the basis of this study, we conclude that founder effect and independent mutational events are responsible for the current geographic distribution of hereditary CJD associated with the 200K mutation. (+info)Health status during the transition in Central and Eastern Europe: development in reverse? (3/257)
This paper reports on a study of the cross-national trends in health status during the economic transition and associated health sector reforms in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The central premise is that before long-run gains in health status are realized, the transition towards a market economy and adoption of democratic forms of government should lead to short-run deterioration as a result of: (i) reduction in real income and widening income disparities; (ii) stress and stress-related behaviour; (iii) lax regulation of environmental and occupational risks; and (iv) breakdown in basic health services. Analysis focused on three broad indicators of health status: life expectancy at birth, infant mortality rate and the probability of dying between the ages of 15 and 65 years, shown by the notation '50q15'. The study revealed significant new information about health status and the health sector which could not have been obtained without a proper cross-national study. Infant mortality rates in former socialist economies (FSE) follow the global trend, declining as per capita income rises. However, rates are lower than would be predicted given their income levels. Despite declining infant mortality, life expectancy at birth in the former socialist economies decreases as per capita income rises, in marked contrast to global trends. This is because rising income level is associated with greater probability of death between the ages of 15 and 65: the wealthier the society, the less healthy is its population, particularly for its males. Causes of death in the FSE follow global trends: higher death rates due to infectious and parasitic diseases in poorer countries, and higher death rates due to chronic diseases in wealthier countries. However, age-standardized death rates for chronic diseases generally associated with unhealthy lifestyles and environmental risk factors are very high when compared with wealthier established market economies (EME). Policies and procedures which alter the effectiveness of health services have had a demonstrable but mixed impact on health status during the early phase of transition. Effective preventive health strategies must be formulated and implemented to reverse the adverse trends observed in Central and Eastern Europe. (+info)Health sector reform in central and eastern Europe: the professional dimension. (4/257)
The success or failure of health sector reform in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe depends, to a large extent, on their health care staff. Commentators have focused on the structures to be put in place, such as mechanisms of financing or changes in ownership of facilities, but less attention has been paid to the role and status of the different groups working in health care services. This paper draws on a study of trends in staffing and working conditions throughout the region. It identifies several key issues including the traditionally lower status and pay of health sector workers compared to the West, the credibility crisis of trade unions, and the under-developed roles of professional associations. In order to implement health sector reforms and to address the deteriorating health status of the population, the health sector workforce has to be restructured and training programmes reoriented towards primary care. Finally, the paper identifies emerging issues such as the erosion of 'workplace welfare' and its adverse effects upon a predominantly female health care workforce. (+info)Life expectancy in Central and Eastern European countries and newly independent states of the former Soviet Union: changes by gender. (5/257)
AIM: To examine changes in life expectancy at birth for countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union (NIS) for the period 1989-1996. Differences in the change by gender were examined and several factors which likely bear on the changes were discussed. Methods. Data from the WHO Health for All European Data Base were used to determine changes in life expectancy and selected economic factors for CEE and NIS countries. RESULTS: Changes in life expectancy varied by gender in both CEE and the NIS, with the difference increasing for the two groups during the period with the largest increase occurring in the NIS. Both male and female life expectancy declined, with male life expectancy dropping at a more rapid rate. In 1994, the year in which most, but not all countries, reached a low point, life expectancy for males had declined below 60 years for two countries. CONCLUSIONS: The most striking point about the decline in life expectancies was the short period in which the declines occurred, especially in the NIS. It is not possible to determine the exact cause for the changes, but there are likely multiple reasons. It is not completely clear why the decline in life expectancy was greater for males, although the linkage between economic and behavioral and lifestyle factors appear to have some association. Further research is necessary to determine why effects by gender vary so greatly and whether the negative outcomes are a short-term anomaly or will persist. (+info)Health insurance and productivity. (6/257)
AIM: To provide a conceptual understanding of the basic relationship between health insurance and overall economic productivity, and to look at the human development index as a proxy for the quality of human capital. METHODS: Economic data and data related to human development in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, including Croatia, were compared to the European Union (EU) average. Data were selected out of databases provided by the International Monetary Fund, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the United Nations. Income and growth rates were related to the EU averages. The human development index was used to compare the level of the average achievements in the longevity of life, knowledge, and quality of living in CEE countries. RESULTS: Relative to the EU-average, human development is lagging behind in CEE countries. Considering the world as a benchmark regarding human development, 8 out of 13 CEE countries exceed the world. However, all CEE countries have 3-28% lower human development than the industrialized countries. CONCLUSIONS: The specific challenge for transition countries is how to adopt strategies to translate economic progress into health and social gains through reliable institutions, among them social health insurance bodies. The institutions and the provision of social health insurance are particularly challenged at a turning point when transition in terms of macroeconomic stabilization, along with the consolidated organization and financing of social and health insurance schemes, is accommodated to a business cycle-driven market economy. (+info)Occupational cancer in central European countries. (7/257)
The countries of central Europe, including Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria, suffer from environmental and occupational health problems created during the political system in place until the late 1980s. This situation is reflected by data on workplace exposure to hazardous agents. Such data have been systematically collected in Skovakia and the Czech Republic since 1977. The data presented describe mainly the situation in the early 1990s. The number of workers exposed to risk factors at the workplace represent about 10% of the working population in Slovakia and 30% in Poland. In Slovakia in 1992 the percentage of persons exposed to chemical substances was 16.4%, to ionizing radiation 4.3%, and to carcinogens 3.3% of all workers exposed to risk factors. The total number of persons exposed to substances proven to be carcinogens in Poland was 1.3% of the employees; 2.2% were exposed to the suspected carcinogens. The incidence of all certified occupational diseases in the Slovak Republic was 53 per 100,000 insured employees in 1992. Cancers certified as occupational cancers are skin cancer caused by occupational exposure to carcinogens, lung cancer caused by ionizing radiation, and asbestosis together with lung cancer. Specific information on occupational cancers from Romania and Bulgaria was not available for this paper. It is difficult to predict a trend for future incidences of occupational cancer. Improved control technology, governmental regulatory activity to reduce exposure, surveillance of diseases and risk factors, and vigilant use of preventive measures should, however, ultimately reduce occupational cancer. (+info)Y chromosomal polymorphisms reveal founding lineages in the Finns and the Saami. (8/257)
Y chromosomal polymorphisms were studied in 502 males from 16 Eurasian ethnic groups including the Finns, Saami (Inari Lake area and Skolt Saami), Karelians, Mari, Mokshas, Erzas, Hungarians (Budapest area and Csangos), Khanty, Mansi, Yakuts, Koryaks, Nivkhs, Mongolians, and Latvians. The samples were analysed for polymorphisms in the Y chromosome specific Alu insertion (YAP) and six microsatellites (DYS19, DYS389-I and II, DYS390, DYS392, DYS393). The populations were also screened for the recently described Tat polymorphism. The incidence of YAP+ type was highest in the Csangos and in other Hungarians (37.5% and 17.5%, respectively). In the Karelians and the Latvians it was present at approximately the same level as commonly found in other European populations, whilst absent in our further samples of Eurasian populations, including the Finns and the Saami. Aside from the Hungarians, the C allele of the Tat polymorphism was common in all the Finno-Ugric speaking populations (from 8.2% to 63.2%), with highest incidence in the Ob-Ugrian Khanty. The C allele was also found in the Latvians (29.4%). The haplotypes found associated with the Tat C allele showed consistently lower density than those associated with the T allele, indicating that the T allele is the original form. The computation of the age of the Tat C suggested that the mutation might be a relatively recent event giving a maximum likelihood estimate of 4440 years (95% confidence interval about 3140-6200 years). The distribution patterns of the 222 haplotypes found varied considerably among the populations. In the Finns a majority of the haplotypes could be assigned to two distinct groups, one of which harboured the C allele of the Tat polymorphism, indicating dichotomous primary source of genetic variation among Finnish males. The presence of a bottleneck or founding effect in the male lineages of some of the populations, namely in the Finns and the Saami, would appear to be one likely interpretation for these findings. (+info)I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Europe" is a geographical and political designation, rather than a medical one. It refers to the continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Europe is made up of approximately 50 countries, depending on how one defines a "country."
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help answer them!
Eastern Europe is a geographical and political region of the European continent. The exact definition of Eastern Europe varies, but it generally includes the countries in Central and Eastern Europe that were part of the Soviet Union or aligned with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. These countries include:
* Belarus
* Bulgaria
* Czech Republic
* Hungary
* Moldova
* Poland
* Romania
* Russia (European portion)
* Slovakia
* Ukraine
Some definitions of Eastern Europe also include the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), which were part of the Soviet Union but are now independent countries. Other definitions may also include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia, which were part of the Eastern Bloc but not part of the Soviet Union.
It is important to note that the term "Eastern Europe" can be seen as problematic and outdated, as it is often associated with negative stereotypes and historical connotations from the Cold War era. Many people prefer to use more specific terms, such as "Central Europe," "Eastern Bloc," or "Soviet Union," to describe the region.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "North America" is not a medical term. It is a geographical term that refers to the third largest continent in the world, which includes countries such as the United States, Canada, and Mexico, among others. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health topics, I'd be happy to help with those!
The European Union (EU) is not a medical term or organization, but rather a political and economic union of 27 European countries. It is primarily involved in matters related to policy, law, and trade, and does not have a direct role in the provision or regulation of healthcare services, except in certain specific areas such as pharmaceutical regulations and cross-border healthcare directives.
Therefore, there is no medical definition for "European Union."
I apologize for any confusion, but "Asia" is not a medical term. It is the largest continent in the world, comprising about 30% of the Earth's total land area and containing around 60% of the world's current human population. It is divided into several regions, including Northern Asia (Siberia), Eastern Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Taiwan), Southern Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives), Southeastern Asia (Vietnam, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei), and Western Asia (Middle East).
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geography" is not a term that has a medical definition. Geography is a field of study that deals with the location and distribution of physical and cultural features on Earth's surface, as well as how humans interact with and affect those features. It is not a concept that is typically used in a medical context. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.
I'm not a medical professional, but the term "History, Ancient" is not a medical term per se. However, in a broader context, it could refer to the study of ancient medical practices, theories, and beliefs that existed in civilizations prior to the Middle Ages or Classical Antiquity. This might include the examination of ancient texts, artifacts, and archaeological evidence to understand how illnesses were treated and viewed in these historical periods. It forms an essential part of the evolution of medical knowledge and practices over time.
Phylogeography is not a medical term, but rather a subfield of biogeography and phylogenetics that investigates the spatial distribution of genealogical lineages and the historical processes that have shaped them. It uses genetic data to infer the geographic origins, dispersal routes, and demographic history of organisms, including pathogens and vectors that can affect human health.
In medical and public health contexts, phylogeography is often used to study the spread of infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, influenza, or tuberculosis, by analyzing the genetic diversity and geographic distribution of pathogen isolates. This information can help researchers understand how diseases emerge, evolve, and move across populations and landscapes, which can inform disease surveillance, control, and prevention strategies.
Genetic variation refers to the differences in DNA sequences among individuals and populations. These variations can result from mutations, genetic recombination, or gene flow between populations. Genetic variation is essential for evolution by providing the raw material upon which natural selection acts. It can occur within a single gene, between different genes, or at larger scales, such as differences in the number of chromosomes or entire sets of chromosomes. The study of genetic variation is crucial in understanding the genetic basis of diseases and traits, as well as the evolutionary history and relationships among species.
Northern Africa is a geographical region that broadly consists of the countries of the African Transverse, which are Algeria, Libya, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, and Western Sahara. Sometimes, it may also include Sudan, South Sudan, and Mauritania. This region is characterized by its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlas Mountains, as well as its unique cultural and historical heritage. Northern Africa has a diverse climate, with a hot, dry desert climate in the interior and a milder, wetter climate along the coasts. The major languages spoken in this region include Arabic, Berber, and French.
I believe you may have made a typo in your question. "Archaeology" is the scientific study of past human cultures and societies through the recovery, examination, and analysis of material remains such as artifacts, buildings, biofacts (e.g., bones, shells), and cultural landscapes. It is not typically associated with medical definitions. If you intended to ask for a different term related to medicine or healthcare, please let me know so I can provide the correct information.
For more information about archaeology, you may be interested in visiting the World Archaeological Congress () or the Society for American Archaeology () websites to learn more about this fascinating field of study.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Middle East" is not a medical term. It is a geographical region that includes countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, Egypt, and others. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try to help answer those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Africa" actually refers to a continent, not a medical condition or concept. Africa is the second-largest continent in the world, consisting of 54 countries and a wide range of diverse ethnic groups, cultures, languages, and landscapes. It is home to a vast array of wildlife, including many species that are not found anywhere else in the world. If you have any questions about Africa's geography, history, or culture, I would be happy to try to help answer them!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "International Cooperation" is not a medical term. It refers to the collaboration and exchange of resources and information between countries or international organizations in various fields, including politics, economics, culture, environment, and security, among others. In the context of healthcare and medicine, international cooperation can involve joint research projects, sharing of data and clinical trial results, collaborative efforts to combat global health issues (such as infectious diseases or chronic conditions), capacity building in low-resource settings, and standardizing medical practices and guidelines across countries.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mediterranean Region" is not a term with a specific medical definition. The Mediterranean Region typically refers to the geographical area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, including countries in Southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. However, in a medical context, it might refer to the study of diseases or health characteristics typical of certain populations in this region. For example, the "Mediterranean diet" is a popular term in nutrition and medicine, referring to the traditional eating habits in Mediterranean countries, which are associated with numerous health benefits. If you're looking for medical information related to a specific aspect of the Mediterranean Region or its population, please provide more context so I can give you a more accurate response.
Population Genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with the genetic composition of populations and how this composition changes over time. It involves the study of the frequency and distribution of genes and genetic variations in populations, as well as the evolutionary forces that contribute to these patterns, such as mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection.
Population genetics can provide insights into a wide range of topics, including the history and relationships between populations, the genetic basis of diseases and other traits, and the potential impacts of environmental changes on genetic diversity. This field is important for understanding evolutionary processes at the population level and has applications in areas such as conservation biology, medical genetics, and forensic science.
The Czech Republic is a country located in Central Europe. It is not a medical term or concept, so it does not have a specific medical definition. However, like any other country, the Czech Republic has its own healthcare system and medical facilities that provide various health services to its population. The Czech Republic is known for its high-quality healthcare and medical education, with many institutions being recognized worldwide.
A "Medical History, Medieval" typically refers to the study and documentation of medical practices, knowledge, and beliefs during the Middle Ages, which spanned approximately from the 5th to the 15th century. This era saw significant developments in medicine, including the translation and dissemination of ancient Greek and Roman medical texts, the establishment of hospitals and medical schools, and the growth of surgical techniques.
During this time, medical theories were heavily influenced by the works of Hippocrates and Galen, who believed that diseases were caused by an imbalance in the four bodily fluids or "humors" (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile). Treatments often involved attempts to restore this balance through diet, lifestyle changes, and various medical interventions such as bloodletting, purgatives, and herbal remedies.
The Medieval period also saw the rise of monastic medicine, in which monasteries and convents played a crucial role in providing medical care to the sick and poor. Monks and nuns often served as healers and were known for their knowledge of herbs and other natural remedies. Additionally, during this time, Islamic medicine flourished, with physicians such as Avicenna and Rhazes making significant contributions to the field, including the development of new surgical techniques and the creation of comprehensive medical texts that were widely translated and studied in Europe.
Overall, the Medieval period was a critical time in the development of medical knowledge and practice, laying the groundwork for many modern medical concepts and practices.
In medical terms, "fossils" do not have a specific or direct relevance to the field. However, in a broader scientific context, fossils are the remains or impressions of prehistoric organisms preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. They offer valuable evidence about the Earth's history and the life forms that existed on it millions of years ago.
Paleopathology is a subfield of paleontology that deals with the study of diseases in fossils, which can provide insights into the evolution of diseases and human health over time.
A disease outbreak is defined as the occurrence of cases of a disease in excess of what would normally be expected in a given time and place. It may affect a small and localized group or a large number of people spread over a wide area, even internationally. An outbreak may be caused by a new agent, a change in the agent's virulence or host susceptibility, or an increase in the size or density of the host population.
Outbreaks can have significant public health and economic impacts, and require prompt investigation and control measures to prevent further spread of the disease. The investigation typically involves identifying the source of the outbreak, determining the mode of transmission, and implementing measures to interrupt the chain of infection. This may include vaccination, isolation or quarantine, and education of the public about the risks and prevention strategies.
Examples of disease outbreaks include foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated food or water, respiratory infections spread through coughing and sneezing, and mosquito-borne diseases such as Zika virus and West Nile virus. Outbreaks can also occur in healthcare settings, such as hospitals and nursing homes, where vulnerable populations may be at increased risk of infection.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hungary" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in Central Europe, known for its rich history, culture, and natural beauty. If you have any questions about medical topics or definitions, I would be happy to help!
A haplotype is a group of genes or DNA sequences that are inherited together from a single parent. It refers to a combination of alleles (variant forms of a gene) that are located on the same chromosome and are usually transmitted as a unit. Haplotypes can be useful in tracing genetic ancestry, understanding the genetic basis of diseases, and developing personalized medical treatments.
In population genetics, haplotypes are often used to study patterns of genetic variation within and between populations. By comparing haplotype frequencies across populations, researchers can infer historical events such as migrations, population expansions, and bottlenecks. Additionally, haplotypes can provide information about the evolutionary history of genes and genomic regions.
In clinical genetics, haplotypes can be used to identify genetic risk factors for diseases or to predict an individual's response to certain medications. For example, specific haplotypes in the HLA gene region have been associated with increased susceptibility to certain autoimmune diseases, while other haplotypes in the CYP450 gene family can affect how individuals metabolize drugs.
Overall, haplotypes provide a powerful tool for understanding the genetic basis of complex traits and diseases, as well as for developing personalized medical treatments based on an individual's genetic makeup.
DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.
The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.
In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.
Ceratopogonidae is a family of small flies, also known as biting midges or no-see-ums. They are characterized by their slender segmented bodies, feathery antennae, and wings with extensive venation. Some species in this family are known to be vectors of various diseases, such as human and animal forms of filariasis, blue tongue virus in sheep, and several viral diseases in horses. The larvae of these flies are aquatic or semi-aquatic and can be found in a variety of habitats including wet soil, decaying vegetation, and freshwater bodies.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Germany" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country in central Europe. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "France" is not a medical term or concept. France is the largest country in Western Europe and the third-largest in Europe after Russia and Ukraine. It has been a major player in world affairs for centuries, with a significant cultural and artistic influence. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those for you.
Central Asia is a geographical region in Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to China in the east, and from Russia in the north to Afghanistan in the south. It includes the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
The medical definition of Central Asia may refer to the epidemiology, healthcare systems, or health issues specific to this region. For example, Central Asia has a high prevalence of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis, and HIV/AIDS, due to various factors including poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and mobility of populations. In addition, non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes are also becoming more prevalent in Central Asia, partly due to lifestyle changes such as unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and tobacco use.
Overall, the medical definition of Central Asia encompasses the unique health challenges and healthcare systems that exist within this geographical region.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the genetic material present in the mitochondria, which are specialized structures within cells that generate energy. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is present in the cell nucleus and inherited from both parents, mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother.
MtDNA is a circular molecule that contains 37 genes, including 13 genes that encode for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, a process that generates energy in the form of ATP. The remaining genes encode for rRNAs and tRNAs, which are necessary for protein synthesis within the mitochondria.
Mutations in mtDNA can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, including mitochondrial diseases, which can affect any organ system in the body. These mutations can also be used in forensic science to identify individuals and establish biological relationships.
In the context of medical and ecological health, an "introduced species" refers to a plant or animal population that has been intentionally or unintentionally introduced by human actions into a new environment, outside of their natural historical range, where they do not have any known native predecessors. These introductions can occur through various means such as accidental transportation in cargo, deliberate releases for purposes like biological control or pets, and escapes from cultivation.
Introduced species can become invasive if they adapt well to their new environment, reproduce rapidly, outcompete native species for resources, and disrupt local ecosystems. This can lead to significant ecological changes, loss of biodiversity, impacts on human health, and economic consequences. Some introduced species carry diseases or parasites that can affect humans, livestock, and wildlife in the new environment, posing potential public health concerns.
I must apologize, but there seems to be a misunderstanding. The term "internationality" is not a commonly used medical term with a specific definition in the field of medicine or healthcare. It is a more general term that can refer to the quality or state of being international or global in scope, relevance, or application. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help clarify those for you.
Climate, in the context of environmental science and medicine, refers to the long-term average of weather conditions (such as temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, and other meteorological elements) in a given region over a period of years to decades. It is the statistical description of the weather patterns that occur in a particular location over long periods of time.
In medical terms, climate can have significant impacts on human health, both physical and mental. For example, extreme temperatures, air pollution, and ultraviolet radiation levels associated with certain climates can increase the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, heat-related illnesses, and skin cancer. Similarly, changes in climate patterns can affect the distribution and prevalence of infectious diseases, such as malaria and Lyme disease.
Climate change, which refers to significant long-term changes in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years, can have even more profound impacts on human health, including increased rates of heat-related illnesses and deaths, worsening air quality, and altered transmission patterns of infectious diseases.
The "Americas" is a term used to refer to the combined landmasses of North America and South America, which are separated by the Isthmus of Panama. The Americas also include numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. This region is home to a diverse range of cultures, ecosystems, and historical sites. It is named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci, who was one of the first Europeans to explore and map parts of South America in the late 15th century.
Bluetongue is a viral disease that primarily affects sheep and some species of cattle, goats, and wild ruminants. The disease is named for the bluish discoloration of the tongue that can occur in severe cases. It is transmitted by midges (Culicoides spp.) and occurs mainly in tropical and subtropical regions around the world.
The symptoms of Bluetongue include fever, salivation, difficulty breathing, swelling of the head and neck, and lameness. In severe cases, it can cause death. The disease is not contagious between animals and cannot be spread through contact or ingestion of contaminated feed or water.
There are several different serotypes of Bluetongue virus, and immunity to one serotype does not provide cross-protection against other serotypes. Vaccination is available for some serotypes in certain regions, but it may not be effective against all serotypes. Control measures typically focus on reducing exposure to midges through the use of insect repellents, screens, and other barriers.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Oceania" is not a medical term. It is a geographical term that refers to the region comprising of numerous countries and territories in the Pacific Ocean. This includes Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and many islands in the Pacific Ocean. If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I'd be happy to help!
Population dynamics, in the context of public health and epidemiology, refers to the study of the changes in size and structure of a population over time, as well as the factors that contribute to those changes. This can include birth rates, death rates, migration patterns, aging, and other demographic characteristics. Understanding population dynamics is crucial for planning and implementing public health interventions, such as vaccination programs or disease prevention strategies, as they allow researchers and policymakers to identify vulnerable populations, predict future health trends, and evaluate the impact of public health initiatives.
I believe there might be a bit of confusion in your question. A "medical definition" refers to the explanation of a medical term or concept. On the other hand, "15th century" is a historical time period and does not have a medical definition per se. However, I can provide you with some context regarding the medical advancements and practices during the 15th century.
The 15th century was marked by significant developments in medicine, particularly in Europe, as it transitioned from medieval to early modern medicine. Some key aspects of 15th-century medicine include:
1. Universities and medical education: Universities became more prominent centers for medical education, with institutions like the University of Bologna, Padua, Montpellier, and Salamanca playing crucial roles in shaping medical thought. Medical faculties taught subjects such as anatomy, physiology, pathology, surgery, and pharmacology based on ancient Greek and Roman texts, mainly Galen and Hippocrates.
2. Anatomical studies: The 15th century saw the beginning of a more accurate understanding of human anatomy. Italian anatomist and physician Mondino de Luzzi (c. 1270–1326) is known for his influential anatomy textbook, "Anathomia," which was widely used during this period. Later in the century, Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564), often regarded as the founder of modern human anatomy, began his groundbreaking work on detailed dissections and accurate representations of the human body.
3. Renaissance of medical illustrations: The 15th century marked a revival in medical illustrations, with artists like Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) creating highly accurate anatomical drawings based on dissections. These detailed images helped physicians better understand the human body and its functions.
4. Development of hospitals: Hospitals during this time became more organized and specialized, focusing on specific medical conditions or patient populations. For example, mental health institutions, known as "madhouses" or "asylums," were established to treat individuals with mental illnesses.
5. Plague and public health: The ongoing threat of the bubonic plague (Black Death) led to increased efforts in public health, including improved sanitation practices and the establishment of quarantine measures for infected individuals.
6. Humoral theory: Although challenged by some during this period, the ancient Greek humoral theory—which posited that the balance of four bodily fluids or "humors" (blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile) determined a person's health—remained influential in medical practice.
7. Surgery: Barber-surgeons continued to perform various surgical procedures, including bloodletting, tooth extraction, and amputations. However, anesthesia was still not widely used, and pain management relied on opium or alcohol-based preparations.
8. Pharmacology: The use of herbal remedies and other natural substances to treat illnesses remained popular during the 15th century. Physicians like Nicholas Culpeper (1616–1654) compiled extensive lists of medicinal plants and their uses, contributing to the development of modern pharmacology.
9. Astrology and medicine: Despite growing skepticism among some scholars, astrological beliefs continued to influence medical practice in the 15th century. Physicians often consulted astrological charts when diagnosing and treating patients.
10. Medical education: Universities across Europe offered formal medical education, with students studying anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. However, many practitioners still learned their trade through apprenticeships or self-study.
Emerging communicable diseases are infections whose incidence has increased in the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future. These diseases can be caused by new microbial agents, or by previously known agents that have newly acquired the ability to cause disease in humans. They may also result from changes in human demographics, behavior, or travel patterns, or from technological or environmental changes. Examples of emerging communicable diseases include COVID-19, Ebola virus disease, Zika virus infection, and West Nile fever.
In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Spain" is not a medical term. It is a country located in southwestern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terms or topics, I would be happy to help answer them.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Russia" is not a medical term or concept. Russia is the largest country in the world by land area, located primarily in Asia with a smaller portion extending into Europe. It is a nation rich in history and culture, known for its diverse landscapes, from tundra and forests to subtropical beaches.
If you have any medical questions or terms that you would like me to define, please feel free to ask!
Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.
Population surveillance in a public health and medical context refers to the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health-related data for a defined population over time. It aims to monitor the health status, identify emerging health threats or trends, and evaluate the impact of interventions within that population. This information is used to inform public health policy, prioritize healthcare resources, and guide disease prevention and control efforts. Population surveillance can involve various data sources, such as vital records, disease registries, surveys, and electronic health records.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Gypsies" is a term often used to refer to the Romani people, who are an ethnic group with a unique language and culture. It's important to note that using the term "Gypsy" as a medical label or definition can be considered pejorative and disrespectful, as it has been historically associated with discrimination and negative stereotypes.
If you're asking for a medical definition related to Romani people, there isn't one, as they are an ethnic group and not a medical condition. However, if you have any specific medical concerns or conditions in mind, I would be happy to help provide a definition or explanation for those.
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral infectious disease that causes inflammation of the brain (encephalitis). It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks, primarily of the Ixodes species. The TBE virus belongs to the family Flaviviridae and has several subtypes, with different geographical distributions.
The illness typically progresses in two stages:
1. An initial viremic phase, characterized by fever, headache, fatigue, muscle pain, and sometimes rash, which lasts about a week.
2. A second neurological phase, which occurs in approximately 20-30% of infected individuals, can manifest as meningitis (inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain), or meningoencephalitis (inflammation of both the brain and its membranes). Symptoms may include neck stiffness, severe headache, confusion, disorientation, seizures, and in severe cases, coma and long-term neurological complications.
Preventive measures include avoiding tick-infested areas, using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and promptly removing attached ticks. Vaccination is available and recommended for individuals living or traveling to TBE endemic regions. Treatment is primarily supportive, focusing on managing symptoms and addressing complications as they arise. There is no specific antiviral treatment for TBE.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Italy" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in Southern Europe. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Human Y chromosomes are one of the two sex-determining chromosomes in humans (the other being the X chromosome). They are found in the 23rd pair of human chromosomes and are significantly smaller than the X chromosome.
The Y chromosome is passed down from father to son through the paternal line, and it plays a crucial role in male sex determination. The SRY gene (sex-determining region Y) on the Y chromosome initiates the development of male sexual characteristics during embryonic development.
In addition to the SRY gene, the human Y chromosome contains several other genes that are essential for sperm production and male fertility. However, the Y chromosome has a much lower gene density compared to other chromosomes, with only about 80 protein-coding genes, making it one of the most gene-poor chromosomes in the human genome.
Because of its small size and low gene density, the Y chromosome is particularly susceptible to genetic mutations and deletions, which can lead to various genetic disorders and male infertility. Nonetheless, the Y chromosome remains a critical component of human genetics and evolution, providing valuable insights into sex determination, inheritance patterns, and human diversity.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Poland" is not a medical term. It is a country in Central Europe. If you have any questions about medical conditions or terminology, I would be happy to help answer those!
Communism is a political and economic ideology that advocates for a classless, stateless society in which all property and resources are owned in common and shared equally. In a communist system, the means of production, such as factories and land, are owned and controlled by the community as a whole, rather than by private individuals or corporations.
In medical terms, communism itself is not a disease or condition, but like any political ideology, it can have implications for healthcare policy and access to care. For example, in some communist countries, the government may provide universal healthcare coverage to all citizens, while in others, healthcare may be less accessible due to economic constraints or other factors.
It's important to note that the implementation of communism varies widely depending on the specific historical and cultural context, and there is no one "medical definition" of communism that applies universally.
"World Health" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is often used in the context of global health, which can be defined as:
"The area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. It emphasizes trans-national health issues, determinants, and solutions; involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and engages stakeholders from across sectors and societies." (World Health Organization)
Therefore, "world health" could refer to the overall health status and health challenges faced by populations around the world. It encompasses a broad range of factors that affect the health of individuals and communities, including social, economic, environmental, and political determinants. The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a key role in monitoring and promoting global health, setting international standards and guidelines, and coordinating responses to global health emergencies.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "seasons" is not a term that has a medical definition. Seasons refer to the four divisions of the year (spring, summer, autumn or fall, and winter) based on the position of the earth in its orbit around the sun. If you have any questions related to health or medicine, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Latin America" is not a medical term. It is a geographical and cultural region that includes parts of North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean where Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, and French) are predominantly spoken. The term does not have a specific medical relevance or definition.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Slovakia" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Central Europe. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help answer those for you.
I believe there might be a bit of confusion in your question. A "history" in medical terms usually refers to the detailed account of a patient's symptoms, illnesses, and treatments over time. It is a crucial part of the medical record and helps healthcare professionals understand the patient's health status and inform their care plans.
On the other hand, "16th century" refers to a specific period in history, spanning from 1501 to 1600 AD.
There isn't a direct medical definition for 'History, 16th Century.' However, if you are interested in learning about the medical advancements and practices during that time, I would be happy to provide some information. The 16th century was marked by significant developments in anatomy, surgery, and pharmacology, thanks to pioneers like Andreas Vesalius, Ambroise Paré, and William Shakespeare, who incorporated medical themes into his plays.
Orthobunyavirus is a genus of viruses in the family Peribunyaviridae, order Bunyavirales. These are enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses. The genome consists of three segments: large (L), medium (M), and small (S). The L segment encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the M segment encodes two glycoproteins (Gn and Gc) and a nonstructural protein (NSm), and the S segment encodes the nucleocapsid protein (N) and a nonstructural protein (NSs).
Orthobunyaviruses are primarily transmitted by arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and midges, and can cause disease in humans and animals. The diseases caused by orthobunyaviruses range from mild febrile illness to severe hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis. Some of the notable orthobunyaviruses include California encephalitis virus, La Crosse encephalitis virus, Oropouche virus, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Neanderthals" is not a medical term. It belongs to the field of anthropology and paleontology. Neanderthals were a species of human that lived in Europe and Asia until about 40,000 years ago. They are named after the Neander Valley in Germany where their remains were first discovered. Neanderthals are known to have used tools, controlled fire, and possibly even had a form of language. They were not directly our ancestors but are instead a sister group to modern humans.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Romania" is not a medical term. It is a country located in southeastern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help. Could you please clarify your question?
I believe there might be a bit of confusion in your question. A "history" in medical terms usually refers to the detailed account of a patient's symptoms, illnesses, and treatments received, which is used by healthcare professionals to understand their health status and provide appropriate care. It is not typically associated with a specific century like the 18th century.
If you are asking for information about the medical practices or significant developments in the field of medicine during the 18th century, I would be happy to provide some insight into that! The 18th century was a time of great advancement and change in the medical field, with many notable discoveries and innovations. Some examples include:
* The development of smallpox vaccination by Edward Jenner in 1796
* The discovery of oxygen by Joseph Priestley in 1774
* The invention of the thermometer by Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1714
* The publication of "An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae" by Edward Jenner in 1798, which helped to establish the concept of vaccination
* The founding of the Royal Society of Medicine in London in 1773
* The development of new surgical techniques and instruments, such as the use of tourniquets and catgut sutures.
Animal migration is a seasonal movement of animals from one place to another, typically over long distances, to find food, reproduce, or escape harsh conditions. This phenomenon is observed in various species, including birds, mammals, fish, and insects. The routes and destinations of these migrations are often genetically programmed and can be quite complex. Animal migration has important ecological consequences and is influenced by factors such as climate change, habitat loss, and human activities.
A gene pool refers to the total sum of genes contained within a population of interbreeding individuals of a species. It includes all the variations of genes, or alleles, that exist in that population. The concept of a gene pool is important in understanding genetic diversity and how traits are passed down from one generation to the next.
The size and diversity of a gene pool can have significant implications for the long-term survival and adaptability of a species. A larger and more diverse gene pool can provide a species with greater resistance to diseases, environmental changes, and other threats, as there is a wider variety of traits and genetic combinations available. On the other hand, a smaller or less diverse gene pool may make a species more susceptible to genetic disorders, reduced fitness, and extinction.
Geneticists and population biologists often study gene pools to understand the evolutionary history and dynamics of populations, as well as to inform conservation efforts for endangered species.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Austria" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in central Europe, known officially as the Republic of Austria. It is not a medical condition, treatment, or related term. If you have any questions about a medical issue, I would be happy to try to help answer those for you!
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "South America" is not a medical term. It is a geographical term that refers to the southern portion of the Americas, which is a continent in the Western Hemisphere. South America is generally defined as including the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela, as well as the overseas departments and territories of French Guiana (France), and the Falkland Islands (UK).
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you.
I apologize for any confusion, but "agriculture" is not a term that has a medical definition. Agriculture refers to the cultivation and breeding of animals, plants, and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants, and other products used to sustain and enhance human life. It is an important industry and practice that has been developed over thousands of years and continues to play a critical role in global food production and security.
I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "birds." Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, and lightweight but strong skeletons. Some birds, such as pigeons and chickens, have been used in medical research, but the term "birds" itself does not have a specific medical definition.
Genotype, in genetics, refers to the complete heritable genetic makeup of an individual organism, including all of its genes. It is the set of instructions contained in an organism's DNA for the development and function of that organism. The genotype is the basis for an individual's inherited traits, and it can be contrasted with an individual's phenotype, which refers to the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism that result from the expression of its genes in combination with environmental influences.
It is important to note that an individual's genotype is not necessarily identical to their genetic sequence. Some genes have multiple forms called alleles, and an individual may inherit different alleles for a given gene from each parent. The combination of alleles that an individual inherits for a particular gene is known as their genotype for that gene.
Understanding an individual's genotype can provide important information about their susceptibility to certain diseases, their response to drugs and other treatments, and their risk of passing on inherited genetic disorders to their offspring.
Hominidae, also known as the "great apes," is a family of primates that includes humans (Homo sapiens), orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla and Gorilla beringei), bonobos (Pan paniscus), and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). This family is characterized by their upright walking ability, although not all members exhibit this trait. Hominidae species are known for their high intelligence, complex social structures, and expressive facial features. They share a common ancestor with the Old World monkeys, and fossil records suggest that this split occurred around 25 million years ago.
"Western Asia" is a geographical region that is defined by the United Nations as one of the five sub-regions within the larger continent of Asia. It is also known as "Southwestern Asia" or the "Middle East." The UN definition includes the following countries:
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Cyprus
* Georgia
* Iraq
* Israel
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Oman
* State of Palestine
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Syria
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen
* Islamic Republic of Iran (but sometimes considered part of Central Asia)
It is important to note that there are different definitions and interpretations of what constitutes "Western Asia" or the "Middle East," and some sources may include or exclude certain countries. Additionally, it's worth noting that cultural, historical, and political factors also play a role in defining this region, and the boundaries between Western Asia and other regions such as Central Asia, South Asia, and North Africa can be fluid and contested.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Belgium" is a country located in Western Europe and not a medical term or condition. It is one of the founding members of the European Union and is known for its rich history, culture, and diverse landscape, which includes coastal plains in the northwest, flat agricultural lands in the central region, and the rolling hills and forests in the southeast. It has a highly industrialized economy, with major industries including engineering and manufacturing, transport, and chemical and pharmaceutical production.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Ukraine" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Eastern Europe. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
Medical Definition:
"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.
Physical anthropology is a subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of human biological variation and evolution, both in the past and in the present. It draws upon various scientific disciplines such as genetics, anatomy, physiology, and paleontology to understand the biological origins and development of our species, Homo sapiens.
Physical anthropologists study a wide range of topics, including human and primate evolution, population genetics, skeletal biology, forensic anthropology, and bioarchaeology. They often work with fossil remains, archaeological sites, and living populations to investigate questions related to human adaptation, health, migration, and diversity.
By examining the biological aspects of human existence, physical anthropologists aim to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of what it means to be human, both in terms of our shared characteristics as a species and the unique variations that make each individual and population distinct.
"Ixodes" is a genus of tick that includes several species known to transmit various diseases to humans and animals. These ticks are often referred to as "hard ticks" because of their hard, shield-like plate on their backs. Ixodes ticks have a complex life cycle involving three stages: larva, nymph, and adult. They feed on the blood of hosts during each stage, and can transmit diseases such as Lyme disease, Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis, and Powassan virus disease.
The most common Ixodes species in North America is Ixodes scapularis, also known as the black-legged tick or deer tick, which is the primary vector of Lyme disease in this region. In Europe, Ixodes ricinus, or the castor bean tick, is a widespread and important vector of diseases such as Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis, and several other tick-borne pathogens.
Ixodes ticks are typically found in wooded or grassy areas with high humidity and moderate temperatures. They can be carried by various hosts, including mammals, birds, and reptiles, and can survive for long periods without feeding, making them efficient disease vectors.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Portugal" is not a medical term. It is a country located in southwestern Europe, known officially as the Portuguese Republic. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help!
Demography is the statistical study of populations, particularly in terms of size, distribution, and characteristics such as age, race, gender, and occupation. In medical contexts, demography is often used to analyze health-related data and trends within specific populations. This can include studying the prevalence of certain diseases or conditions, identifying disparities in healthcare access and outcomes, and evaluating the effectiveness of public health interventions. Demographic data can also be used to inform policy decisions and allocate resources to address population health needs.
"Alnus" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Betulaceae, commonly known as alders. They are deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs with simple, alternate leaves and catkins. The term "Alnus" itself is the genus name and does not have a medical definition. However, various species of alders have been used in traditional medicine for their anti-inflammatory, astringent, and diuretic properties. For example, the bark of Alnus glutinosa (common alder) has been used to treat skin diseases, wounds, and diarrhea. It is important to note that the use of alders in modern medicine is limited and further research is needed to establish their safety and efficacy.
Paleontology is not a medical field, but rather it is a branch of earth sciences and biology that deals with the study of prehistoric life forms through the examination of plant and animal fossils, including those of extinct organisms. It involves various disciplines such as stratigraphy, geochronology, and systematics to understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth.
However, I understand that you are looking for information related to a non-medical topic, so here is some additional context:
Paleontology can be divided into several subdisciplines, including vertebrate paleontology (the study of fossilized animals with backbones), invertebrate paleontology (the study of fossilized animals without backbones), paleobotany (the study of fossil plants), micropaleontology (the study of microscopic fossils), and taphonomy (the study of the processes that occur after an organism's death, leading to its preservation as a fossil).
Paleontologists use various techniques to study fossils, including comparative anatomy, histology (the study of tissue structure), and geochemistry. They also rely on other scientific fields such as genetics, physics, and chemistry to help them interpret the data they collect from fossils.
Through their research, paleontologists can learn about the morphology, behavior, ecology, and evolutionary relationships of extinct organisms, providing valuable insights into the history of life on Earth.
An "ecosystem" is not a term that has a specific medical definition, as it is a concept that is more commonly used in the fields of ecology and environmental science. However, I can provide you with the general ecological definition of an ecosystem:
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment, including both biotic factors (plants, animals, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (climate, soil, water, and air). These interactions create a complex network of relationships that form the foundation of ecological processes, such as energy flow, nutrient cycling, and population dynamics.
While there is no direct medical definition for an ecosystem, understanding the principles of ecosystems can have important implications for human health. For example, healthy ecosystems can provide clean air and water, regulate climate, support food production, and offer opportunities for recreation and relaxation, all of which contribute to overall well-being. Conversely, degraded ecosystems can lead to increased exposure to environmental hazards, reduced access to natural resources, and heightened risks of infectious diseases. Therefore, maintaining the health and integrity of ecosystems is crucial for promoting human health and preventing disease.
Eastern Europe
Galicia (Eastern Europe)
Sport1 (Eastern Europe)
Pantler (Eastern Europe)
Lieutenant (Eastern Europe)
New Eastern Europe
Colonel (Eastern Europe)
C8 (Eastern Europe)
Central and Eastern Europe
Standard-bearer (Eastern Europe)
Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe
South-Eastern Europe Brigade
Border states (Eastern Europe)
TCR Eastern Europe Trophy
History of Galicia (Eastern Europe)
The War in Eastern Europe
Eastern grey squirrels in Europe
2022 TCR Eastern Europe Trophy
2019 TCR Eastern Europe Trophy
2023 TCR Eastern Europe Trophy
2021 TCR Eastern Europe Trophy
Street children in Eastern Europe
2020 TCR Eastern Europe Trophy
List of Galician (Eastern Europe) Jews
Socialist Union of Central-Eastern Europe
Galicia national football team (Eastern Europe)
Central and Eastern Europe Development Institute
FIS Cross-Country Eastern Europe Cup
Cartoon Network (Central and Eastern Europe)
Eastern European cuisine
Eastern Europe - Wikipedia
Eastern Europe: Danish Investment Soars
The Armed Forces of WWII (Eastern Europe).
Investing in Central and Eastern Europe
Video (Eastern Europe and Central Asia)
Eastern European Journal of Transnational Relations - DOAJ
Eastern Mediterranean travel - Lonely Planet | Turkey, Europe
reaccelerating-convergence-in-central-eastern-and-southeastern-europe
Porsche Panamera - Porsche Central Eastern Europe
Cyndi's List - Eastern Europe - Publications, Software & Supplies
Porsche - Porsche Central Eastern Europe
Blogpost: Is Eastern Europe a Smoker's Paradise? | WHO FCTC
UNHCR Global Appeal 2004 - Eastern Europe Regional Overview | UNHCR Ireland
Is eastern Europe more economically developed than Western Europe? - Answers
Emigration Slows Eastern Europe's Catch Up With the West
Political Epistemologies of Eastern Europe
The 10 Best Eastern European Restaurants for Families in Vienna - Tripadvisor
Which capitalism for Eastern Europe?, by John Kenneth Galbraith
US Defense Secretary Heads to Eastern Europe, NATO Next Week
Eastern and South‐Eastern Europe Competition Update: OECD/Hungary Centre Newsletter - OECD
Increase in Eyeworm Infections in Eastern Europe - Volume 22, Number 8-August 2016 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC
The ILO and the Republic of North Macedonia (Central and Eastern Europe)
Central & Eastern European Policy Studies - Book Series - Routledge & CRC Press
Russia Stops Oil Flowing Through Pipeline to Central, Eastern Europe - WSJ
The ILO and the Republic of Moldova (Central and Eastern Europe)
MONTHLY WARNING ASSESSMENT: USSR-EASTERN EUROPE | CIA FOIA (foia.cia.gov)
20234
- The economies of Central Asia, the Caucasus and Türkiye are expected to maintain strong growth in 2023, offsetting a weaker performance in emerging Europe, according to the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development's (EBRD) latest Regional Economic Prospects report. (ebrd.com)
- In emerging Europe, the deceleration reflects high energy prices, persistent inflation (averaging 9.7 per cent in the EBRD regions in July 2023) and slow growth in advanced Europe. (ebrd.com)
- In central Europe and the Baltic states , where high costs for food and energy tightened households' budgets and small and medium-sized enterprises' access to finance for investment has been reduced, growth is expected to average 0.5 per cent in 2023, down from 3.9 per cent in 2022, and rise to 2.5 per cent in 2024. (ebrd.com)
- A weaker external environment and the impact of inflation in EBRD economies in the south-eastern European Union is expected to lead to growth of 2 per cent in 2023 and a pick-up to 2.8 per cent in 2024. (ebrd.com)
Countries35
- Due to this religious cleavage, Eastern Orthodox countries are often associated with Eastern Europe. (wikipedia.org)
- Copenhagen, 21 April 1997 (RFE/RL) -- The Danish Investment Fund for Central and Eastern Europe has just issued a report showing that it has invested about $300 million in the countries of that region. (rferl.org)
- Last year alone, the I.O. invested in 30 new joint ventures in six Eastern European countries. (rferl.org)
- In 2016, only four countries in the EU reported an average price of a cigarette pack of under 3 Euros, and all of them were in Eastern/Central Europe - Bulgaria (2,42 Euro), Lithuania (2.77 Euro), Latvia (2.89 Euro) and the Czech Republic (2.95 Euro). (who.int)
- Close to 20 million, mostly young and skilled Eastern Europeans-equal to the combined population of the Czech Republic and Hungary-left their countries over the past 25 years to seek better opportunities abroad (Chart 1). (imf.org)
- And even as they have contributed to the riches of the receiving countries and the EU as a whole, their departure has slowed growth and convergence of their home countries to the living standards of advanced Europe. (imf.org)
- This has left Eastern European countries worse off (Chart 3). (imf.org)
- Boon for Europe as a whole How about the impact of the east-west migration on receiving countries? (imf.org)
- The westward migration seems to have contributed to stronger growth in Western European countries and been an economic boon for the European Union as a whole. (imf.org)
- What's more, the trends could further intensify with new countries getting ready to join the European Union. (imf.org)
- better institutions and economic policies in home countries would make it more attractive for people to stay, for emigrants to return, and for people from other countries to seek jobs in Eastern Europe. (imf.org)
- Eastern Europe is 'poorer' than Western Europe , during the war they were helpless and were taken over by Germany or the Soviets, with the fall of both empires countries taken by Hitler and Stalin suffered and were left to fend for themselves. (answers.com)
- The countries in the East have started to pick themselves up in the recent decades and they each support their neighbours,places like Azerbaijan are not as poor any more and it fact some of the more developed cities can be found in Eastern Europe. (answers.com)
- In the past 30 years, war in the Balkans, the fall of Communist regimes, and economic recession in Europe have undermined the economic stability of countries in eastern Europe and eventually favored occurrence of so-called neglected infections of poverty ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
- A good example is Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) nematode infections in children and elderly persons living in rural and poor communities in countries in Europe and Asia ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
- T. callipaeda was previously known as the oriental eyeworm because of its original description in countries in eastern Asia (e.g. (cdc.gov)
- However, data on the occurrence of this parasite in countries in eastern Europe were not available until 2014. (cdc.gov)
- Although no large-scale prevalence study has been conducted in countries in eastern Europe, 51 (27.7%) of 184 foxes in Bosnia and Herzegovina were infected with T. callipaeda nematodes ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
- Isolation of T. callipaeda eyeworms from dogs in Bulgaria and Hungary should increases awareness of medical and veterinary communities in countries in eastern Europe for this zoonotic parasitosis. (cdc.gov)
- Russian oil has stopped flowing through a pipeline that feeds countries in Central and Eastern Europe, dealing another blow to a region contending with the loss of vital energy supplies from Russia. (wsj.com)
- European Union Enlargement offers an intense and detailed analysis of the almost ten-year process of preparing and negotiating the accession of Eastern, Southeastern, and Central European countries, as well as Mediterranean countries to the European Union. (routledge.com)
- The remark shocked east European countries and contributed to an enduring mistrust of Paris by EU's newest members that has re-emerged since Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022. (yahoo.com)
- In the aftermath of the invasion, eastern EU countries such as Poland criticised Macron for keeping communication channels open with Russian President Vladimir Putin, or for saying that Russia should not be 'humiliated' in the course of international efforts to end the Ukraine conflict. (yahoo.com)
- The Met's comprehensive collection of European sculpture and decorative arts reflect the development of a number of art forms in Western European countries from the early fifteenth through the early twentieth century. (metmuseum.org)
- FEED showcases the history and contemporary design from countries in Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe, which are often overlooked and undervalued on the international design scene. (slanted.de)
- Additionally, FEED focuses on networking and integrating design events such as festivals and conferences, which take place in Eastern European countries. (slanted.de)
- The European Council has failed to put a date on its carbon neutrality pledge after four countries - the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary and Poland - pushed back against the rest of the block. (ecosystemmarketplace.com)
- While climate negotiators are gathered here in the former German capital of Bonn to work out sticky issues relating to international carbon trading, the European Council was meeting in Brussels to debate a pledge that would set a target of net zero greenhouse gas emissions for the 28 countries of the European Union by 2050. (ecosystemmarketplace.com)
- Twenty four countries favored the target, which was seen as key to accelerating action before year-end talks in Argentina, but four Eastern European countries - namely, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary and Poland - refused to endorse the date unless wealthier countries would foot the bill. (ecosystemmarketplace.com)
- While a large majority of European countries were pushing hard for this ambitious call, a few countries held the entire bloc back," said Helen Mountford, Vice President of Climate and Economics, World Resources Institute. (ecosystemmarketplace.com)
- The past 12 months have produced yet more M&A activity in central and eastern Europe as the key regional banks have improved their portfolio of countries, consolidated assets or expanded market share when already present. (euromoney.com)
- Students in the Eastern European and East-Central European Studies programme will be taught an interdisciplinary approach to the examination of the culture and history of the Slavic countries. (uni-heidelberg.de)
- Students will obtain essential key competencies as well as sought-after expert knowledge of our increasingly globalised and interconnected world, particularly as regards the expanding relationship between Europe and the countries of Eastern, East-Central and Southern Europe. (uni-heidelberg.de)
- While philological questions are at the focus of language and literature studies, historical studies will investigate the historical development of the individual Slavic countries in both a pan-European and an international context. (uni-heidelberg.de)
- Poverty measurement for economies in transision in Eastern European countries : International Scientific Conference, Warsaw, 7-9 October 1991. (who.int)
Europe's1
- The departure of some of the youngest and brightest makes Eastern Europe's process of catching up to advanced Europe more challenging. (imf.org)
Latin America1
- Declan Foraise is a retired forester who primarily covers land use issues in Europe and Latin America. (ecosystemmarketplace.com)
Participating economies1
- It provides information about recent cases and developments in the participating economies in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. (oecd.org)
Russia7
- U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin heads to Europe next week for talks with allies concerned about Russia and what the NATO military alliance will focus on now that the withdrawal from Afghanistan is complete. (voanews.com)
- PARIS (Reuters) - President Emmanuel Macron acknowledged on Wednesday that France should have paid more attention to Eastern European nations, which warned about a belligerent Russia before Moscow's forces invaded Ukraine. (yahoo.com)
- Macron told a security forum there should be no division between 'Old Europe' and 'New Europe', referring to enduring divergences between eastern and western European Union members over matters such as Russia. (yahoo.com)
- On Wednesday, Macron also said Europe should build up its own defence industry and not only rely on the United States for protection, though he acknowledged the U.S. contribution in money and materiel had been crucial to forming a credible front against Russia. (yahoo.com)
- Bildt later said that, in terms of where Ukraine goes in terms of the European Union to the west and Russia to the east, "they are not going west, I don't think they are going east, I feel they are going down. (brookings.edu)
- Gas consumption in emerging Europe fell by more than 20 per cent in the winter of 2022-23 as the reduced supply of gas from Russia resulted in much higher energy prices. (ebrd.com)
- Research at the Eastern European History Department at Heidelberg University is particularly concerned with the history of Russia, the Ukraine, and Poland in the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries. (uni-heidelberg.de)
Mediterranean3
- for example, Greece is overwhelmingly Orthodox, but is very rarely included in "Eastern Europe", for a variety of reasons, the most prominent being that Greece's history, for the most part, was more influenced by Mediterranean cultures and contact. (wikipedia.org)
- Experience the real Eastern Mediterranean. (lonelyplanet.com)
- Get to the heart of Eastern Mediterranean with one of our in-depth, award-winning guidebooks, covering maps, itineraries, and expert guidance. (lonelyplanet.com)
Poland1
- I recently attended three events in Eastern/Central Europe (Bulgaria, Poland and the Czech Republic) and concluded that this region of the world is still a smoker's paradise. (who.int)
Search1
- Results of search for 'su:{Europe, Eastern. (who.int)
20241
- The United States has presidential elections in November, 2024 with Donald Trump - who as president said European nations should pay more for their own defence - likely to run again. (yahoo.com)
Stereotypes1
- I want to talk about Eastern Europe beyond stereotypes. (lareviewofbooks.org)
Communist2
- Another definition was created by the Cold War, as Europe was ideologically divided by the Iron Curtain, with "Eastern Europe" being synonymous with communist states constituting the Eastern Bloc under the influence of the Soviet Union. (wikipedia.org)
- Eastern Europe was communist and was poorer because of this. (answers.com)
Emerging markets2
- As the market leading firm across the emerging markets of Europe, Linklaters remains committed to providing premium legal advice to clients as their needs evolve. (linklaters.com)
- The UK industry already has strong export links with Europe but now is the time for businesses who do not currently export to grasp the opportunities available and extend their reach further to new and emerging markets like Central and Eastern Europe. (foodnavigator.com)
People's1
- Since then, Eastern Europe has been reduced to a backdrop for other people's fantasies. (lareviewofbooks.org)
Poorer1
- No Eastern Europe tends to be poorer and more agricultural than Western Europe. (answers.com)
Soviet Union2
Holocaust1
- The projects main focus is to explore various forms of documentation (oral histories, documentary film, life-writing, witness accounts) in Central and Eastern European literature that deal with extraordinary (war, the Holocaust, system change) but also everyday experiences in this region. (lu.se)
Prevalence1
- First, each smoker has a lot of peers and fellow smokers, since smoking prevalence in Eastern/Central Europe is high. (who.int)
Prospects2
- Ukraine has suspended its preparations for signing the Association Agreement with the European Union in Vilnius later this month, throwing the prospects for increased trade and cooperation with the EU into doubt. (brookings.edu)
- The transformation of economies in Central and Eastern Europe : issues, progress and prospects / Alan H. Gelb, Cheryl W. Gray. (who.int)
Slavic2
- The Bachelor's degree programme in Eastern European and East-Central European Studies is interdisciplinary in nature: It combines solid language training with fundamental knowledge and research skills in the areas of both Slavic philology (linguistics, literature, and cultural studies) and Eastern European history. (uni-heidelberg.de)
- The Bachelor's degree programme in Eastern European and East-Central European Studies is a collaboration between the Institute of Slavic Studies and the Chair for Eastern European History at the Heidelberg University Department of History. (uni-heidelberg.de)
Rivalries1
- Russian, Ukranian and Bulgarian teams steal the spotlight for European football on Sunday, when old rivalries are reignited. (onlinecasinoreports.com)
Orthodox6
- After the East-West Schism in 1054, significant parts of Eastern Europe developed cultural unity and resistance to the Catholic (and later also Protestant) Western Europe within the framework of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Church Slavonic language and the Cyrillic alphabet. (wikipedia.org)
- The Eastern Orthodox Church has played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and Southeastern Europe. (wikipedia.org)
- The schism is the break of communion and theology between what are now the Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman Catholic from the 11th century, as well as from the 16th century also Protestant) churches. (wikipedia.org)
- Expansion of Christianity Since the Great Schism of 1054, Europe has been divided between Roman Catholic (and later additionally Protestant) churches in the West, and the Eastern Orthodox Christian (often incorrectly labelled "Greek Orthodox") churches in the east. (wikipedia.org)
- The eastern orthodox is a religion that was developed in Europe when the ''Vandals'' as you might know invaded the western part of Europe. (answers.com)
- The Eastern Europe celebrated and worshiped eastern orthodox. (answers.com)
EBRD1
- The I.O. works in close co-operation with other major western financial institutions such as the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) and the Nordic Environmental Finance Corporation (NEFCO). (rferl.org)
Turkey1
- Partners across Linklaters' global offices staff specialised desks for Turkey and other parts of Central and Eastern and South East Europe. (linklaters.com)
History5
- and the Stalin monuments in Budapest and Prague, noting that even as history is being obliterated, Socialist Realism remains a key to understanding pictorial art and the built environment in Eastern Europe. (mit.edu)
- The research initiative Political Epistemologies of Central and Eastern Europe (PECEE) - formerly known as (East) European Epistemologies - investigates modes of (self-)reflexivity in the history of the sciences and the humanities. (uni-erfurt.de)
- A further concern of the initiative is to integrate research of the history of the sciences and the humanities in Eastern, Central, and South-Eastern Europe. (uni-erfurt.de)
- I know a distinguished scholar of the region, a historian who teaches a regular course on Eastern European history, who told me that every year he has to answer questions from his students about whether people actually love and laugh in this "gray place. (lareviewofbooks.org)
- I want to argue that Eastern Europe, its literature and its history, is essential for getting a grasp on the 20th century, the nightmare which we are still waking up from. (lareviewofbooks.org)
Warsaw3
- Testing the Information Structure of eastern European Markets: The Warsaw Stock Exchange ," Ace Project Memoranda 96/7, Department of Economics, University of Leicester. (repec.org)
- Testing the Information Structure of Eastern European Markets: The Warsaw Stock Exchange ," Economic Change and Restructuring , Springer, vol. 30(2), pages 91-105, May. (repec.org)
- Testing the Information Structure of Eastern European Markets: The Warsaw Stock Exchange ," ULB Institutional Repository 2013/707, ULB -- Universite Libre de Bruxelles. (repec.org)
Ukraine1
- In an event today, Senior Fellow Steven Pifer , former ambassador to Ukraine, moderated a discussion with other experts on the third Eastern Partnership Summit in Vilnius , taking place Nov. 28-29, with a focus also on issues beyond Ukraine and the Association Agreement, including Moldova and Georgia. (brookings.edu)
Characteristics1
- the main socio-cultural characteristics of Eastern Europe have historically been defined by the traditions of the Slavs and Greeks, as well as by the influence of Eastern Christianity as it developed through the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ottoman Empire. (wikipedia.org)
South-Easter1
- Eastern, Central, and South-Eastern Europe have served as a starting point to gain a perspective on the interconnectedness of historical theories, practices and figures of knowledge production - "epistemologies" - within their political environments. (uni-erfurt.de)
Scholars1
- Our scholars at the Center on the United States and Europe at Brookings have been closely following the issue and providing expert analysis. (brookings.edu)
Continent2
- Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent. (wikipedia.org)
- Or perhaps you have to drive all the way south to Erind, to the foot of the Lunxhërisë massif, "a long piece of moon embedded in the wild and lovely body of Albania," a country, according to the Polish writer Andrzej Stasiuk, that functions as the "unconscious of the [European] continent," a "dark well into which those who believe that everything has been settled once and for all should peer. (lareviewofbooks.org)
Union5
- As such, economic migration is an indicator of success of the European Union project, which sees freedom of movement as necessary for greater economic integration and, ultimately, higher incomes for all. (imf.org)
- Making it work for all Overall, European Union membership brought substantial benefit for Eastern Europe. (imf.org)
- If he does not, the European Union most likely will not sign the association agreement, putting a brake on Ukraine's effort to deepen its links to Europe. (brookings.edu)
- All official European Union website addresses are in the europa.eu domain. (europa.eu)
- Programmes d' aide aux pays d' Europe centrale et orientale et à l' ex-Union soviétique. (who.int)
Main1
- The main difference is that Western Europe is more economically advanced than Eastern Europe. (answers.com)
Workshops1
- The festival will consist of a public conference, a gathering of visual design event organizers, a meeting of European community representatives, a series of practical workshops, and networking sessions. (slanted.de)
Emigration1
- Emigration slowed growth in Eastern Europe Economic migration is driven by personal choices. (imf.org)
Geographical4
- While the eastern geographical boundaries of Europe are well defined, the boundary between Eastern and Western Europe is not geographical but historical, religious and cultural and is harder to designate. (wikipedia.org)
- The Ural Mountains, Ural River, and the Caucasus Mountains are the geographical land border of the eastern edge of Europe. (wikipedia.org)
- In the west, however, the historical and cultural boundaries of "Eastern Europe" are subject to some overlap and, most importantly, have undergone historical fluctuations, which makes a precise definition of the western geographic boundaries of Eastern Europe and the geographical midpoint of Europe somewhat difficult. (wikipedia.org)
- It is a geographical information system of the European hydrographical systems with a full topological information. (europa.eu)
Asia3
- Addressing Safety and Health at Work in Eastern Europe and Central Asia while Facing Pandemic" Brief description: ILO continues to offer support to its constituents and proposes solutions to face pandemic and its consequences on labour market, OSH and working conditions and access to social protection floor. (ilo.org)
- The robust growth of the economies of Central Asia and the weaker performance of those in central Europe and the Baltic states reflect the different consequences of energy prices, inflation and shifting patterns of trade. (ebrd.com)
- Eastern Europe, South Asia). (cdc.gov)
Programme2
- The interdisciplinary nature of the degree programme permits a multi-faceted examination of Eastern Europe and East-Central Europe, enabling a differentiated understanding of both historical and current cultural and political developments. (uni-heidelberg.de)
- The interdisciplinary aspect of the degree programme is also enhanced by the opportunity for importing individual lectures, courses, and seminars related to Eastern Europe and East-Central Europe from other subject areas. (uni-heidelberg.de)
Region1
- Each week, we will read a crime novel set during a different era in a different Eastern European country in order to uncover the unique and rich literary landscapes of the region. (newberry.org)
Workshop1
- The UK food and beverage industry could do more to grasp export opportunities in Eastern and Central Europe, said experts at a London workshop organised by the Food and Drink Federation (FDF) and UK Trade and Investment (UKTI) last week. (foodnavigator.com)
Western Europe4
- Is eastern Europe more economically developed than Western Europe? (answers.com)
- No. Western Europe would be more developed. (answers.com)
- You may be thinking in terms of western Europe being more developed that eastern Europe, but it would not be true to say that eastern Europe is not developed. (answers.com)
- Who dominates western Europe economically? (answers.com)
International1
- Eastern Europe and the new international economic order : representative samples of socialist perspectives / edited by Ervin Laszlo, Joel Kurtzman. (who.int)
Parts1
- There are many parts of Europe that are developed. (answers.com)
Economic1
- Overall, total industrial output in Europe has been lower than expected, contributing to slower economic growth. (ebrd.com)
Work1
- It's one of the latest accomplishments of Swami Maheshwarananda in his over 30 years of dedicated work in Eastern Europe. (hinduismtoday.com)
Bank1
- In the best bank contest, congratulations go in particular to KBC and UniCredito for both having a stake in two of Euromoney's best banks in central and eastern Europe by country. (euromoney.com)
Central and Eastern4
- the term Central and Eastern Europe is sometimes used instead for a more neutral grouping. (wikipedia.org)
- Our correspondent recalls that the I.O. was created months after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and thereby became the first Western investment fund directly interested in Central and Eastern Europe. (rferl.org)
- The agency predicts that the number of projects in Central and Eastern Europe is expected to stabilize at its current level in 1997 and in subsequent years, while the amount of investment in individual projects is expected to grow. (rferl.org)
- British exports to Central and Eastern Europe have grown 119% over the past five years, according to government trade information figures - about twice the growth rate of exports to other markets. (foodnavigator.com)
Time2
- This Web page features information on various Eastern European armed forces from the time of the Second World War. (tripod.com)
- Gone are the days of Penguin's Writers from the Other Europe series or Susan Sontag exhorting us to read Danilo Kiš while we still had time. (lareviewofbooks.org)
Country1
- Very little has been written on architecture and politics during the Cold War period for any country, and next to nothing is known about the architecture, or about state policies reflected in the architecture, of Eastern Europe. (mit.edu)
West1
- Many times, I've fallen into pockets of Eastern Europe far west of the Oder-Trieste line. (lareviewofbooks.org)