Eugenics
National Socialism
Population Control
Political Systems
Genetic Enhancement
Greek World
Portraits as Topic
Genetics, Medical
Wedge Argument
Genetic Diseases, Inborn
Sterilization, Reproductive
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis and the 'new' eugenics. (1/64)
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PID) is often seen as an improvement upon prenatal testing. I argue that PID may exacerbate the eugenic features of prenatal testing and make possible an expanded form of free-market eugenics. The current practice of prenatal testing is eugenic in that its aim is to reduce the numbers of people with genetic disorders. Due to social pressures and eugenic attitudes held by clinical geneticists in most countries, it results in eugenic outcomes even though no state coercion is involved. I argue that technological advances may soon make PID widely accessible. Because abortion is not involved, and multiple embryos are available, PID is radically more effective as a tool of genetic selection. It will also make possible selection on the basis of non-pathological characteristics, leading, potentially, to a full-blown free-market eugenics. For these reasons, I argue that PID should be strictly regulated. (+info)Can we learn from eugenics? (2/64)
Eugenics casts a long shadow over contemporary genetics. Any measure, whether in clinical genetics or biotechnology, which is suspected of eugenic intent is likely to be opposed on that ground. Yet there is little consensus on what this word signifies, and often only a remote connection to the very complex set of social movements which took that name. After a brief historical summary of eugenics, this essay attempts to locate any wrongs inherent in eugenic doctrines. Four candidates are examined and rejected. The moral challenge posed by eugenics for genetics in our own time, I argue, is to achieve social justice. (+info)Genetic screening with the DNA chip: a new Pandora's box? (3/64)
The ethically controversial option of genetic population screening used to be restricted to a small number of rather rare diseases by methodological limitations which are now about to be overcome. With the new technology of DNA microarrays ("DNA chip"), emerging from the synthesis of microelectronics and molecular biology, methods are now at hand for the development of mass screening programmes for a wide spectrum of genetic traits. Thus, the DNA chip may be the key technology for a refined preventive medicine as well as a new dimension of eugenics. The forthcoming introduction of the DNA chip technology into medical practice urgently requires an internationally consistent framework of ethical standards and legal limitations if we do not want it to become a new Pandora's box. (+info)Some ethical issues at the population level raised by 'soft' eugenics, euphenics, and isogenics. (4/64)
It is argued that at the population level there are three central genetic developments raising ethical issues. The first is the emergence of 'soft' eugenics, due primarily to the increasing ability to detect carriers of genetic diseases, to monitor their pregnancies, and to provide the option to abort a fetus predisposed to major genetic disease. The second development is the recognition of the extent to which many serious diseases of adult life are due to a disturbance of ancient genetic homeostatic mechanisms due to changing life style, raising the question of whether a society that increasingly pays the medical bills should attempt to impose healthier standards of living on its members. Such an attempt at 'euphenics' may be thought of as the antithesis to eugenics. The third development relates to recognition of the need to regulate the size of the earth's population to numbers that can be indefinitely sustained; this regulation in a fashion (isogenic) that will preserve existing genetic diversity. (+info)Progressing from eugenics to human genetics. celebrating the 70th birthday of professor Newton E. Morton. (5/64)
Eugenics, unlike science, involves decision making on various issues, and decision making involves the risk of making errors. This communication first clarifies the nature and seriousness of making errors known as type II in the statistical literature, i.e. the error of punishing a person when he is not guilty of the crime attributed to him. Eugenic laws in China and the eugenic movements in England and the United States are briefly reviewed. The explosive advances made in medical and population genetics in the last 40 years are replacing the conventional eugenics programs by new approaches. Modern genetic counseling has been introduced as the intermediate agent between the scientist and the family that needs advice. It is stressed that individual rights must be respected under all circumstances. (+info)Disability, gene therapy and eugenics--a challenge to John Harris. (6/64)
This article challenges the view of disability presented by Harris in his article, "Is gene therapy a form of eugenics?" It is argued that his definition of disability rests on an individual model of disability, where disability is regarded as a product of biological determinism or "personal tragedy" in the individual. Within disability theory this view is often called "the medical model" and it has been criticised for not being able to deal with the term "disability", but only with impairment. The individual model of disability presupposes a necessary causal link between a certain condition in the individual and disablement. The shortcomings of such a view of disability are stated and it is argued that in order to have an adequate ethical discourse on gene therapy perspectives from disability research need to be taken into consideration. (+info)Screening for disability: a eugenic pursuit? (7/64)
This article is written in response to the idea that selective termination may be eugenic. It points out that a mixture of motives and goals may inform screening programmes and selective termination for fetal abnormality without the intention being "eugenic". The paper locates modern genetics within the tradition of humanist medicine by suggesting that parents who choose to terminate a pregnancy because of fetal abnormalities are not making moral judgments about those who are living with these abnormalities already. Rather they are making judgments about their own lives and the lives of their children in relation to this genetic disorder. It concludes by introducing several caveats about the counselling that parents receive after the results of the testing and suggests that counselling inevitably contains a directive element because of the nature of the information covered. (+info)Response to: What counts as success in genetic counselling? (8/64)
Clinical genetics encompasses a wider range of activities than discussion of reproductive risks and options. Hence, it is possible for a clinical geneticist to reduce suffering associated with genetic disease without aiming to reduce the birth incidence of such diseases. Simple cost-benefit analyses of genetic-screening programmes are unacceptable; more sophisticated analyses of this type have been devised but entail internal inconsistencies and do not seem to result in changed clinical practice. The secondary effects of screening programmes must be assessed before they can be properly evaluated, including the inadvertent diagnosis of unsought conditions, and the wider social effects of the programmes on those with mental handicap. This has implications for the range of prenatal tests that should be made available. While autonomy must be fully respected, it cannot itself constitute a goal of clinical genetics. The evaluation of these services requires interdepartmental comparisons of workload, and quality judgements of clients and peers. (+info)Eugenics is a scientific movement that advocates for the improvement of human genetic qualities through various measures such as controlled breeding, selective immigration, and even forced sterilization. The goal of eugenics is to increase the number of individuals who possess desirable traits and decrease the number of those with undesirable traits in order to improve the overall genetic makeup of the population.
The term "eugenics" was coined by Sir Francis Galton, a British scientist, in 1883. He believed that intelligence and other positive traits were heritable and could be improved through selective breeding. The eugenics movement gained popularity in the early 20th century, particularly in the United States and Germany, where it was used to justify forced sterilization and other coercive measures aimed at controlling the reproduction of certain groups of people.
Today, the concept of eugenics is widely discredited due to its association with discrimination, racism, and human rights abuses. However, the principles of genetics and heredity that underlie eugenics continue to be studied and applied in fields such as medicine and agriculture.
National Socialism, also known as Nazism, is not a medical term. It is a political ideology that originated in Germany in the early 20th century and was associated with the Nazi Party and its leader, Adolf Hitler. The ideology was characterized by extreme nationalism, racism, anti-Semitism, and totalitarianism.
While National Socialism is not a medical term, it has had significant impacts on the history of medicine, particularly during World War II when the Nazi regime implemented policies that led to the systematic persecution and murder of millions of people, including six million Jews in the Holocaust. The Nazi regime also conducted unethical medical experiments on prisoners in concentration camps, which have been widely condemned.
Therefore, while National Socialism is not a medical term, it is important for medical professionals to be aware of its historical context and the ways in which political ideologies can impact medical ethics and practice.
"Population control" is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions. However, it is a concept that is often discussed in the context of public health and societal planning. In this context, population control refers to the practices and policies aimed at managing the size and growth rate of a population, with the goal of achieving a sustainable balance between population size and available resources.
Population control measures may include:
1. Family planning programs that provide access to contraception and education about reproductive health.
2. Public health initiatives that address maternal and child health, infectious diseases, and other factors that affect fertility rates.
3. Social and economic policies that promote gender equality, education, and economic opportunities for women, who often have a disproportionate impact on fertility rates.
4. In some cases, more coercive measures such as forced sterilization or abortion, which are widely considered to be unethical and violations of human rights.
It's important to note that population control is a complex and controversial issue, with many different perspectives and approaches. While some argue that managing population growth is essential for achieving sustainable development and reducing poverty, others argue that it is a violation of individual freedoms and human rights.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Political Systems" is not a term used in medical definitions. Political systems refer to the institutions, procedures, and mechanisms through which a society makes decisions on political matters. Examples include democracies, monarchies, and dictatorships. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health sciences, I'd be happy to help!
Involuntary sterilization is a medical procedure that permanently prevents an individual's ability to reproduce, without their consent or against their will. This practice has been used in the past as a form of population control, particularly targeting marginalized communities such as people with disabilities, those with mental illness, and racial minorities. In many places, involuntary sterilization is now considered a violation of human rights and is illegal. However, there are still instances where it may be performed under specific circumstances, such as in cases where an individual poses a risk to their own reproductive health or when the reproduction would cause harm to the potential offspring. These decisions are typically made by the court system or medical professionals, taking into account the best interests of the individual and their legal rights.
Genetic enhancement is not a term that is widely used in the medical community, and its definition can vary depending on the context. However, in general, genetic enhancement refers to the use of genetic engineering technologies to modify or improve certain traits or characteristics beyond their normal range for the purpose of improving an individual's capabilities, performance, or appearance. This may involve altering the genes of embryos, sperm, eggs, or adult cells to create individuals with enhanced physical, cognitive, or behavioral abilities.
It is important to note that genetic enhancement is a controversial topic and is not currently practiced in humans due to ethical concerns and scientific limitations. While some argue that genetic enhancement could lead to significant benefits for society, such as improved health, intelligence, and athletic performance, others worry about the potential risks and negative consequences, including increased inequality, loss of individuality, and unintended health effects.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question as "Greek World" is not a medical term. If you are referring to the ancient Greek civilization, it was a significant period in human history that greatly contributed to the development of various fields including medicine. The ancient Greeks, particularly Hippocrates and his followers, are often referred to as the "Fathers of Medicine." They made substantial contributions to the field through their observations, theories, and practices which formed the foundation of much of Western medical thought. However, "Greek World" itself does not have a medical definition.
Genocide is not a medical term, but it is a legal and sociological concept. It is defined by the United Nations as acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, including:
* Killing members of the group
* Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
* Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part
* Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group
* Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group
Genocide is a crime under international law, and it is considered one of the most serious crimes a person can commit. Medical professionals may play a role in documenting evidence of genocide or providing care to survivors.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mandatory Programs" is not a medical term or concept. It is a more general term that can be used in various contexts, including computer science, law, and policy-making. In the context of medicine or healthcare, it might refer to programs or initiatives that are required by law or regulation, but there is no specific medical definition for this term. If you have a specific context in mind, I'd be happy to help further clarify if I can!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "History, 20th Century" is a broad and complex topic that refers to the events, developments, and transformations that occurred throughout the world during the 1900s. It is not a medical term or concept. If you're interested in learning more about this historical period, I would recommend consulting a history textbook, reputable online resources, or speaking with a historian. They can provide detailed information about the political, social, economic, and cultural changes that took place during the 20th century.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Portraits as Topic" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to portraits, which are visual representations or images of a person, usually showing the face and shoulders. The term "as Topic" indicates that it is the subject or theme being discussed. Therefore, "Portraits as Topic" generally relates to the study, analysis, or discussion of portraits in various contexts, such as art, psychology, sociology, or history. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like me to define, please don't hesitate to ask!
"History, 19th Century" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to the historical events, developments, and figures related to the 1800s in various fields, including politics, culture, science, and technology. However, if you are looking for medical advancements during the 19th century, here's a brief overview:
The 19th century was a period of significant progress in medicine, with numerous discoveries and innovations that shaped modern medical practices. Some notable developments include:
1. Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine (1796): Although not strictly within the 19th century, Jenner's discovery laid the foundation for vaccination as a preventive measure against infectious diseases.
2. Germ theory of disease: The work of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and others established that many diseases were caused by microorganisms, leading to the development of antiseptic practices and vaccines.
3. Anesthesia: In 1842, Crawford Long first used ether as an anesthetic during surgery, followed by the introduction of chloroform in 1847 by James Simpson.
4. Antisepsis and asepsis: Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic practices in surgery, significantly reducing postoperative infections. Later, the concept of asepsis (sterilization) was developed to prevent contamination during surgical procedures.
5. Microbiology: The development of techniques for culturing and staining bacteria allowed for better understanding and identification of pathogens.
6. Physiology: Claude Bernard's work on the regulation of internal body functions, or homeostasis, contributed significantly to our understanding of human physiology.
7. Neurology: Jean-Martin Charcot made significant contributions to the study of neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
8. Psychiatry: Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, a new approach to understanding mental illnesses.
9. Public health: The 19th century saw the establishment of public health organizations and initiatives aimed at improving sanitation, water quality, and vaccination programs.
10. Medical education reforms: The Flexner Report in 1910 led to significant improvements in medical education standards and practices.
Medical genetics is the branch of medicine that involves the study of inherited conditions and diseases, as well as the way they are passed down through families. It combines elements of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and genetic counseling to help diagnose, manage, and prevent genetic disorders. Medical genetics also includes the study of genetic variation and its role in contributing to both rare and common diseases. Additionally, it encompasses the use of genetic information for pharmacological decision making (pharmacogenomics) and reproductive decision making (preimplantation genetic diagnosis, prenatal testing).
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "wedge argument" is not a term used in medical terminology. It is a concept from logic and rhetoric, often used in debates or arguments to drive a wedge between the opposing sides by introducing a point of disagreement within the group. This can cause one side to weaken or change their position, making it easier for the other side to argue their case.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or healthcare, please don't hesitate to ask!
'Supreme Court Decisions' refer to the legal rulings made by the Supreme Court of the United States, which is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the US. These decisions are the final word on matters of federal law, including constitutional interpretation, and they establish precedents that guide future decision-making in federal and state courts. They can have significant impacts on various aspects of American society, politics, and law.
Inborn genetic diseases, also known as inherited genetic disorders, are conditions caused by abnormalities in an individual's DNA that are present at conception. These abnormalities can include mutations, deletions, or rearrangements of genes or chromosomes. In many cases, these genetic changes are inherited from one or both parents and may be passed down through families.
Inborn genetic diseases can affect any part of the body and can cause a wide range of symptoms, which can vary in severity depending on the specific disorder. Some genetic disorders are caused by mutations in a single gene, while others are caused by changes in multiple genes or chromosomes. In some cases, environmental factors may also contribute to the development of these conditions.
Examples of inborn genetic diseases include cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Huntington's disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and Down syndrome. These conditions can have significant impacts on an individual's health and quality of life, and many require ongoing medical management and treatment. In some cases, genetic counseling and testing may be recommended for individuals with a family history of a particular genetic disorder to help them make informed decisions about their reproductive options.
Reproductive sterilization is a surgical procedure that aims to prevent reproduction by making an individual unable to produce viable reproductive cells or preventing the union of sperm and egg. In males, this is often achieved through a vasectomy, which involves cutting and sealing the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to the urethra. In females, sterilization is typically performed via a procedure called tubal ligation, where the fallopian tubes are cut, tied, or sealed, preventing the egg from traveling from the ovaries to the uterus and blocking sperm from reaching the egg. These methods are considered permanent forms of contraception; however, in rare cases, reversals may be attempted with varying degrees of success.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "social values" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in a broader social context, "social values" refer to the beliefs, principles, and standards that a group or society holds in regard to what is considered important, desirable, or acceptable. These values can influence attitudes, behaviors, and decisions related to health and healthcare. They may also impact medical research, policy-making, and patient care.
Eugenics
Nazi eugenics
Eugenics wars
Hispanic eugenics
Eugenics manifesto
New eugenics
Eugenics in California
Eugenics in Japan
History of eugenics
Alberta Eugenics Board
Eugenics in Oregon
Eugenics Record Office
Eugenics in Mexico
International Eugenics Conference
Eugenics in the United States
Eugenics Board of North Carolina
Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
International Federation of Eugenics Organizations
Living Archives on Eugenics in Western Canada
Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics
A Dangerous Idea: Eugenics, Genetics and the American Dream
International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics
The Eugenics Wars: The Rise and Fall of Khan Noonien Singh
Disability in Canada
Margaret W. Thompson
Fascism and ideology
Civic Biology
Emma Linda Palmer Littlejohn
Aryan race
Evadne Price
Eugenics - Wikipedia
Eugenics
Eugenics Books
African Americans and Eugenics | C-SPAN.org
Eugenics Archives - The New Atlantis
Resurrecting Nazi eugenics
Leftist Eugenics | Blog Posts | VDARE.com
Eugenics - RationalWiki
Riding the Eugenics Mobius Loop - PJ Media
Of 'Liberty and Justice for All:' The American Eugenics Movement
The Horrifying American Roots of Nazi Eugenics | History News Network
Abortion and the Eugenics Bogeyman - The American Conservative
Eugenics
Abortion and eugenics - The Catholic Thing
Tag: Annals of Eugenics | Evolution News
Eugenics
Eugenics and Population Control
eugenics Archives - SYN Media
eugenics Archives - SaneVax, Inc.
Social Workers Played Major Role in NC's Eugenics Past
Republic Broadcasting Network » Eugenics: alive and well in the USA
Eugenics - People, Carried, Alleles, and Genetic - JRank Articles
Eugenics - Freedoms Phoenix
Episode 36 | Cancelling Eugenics - Life Dynamics
Book Review: An Unflinching Critique of the Eugenics Movement
Therapeutics or Eugenics? Next steps in Gene Editing - The Hastings Center
The Legacy of Eugenics: Facilitating a Classroom Conversation | Facing History & Ourselves
Eugenics Archive: "Comparison of white and negro fetuses" - poster
Francis Galton10
- Sir Francis Galton, founder of the science of eugenics. (history.com)
- The ancient Greek philosopher Plato may have been the first person to promote the idea, although the term "eugenics" didn't come on the scene until British scholar Sir Francis Galton coined it in 1883 in his book, Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development . (history.com)
- Recently uncovered documents show that Edwards served on the organization's Council -its leadership body-as a trustee on three separate occasions: from 1968 to 1970, 1971 to 1973 and once again from 1995 to 1997 after the group euphemistically renamed itself ' The Galton Institute ' for the founder of the eugenics movement, Francis Galton . (scientificamerican.com)
- In 1883, Sir Francis Galton, a nineteenth-century English social scientist, statistician, and psychologist, coined the term "eugenics" from the Greek word eugenes , meaning well-born. (dp.la)
- UCL was an epicenter of the early 20th-century eugenics movement-a precursor to Nazi "racial hygiene" programs-due to its ties to Francis Galton, the father of eugenics, and his intellectual descendants and fellow eugenicists Karl Pearson and Ronald Fisher. (nautil.us)
- Karl Pearson (left) referred to eugenics as "the directed and self-conscious evolution of the human race," which he said Francis Galton (right) had understood "with the enthusiasm of a prophet. (nautil.us)
- The exact definition of eugenics has been a matter of debate since the term was coined by Francis Galton in 1883. (bushywood.com)
- The English scientist Francis Galton had coined the term eugenics , meaning "of good birth," in 1883. (ushmm.org)
- While the notion of 'selective breeding' to secure offspring with 'desirable' traits dates at least since the publication of Plato's Republic in about 378 bce and has reappeared periodically since that time in one guise or another, the term 'eugenics' was coined in 1883 by British explorer and natural scientist Francis Galton. (transcend.org)
- Indeed, Francis Galton, the founder of the concepts of statistical correlation, also coined the phrase eugenics and advocated for avoiding racial admixture ( Markel 2018 ). (nih.gov)
Forced sterilization1
- The title page of John Hendren Bell's The Biological Relationship of Eugenics to the Development of the Human Race (1930), a pamphlet endorsing the forced sterilization of people deemed incompetent, bears the official seal of the Commonwealth of Virginia. (encyclopediavirginia.org)
Movement30
- While eugenic principles have been practiced as early as ancient Greece, the contemporary history of eugenics began in the late 19th century, when a popular eugenics movement emerged in the United Kingdom, and then spread to many countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, and most European countries. (wikipedia.org)
- The eugenics movement became associated with Nazi Germany and the Holocaust when the defense of many of the defendants at the Nuremberg trials of 1945 to 1946 attempted to justify their human-rights abuses by claiming there was little difference between the Nazi eugenics programs and the U.S. eugenics programs. (wikipedia.org)
- The eugenics movement attracted social activists such as Moses Harman (1830-1910), who pursued his goal through The Eugenic Magazine . (nih.gov)
- The eugenics movement, which had begun in England and was rapidly spreading in the United States, insisted that human progress depended on promoting reproduction by the best people in the best combinations, and preventing the unworthy from having children. (harvardmagazine.com)
- He also lent his considerable prestige to the campaign to build a global eugenics movement. (harvardmagazine.com)
- Its mission was to collect substantial information on the ancestry of the American population, to produce propaganda that was made to fuel the eugenics movement, and to promote the idea of race-betterment. (wikipedia.org)
- The eugenics movement was popular and viewed as progressive in the early-twentieth-century United States. (wikipedia.org)
- California was considered an epicenter of the American eugenics movement. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
- Much of the spiritual guidance and political agitation for the American eugenics movement came from California's quasi-autonomous eugenic societies, such as Pasadena's Human Betterment Foundation and the California branch of the American Eugenics Society, which coordinated much of their activity with the Eugenics Research Society in Long Island. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
- The Bush family, the Harriman family - the Wall Street business partners of Bush in financing Hitler - and the Rockefeller family are the elite of the American eugenics movement. (pakalertpress.com)
- The eugenics philosophy not only fed her work within the Planned Parenthood movement but also her lesser known advocacy of euthanasia. (all.org)
- She aligned the fight to make birth control more widely available with the eugenics movement , which Planned Parenthood has maintained conveyed her support for the broader " issues of health and fitness " objectives of the movement. (talkingpointsmemo.com)
- Margaret Sanger, a strong advocate for women's reproductive rights, was also a supporter of the eugenics movement. (dp.la)
- This primary source set explores the eugenics movement to help readers analyze how racism, sexism, classism, and ableism (discrimination against people with disabilities) influenced eugenics laws and programs in the United States. (dp.la)
- https://production.dp.la/primary-source-sets/eugenics-movement-in-the-united-states. (dp.la)
- But there was also a dark side to the eugenics movement that encouraged the state to pass laws to stop 'unfit' people from procreating. (ranker.com)
- Eugenics was a scientific movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. (ushmm.org)
- He drew a line between the eugenics movement of the early 20th century - which embraced the idea that black people, other minorities, and individuals with disabilities were inferior and that steps should be taken to reduce their populations - and the fight to increase women's access to birth control and abortion. (buzzfeednews.com)
- Enshrining a constitutional right to an abortion based solely on the race, sex, or disability of an unborn child, as Planned Parenthood advocates, would constitutionalize the views of the 20th-century eugenics movement," Thomas wrote. (buzzfeednews.com)
- He quoted Planned Parenthood founder Margaret Sanger, who wrote in the early 20th century about how the eugenics movement could embrace birth control to serve its purposes and shape the population. (buzzfeednews.com)
- It was, therefore, disturbing to learn that Palin had been vetted by a secretive group with connections to the eugenics movement. (ipbhost.com)
- For many people on the left, it is hard to swallow the idea that the CNP has ties to the eugenics movement. (ipbhost.com)
- The CNP connects to the eugenics movement through deceased Senator Jesse Helms. (ipbhost.com)
- High schoolers examine the Eugenics movement in America. (lessonplanet.com)
- In its twentieth century forms, the eugenics movement comprised many diverse and often contrary directions, from racially motivated state oppression to efforts to empower families. (medscape.com)
- Nevertheless, two features of the eugenics movement that made it so destructive were ill-founded (often crackpot) genetic science and state control and coercion of individual reproductive choice. (medscape.com)
- Some who have studied the movement ask whether it is not this coercive dimension, rather than a concern with genetic improvement, that was the core problem with eugenics. (medscape.com)
- An interview with Rana A. Hogarth, PhD on her NLM History Talk and her research on legacies of slavery in the early eugenics movement. (nih.gov)
- This paper proposes an examination of the origins and postulates of Eugenics, which is conceived as a social, political and scientific movement that intended to improve the biological heritage in order to solve mankind's mental degeneration and decay. (bvsalud.org)
- The environmental health sciences (EHS) community has joined this movement by pledging to enhance diversity within its ranks ( McCarthy 2020 ), launching new initiatives on environmental health equity, and atoning for its own racist history and past relationship with the eugenics movement ( Brune 2020 ). (nih.gov)
Positive and negative eugenics2
- They took two approaches: positive and negative eugenics. (dp.la)
- Galton theorized two ways that eugenics could help society, which he called positive and negative eugenics. (ranker.com)
Nazis4
- These organizations - which functioned as part of a closely-knit network - published racist eugenic newsletters and pseudoscientific journals, such as Eugenical News and Eugenics, and propagandized for the Nazis. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
- The Nazis invoked eugenics to justify the extermination of people with disabilities, Jews, and other marginalized populations. (scientificamerican.com)
- Depopulation, also known as eugenics, is quite another thing and was proposed under the Nazis during World War II. (pakalertpress.com)
- Eugenics was popular in the United States long before Nazis like Dr. Josef Mengele used it to promote racial purity. (ranker.com)
International Eugenics Congress2
- He was a vice president of the First International Eugenics Congress, which met in London in 1912 to hear papers on "racial suicide" among Northern Europeans and similar topics. (harvardmagazine.com)
- He notes that the attendees of the First International Eugenics Congress in London in 1912 included Alexander Graham Bell and Winston Churchill. (jstor.org)
Heredity1
- The Eugenics Record Office ( ERO ), located in Cold Spring Harbor, New York , United States , was a research institute that gathered biological and social information about the American population, serving as a center for eugenics and human heredity research from 1910 to 1939. (wikipedia.org)
Kind of Eugenics1
- Finally, some fear that any stress on improving human health or abilities will foster intolerance toward the 'less-than-perfect' and lead to a new outbreak of the kind of eugenics thinking that so blighted the reputation of genetics in the first half of the twentieth century. (medscape.com)
Known as eugenics1
- The practice, also known as eugenics, originated early in the twentieth century. (jrank.org)
20th3
- Eugenics in America took a dark turn in the early 20th century, led by California . (history.com)
- Coined by Galton in the late 1800s to mean 'well-born,' eugenics became a dominant aspect of Western intellectual life and social policy during the first half of the 20th century. (scientificamerican.com)
- At the beginning of the 20th century, eugenics was seen as cutting-edge science that could improve society. (ranker.com)
Popular eugenics1
- Harvard administrators, faculty members, and alumni were at the forefront of American eugenics-founding eugenics organizations, writing academic and popular eugenics articles, and lobbying government to enact eugenics laws. (harvardmagazine.com)
Unfit4
- People who want to stop the breeding of those whom they regard as the physically and intellectually unfit have been uncomfortable with the term "eugenics," because of its history elsewhere in this century. (tampabay.com)
- Eugenics was the racist pseudoscience determined to wipe away all human beings deemed "unfit," preserving only those who conformed to a Nordic stereotype. (hnn.us)
- Negative eugenics sought to actively discourage "unfit" people from procreating. (ranker.com)
- Proponents of eugenics argued that by keeping the "unfit" alive to reproduce and multiply, modern medicine and costly welfare programs interfered with natural selection. (ushmm.org)
Planned Parenthood3
- In 1938, just a few years prior to Sanger's American Birth Control League (ABCL) changing its name to Planned Parenthood, a group of American Eugenics Society Members and members of Margaret Sanger's American Birth Control League (ABCL) formed the National Society for the Legalization of Euthanasia. (all.org)
- Henry P. Fairchild, who was a past president of the American Eugenics Society and a vice-president of Planned Parenthood. (all.org)
- You know, I know who [Planned Parenthood founder] Margaret Sanger is, and I know that she believes in eugenics, and that she was not particularly enamored with black people," Carson said. (talkingpointsmemo.com)
Cold Spring3
- The leading student and promoter of eugenics in the United States for over a quarter century was Charles Davenport (1866-1944), director of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory's Eugenics Record Office from 1910 to 1940, part of the Station for Experimental Evolution. (nih.gov)
- From Cold Spring Harbor, eugenics advocates agitated in the legislatures of America, as well as the nation's social service agencies and associations. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
- An early advocate of eugenics, Harry H. Laughlin, Director of the Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, New York, supported compulsory state sterilization laws and significantly shaped negative eugenics legislative policy in the United States. (dp.la)
19102
- Charles Davenport, A.B. 1889, Ph.D. '92, a classmate of Prescott Hall, founded the Eugenics Record Office in 1910, and promoted ideas that led to the sterilization of Carrie Buck (next image). (harvardmagazine.com)
- Eugenics and modern biology: critiques of eugenics, 1910-1945. (nih.gov)
Galton2
- While Plato's ideas may be considered a form of ancient eugenics, he received little credit from Galton. (history.com)
- Eugenics, from the Greek for "well born," was the brainchild of Galton, a well-born Victorian gentleman scientist from a prominent English family. (nautil.us)
Margaret Sanger1
- Eugenics, Race, and Margaret Sanger Revisited: Reproductive Freedom for All? (jstor.org)
Abortion2
- Thomas bounced back and forth between discussing birth control and abortion in the context of eugenics, while acknowledging that they raise different issues. (buzzfeednews.com)
- To support the position that eugenics supporters embraced abortion, Thomas largely cited writings from the 1930s and 1960s. (buzzfeednews.com)
America2
- Eugenics was popular in America during much of the first half of the twentieth century, yet it earned its negative association mainly from Adolf Hitler and his obsessive attempts to create an advanced Aryan race. (history.com)
- The hour of eugenics : race, gender and nation in Latin America / Nancy Leys Stepan. (who.int)
Advocates believed2
- American eugenics advocates believed with religious fervor that the same Mendelian concepts determining the color and size of peas, corn and cattle also governed the social and intellectual character of man. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
- The result, eugenics advocates believed, was an overall biological "degeneration" of the population. (ushmm.org)
Nazi4
- Though now associated with the abhorrent and discredited policies of the Nazi state, before World War II eugenics had a wide following among scientists, politicians, and writers around the world. (nih.gov)
- Eugenics programs in states like California and North Carolina sterilized thousands of people and provided models for Nazi Germany's eugenics work. (dp.la)
- It s comforting now to think of eugenics as an evil that sprang from the blackness of Nazi hearts. (bushywood.com)
- Eugenics ideas were absorbed into the ideology and platform of the developing Nazi Party during the 1920s. (ushmm.org)
19143
- The foundation hosted national conferences on eugenics in 1914, 1915 and 1928. (history.com)
- In 1914, a Model Eugenical Sterilization Law was published by Harry Laughlin at the Eugenics Records Office. (jrank.org)
- In 1914, eugenicist Harry Laughlin, who was head of the Eugenics Record Office proposed a " eugenical sterilization law " that would stop the feebleminded from reproducing. (ranker.com)
Germany's1
- Following Germany's defeat in World War I and during the political and economic crises of the Weimar Republic , ideas known as racial hygiene or eugenics began to inform population policy, public health education, and government-funded research. (ushmm.org)
Harry Laughlin1
- Eugenicists like Harry Laughlin promoted new laws based on eugenics like Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924 . (ranker.com)
Aryan1
- Other sections touch on the "subjugation of race and class throughout time," the genocides in Rwanda and Bosnia, "the survival of the fittest," the "Aryan Elite," and "the Commercial Eugenics Civilization," which discusses "the perfectibility of life through a human-controlled elite race that will bring about a better world. (theweek.com)
Pseudoscience1
- Eugenics was the pseudoscience aimed at 'improving' the human race. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
Record Office3
- As the concept of eugenics took hold, prominent citizens, scientists and socialists championed the cause and established the Eugenics Record Office. (history.com)
- The Eugenics Record Office also maintained there was clear evidence that supposed negative family traits were caused by bad genes, not racism, economics or the social views of the time. (history.com)
- The endeavors of the Eugenics Record Office were facilitated by the work of various committees. (wikipedia.org)
California1
- California eugenicists played an important, although little-known, role in the American eugenics movement's campaign for ethnic cleansing. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
Degeneration2
- HISTORY OF EUGENICS - In 1907, the eugenics Education Society was founded in Britain to campaign for sterilisation and marriage restrictions for the weak to prevent the degeneration of Britain's population. (bushywood.com)
- A growing faction, linking eugenics to race, championed the long-skulled, fair "Nordics" as "eugenically advantageous" and discussed "race mixing" as a source of biological degeneration. (ushmm.org)
Genetic8
- In recent years, the term has seen a revival in bioethical discussions on the usage of new technologies such as CRISPR and genetic screening, with heated debate around whether these technologies should be considered eugenics or not. (wikipedia.org)
- Since the 1980s and 1990s, with new assisted reproductive technology procedures available, such as gestational surrogacy (available since 1985), preimplantation genetic diagnosis (available since 1989), and cytoplasmic transfer (first performed in 1996), concern has grown about the possible revival of a more potent form of eugenics after decades of promoting human rights. (wikipedia.org)
- A criticism of eugenics policies is that, regardless of whether negative or positive policies are used, they are susceptible to abuse because the genetic selection criteria are determined by whichever group has political power at the time. (wikipedia.org)
- Another criticism is that eugenics policies eventually lead to a loss of genetic diversity, thereby resulting in inbreeding depression due to a loss of genetic variation. (wikipedia.org)
- Yet another criticism of contemporary eugenics policies is that they propose to permanently and artificially disrupt millions of years of human evolution, and that attempting to create genetic lines "clean" of "disorders" can have far-reaching ancillary downstream effects in the genetic ecology, including negative effects on immunity and on species resilience. (wikipedia.org)
- Modern eugenics, more often called human genetic engineering, has come a long way-scientifically and ethically-and offers hope for treating many devastating genetic illnesses. (history.com)
- The practice of eugenics aims to improve the genetic quality of a human population through selective breeding-encouraging reproduction for the "strongest" humans while discouraging reproduction for the "weakest" humans. (dp.la)
- Eugenics is a set of beliefs and practices that aims at improving the genetic quality of a human population. (bushywood.com)
Reproduce4
- Furthermore, many criticize negative eugenics in particular as a violation of basic human rights, seen since 1968's Proclamation of Tehran, as including the right to reproduce. (wikipedia.org)
- Historically, eugenics encouraged people of so-called healthy, "superior" stock to reproduce and discouraged reproduction of the physically or mentally challenged-or anyone who fell outside the social norm. (history.com)
- Positive eugenics encouraged healthy people perceived to have above-average intelligence to reproduce. (dp.la)
- Negative eugenics promised a solution to these social problems by ensuring that the feebleminded could not reproduce. (ranker.com)
19071
- In 1907, Governor J. Frank Hanly approved first state eugenics law making sterilization mandatory for certain individuals in state custody. (in.gov)
America's2
- Edwin Black is the author of " IBM and the Holocaust " and " War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race ," from which the following article is drawn. (hnn.us)
- No one on America's political stage today has more motivation to oppose eugenics than Sarah Palin. (ipbhost.com)
Human genetics2
- Supported by the argument that the eugenics office would collect information for human genetics research, Davenport convinced the Carnegie Institute to establish the ERO. (wikipedia.org)
- Typescript of the UCL Lunch Hour Lecture "From Eugenics to Human Genetics", on 4 March 1954. (wellcomecollection.org)
Pursuit2
- The alliance of eugenics and progressive politics was evident, in the need to exert rational control in pursuit of the common good. (nih.gov)
- During the early 20thcentury, eugenics was given the appearance of being serious scientific study because of its pursuit by both biologists and social scientists. (transcend.org)
Supporters2
- Early supporters of eugenics believed people inherited mental illness, criminal tendencies and even poverty, and that these conditions could be bred out of the gene pool. (history.com)
- Supporters of eugenics claimed that it offered biological solutions to social problems. (ushmm.org)
HISTORY6
- Eugenics made its first official appearance in American history through marriage laws. (history.com)
- But the history of eugenics in Virginia led to a pair of terrible laws that allowed the state to sterilize people against their will and ban whites from marrying non-whites. (ranker.com)
- In this interactive session, IU professor Richard Gunderman takes us on a journey through the history of eugenics in Indiana and society's misguided efforts to change human nature through science. (spiritandplace.org)
- So long as humans suppose that human biology equals human destiny, the specter of eugenics will continue to lurk in the shadows of human history. (spiritandplace.org)
- Located at the intersection of medicine, history, bioethics, and science, this event invites guests to learn more about the history of eugenics and then engage in small group conversations about the ethics of eugenics. (spiritandplace.org)
- Elements of a counter-exhibition: Excavating and countering a Canadian history and legacy of eugenics. (nih.gov)
Negative2
- Negative eugenics, the predominant form in the US, discouraged reproduction and advocated sterilization for those perceived to have undesirable traits. (dp.la)
- In negative eugenics programs, sterilization was often performed involuntarily on patients, sometimes without the patient's knowledge of the consequences. (dp.la)
Aims1
- These academicians espoused race theory and race science, and then faked and twisted data to serve eugenics' racist aims. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
Birth3
- Frank H. Hankins, who was a managing editor of Margaret Sanger's Birth Control Review as well as an American Eugenics Society member. (all.org)
- The Chinese government's latest five-year plan proposal contains a birth policy with an emphasis on eugenics, a China scholar said this week. (catholicnewsagency.com)
- Margaret Sanger's belief in eugenics stemmed from her interest in individual choice-an idea that brought birth control into the mainstream of American life. (jstor.org)
Founder1
- Both its founder, Charles Benedict Davenport , and its director, Harry H. Laughlin , were major contributors to the field of eugenics in the United States . (wikipedia.org)
Term3
- In contemporary usage, the term eugenics is closely associated with scientific racism. (wikipedia.org)
- They even use a term … which is effectively emphasizing the role of eugenics in population planning in China," she said. (catholicnewsagency.com)
- The term "eugenics" was coined in 1883. (ushmm.org)
Contemporary2
- This interpretation will link contemporary pronatalist efforts labelled "hipster eugenics" with earlier efforts to champion a four-child family norm. (gulbenkian.pt)
- From preventive eugenics to slippery eugenics: Population control and contemporary sterilisations targeted to indigenous peoples in Mexico. (nih.gov)
American Eugenic4
- The American Eugenics Society, for instance, changed its name years ago to the Society for the Study of Social Biology. (tampabay.com)
- Sanger was an enthusiastic proponent of eugenics and a member of the American Eugenics Society. (all.org)
- Frank L. Babbott (Vice President of the Euthanasia Society), who was a founding member of the American Eugenics Society. (all.org)
- 1969-72) of the American Eugenics Society. (ipbhost.com)
Discourage1
- Framed in this manner, eugenics has held an appeal to dictatorial and authoritarian regimes seeking to eradicate or discourage the growth of disfavored groups. (scientificamerican.com)
Twentieth1
- In the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century United States, eugenics programs received widespread public support. (dp.la)
Science1
- Eugenics attracted considerable support from progressives, reformers, and educated elites as a way of using science to make a better world. (harvardmagazine.com)
Britain1
- One detail omitted from the obituaries published around the world was that Edwards was a member in good standing of the Eugenics Society in Britain for much of his career. (scientificamerican.com)
Believes1
- Reporters who cover the man who nominated Dr. Elders might ask him whether he believes eugenics is the way to go. (tampabay.com)
Early1
- Early advocates of eugenics in the 19th century regarded it as a way of improving groups of people. (wikipedia.org)
Scientific3
- Eugenics was born as a scientific curiosity in the Victorian age. (bibliotecapleyades.net)
- But eugenics provided a "scientific" argument to ban interracial marriage. (ranker.com)
- Linking voluntary parenthood with eugenics-a "scientific," respectable notion-was a way to bring it into the mainstream. (jstor.org)
Biological3
- German biologist August Weissmann's theory of "immutable germ plasm," published in 1892, fostered growing international support for eugenics, as did the rediscovery in 1900 of Austrian botanist Gregor Mendel's theory that the biological makeup of organisms was determined by certain "factors" that were later identified with genes. (ushmm.org)
- Reform-minded proponents of eugenics worldwide offered biological solutions to social problems common to societies experiencing urbanization and industrialization. (ushmm.org)
- The Biological Relationship of Eugenics to the Development of the Human Race , F 221 v.284, Special Collections, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Va. (encyclopediavirginia.org)
Support2
- And as a social philosophy eugenics also received approbation and financial support from the wealthy and other elites-particularly in the U.S. It was followed by the likes of philanthropists John D. Rockefeller and Nobel Prize-winning scientists such as William Shockley and Alexis Carrel . (scientificamerican.com)
- Statistical thinking and eugenicist thinking are, in fact, deeply intertwined, and many of the theoretical problems with methods like significance testing-first developed to identify racial differences-are remnants of their original purpose, to support eugenics. (nautil.us)
Society1
- After similar outcries about eugenics, the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies renamed its annual Fisher Lecture, and the Society for the Study of Evolution did the same for its Fisher Prize. (nautil.us)
Practice1
- Eugenics is the practice or advocacy of improving the human species by selectively mating people with specific desirable hereditary traits. (history.com)