A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794)
Derivatives of ethylene, a simple organic gas of biological origin with many industrial and biological use.
The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means.
A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.
A nonionic polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block co-polymer with the general formula HO(C2H4O)a(-C3H6O)b(C2H4O)aH. It is available in different grades which vary from liquids to solids. It is used as an emulsifying agent, solubilizing agent, surfactant, and wetting agent for antibiotics. Poloxamer is also used in ointment and suppository bases and as a tablet binder or coater. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)
Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.
A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.
Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration.
An ethylene compound with two hydroxy groups (-OH) located on adjacent carbons. They are viscous and colorless liquids. Some are used as anesthetics or hypnotics. However, the class is best known for their use as a coolant or antifreeze.
Substances used on inanimate objects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. Disinfectants are classed as complete, destroying SPORES as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms, or incomplete, destroying only vegetative forms of the organisms. They are distinguished from ANTISEPTICS, which are local anti-infective agents used on humans and other animals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
Hospital department responsible for receiving, storing, and distributing medical and surgical supplies and equipment.
An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE.
The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as BACTERIA; FUNGI; and cryptogamic plants.
Toxic, chlorinated, saturated hydrocarbons. Include both the 1,1- and 1,2-dichloro isomers. The latter is considerably more toxic. It has a sweet taste, ethereal odor and has been used as a fumigant and intoxicant among sniffers. Has many household and industrial uses.
The aggregate enterprise of manufacturing and technically producing chemicals. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
A measure of the amount of WATER VAPOR in the air.
An effective soil fumigant, insecticide, and nematocide. In humans, it causes severe burning of skin and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged inhalation may cause liver necrosis. It is also used in gasoline. Members of this group have caused liver and lung cancers in rodents. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), 1,2-dibromoethane may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen.
An office in the Department of Labor responsible for developing and establishing occupational safety and health standards.
Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).
Disinfectant used in vapor form to sterilize vaccines, grafts, etc. The vapor is very irritating and the liquid form is carcinogenic.
A class of amino acids characterized by a closed ring structure.
Organic compounds that include a cyclic ether with three ring atoms in their structure. They are commonly used as precursors for POLYMERS such as EPOXY RESINS.
Further or repeated use of equipment, instruments, devices, or materials. It includes additional use regardless of the original intent of the producer as to disposability or durability. It does not include the repeated use of fluids or solutions.
Agents that modify interfacial tension of water; usually substances that have one lipophilic and one hydrophilic group in the molecule; includes soaps, detergents, emulsifiers, dispersing and wetting agents, and several groups of antiseptics.
Any of the compounds derived from a group of glycols or polyhydroxy alcohols by chlorine substitution for part of the hydroxyl groups. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Process by which unwanted microbial, plant or animal materials or organisms accumulate on man-made surfaces.
Formal voluntary or governmental procedures and standards required of hospitals and health or other facilities to improve operating efficiency, and for the protection of the consumer.
The application of smoke, vapor, or gas for the purpose of disinfecting or destroying pests or microorganisms.
Synthetic thermoplastics that are tough, flexible, inert, and resistant to chemicals and electrical current. They are often used as biocompatible materials for prostheses and implants.
Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.
A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber.

Is breast cancer cluster influenced by environmental and occupational factors among hospital nurses in Hungary? (1/202)

An unusual cluster of 8 breast cancer and 8 other malignant tumor cases (ovarian, uterus, lung, colon and brain tumors and malignant melanoma) developed in a period of 12 years among 98 nurses exposed to ethylene oxide (EtOx) for 5 15 years in a unit using gas sterilizer in a hospital of the archiepiscopal city of Eger, Hungary. EtOx concentration in air samples of the working area varied from 5 to 150 mg/m3. The question was, if there was any causal relationship between the elevated incidence of breast cancer and the EtOx exposure, the other possibility was, that this cluster appeared accidentally. EtOx is a human carcinogen, however, no increased breast cancer incidence in EtOx-exposed subjects was reported in the literature. We followed up for two consecutive years the 27 non cancer patients, EtOx-exposed nurses and 11 unexposed hospital controls with the aid of a multiple genotoxicology monitor including chromosomal aberration, sister-chromatide exchange, HPRT point mutation and DNA repair studies. The results were compared with data from 30 local historical controls, 48 historical controls from Budapest, 14 hospital controls and 9 EtOx exposed nurses from Budapest. Significantly high chromosome aberration yields (especially chromosome type exchanges) were alike detected in EtOx-exposed and the two other control groups in Eger. These results could not be interpreted as a consequence of EtOx exposure only, since in the EtOx-exposed group from Budapest, beside an increased total aberration frequency, the obtained exchange type aberration yields were as low as the historical controls. A plausible explanation can be the natural low dose radioactivity (222Rn) of the local tap-water due to a specific geological situation in Eger. The spontaneous breast cancer incidence in Hungary doubled in the last 10 years compared with the previous 20 years (1960 1980), especially in Eger. The appearance of the high breast cancer incidence in the hospital of Eger indicates the combined effect of EtOx and a more common local etiologic factor, such as the naturally radioactive tap-water. However, since the reported studies did not involve the investigation either of the genetic predisposition, or the effects of other possible environmental, occupational, and/or life style confounding factors, further studies (partly in progress) are necessary to clarify the importance of these factors.  (+info)

Molecular dosimetry of endogenous and ethylene oxide-induced N7-(2-hydroxyethyl) guanine formation in tissues of rodents. (2/202)

The formation of N7-(2-hydroxyethyl)guanine (7-HEG) in DNA was investigated previously in target and non-target tissues of F-344 rats and B6C3F1 mice exposed to >/=ISOdia>/=10 p.p.m. concentrations of ethylene oxide (EO) using fluorescence-linked high-performance liquid chromatography [V.E. Walker et al. (1992) Cancer Res., 52, 4238-4334]. In order to study the dose-responses for 7-HEG at lower exposures, a highly sensitive and specific gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) assay was developed. DNA was extracted from liver, brain, lung and spleen of B6C3F1 mice and F-344 rats exposed to 0, 3, 10, 33 or 100 p.p.m. EO for 4 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week). Analysis of DNA from control rodents showed that endogenous 7-HEG varied from 0.2 +/- 0.1 to 0.3 +/- 0.2 pmol/micromol guanine in tissues of rats and mice. 7-HEG exhibited tissue- and species-specific dose-response relationships in EO-exposed animals. Linear dose-response relationships were evident in mouse liver, brain and spleen at exposures between 3 and 100 p.p.m. Mouse lung exhibited a slightly sublinear response between 33 and 100 p.p.m. EO. The relationships were linear in liver and spleen of rats between 3 and 100 p.p.m. EO, but were slightly sublinear in brain and lung between 33 and 100 p.p.m. EO. The number of 7-HEG adducts present in rats exposed to 3 p.p.m. EO was 5.3-12.5 times higher than endogenous 7-HEG in unexposed controls. In contrast, mice exposed to 3 p.p.m. EO only had 1.3- to 2.5-fold greater numbers of 7-HEG adducts. The factors driving the exposure-response relationships are also likely to affect carcinogenic and mutagenic responses of rodents to EO. Likewise, a better understanding of the relationships between 7-HEG derived from low exposures to EO and endogenously formed 7-HEG may be important for the accurate extrapolation of risk to humans.  (+info)

Dose-rate effects of ethylene oxide exposure on developmental toxicity. (3/202)

In risk assessment, evaluating a health effect at a duration of exposure that is untested involves assuming that equivalent multiples of concentration (C) and duration (T) of exposure have the same effect. The limitations of this approach (attributed to F. Haber, Zur Geschichte des Gaskrieges [On the history of gas warfare], in Funf Vortrage aus den Jahren 1920-1923 [Five lectures from the years 1920-1923], 1924, Springer, Berlin, pp. 76-92), have been noted in several studies. The study presented in this paper was designed to specifically look at dose-rate (C x T) effects, and it forms an ideal case study to implement statistical models and to examine the statistical issues in risk assessment. Pregnant female C57BL/6J mice were exposed, on gestational day 7, to ethylene oxide (EtO) via inhalation for 1.5, 3, or 6 h at exposures that result in C x T multiples of 2100 or 2700 ppm-h. EtO was selected because of its short half-life, documented developmental toxicity, and relevance to exposures that occur in occupational settings. Concurrent experiments were run with animals exposed to air for similar periods. Statistical analysis using models developed to assess dose-rate effects revealed significant effects with respect to fetal death and resorptions, malformations, crown-to-rump length, and fetal weight. Animals exposed to short, high exposures of EtO on day 7 of gestation were found to have more adverse effects than animals exposed to the same C x T multiple but at longer, lower exposures. The implication for risk assessment is that applying Haber's Law could potentially lead to an underestimation of risk at a shorter duration of exposure and an overestimation of risk at a longer duration of exposure. Further research, toxicological and statistical, are required to understand the mechanism of the dose-rate effects, and how to incorporate the mechanistic information into the risk assessment decision process.  (+info)

Cellular internalization of PCL(20)-b-PEO(44) block copolymer micelles. (4/202)

The cellular internalization of polycaprolactone-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PCL(20)-b-PEO(44)) copolymer micelles were investigated in PC12 cells cultures. The micelles were found to be internalized into PC12 cells when followed over the 4-h incubation period. Also, the internalization process was found to fulfill the basic criteria for endocytotic uptake in that it was time, temperature, pH and energy dependent. In addition, the use of other pharmacological manipulations (hypertonic treatment, Brefeldin A) provide further evidence that the mode of cellular internalization is in fact endocytotic.  (+info)

Characterization of DNA condensates induced by poly(ethylene oxide) and polylysine. (5/202)

High-molecular-weight DNA is known to collapse into very compact particles in a salt solution containing polymers like poly(ethylene oxide) [(EO)n] or polyacrylate. The biological relevance of this phenomenon is suggested by our recent finding that high concentrations of the highly acidic internal peptides found in the mature T4 bacteriophage head, as well as poly(glutamic acid) and poly(aspartic acid), can collapse DNA in a similar manner. The structure of DNAs collapsed by various methods has been studied with electron microscope. We find (EO)n collapses T4 or T7 bacteriophage DNA into compact particles only slightly larger than the size of the T4 and T7 head, respectively. In contrast, polylysine collapses DNA into different types of structures. Double-stranded DNA collapsed with (EO)n is cut by the single-strand specific Neurospora crassa endonuclease (EC 3.1.4.21) into small fragments. Extensive digestion only occurs above the critical concentration of polymer required for DNA collapse, demonstrating the (EO)n-collapsed DNA contains enzyme-vulnerable regions (probably at each fold), which are preferentially attacked. The size of the DNA fragments produced by limit-digestion with the nuclease ranges between 200 and 400 base pairs when DNA is collapsed by (EO)n. Only fragments of DNA which are larger than 600 base pairs are cut by the endonuclease in (EO)n-containing solution.  (+info)

Combined effects of gamma-radiation and ethylene oxide in human diploid fibroblasts. (6/202)

Human diploid VH-10 fibroblasts were pre-exposed to gamma-rays and then treated with ethylene oxide (EtO). In the reverse experiment, the cells were pretreated with EtO and then exposed to gamma-rays. Two different dose rates of gamma-rays were used: a low dose rate (LDR, 0.66 Gy/min) and a high dose rate (HDR, 10 Gy/min). Cell killing, mutagenicity and DNA double-strand breakage were studied in both types of experiment. The induction of mutations in the HPRT locus was studied by selection in medium containing 6-thioguanine. DNA double-strand breakage, measured as fraction of activity released (FAR), was investigated using pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Concerning mutagenesis, it was found that pre-exposure of the cells to gamma-radiation (1 Gy) followed by treatment with EtO (2.5 mMh) led to an additive co-interaction, irrespective of dose rate. On the other hand, the reverse experimental procedure (pretreatment with EtO followed by gamma-ray exposure) resulted in an antagonistic effect, which was most pronounced when the HDR was applied. In the latter case, the resultant mutant frequency was two times lower than the sum of the mutant frequencies after the individual treatments. However, the effect of the combined treatment on FAR was different: FAR increased with both combinations of agents used compared with the separate and hypothetically expected effects. Moreover, the HDR exposure led to an additional increase in FAR compared with the LDR one.  (+info)

Hemoglobin adducts from acrylonitrile and ethylene oxide in cigarette smokers: effects of glutathione S-transferase T1-null and M1-null genotypes. (7/202)

Acrylonitrile (ACN) is used to manufacture plastics and fibers. It is carcinogenic in rats and is found in cigarette smoke. Ethylene oxide (EO) is a metabolite of ethylene, also found in cigarette smoke, and is carcinogenic in rodents. Both ACN and EO undergo conjugation with glutathione. The objectives of this study were to examine the relationship between cigarette smoking and hemoglobin adducts derived from ACN and EO and to investigate whether null genotypes for glutathione transferase (GSTM1 and GSTT1) alter the internal dose of these agents. The hemoglobin adducts N-(2-cyanoethyl)valine (CEVal), which is formed from ACN, and N-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine (HEVal), which is formed from EO, and GST genotypes were determined in blood samples obtained from 16 nonsmokers and 32 smokers (one to two packs/day). Smoking information was obtained by questionnaire, and plasma cotinine levels were determined by immunoassay. Glutathione transferase null genotypes (GSTM1 and GSTT1) were determined by PCR. Both CEVal and HEVal levels increased with increased cigarette smoking dose (both self-reported and cotinine-based). CEVal and HEVal levels were also correlated. GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes had little effect on CEVal concentrations. GSTM1 null genotypes had no significant impact on HEVal. However, HEVal levels were significantly elevated in GSTT1-null individuals when normalized to smoking status or cotinine levels. The ratio of HEVal:CEVal was also elevated in GSTT1-null smokers (1.50 +/- 0.57 versus 0.88 +/- 0.24; P = 0.0002). The lack of a functional GSTT1 is estimated to increase the internal dose of EO derived from cigarette smoke by 50-70%.  (+info)

Biomarkers of exposure and effect as indicators of potential carcinogenic risk arising from in vivo metabolism of ethylene to ethylene oxide. (8/202)

The purposes of the present study were: (i) to investigate the potential use of several biomarkers as quantitative indicators of the in vivo conversion of ethylene (ET) to ethylene oxide (EO); (ii) to produce molecular dosimetry data that might improve assessment of human risk from exogenous ET exposures. Groups (n = 7/group) of male F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed by inhalation to 0 and 3000 p. p.m. ET for 1, 2 or 4 weeks (6 h/day, 5 days/week) or to 0, 40, 1000 and 3000 p.p.m. ET for 4 weeks. N:-(2-hydroxyethyl)valine (HEV), N:7-(2-hydroxyethyl) guanine (N7-HEG) and HPRT: mutant frequencies were assessed as potential biomarkers for determining the molecular dose of EO resulting from exogenous ET exposures of rats and mice, compared with background biomarker values. N7-HEG was quantified by gas chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS), HEV was determined by Edman degradation and GC-HRMS and HPRT: mutant frequencies were measured by the T cell cloning assay. N7-HEG accumulated in DNA with repeated exposure of rodents to 3000 p.p.m. ET, reaching steady-state concentrations around 1 week of exposure in most tissues evaluated (brain, liver, lung and spleen). The dose-response curves for N7-HEG and HEV were supralinear in exposed rats and mice, indicating that metabolic activation of ET was saturated at exposures >/=1000 p.p.m. ET. Exposures of mice and rats to 200 p.p.m. EO for 4 weeks (as positive treatment controls) led to significant increases in HPRT: mutant frequencies over background in splenic T cells from exposed rats and mice, however, no significant mutagenic response was observed in the HPRT: gene of ET-exposed animals. Comparisons between the biomarker data for both unexposed and ET-exposed animals, the dose-response curves for the same biomarkers in EO-exposed rats and mice and the results of the rodent carcinogenicity studies of ET and EO suggest that too little EO arises from exogenous ET exposure to produce a significant mutagenic response or a carcinogenic response under standard bioassay conditions.  (+info)

Ethylene oxide is a colorless gas at room temperature and pressure with a faintly sweet odor. It is used primarily as a sterilant, especially for medical equipment, but also has applications in the manufacture of other chemicals, including antifreeze and textile products. Ethylene oxide is highly flammable and reactive, and exposure can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, as well as more serious health effects with prolonged or high-level exposure. It is also a known human carcinogen, meaning that it has been shown to cause cancer in humans.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Ethylenes" is not a medical term or a medical condition. Ethylene is actually a colorless gas with a sweet and musky odor, which belongs to the class of hydrocarbons called alkenes. It is used widely in industry, including the production of polyethylene, antifreeze, and other chemicals.

However, if you meant something else or need information on a specific medical topic related to ethylene or its derivatives, please provide more context or clarify your question, and I would be happy to help.

Sterilization, in a medical context, refers to the process of eliminating or removing all forms of microbial life, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, spores, and any other biological agents from a surface, object, or environment. This is typically achieved through various methods such as heat (using autoclaves), chemical processes, irradiation, or filtration.

In addition, sterilization can also refer to the surgical procedure that renders individuals unable to reproduce. This is often referred to as "permanent contraception" and can be performed through various methods such as vasectomy for men and tubal ligation for women. It's important to note that these procedures are typically permanent and not easily reversible.

Ethylene glycol is a colorless, odorless, syrupy liquid with a sweet taste, which makes it appealing to animals and children. It is commonly used in the manufacture of antifreeze, coolants, deicers, hydraulic brake fluids, solvents, and other industrial products. Ethylene glycol is also found in some household items such as certain types of wood stains, paints, and cosmetics.

Ingesting even small amounts of ethylene glycol can be harmful or fatal to humans and animals. It is metabolized by the body into toxic substances that can cause damage to the central nervous system, heart, kidneys, and other organs. Symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, decreased level of consciousness, seizures, coma, acidosis, increased heart rate, low blood pressure, and kidney failure.

If you suspect that someone has ingested ethylene glycol, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment typically involves administering a medication called fomepizole or ethanol to inhibit the metabolism of ethylene glycol, as well as providing supportive care such as fluid replacement and dialysis to remove the toxic substances from the body.

Poloxamers are a type of triblock copolymer made up of a central hydrophobic chain of polyoxypropylene (poly(propylene oxide)) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of polyoxyethylene (poly(ethylene oxide)). They are amphiphilic molecules, meaning they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts.

Poloxamers are often used in the pharmaceutical industry as drug delivery agents, emulsifiers, solubilizers, and stabilizers. They can form micelles in aqueous solutions above their critical micelle concentration (CMC), with the hydrophobic chains oriented toward the interior of the micelle and the hydrophilic chains on the exterior, interacting with the water molecules. This unique property allows poloxamers to solubilize drugs that are otherwise poorly soluble in water, improving their bioavailability.

Poloxamers have been studied for various medical applications, including as drug carriers for chemotherapy, diagnostic agents, and mucoadhesive materials. Some specific poloxamer compounds have been approved by the FDA for use in pharmaceutical formulations, such as Poloxamer 188 and Poloxamer 407.

In a medical context, poloxamers are not typically used as standalone treatments but rather as components of drug delivery systems or formulations.

Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) are a family of synthetic, water-soluble polymers with a wide range of molecular weights. They are commonly used in the medical field as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations due to their ability to improve drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability. PEGs can also be used as laxatives to treat constipation or as bowel cleansing agents prior to colonoscopy examinations. Additionally, some PEG-conjugated drugs have been developed for use in targeted cancer therapies.

In a medical context, PEGs are often referred to by their average molecular weight, such as PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 1500, and so on. Higher molecular weight PEGs tend to be more viscous and have longer-lasting effects in the body.

It's worth noting that while PEGs are generally considered safe for use in medical applications, some people may experience allergic reactions or hypersensitivity to these compounds. Prolonged exposure to high molecular weight PEGs has also been linked to potential adverse effects, such as decreased fertility and developmental toxicity in animal studies. However, more research is needed to fully understand the long-term safety of PEGs in humans.

Poloxalene is not a medical term, but a chemical compound. It's an ether used as a non-ionic surfactant and emulsifying agent in the pharmaceutical industry. Poloxalene is also known for its ability to reduce the severity of bloat (gas distention) in animals, particularly in ruminants like cows, when included in their feed. However, it's not typically used as a human medication.

Ethylene chlorohydrin is a chemical compound with the formula C2H4Cl2O. It is a colorless liquid with an ether-like odor and is used as a solvent and a chemical intermediate in the production of other chemicals. Ethylene chlorohydrin is produced by the reaction of ethylene oxide with hydrochloric acid.

In medical terms, ethylene chlorohydrin is not commonly used or encountered. However, it is classified as a hazardous substance and can be harmful if swallowed, inhaled, or comes into contact with the skin. It can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, and prolonged exposure may lead to more serious health effects such as damage to the nervous system and internal organs.

If you suspect that you have been exposed to ethylene chlorohydrin, it is important to seek medical attention immediately and to follow any recommended treatment or safety precautions.

Ethylene glycols are a class of synthetic chemical compounds that are commonly used as automotive antifreeze, de-icing agents, and as raw materials in the manufacture of polyester fibers and resins. The two most common types of ethylene glycol are ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (also known as ethylene glycol monomethyl ether or EGME) and diethylene glycol (DEG).

Ethylene glycols are colorless, odorless liquids with a sweet taste. They are highly toxic to humans and animals if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. Exposure can cause a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, dizziness, confusion, seizures, coma, and even death.

In medical terms, ethylene glycols are often referred to as "toxic alcohols" or "antifreeze poisoning" when they cause toxicity in humans. Treatment typically involves supportive care, such as fluid replacement and kidney dialysis, as well as the use of specific antidotes, such as fomepizole or ethanol, to prevent further absorption and metabolism of the toxic alcohol.

Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy or irreversibly inactivate microorganisms, but not necessarily their spores. They are different from sterilizers, which kill all forms of life, and from antiseptics, which are used on living tissue. Disinfectants work by damaging the cell wall or membrane of the microorganism, disrupting its metabolism, or interfering with its ability to reproduce. Examples of disinfectants include alcohol, bleach, hydrogen peroxide, and quaternary ammonium compounds. They are commonly used in hospitals, laboratories, and other settings where the elimination of microorganisms is important for infection control. It's important to use disinfectants according to the manufacturer's instructions, as improper use can reduce their effectiveness or even increase the risk of infection.

Central Supply, Hospital (also known as Central Sterile Supply Department or CSSD) refers to a department in a hospital that is responsible for the decontamination, inspection, assembly, sterilization and distribution of reusable medical instruments, equipment and supplies. This department ensures that all medical devices and instruments that come into contact with patients are free from any harmful microorganisms and are safe to use. The central supply department plays a crucial role in maintaining infection control standards within the hospital and ensuring the delivery of high-quality patient care.

Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) is a group of enzymes that catalyze the production of nitric oxide (NO) from L-arginine. There are three distinct isoforms of NOS, each with different expression patterns and functions:

1. Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase (nNOS or NOS1): This isoform is primarily expressed in the nervous system and plays a role in neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and learning and memory processes.
2. Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS or NOS2): This isoform is induced by various stimuli such as cytokines, lipopolysaccharides, and hypoxia in a variety of cells including immune cells, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. iNOS produces large amounts of NO, which functions as a potent effector molecule in the immune response, particularly in the defense against microbial pathogens.
3. Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS or NOS3): This isoform is constitutively expressed in endothelial cells and produces low levels of NO that play a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating vasodilation, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and preventing smooth muscle cell proliferation.

Overall, NOS plays an essential role in various physiological processes, including neurotransmission, immune response, cardiovascular function, and respiratory regulation. Dysregulation of NOS activity has been implicated in several pathological conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and inflammatory disorders.

In the context of medicine, spores are typically discussed in relation to certain types of infections and diseases caused by microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi. Spores are a dormant, resistant form of these microorganisms that can survive under harsh environmental conditions, such as extreme temperatures, lack of nutrients, and exposure to chemicals.

Spores can be highly resistant to heat, radiation, and disinfectants, making them difficult to eliminate from contaminated surfaces or medical equipment. When the conditions are favorable, spores can germinate and grow into mature microorganisms that can cause infection.

Some examples of medically relevant spores include those produced by Clostridioides difficile (C. diff), a bacterium that can cause severe diarrhea and colitis in hospitalized patients, and Aspergillus fumigatus, a fungus that can cause invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals.

It's worth noting that spores are not unique to medical contexts and have broader relevance in fields such as botany, mycology, and biology.

Ethylene dichloride, also known as 1,2-dichloroethane, is an organic compound with the formula ClCH2CH2Cl. It is a colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor. Ethylene dichloride is used in the production of vinyl chloride, which is used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic.

Ethylene dichloride is also an intermediate in the production of other chemicals and is used as a solvent for various industrial applications. It is highly toxic and exposure can cause a range of adverse health effects, including irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and potentially more serious issues such as liver and kidney damage. Long-term exposure has been linked to an increased risk of certain types of cancer.

It is important to handle ethylene dichloride with care and to use appropriate personal protective equipment when working with this chemical. It should be stored in a cool, well-ventilated area away from heat sources and open flames.

The chemical industry is a broad term that refers to the companies and organizations involved in the production or transformation of raw materials or intermediates into various chemical products. These products can be used for a wide range of applications, including manufacturing, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and consumer goods. The chemical industry includes businesses that produce basic chemicals, such as petrochemicals, agrochemicals, polymers, and industrial gases, as well as those that manufacture specialty chemicals, such as dyestuffs, flavors, fragrances, and advanced materials. Additionally, the chemical industry encompasses companies that provide services related to the research, development, testing, and distribution of chemical products.

Humidity, in a medical context, is not typically defined on its own but is related to environmental conditions that can affect health. Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air. It is often discussed in terms of absolute humidity (the mass of water per unit volume of air) or relative humidity (the ratio of the current absolute humidity to the maximum possible absolute humidity, expressed as a percentage). High humidity can contribute to feelings of discomfort, difficulty sleeping, and exacerbation of respiratory conditions such as asthma.

Ethylene dibromide (EDB) is an organic compound with the formula C2H4Br2. It is a colorless, volatile liquid with a chloroform-like odor. Ethylene dibromide is a member of the family of organobromine compounds.

Ethylene dibromide has been used as a pesticide, a fumigant, and a lead scavenger in gasoline. However, due to its toxicity and environmental persistence, its use has been largely phased out in many countries. It is still used in some industrial applications, such as the production of other chemicals.

Ethylene dibromide is a known human carcinogen and can cause a variety of health effects, including respiratory irritation, nausea, vomiting, and damage to the nervous system. Long-term exposure has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly of the liver and kidneys. Therefore, it is important to handle this chemical with care and to use appropriate personal protective equipment when working with it.

The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is not a medical term, but rather a term related to occupational health and safety. OSHA is a division of the U.S. Department of Labor that regulates workplace safety and health. It was created by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 to ensure safe and healthy working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and providing training, outreach, education and assistance. OSHA covers most private sector employers and their workers, in addition to some public sector employers and workers in the 50 states and certain territories and jurisdictions under federal authority.

In the context of medical definitions, polymers are large molecules composed of repeating subunits called monomers. These long chains of monomers can have various structures and properties, depending on the type of monomer units and how they are linked together. In medicine, polymers are used in a wide range of applications, including drug delivery systems, medical devices, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Some examples of polymers used in medicine include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL).

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Propiolactone" is not a medical term. It is a chemical compound with the formula CH2CHCO2H. It is also known as propionic acid lactone or 3-hydroxypropanoic acid. It is used in various industrial applications such as a solvent, plasticizer, and an intermediate in organic synthesis.

However, if you are looking for a medical definition related to the topic of lactones, I can provide that:

Lactones are chemical compounds that contain a cyclic ester structure. They are formed by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, resulting in the elimination of a molecule of water. Lactones can be found naturally in some foods and plants, and they also have various industrial applications.

In a medical context, lactones may refer to certain medications or chemical compounds that contain a lactone ring structure. For example, penicillin is an antibiotic that contains a beta-lactam ring, which is a type of lactone. These types of medications can cause allergic reactions in some people, particularly those with a history of allergies to penicillin or other beta-lactam antibiotics.

Cyclic amino acids are a type of modified amino acid where the side chain of the amino acid forms a ring structure. This is different from the typical structure of amino acids, which have a linear side chain. The formation of the ring can occur within the same amino acid molecule or between two amino acid molecules.

Cyclic amino acids play important roles in various biological processes. For example, some cyclic amino acids are involved in the structure and function of proteins, while others serve as signaling molecules or neurotransmitters. Some common examples of cyclic amino acids include proline, hydroxyproline, and sarcosine.

It is worth noting that not all modified amino acids with ring structures are considered cyclic amino acids. For example, some amino acids may have a sulfur atom in their side chain that forms a disulfide bond with another cysteine residue, but this is not considered a cyclic structure because the ring is formed between two separate molecules rather than within a single molecule.

Epoxy compounds, also known as epoxy resins, are a type of thermosetting polymer characterized by the presence of epoxide groups in their molecular structure. An epoxide group is a chemical functional group consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to a carbon atom, which is itself bonded to another carbon atom.

Epoxy compounds are typically produced by reacting a mixture of epichlorohydrin and bisphenol-A or other similar chemicals under specific conditions. The resulting product is a two-part system consisting of a resin and a hardener, which must be mixed together before use.

Once the two parts are combined, a chemical reaction takes place that causes the mixture to cure or harden into a solid material. This curing process can be accelerated by heat, and once fully cured, epoxy compounds form a strong, durable, and chemically resistant material that is widely used in various industrial and commercial applications.

In the medical field, epoxy compounds are sometimes used as dental restorative materials or as adhesives for bonding medical devices or prosthetics. However, it's important to note that some people may have allergic reactions to certain components of epoxy compounds, so their use must be carefully evaluated and monitored in a medical context.

I cannot provide a medical definition for "equipment reuse" as it is not a term that is commonly used in the medical field. However, I can give you some general information about equipment reuse in healthcare settings.

Equipment reuse refers to the practice of using previously owned or disposable medical equipment and supplies multiple times after they have been sterilized or disinfected according to established protocols. This practice is often adopted by healthcare facilities as a way to reduce costs, conserve resources, and minimize waste.

Examples of medical equipment that may be reused include anesthesia breathing circuits, blood pressure cuffs, stethoscopes, and electronic thermometers. It's important to note that any reprocessed or reused medical equipment must undergo strict cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization procedures to ensure the safety of patients and healthcare workers.

Reusing medical equipment can have benefits such as reducing costs and waste, but it also carries risks if not done properly. Proper training and adherence to established protocols are crucial to ensuring that reused equipment is safe for use.

Surfactants, also known as surface-active agents, are amphiphilic compounds that reduce the surface tension between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. They contain both hydrophilic (water-soluble) and hydrophobic (water-insoluble) components in their molecular structure. This unique property allows them to interact with and stabilize interfaces, making them useful in various medical and healthcare applications.

In the medical field, surfactants are commonly used in pulmonary medicine, particularly for treating respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants. The lungs of premature infants often lack sufficient amounts of natural lung surfactant, which can lead to RDS and other complications. Exogenous surfactants, derived from animal sources or synthetically produced, are administered to replace the missing or dysfunctional lung surfactant, improving lung compliance and gas exchange.

Surfactants also have applications in topical formulations for dermatology, as they can enhance drug penetration into the skin, reduce irritation, and improve the spreadability of creams and ointments. Additionally, they are used in diagnostic imaging to enhance contrast between tissues and improve visualization during procedures such as ultrasound and X-ray examinations.

Chlorohydrins are a class of chemical compounds that contain both chlorine and hydroxyl (-OH) groups. They are typically formed by the reaction of an aldehyde or ketone with a hypochlorous acid or chlorine in a process called halogenation. Chlorohydrins can be toxic and have been associated with various health effects, including irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, and potential damage to the liver and kidneys. They are used in some industrial applications, such as the production of certain chemicals and pharmaceuticals, but their use is subject to regulations due to their potential hazards.

Biofouling is the accumulation of microorganisms, algae, plants, and animals on wet surfaces, such as the hulls of ships, pier pilings, and buoys. This growth can have negative impacts on the performance and efficiency of equipment and infrastructure, leading to increased maintenance costs and potential environmental damage. In the medical field, biofouling can also refer to the undesirable accumulation of microorganisms or biomolecules on medical devices, which can lead to infection or device failure.

Facility regulation and control in a medical context refers to the laws, rules, and guidelines established by regulatory bodies to ensure that healthcare facilities are operating safely, effectively, and in compliance with standards set forth to protect patients and healthcare providers. This can include regulations related to building design and construction, infection control, staffing ratios, medication management, quality improvement, and patient rights.

Regulatory bodies such as the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) in the United States or the Care Quality Commission (CQC) in the United Kingdom establish these regulations and conduct regular inspections to ensure compliance. Non-compliance with facility regulations can result in fines, sanctions, or loss of licensure for the facility.

Facility control, on the other hand, refers to the internal processes and procedures that a healthcare facility implements to ensure ongoing compliance with regulatory requirements. This may include policies and procedures related to staff training, quality improvement, infection control, medication management, and patient safety. Effective facility regulation and control are critical for ensuring high-quality care and maintaining the trust of patients and the wider community.

Fumigation is not typically considered a medical term, but it does have relevance to public health and environmental medicine. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), fumigation is defined as "the treatment of a building or commodity by introducing a gaseous pesticide (fumigant) in sufficient concentration to kill all stages of pests present."

Fumigation is used to control pests, such as insects, rodents, and other organisms that can cause harm to human health, property, or the environment. It is commonly used in agriculture to protect stored commodities from pests during transportation and storage. In addition, fumigation may be used in public health to disinfect buildings, equipment, and other items that have been infested with pests, such as bed bugs, cockroaches, or termites.

Fumigants are toxic gases that can cause harm to humans and animals if not handled properly. Therefore, fumigation should only be carried out by trained professionals who follow strict safety protocols to protect people, pets, and the environment from exposure.

I believe there may be some confusion in your question as Polyethylenes are not a medical term, but rather a category of synthetic polymers commonly used in various industrial and medical applications. Here's a brief overview:

Polyethylene (PE) is a type of thermoplastic polymer made from the monomer ethylene. It is a versatile material with numerous applications due to its chemical resistance, durability, and flexibility. There are several types of polyethylenes, including:

1. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE): This type has a lower density and more branching in its molecular structure, which results in less crystallinity. LDPE is known for its flexibility and is often used in packaging films, bags, and containers.
2. High-density polyethylene (HDPE): HDPE has a higher density and less branching, resulting in greater crystallinity. It is more rigid than LDPE and is commonly used in applications such as bottles, pipes, and containers.
3. Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE): This type combines the flexibility of LDPE with some of the strength and rigidity of HDPE. LLDPE has fewer branches than LDPE but more than HDPE. It is often used in film applications, such as stretch wrap and agricultural films.
4. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE): UHMWPE has an extremely high molecular weight, resulting in exceptional wear resistance, impact strength, and chemical resistance. It is commonly used in medical applications, such as orthopedic implants and joint replacements, due to its biocompatibility and low friction coefficient.

While polyethylenes are not a medical term per se, they do have significant medical applications, particularly UHMWPE in orthopedic devices.

Micelles are structures formed in a solution when certain substances, such as surfactants, reach a critical concentration called the critical micelle concentration (CMC). At this concentration, these molecules, which have both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) components, arrange themselves in a spherical shape with the hydrophilic parts facing outward and the hydrophobic parts clustered inside. This formation allows the hydrophobic components to avoid contact with water while the hydrophilic components interact with it. Micelles are important in various biological and industrial processes, such as drug delivery, soil remediation, and the formation of emulsions.

Acrylonitrile is a colorless, flammable liquid with an unpleasant odor. It is used in the manufacture of plastics, resins, and synthetic fibers. In terms of medical toxicology, acrylonitrile is classified as a volatile organic compound (VOC) and can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Exposure to high levels of acrylonitrile can lead to symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Chronic exposure has been associated with an increased risk of certain types of cancer, including lung, laryngeal, and esophageal cancer. However, it's important to note that occupational exposure limits are in place to minimize the risks associated with acrylonitrile exposure.

Synthesis of ethylene oxide. Overview of reactions of formation of ethylene oxide and other α-oxides". Ethylene oxide. Khimiya ... 1967). "Chapter IV Methods of analysis of ethylene oxide". Ethylene oxide. Khimiya. pp. 128-140. "Ethylene oxide". ICSC/ ... Review of the individual reactions of ethylene oxide". Ethylene oxide. Khimiya. pp. 90-120. "Epoxyethane (Ethylene Oxide)". ... "Ethylene Oxide (EO)". Ineos Oxide. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2009. "Ethylene oxide ...
"Explosion at Spain's 140,000 mt/year Tarragona ethylene oxide plant". www.spglobal.com. Retrieved 2021-10-23. "Ethylene Oxide ... Ethylene oxide itself is a very hazardous substance. At room temperature it is a flammable, carcinogenic, mutagenic, irritating ... The site is operated by IQOXE, which is the only producer of ethylene oxide in Spain with an installed capacity of 140,000 ... The first explosion occurred between 18:40 and 19:00 and affected an ethylene oxide tank of the company. The second one ...
Thus, the epoxide of ethylene (C2H4) is ethylene oxide (C2H4O). Many compounds have trivial names; for instance, ethylene oxide ... For example ethylene oxide polymerizes to give polyethylene glycol, also known as polyethylene oxide. The reaction of an ... Benzene oxide exists in equilibrium with the oxepin isomer. Ethylene oxide is widely used to generate detergents and ... Kilty P. A.; Sachtler W. M. H. (1974). "The mechanism of the selective oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide". Catalysis ...
Common causes of irritant contact dermatitis include solvents, metalworking fluids, latex, kerosene, ethylene oxide, paper, ... ethylene oxide; surfactants in topical medications and cosmetics (sodium lauryl sulfate); and alkalis (drain cleaners, strong ... A barrier cream, such as those containing zinc oxide (e.g., Desitin, etc.), may help protect the skin and retain moisture. If ...
The odor threshold for these gases is above the PELs and for ethylene oxide it is 500 ppm, approaching that of the IDLH. Odor ... The OSHA PEL (permissible exposure limit) will be considerably lower than this; 1 ppm for ethylene oxide, or 5 ppm for a 15 ... In addition to toxicity, ethylene oxide is flammable (from above 3%) and ozone is damaging to equipment not designed to resist ... "Ethylene Oxide". Medical Management Guidelines (MMGs). ATSDR. "Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience Database". FDA ...
Ethylene oxide gas has been used since the 1950s for heat- and moisture-sensitive medical devices. Within the past 15 years, a ... Ethylene oxide treatment is generally carried out between 30 and 60 °C (86 and 140 °F) with relative humidity above 30% and a ... Ethylene oxide is still widely used by medical device manufacturers. Since EO is explosive at concentrations above 3%, EO was ... Ethylene oxide is highly effective, as it penetrates all porous materials, and it can penetrate through some plastic materials ...
... ethylene oxide sterilizers. Ethylene oxide is the only low-temperature sterilant to stop outbreaks on these instruments. In ... "Ethylene Oxide Sterilization , Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines , Guidelines Library , Infection Control ,CDC". www.cdc. ... However, sterilant alkylating agents such as ethylene oxide (ETO), and 10% bleach are effective against endospores. To kill ...
"ethylene_oxide.pdf" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 21, 2012. "h2o2.pdf" (PDF). Archived from the original ( ... One newer monopropellant under development is nitrous oxide, both neat and in the form of nitrous oxide fuel blends. Nitrous ... ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide (especially in its German World War II form as T-Stoff), and nitromethane are common rocket ... Nitrous oxide generates oxygen upon decomposition, and it is possible to blend it with fuels to form a monopropellant mixture ...
4) Preparation of NGc by method of Messing from ethylene through chlorohydrin & ethylene oxide. 5) Preparation of NGc by duPont ... Direct Production of NGc from Gaseous Ethylene. 3) Preparation of NGc from Ethylene Oxide. ... C2H4(OH)2 + 2 HNO3 → C2H4(ONO2)2 + 2 H2O or through the reaction of ethylene oxide and dinitrogen pentoxide: C2H4O + N2O5 → ... Ethylene glycol dinitrate reacts violently with potassium hydroxide, yielding ethylene glycol and potassium nitrate: C2H2(ONO2) ...
The core can than be reacted with ethylene oxide to create a star-shaped polymer. As is typical of most core-first approaches, ... ethylene oxide)". Die Makromolekulare Chemie. 189 (12): 2885-2892. doi:10.1002/macp.1988.021891215. Xue, L.; Agarwal, U. S.; ...
"FDA Advisory No.2022-1293 ,, UPDATES ON ETHYLENE OXIDE IN LUCKY ME! INSTANT NOODLES - Food and Drug Administration". July 15, ... Fernandez, Daniza (July 7, 2022). "FDA probes popular Filipino noodle brand for 'high level of ethylene oxide'". Inquirer.net. ... for the consumptions of the export variants of different Lucky Me noodles due to containing high amounts of Ethylene Oxide. The ...
Flory, Paul J. (1940). "Molecular Size Distribution in Ethylene Oxide Polymers". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 62 ( ...
Fenton, D.E.; Parker, J.M.; Wright, P.V. (November 1973). "Complexes of alkali metal ions with poly(ethylene oxide)". Polymer. ... Wright, Peter V. (September 1975). "Electrical conductivity in ionic complexes of poly(ethylene oxide)". British Polymer ... GRAY, F; MACCALLUM, J; VINCENT, C (January 1986). "Poly(ethylene oxide) - LiCF3SO3 - polystyrene electrolyte systems". Solid ... ethylene oxide) adducts". Solid State Ionics. 11 (1): 91-95. doi:10.1016/0167-2738(83)90068-1. Lin, Dingchang; Liu, Wei; Liu, ...
Ethylene Ethylene oxide Fat/lean DEA/MEA; High pressure steam (pressure in excess of 5000 kPa (ga)) Hydraulic Oil Hydrogen ( ... ethylene and other unsaturated hydrocarbons may decompose explosively, initiated by a welding hot spot. Oxygen-enriched ... partial pressure in excess of 700 kPa (ga)) Hydrogen sulphide* Hydrofluoric acid Oxygen Propene Propene oxide Sulphuric acid ...
"Ethylene Oxide (EtO) Development Support Document (DSD)". Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. Retrieved 2023-04-21. US ... "ACC Statement on EPA's Proposals to Address Ethylene Oxide in Sterilization and Pesticide Uses". American Chemistry Council. 11 ... based on Ethylene Oxide's IRIS value. The American Chemistry Council found shortly after that the EPA had grossly misestimated ... In 2016 the EPA faced criticism for changing the risk description of Ethylene Oxide from "probably carcinogenic to humans" to " ...
Europe: September: Sesame seeds contamination by ethylene oxide. Philippines: September 10: The Philippine National ...
... examples of chemical commodities are ammonia and ethylene oxide; speciality chemicals (or specialty chemicals): are constituted ... Some examples of basic chemicals are: ethylene, benzene, chlorine and sulfuric acid. High Production Volume (HPV) Chemicals is ...
... ethylene oxide) (PEO), a high molecular weight poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC), polypropylene oxide (PPO), poly[bis(methoxy ... PEO exhibits most promising performance as a solid solvent for lithium salts, mainly due to its flexible ethylene oxide ... ethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF). In the ... ethylene oxide) polymer electrolyte". Electrochimica Acta. 133: 529-538. doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.099. Sun, Bing; ...
Turnnidge, Sarah (May 12, 2021). "Viral video spreads misinformation about ethylene oxide and Ivermectin". Full Fact. "Hundreds ... caused some controversy because the NHS had standardised their test kits on a sterilisation procedure using ethylene oxide ("a ...
Polyethylene, polysiloxanes and poly(ethylene oxide) are all macromonomers that have been incorporated in a polystyrene or poly ... Ito, Koichi; Hiroyuki Tsuchida; Akio Hayashi; Toshiaki Kitano (1985). "Reactivity of Poly(ethylene oxide) Macromonomers in ... Grutke, Stefan; Hurley, James H.; Risse, Wilhelm (August 1994). "Poly(phenylene oxide) macromonomers for graft copolymer ... Graft copolymer-metal complexes obtained by radiation grafting onto poly(tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene) copolymer". Journal of ...
Poly(ethylene oxide) Poly(vinyl alcohol) Poly(methyl methacrylate) Poly(caprolactone) Poly(chitosan) Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) ... Xue, Zhigang; He, Dan; Xie, Xiaolin (2015). "Poly(ethylene oxide)-based electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries". Journal of ...
It also oxidises nitrogen oxide, ethylene, and hydrogen sulfide. It reacts with sulfur trioxide and peroxydisulfuryl difluoride ... Iodine oxides are the most stable of all the halogen oxides, because of the strong I-O bonds resulting from the large ... Iodides can be made by reaction of an element or its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with hydroiodic acid, and then dehydrated ... A few other less stable oxides are known, notably I4O9 and I2O4; their structures have not been determined, but reasonable ...
Ethylene oxide is the alkylating group in this reaction. In the process called oxidative addition, low-valent metals often ... Silicotungstic acid is used to manufacture ethyl acetate by the alkylation of acetic acid by ethylene: C 2 H 4 + CH 3 CO 2 H ⟶ ...
Wright, P. V. (1975). "Electrical conductivity in ionic complexes of poly(ethylene oxide)". British Polymer Journal. 7 (5): 319 ... Later in 1933, Wagner suggested that in metal oxides an excess of metal would result in extra electrons, while a deficit of ... Solid-state ionic devices, such as solid oxide fuel cells, can be much more reliable and long-lasting, especially under harsh ... doi:10.1016/0167-2738(83)90083-8. Liang, C. C. (1973). "Conduction Characteristics of the Lithium Iodide-Aluminum Oxide Solid ...
It also oxidises nitrogen oxide, ethylene, and hydrogen sulfide. It reacts with sulfur trioxide and peroxydisulfuryl difluoride ... Iodine oxides are the most stable of all the halogen oxides, because of the strong I-O bonds resulting from the large ... Iodides can be made by reaction of an element or its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with hydroiodic acid, and then dehydrated ... A few other less stable oxides are known, notably I4O9 and I2O4; their structures have not been determined, but reasonable ...
Materials made of PDS can be sterilized with ethylene oxide. Other biodegradable polymers: polycaprolactone polyglycolide ...
DEG is produced by the partial hydrolysis of ethylene oxide. Depending on the conditions, varying amounts of DEG and related ... It is a four carbon dimer of ethylene glycol. It is miscible in water, alcohol, ether, acetone, and ethylene glycol. DEG is a ... Most ethylene glycol antifreeze contains a few percent diethylene glycol, present as a byproduct of ethylene glycol production ... Counterfeit medications Ethylene Ethylene glycol poisoning Polyethylene glycol 1985 diethylene glycol wine scandal "Diethylene ...
Sterilization can also be achieved using ethylene oxide (ETO) gas. This process was created in the 1950s by the US military and ...
Ohnishi A, Murai Y (February 1993). "Polyneuropathy due to ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and butylene oxide". Environmental ... Propylene oxide is also neurotoxic in rats, and presumably in humans Propylene oxide alkylates DNA. As such, it is known animal ... "PROPYLENE OXIDE , CAMEO Chemicals , NOAA". cameochemicals.noaa.gov. "Propylene oxide". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health ... This compound is sometimes called 1,2-propylene oxide to distinguish it from its isomer 1,3-propylene oxide, better known as ...
Process technology to produce ethanolamines by reaction of ammonia and ethylene oxide CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical ... Monoethanolamine is produced by treating ethylene oxide with aqueous ammonia; the reaction also produces diethanolamine and ... 7. Oxidation Products of Ethylene". Industrial Organic Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. pp. 159-161. ISBN 3-527-30578-5. Emergency and ...
Synthesis of ethylene oxide. Overview of reactions of formation of ethylene oxide and other α-oxides". Ethylene oxide. Khimiya ... 1967). "Chapter IV Methods of analysis of ethylene oxide". Ethylene oxide. Khimiya. pp. 128-140. "Ethylene oxide". ICSC/ ... Review of the individual reactions of ethylene oxide". Ethylene oxide. Khimiya. pp. 90-120. "Epoxyethane (Ethylene Oxide)". ... "Ethylene Oxide (EO)". Ineos Oxide. Archived from the original on 8 June 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2009. "Ethylene oxide ...
Exposure to ethylene oxide can cause irritation of the eyes, skin, nose, throat, and lungs, and damage to the brain and nerves ... Most of it is used to make other chemicals such as ethylene glycol, but smaller amounts are used as a pesticide or to sterilize ... Large amounts of ethylene oxide are produced in the United States. ... Very small amounts of ethylene oxide can be found in nature.. Ethylene oxide is mostly used at chemical plants to make ethylene ...
Ethylene Oxide. Learn more about our Ethylene Oxide & Sterilization work.. Coverage & Payment / Ethylene Oxide / Global & Trade ... Ethylene Oxide Medtech Leaders Testify Before EPA on Safety, Critical Role of Ethylene Oxide Sterilization in Public Health ... Ethylene Oxide AdvaMed Responds to Proposed Rules Governing Ethylene Oxides Role in Sterilizing Medtech The Environmental ... Medtech Sterilization and Patient Care: The Critical Role of Ethylene Oxide Ethylene oxide sterilization ensures billions of ...
... invite response 2021 Sep 9, 5:34pm 1,443 views 20 comments by GreaterNYCDude âž•follow (2) tip ignore Ethylene ... Citing the European Chemicals Agency, the union said ethylene oxide - a substance used to coat and sterilise PCR and rapid test ... after media reports showed a swab contained multiple times the permissible trace level of ethylene oxide, a toxic substance.. ... Ethylene Glycol, one of the primary ingredients in Antifreeze. Due to regulatory changes over the past few years, EO ...
Ethylene oxide is a chemical primarily used in the production of other chemicals. The EPA and the IARC classify it as a known ... Ethylene oxide. (2021).. https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/ethylene-oxide/. *. Ethylene oxide. (2022).. https://www.cdc.gov/ ... Is there ethylene oxide in tobacco smoke?. Tobacco smoke contains ethylene oxide. Avoiding or quitting smoking can help reduce ... Almost everybody is exposed to low levels of ethylene oxide in their daily life. Breathing in high levels of ethylene oxide ...
State regulations are updated quarterly; we currently have two versions available. Below is a comparison between our most recent version and the prior quarterly release. More comparison features will be added as we have more versions to compare.. ...
Community skeptical of state EPAs proposed ethylene oxide controls at Medline facility in Waukegan. ... what support exists or should exist for those harmed by ethylene oxide exposure; and what safeguards exist around worker safety ... said her family has considered moving from their home of 19 years because of the ethylene oxide issue. ... including whether another chemical sterilizer should be used instead of ethylene oxide; ...
... is a leading source of product stewardship and regulatory information on ethylene oxide. ... The Ethylene Oxide Panel of the American Chemistry Council (ACC) ... Ethylene Oxide Safety Facts * ACCs Ethylene Oxide Panel ... Ethylene Oxide Pages * Ethylene Oxide Benefits & Applications * EPA Proposal Threatens Access to Ethylene Oxide for Key ... In 2003, the Ethylene Glycol Panel combined with the Ethylene Oxide Industry Council (EOIC) to form the Ethylene Oxide/Ethylene ...
... to Reach 4.7 Million Tons in 2023 - published on openPR.com ... The Ethylene Oxide Production in Asia and Pacific Is Anticipated to Reach 4.7 Million Tons in 2023. 06-25-2019 10:42 AM CET , ... As an overall, the report presents a strategic analysis of the ethylene oxide market in Asia and the Pacific and a forecast for ... You can edit or delete your press release The Ethylene Oxide Production in Asia and Pacific Is Anticipated to Reach 4.7 Million ...
Ethylene oxide-13C2 ≥99 atom % 13C, ≥99% (CP), contains hydroquinone as stabilizer; CAS Number: 84508-46-3; find Sigma-Aldrich- ...
aamitir282016-Product adoption and process equivalence for ethylene oxide sterilization-This technical information report ... Product adoption and process equivalence for ethylene oxide sterilization. This technical information report provides guidance ...
Ethylene Oxide (EO) Sterility Change Master File Pilot Program. ... Ethylene Oxide Sterility Change Master File Pilot Program ... Andersen has been awarded the first master file in the FDAs 510(k) Ethylene Oxide (EO) Sterility Change Master File Pilot ... "We were awarded the FDA Innovation Challenge 2 for reducing ethylene oxide emissions with our proprietary technology three ... Andersen Scientific is quite possibly the most environmentally friendly ethylene oxide contract sterilization facility in the ...
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Shop MilliporeSigma ALDRICH Ethylene oxide solution, 2.5-3.3M in THF at Thomas Scientific, your trusted partner in Science. ... ALDRICH Ethylene oxide solution, 2.5-3.3M in THF. * PRODUCT AVAILABILITY: Did you know you can view a products availability ...
567e) Effect of Graft Molecular Weight On the Colloidal Stability of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles with Grafted Poly(ethylene glycol ... We studied the stability of colloidal suspensions of iron oxide nanoparticles with grafted poly(ethylene glycol) of various ... The particles consist of iron oxide cores with narrow particle size distribution and coated with individual polymer coronas. ...
There is no evidence that using something that has been sterilised with ethylene oxide, such as a Covid-19 swab, is harmful. ... Overexposure to ethylene oxide itself can cause health problems such as cancer, but there is no suggestion that using something ... Overexposure to ethylene oxide itself can cause health problems such as cancer, but there is no suggestion that using something ... Should we be concerned about ethylene oxide? The video claims that lateral flow tests could cause cancer or damage DNA because ...
This page contains the Ethylene Oxide DSD and background for the review. ... versus the ethylene oxide that is produced internally by our own metabolism. It is the total amount of ethylene oxide that ... the EPA has recently measured ethylene oxide concentrations of 110-220 ppt in areas with no nearby ethylene oxide sources. ... FDA: Ethylene Oxide Sterilization for Medical Devices *FDA: Statement on concerns with medical device availability due to ...
Small Business Guide for Ethylene Oxide fruit and vegetables! ... or Click here to go to Small Business Guide for Ethylene Oxide ... See below for related topics or Click here to go to Small Business Guide for Ethylene Oxide page Click here for the ehso.com ...
LA Testing provides laboratory services and sampling supplies to identify ethylene oxide and other potentially hazardous ... Ethylene oxide is an organic compound that is produced in large quantities. It is primarily used as an intermediate in the ... Chronic exposure to ethylene oxide is associated with cancer, reproductive effects and neurotoxicity. Its odor is undetectable ... In 1987, the state of California designated ethylene oxide as known to cause cancer under Proposition 65. In 2009, that listing ...
Stress-strain behavior and impact strength of polystyrene/polyamide-6 blends compatibilized with poly(styrene-g-ethylene oxide) ... styrene-g-ethylene oxide) (SEO) during compounding by extrusion. Tensile testing of injection-molded samples revealed that the ... styrene-g-ethylene oxide) (SEO) during compounding by extrusion. Tensile testing of injection-molded samples revealed that the ... styrene-g-ethylene oxide)}}, url = {{http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19981205)70:10,1887::AID-APP3,3.0.CO;2-Z}}, doi ...
"Gaseous ethylene oxide sterilization" (1962). 77(7). "Gaseous ethylene oxide sterilization" 77, no. 7 (1962). "Gaseous ethylene ... Title : Gaseous ethylene oxide sterilization Published Date : Jul 1962;07-1962; Source : Public Health Rep. 77(7):641-643 URL ... oxide sterilization" vol. 77, no. 7, 1962. Export RIS Citation Information.. ...
Ordering of poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(propylene oxide) triblock copolymers in condensed films. ... Dive into the research topics of Ordering of poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(propylene oxide) triblock copolymers in condensed films ...
ETHYLENE OXIDE Synonyms: Dimethylene Oxide; 1,2-Epoxyethane; ETO CAS Number: ... Ethylene Oxide). *Ethylene Oxide - Toxfaqsâ„¢ What Is Ethylene Oxide? Ethylene Oxide Is a Man-Made Flammable Gas with a Somewhat ... and METAL OXIDES (such as ALUMINUM OXIDE and COPPER OXIDE). ï‚„ Ethylene Oxide is extremely explosive in the presence of ... and METAL OXIDES (such as ALUMINUM OXIDE DOT#: UN 1040 part Ethylene Oxide to stop flammability. and COPPER OXIDE). ERG Guide ...
The latest report titled ethylene oxide production cost report by Procurement Resource, a global procurement research and ... 1. Ethylene Oxide Production From Ethylene: The report is a detailed study of the economics of the production of ethylene oxide ... Key Questions Answered in the Ethylene Oxide Production Cost Report:. *What are the key drivers propelling the Ethylene Oxide ... www.procurementresource.com/cost-analysis/ethylene-oxide-production-from-ethylene/requestsample. Product Definition:. Ethylene ...
What is Ethylene?. *Ethylene is a colorless, flame retardant gas with a faint odor that is slightly sweet and resembles the ... Ethylene can also be transported in tube trailers, tanker trucks, and tanker trailers. It is also possible to transfer ethylene ... Due to the lack of corrosive properties in ethylene, ethylene can be used with any common metal. ... The maximum charge of ethylene in the cylinders is as follows:. *The weight percentage of the intake is 31% for cylinders with ...
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The Ethylene Oxide (EO) Product Adoption Protocol intructs and documents the adoption evaluation process, per TIR28:2016, ... The Ethylene Oxide (EO) Product Adoption Protocol documents the product adoption evaluation process, per TIR28:2016, conducted ... The Ethylene Oxide (EO) Product Adoption Protocol documents the product adoption evaluation process, per TIR28:2016, conducted ... Ethylene Oxide EO Sterilization Validation Procedure , ISO 13485 , FDA QSR Compliant $149.00 ...
  • Although it is a vital raw material with diverse applications, including the manufacture of products like polysorbate 20 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) that are often more effective and less toxic than alternative materials, ethylene oxide itself is a very hazardous substance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethylene oxide achieved industrial importance during World War I as a precursor to both the coolant ethylene glycol and the chemical weapon mustard gas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethylene oxide is mostly used at chemical plants to make ethylene glycol (a chemical used to make antifreeze and polyester). (cdc.gov)
  • Ethylene oxide is mostly used to produce other chemicals such as ethylene glycol (antifreeze). (cdc.gov)
  • It's sent through an Air Scrubber which converts the EO to less toxic (and more useable) Ethylene Glycol, one of the primary ingredients in Antifreeze. (patrick.net)
  • In 2003, the Ethylene Glycol Panel combined with the Ethylene Oxide Industry Council (EOIC) to form the Ethylene Oxide/Ethylene Glycols Sector Group. (americanchemistry.com)
  • We studied the stability of colloidal suspensions of iron oxide nanoparticles with grafted poly(ethylene glycol) of various molecular weights in aqueous media, buffers, and cell culture media. (aiche.org)
  • It is primarily used as an intermediate in the production of several industrial chemicals, the most notable of which is ethylene glycol. (latesting.com)
  • The ethylene oxide market is being driven by the application of the product that is used in large volumes for making other chemicals like antifreeze and ethylene glycol. (topmarketusa.com)
  • The functionalized copolymers consist in alternating poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains and acidic moieties, either carboxylic acid or phosphonic acid grafted on the same backbone. (unict.it)
  • Ethylene oxide is reacted to make ethylene glycol, which is a key ingredient in a variety of consumer household products. (epa.gov)
  • Market Analytics: Ethylene Oxide and Mono Ethylene Glycol - 2023 provides analysis and forecast of supply and demand of the global polyester and intermediates market including ethylene oxide and mono ethylene glycol. (nexanteca.com)
  • Ethylene oxide (EtO) is produced in large volumes and is primarily used as an intermediate in the production of several industrial chemicals, the most notable of which is ethylene glycol. (wa.gov)
  • Most propylene oxide is used as an intermediate in the production of polyether polyols used to manufacture polyurethane foam and in the production of propylene glycol for unsaturated polyester resins. (cdc.gov)
  • People living near industrial facilities that release ethylene oxide to the outdoor air may be exposed to higher levels of ethylene oxide than people who do not live near these facilities. (cdc.gov)
  • Limited research that looked at pregnant women who were exposed to high levels of ethylene oxide in the workplace showed that some women had miscarriages. (cdc.gov)
  • Fumigated foods and sterilized hospital equipment may have initially high levels of ethylene oxide, which dissipate and/or degrade into other products within a few days (ATSDR 2020). (cdc.gov)
  • The NHANES data indicate that more than 95% of the U.S. population have detectable levels of ethylene oxide hemoglobin adducts in their blood and that adducts levels in cigarette smokers are about 7 times higher than in non-smokers (CDC 2020). (cdc.gov)
  • Are levels of ethylene oxide in my area high enough to cause immediate health effects? (epa.gov)
  • A recent investigation conducted by the South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD) has uncovered alarming levels of ethylene oxide, a cancer-causing gas, in several facilities throughout Southern California. (venturaenvironmental.com)
  • These workers generally have a higher exposure to ethylene oxide than the public. (cdc.gov)
  • Exposure of the general population to ethylene oxide usually involves levels that are lower than those known to cause health problems. (cdc.gov)
  • The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has concluded that inhalation exposure to ethylene oxide is carcinogenic to humans. (cdc.gov)
  • If you are concerned about exposure to ethylene oxide, call your doctor or nurse. (cdc.gov)
  • Once exposure stops, ethylene oxide leaves the body within hours or days, so a medical test may not show if you have been exposed in the past. (cdc.gov)
  • Inhalation is the primary route of exposure to ethylene oxide in both occupational and environmental settings (ATSDR 2020). (cdc.gov)
  • Inhalation exposure can occur during production or use of ethylene oxide. (cdc.gov)
  • Because ethylene oxide can be highly reactive and sometimes explosive, the equipment used for its processing generally consists of tightly closed and highly automated systems, which decreases the risk of occupational exposure (NTP 2021). (cdc.gov)
  • The general population's exposure to ethylene oxide occurs primarily via inhalation. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) analyzed ethylene oxide hemoglobin adducts (a biomarker of ethylene oxide exposure from all sources) in more than 2,500 participants from the 2013-14 and 2015-16 NHANES cycles. (cdc.gov)
  • According to the National Cancer Institute , leukemia and lymphoma are the cancers most frequently associated with chronic ethylene oxide exposure. (healthline.com)
  • People who work in or live near facilities that contain ethylene oxide seem to be at the highest risk of chronic exposure. (healthline.com)
  • Who's at risk of exposure to ethylene oxide? (healthline.com)
  • The risk of chronic exposure to ethylene oxide is very low for people in the general population. (healthline.com)
  • Chronic exposure to ethylene oxide may increase your chances of developing some types of cancers. (healthline.com)
  • The cancers most associated with ethylene oxide exposure are leukemia and lymphoma . (healthline.com)
  • Researchers are still trying to understand the link between ethylene oxide exposure and cancer. (healthline.com)
  • However, in a 2022 review of studies analyzing all the available scientific literature, researchers found evidence suggesting no association between ethylene oxide and cancer at human-relevant exposure levels. (healthline.com)
  • Some evidence suggests ethylene oxide exposure can increase the risk of miscarriage in women. (healthline.com)
  • Chronic exposure to ethylene oxide is associated with cancer, reproductive effects and neurotoxicity. (latesting.com)
  • Exposure to Ethylene Oxide can irritate the nose and throat. (docslib.org)
  • Evidence in humans indicates that long-term exposure to ethylene oxide increases the risk of cancers of the white blood cells, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, myeloma, and lymphocytic leukemia. (epa.gov)
  • Studies also show that long-term exposure to ethylene oxide increases the risk of breast cancer in females. (epa.gov)
  • The findings of the AQMD's investigation have raised significant concerns about the potential health risks associated with ethylene oxide exposure. (venturaenvironmental.com)
  • Monitoring for symptoms associated with ethylene oxide exposure, such as respiratory issues or unexplained health problems, is crucial. (venturaenvironmental.com)
  • Ongoing monitoring and evaluation of these facilities will provide a comprehensive understanding of ethylene oxide exposure in Southern California, helping to ensure the health and safety of the community. (venturaenvironmental.com)
  • Given the potentially grave consequences associated with ethylene oxide exposure, it is imperative that authorities and the public work together to address this issue promptly. (venturaenvironmental.com)
  • That study also reported a human epidemiological association with leukemia and referenced an additional study that suggested brief occupational exposure to ethylyne oxide (twice daily at concentrations of 20 parts per million or more) among pregnant women increased risk of miscarriage. (scienceblogs.com)
  • This survey - which specifically examined exposure to ethylene oxide and glutaraldehyde - also found increased incidence of birth defects in these nurses' children. (scienceblogs.com)
  • CIB 51: Carcinogenic Effects of Exposure to Propylene Oxide. (cdc.gov)
  • CIB 52 identifies potential sources of ethylene oxide (EtO) exposure from gas sterilizers in health-care facilities and describes control methods recommended by NIOSH. (cdc.gov)
  • Workers may be exposed to ethylene oxide during sterilization of a variety of items such as medical equipment and products (e.g., surgical instruments, single-use medical devices), disposable health-care products, pharmaceutical and veterinary products, food, spices, and animal feed. (cdc.gov)
  • Some people who live near facilities that use ethylene oxide may be exposed to factory emissions. (healthline.com)
  • The EPA also recently completed an analysis that showed that ethylene oxide emissions in the United States contributed to elevated cancer risk for people living in some communities near factories that use the chemical. (healthline.com)
  • As a result of these actions, industrial ethylene oxide emissions have already fallen nationwide by over 80% since 2002. (americanchemistry.com)
  • We were awarded the FDA Innovation Challenge 2 for reducing ethylene oxide emissions with our proprietary technology three years ago," said Ted May, Andersen Products CEO. (businesswire.com)
  • What should I do if I live near an ethylene oxide emissions source and I smell ethylene oxide? (epa.gov)
  • People cannot smell ethylene oxide when it is in the air at concentrations that have been monitored or modeled near emissions sources. (epa.gov)
  • The EPA wants new ethylene oxide rules to measure and reduce emissions from chemical plants that make, store or use EtO, which is the most common method of medical device sterilization. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • The agency said the proposed new ethylene oxide rules are based on similar Clean Air Act requirements for identifying and reducing benzene emissions from petroleum refineries. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • While these measures are a step in the right direction, immediate health risks associated with existing ethylene oxide emissions cannot be overlooked. (venturaenvironmental.com)
  • As the investigations continue, the AQMD is working closely with Sterigenics to reduce and mitigate ethylene oxide emissions. (venturaenvironmental.com)
  • By prioritizing the health and safety of residents, implementing stricter regulations, and raising awareness about the risks, Southern California can mitigate the impact of ethylene oxide emissions and protect the well-being of its communities. (venturaenvironmental.com)
  • HAW RIVER, N.C.--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Andersen Sterilizers and its sister company, contract sterilization specialist Andersen Scientific, were awarded the very first master file in the FDA's 510(k) Ethylene Oxide (EO) Sterility Change Master File Pilot Program. (businesswire.com)
  • ETO Sterilizer: Ethylene oxide sterilizers to process sensitive instruments which cannot be adequately sterilized by other methods. (abster.co.in)
  • CIB 52: Ethylene Oxide Sterilizers in Health-Care Facilities: Engineering Controls and Work Practices. (cdc.gov)
  • DANBURY, Conn. , June 20, 2023 /PRNewswire/ - Sonata Scientific, a developer of advanced industrial air purification products, recently demonstrated the destruction and removal of ethylene oxide to levels below 10 parts per billion ( ppb ) in ambient conditions typical of a medical device sterilization facility. (energynewswire.com)
  • Explanation: Ethylene dichloride is used as suppressing agent in direct oxidation of ethylene to suppress the side reaction which produces carbon dioxide and water instead of ethylene oxide. (mocktestpro.in)
  • Populations at greater risk are those living or working near facilities releasing ethylene oxide, especially for long durations. (cdc.gov)
  • Since 1940, almost all industrial production of ethylene oxide has relied on this process. (wikipedia.org)
  • The analytical research projects that the Asian and Pacific production of ethylene oxide is likely to grow to around 4.7 million tons in the medium term. (openpr.com)
  • The report is a detailed study of the economics of the production of ethylene oxide. (topmarketusa.com)
  • What are the different operations units involved in the production of Ethylene Oxide? (topmarketusa.com)
  • What are the various costs engaged in the production of Ethylene Oxide? (topmarketusa.com)
  • The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has determined that ethylene oxide is known to be a human carcinogen. (cdc.gov)
  • Why is ethylene oxide considered a cancer-causing agent (carcinogen)? (healthline.com)
  • This chemical is on the Special Health Hazard Substance ï‚„ Ethylene Oxide is a CARCINOGEN, MUTAGEN and List. (docslib.org)
  • CHEMTREC: 1-800-424-9300 NJDEP Hotline: 1-877-927-6337 ï‚„ Ethylene Oxide is a CARCINOGEN and TERATOGEN in National Response Center: 1-800-424-8802 humans. (docslib.org)
  • When did EPA classify ethylene oxide as a carcinogen? (epa.gov)
  • EPA classified ethylene oxide as a human carcinogen in December 2016. (epa.gov)
  • Like formaldehyde, ethylene oxide is a recognized carcinogen and mutagen. (scienceblogs.com)
  • NIOSH recommends that propylene oxide be regarded as a potential occupational carcinogen. (cdc.gov)
  • The findings of cancer and other tumors in both rats and mice treated with propylene oxide meet the criteria established in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Cancer Policy (3) for regarding it as a potential occupational carcinogen. (cdc.gov)
  • For ethylene oxide, there ylene oxide), nasal tissue (formal- chemicals and chemicals that are was limited evidence of carcinogen- dehyde), and the kidney (TCE). (who.int)
  • Workers generally have higher inhalation and dermal exposures to ethylene oxide than the general public. (cdc.gov)
  • Studies of workers show that their exposures to ethylene oxide are associated with an increased risk of cancers of the white blood cells (the infection-fighting cells of the immune system). (epa.gov)
  • The chemicals involved in the nurses' sterilizing agent exposures likely include ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, orthopthalaldehyde, and peracetic acid, all powerful chemicals used to disinfect medical equipment and surgical instruments. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Workers had expressed concern over possible exposures to ethylene- oxide (75218) (EtO) at the facility. (cdc.gov)
  • Manufacturer of a wide range of products which include ethylene oxide sterilizer and eo gas sterilizer. (sterile-safequip.com)
  • The EPA and IARC both classify ethylene oxide as a cancer-causing chemical when it's inhaled. (healthline.com)
  • The mechanical properties of polystyrene/polyamide-6 (50/50 wt/wt) blends were improved by additions of small amounts of poly(styrene-g-ethylene oxide) (SEO) during compounding by extrusion. (lu.se)
  • Studies on the orthogonal assembly of ß-cyclodextrin-poly (ε-caprolactone) and ferrocene-poly (ethylene oxide). (bvsalud.org)
  • Nasal tumors were induced in both rats and mice exposed to propylene oxide by inhalation. (cdc.gov)
  • Workers exposed to high concentrations of ethylene oxide for short and long amounts of time reported having effects such as headaches, memory loss, numbness, nausea, and vomiting. (cdc.gov)
  • Research suggests that ethylene oxide may only cause DNA damage in concentrations over a certain threshold. (healthline.com)
  • Unannounced inspections conducted in April revealed ethylene oxide concentrations that far exceeded safe levels. (venturaenvironmental.com)
  • The relative instability of the carbon-oxygen bonds in the molecule is revealed by the comparison in the table of the energy required to break two C-O bonds in the ethylene oxide or one C-O bond in ethanol and dimethyl ether: This instability correlates with its high reactivity, explaining the ease of its ring-opening reactions (see Chemical properties). (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethylene oxide, also called oxirane, is a chemical primarily used in the production of other chemicals. (healthline.com)
  • Doctors can test if you've been exposed to ethylene oxide by running tests to look for the chemical in your blood or breath. (healthline.com)
  • These inaccurate statements concerning the safety of the chemical ethylene oxide, the efficacy of the drug Ivermectin as a Covid-19 cure and impacts of the Covid-19 vaccine on fertility have recurred throughout the pandemic. (fullfact.org)
  • LA Testing provides laboratory services and sampling supplies to identify ethylene oxide and other potentially hazardous chemical compounds to protect workers and help companies comply with health and safety regulations. (latesting.com)
  • View Answer Answer: a Explanation: Chemical formula of ethylene oxide is CH2OCH2. (mocktestpro.in)
  • Ethylene oxide reacts in the air to form formic acid, which is a naturally occurring chemical. (epa.gov)
  • A 1984 study estimated that 75,000 US healthcare workers were at that time exposed to ethylene oxide and pointed out that in animal studies this chemical has been shown to cause birth defects, fetal loss, and reduced fertility (both male and female). (scienceblogs.com)
  • Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. (bvsalud.org)
  • The group focuses on the generation, collection, evaluation and dissemination of information pertinent to the safe handling and environmental and health effects arising from production, storage, transportation, use and disposal of ethylene oxide and ethylene glycols. (americanchemistry.com)
  • Read the product manufacturer's Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) and the label to determine product Reproductive Hazard ingredients and important safety and health information ï‚„ Ethylene Oxide may be a TERATOGEN in humans since it about the product mixture. (docslib.org)
  • Ethylene oxide is a colorless gas at 25 °C (77 °F) and is a mobile liquid at 0 °C (32 °F) - viscosity of liquid ethylene oxide at 0 °C is about 5.5 times lower than that of water. (wikipedia.org)
  • SEE LAST PAGE Ethylene Oxide is a colorless gas or liquid with an Ether -like Hazard Summary odor . (docslib.org)
  • Ethylene oxide, an odorless and colorless gas, is commonly used in the sterilization of medical devices due to its effectiveness against bacteria and other pathogens. (venturaenvironmental.com)
  • Ethylene oxide is a colorless and flammable gas with a faintly sweet odor. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethylene oxide is a man-made flammable gas with a somewhat sweet odor when it is at very high levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Andersen Scientific is quite possibly the most environmentally friendly ethylene oxide contract sterilization facility in the world. (businesswire.com)
  • Ethylene oxide is industrially produced by oxidation of ethylene in the presence of a silver catalyst. (wikipedia.org)
  • Only in 1931 did French chemist Theodore Lefort develop a method of direct oxidation of ethylene in the presence of silver catalyst. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the process, in the presence of oxygen, an oxidation process occurs from ethylene. (topmarketusa.com)
  • Identify i, ii, iii, and iv in the process of direct oxidation of ethylene using following hints. (mocktestpro.in)
  • Which reagent is used as suppressing agent in direct oxidation of ethylene? (mocktestpro.in)
  • Explanation: Silver oxide or alumina (inert carrier) is used as catalyst in direct oxidation of ethylene. (mocktestpro.in)
  • Like all air pollutants, ethylene oxide disperses in the air, with the speed of dispersal depending on the strength of winds. (epa.gov)
  • Overexposure to ethylene oxide itself can cause health problems such as cancer, but there is no suggestion that using something that has been sterilised by ethylene oxide is harmful. (fullfact.org)
  • Last month, the State of California Department of Industrial Relations (DIR) announced that Cal/OSHA had issued 18 citations, including six citations for willful-serious violations, to a contract sterilization company in Los Angeles County for failing to protect its employees from overexposure to ethylene oxide (EtO). (latesting.com)
  • Increased salinity decreases the half-life of ethylene oxide (ATSDR 2020, EPA 2018). (cdc.gov)
  • A small percentage of ethylene oxide is used in the sterilization or fumigation of certain equipment (about 50% of all sterile medical devices), cosmetics, and food (ATSDR 2020, EPA 2018, NTP 2021). (cdc.gov)
  • Tobacco smoke contains 7 mg of ethylene oxide per cigarette (EPA 2018). (cdc.gov)
  • Health-care technicians can be exposed to short, concentrated bursts of the gas when the door of a sterilizing chamber is opened, unless the most modern ethylene oxide sterilizer is utilized to allow a continuous process from sterilization to aeration in the same chamber (ATSDR 2020, IARC 2018, NTP 2021). (cdc.gov)
  • On July 13, 1989, CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published Current Intelligence Bulletins (CIBs) on propylene oxide (1) and on ethylene oxide (2). (cdc.gov)
  • No epidemiologic data are available for the estimated 200,000 workers exposed to propylene oxide. (cdc.gov)
  • U.S. production of propylene oxide in 1980 was approximately 1.8 billion pounds. (cdc.gov)
  • There is limited evidence that Ethylene Oxide causes ï‚„ For each individual hazardous ingredient, read the New spontaneous abortions. (docslib.org)
  • Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet, available on the RTK ï‚„ Ethylene Oxide may damage the testes (male reproductive Program website glands). (docslib.org)
  • Small amounts of ethylene oxide are also produced when tobacco is burned. (cdc.gov)
  • Very small amounts of ethylene oxide can be found in nature. (cdc.gov)
  • Medical equipment or other items sterilized by ethylene oxide can also have very small amounts of ethylene oxide remaining many days after sterilization. (cdc.gov)
  • A small amount of the total ethylene oxide used in the United States is used to remove the threat of mold, bacteria, and insects from herbs and spices, but because it breaks up into the air, only very small amounts could remain on food, if at all. (cdc.gov)
  • Immediately flush with large amounts of water for at least 30 ï‚„ Ethylene Oxide may cause a skin allergy. (docslib.org)
  • Skin Contact ï‚„ Ethylene Oxide is FLAMMABLE and REACTIVE and a ï‚„ Quickly remove contaminated clothing. (docslib.org)
  • The reactivity that is responsible for many of ethylene oxide's hazards also makes it useful. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the authors of the new study caution that previous studies on ethylene oxide's reproductive toxicity have had limited sample sizes, these effects have been documented in peer-reviewed studies, some dating back to the 1980s. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Facilities that make, store, use or emit EtO - as well as chloroprene, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, ethylene dichloride or vinyl chloride - would be required to monitor air pollutant levels at the site's fenceline. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • 1]. A. Kowalska, and L. Manning, "Food Safety Governance and Guardianship: The Role of the Private Sector in Addressing the EU Ethylene Oxyde Incident," Foods, vol 11, no. 2, 2022. (gov.vn)
  • Address: https://www.bfr.bund.de/en/health_risk_of_ethylene_oxyde_in_food-299508.html [Access: 31/07/2022]. (gov.vn)
  • Ethylene oxyde in foods: current approach to the risk assessment and practical considerations based on the European food business operator perspective," European Food Research and Technology, vol. 248, pp. 1951-19588, 2022. (gov.vn)
  • The aim of the present study was designed to analyze the effects of different sterilization techniques, i.e. ethylene oxide (ETO), gamma radiation (GR) and hydrogen peroxide- based plasma (H2O2) in biodegradable PLA scaffolds, and to determine the best sterilization technique to render a sterile product with minimal degradation and deformation, and good tissue response. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ethylene oxide is highly effective as a sterilant gas where it can penetrate packaging (such as cardboard, shrink wrap, paper, and other wrappings) and destroy bacteria and viruses (ATSDR 2020). (cdc.gov)
  • The general population also may be exposed to ethylene oxide through first and second-hand smoking (ATSDR 2020). (cdc.gov)
  • In 1987, the state of California designated ethylene oxide as known to cause cancer under Proposition 65. (latesting.com)
  • Penalties in this case, totaling over $838,000, are certainly going to get the attention of companies in California that utilize ethylene oxide," said Michael Chapman, Laboratory Manager at LA Testing's Huntington Beach facility. (latesting.com)
  • Additionally, she has urged the AQMD to expand its investigation to include other facilities emitting ethylene oxide throughout Southern California. (venturaenvironmental.com)
  • Studies of nurses in South Africa , Finland and the US , and of dental assistants in California exposed to ethylene oxide have all found associations with miscarriage. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Orthopthalaldehyde (OPA), which was introduced as a less-toxic alternative to ethylene oxide and glutaraldehyde, is less extensively studied than the other commonly used medical sterilizing agents. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Occupational sources include factories where ethylene oxide is produced or used to make other chemicals, and facilities performing medical device sterilization or fumigation of foods, clothing, and cosmetics. (cdc.gov)
  • In conclusion, NO fumigation inhibited ethylene biosynthesis through inhibition of ACS and ACO activities leading to reduced ACC content in the fruit pulp which consequently, reduced the activities of fruit softening enzymes during ripening and cool storage. (edu.au)
  • Ethylene oxide is an organic compound with the formula C2H4O. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethylene Oxide (C2H4O) is a toxic and combustible gas that is a versatile compound primarily used to make chemicals that are further used to create products such as fabrics for clothes, carpets, upholstery, and pillows. (topmarketusa.com)
  • According to a senior toxicologist in a RealClearPolicy op-ed, the EPA draws unreasonable conclusions about the health risks of the ethylene oxide used to sterilize medical technology. (advamed.org)
  • It's estimated that ethylene oxide is used to sterilize over 20 billion medical devices per year to prevent infection. (healthline.com)
  • There are two key uses for ethylene oxide: 1) It is used to make other chemicals that produce many everyday products and 2) It is used to sterilize devices that can't be sterilized using steam, such as some medical and dental equipment. (epa.gov)
  • Ethylene Oxide is widely used in the medical industry to sterilize consumables or products. (abster.co.in)
  • Ethylene oxide (EtO) is used to sterilize more than half of all medical devices. (energynewswire.com)
  • 4]. J. Fowles, "Ethylene oxyde in the food supply: an assessment of health risks," Reviews in Food and Nutrition Toxicity, CRC Press, pp. 362-375, 2003. (gov.vn)
  • Workers who do routine sterilization of medical equipment in hospitals or other workplaces may be exposed to relatively high levels (higher than other workers) of ethylene oxide. (cdc.gov)
  • Workers exposed to high levels (generally tens of thousands of times higher than the general population is exposed to) of ethylene oxide in the air for short periods of time reported lung irritation. (cdc.gov)
  • Some studies of the highest exposed workers who were exposed to ethylene oxide over an average of 10 years or longer had higher risks of certain types of cancer, such as some blood cancers and breast cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • According to the EPA , studies have shown workers exposed to ethylene have higher rates of leukemia and lymphoma. (healthline.com)
  • However, the toxicity and long-term health effects of ethylene oxide have become a growing concern. (venturaenvironmental.com)
  • Can ethylene oxide cause cancer? (cdc.gov)
  • Keep reading to learn more about the link between ethylene oxide and cancer. (healthline.com)
  • What types of cancer has ethylene oxide been linked to? (healthline.com)
  • The recurring theme at a public hearing Thursday outlining planned improvements for a Waukegan facility that uses ethylene oxide was why a Willowbrook facility was shut down for using the cancer-causing gas but not one in Waukegan. (chicagotribune.com)
  • Lateral flow tests could cause cancer or damage DNA because the swabs used to collect a sample from the user are sterilised with ethylene oxide. (fullfact.org)
  • After its release in 2016, the TCEQ conducted a thorough scientific review of USEPA's ethylene oxide (EtO) cancer dose-response assessment. (texas.gov)
  • I would like to know how exactly ethylene oxide travels in the air/through the wind, and on average, what is the distance/range for which surrounding communities should be concerned of cancer risks as well? (epa.gov)
  • What kinds of cancer does ethylene oxide cause? (epa.gov)
  • RÉSUMÉ Afin d'atteindre les objectifs de santé fixés par le pays pour 2011-2016, une analyse qualitative de l'exposition aux facteurs de risque de cancer au Qatar a été conduite en 2013. (who.int)
  • Les risques de cancer les plus élevés pour les Qatariens proviendraient de facteurs associés aux modes de vie, en particulier l'obésité, la sédentarité et le tabagisme. (who.int)
  • Explanation: Ethylene and oxygen are compressed and sent into reactor along with catalyst and suppressing agent. (mocktestpro.in)
  • Explanation: Ethylene and oxygen are compressed and sent into a tubular fixed bed reactor since it is highly exothermic reaction along with catalyst and suppressing agent. (mocktestpro.in)
  • Release of ethylene oxide to the environment has decreased markedly since 1988 (NTP 2021). (cdc.gov)
  • Ethylene oxide is a surface disinfectant that is widely used in hospitals and the medical equipment industry to replace steam in the sterilization of heat-sensitive tools and equipment, such as disposable plastic syringes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Can I get a medical test to check for ethylene oxide? (cdc.gov)
  • There are medical tests that can show if you have been exposed to ethylene oxide, but these tests won't predict if you will have health problems. (cdc.gov)
  • Ethylene oxide sterilization ensures billions of pieces of medical technology are sterile for patients in every medical setting, in surgical procedures from c-sections to knee replacements. (advamed.org)
  • Each year in the U.S., ethylene oxide sterilizes 20 billion medical devices, which are critical to preventing serious, even life-threatening, infections. (advamed.org)
  • Ethylene oxide is also used as a pesticide and as a sterilizing agent for medical equipment that can't be sterilized with high-temperature steam. (healthline.com)
  • A small but important use of ethylene oxide is the sterilization of medical equipment, including the sterilization of personal protective equipment used by doctors and hospitals across the country. (americanchemistry.com)
  • Ethylene Oxide promotes health and well-being through its important use in the sterilization of medical equipment, including the sterilization of personal protective equipment used by doctors and hospitals across the country during the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. (americanchemistry.com)
  • The 3Mâ„¢ Attestâ„¢ Rapid Ethylene Oxide Biological Indicator, 1294-S, Green Cap, is designed for development, validation and routine monitoring of ethylene oxide (EO, EtO) sterilization processes used in the manufacturing of medical related products. (3m.com)
  • We have fact checked claims that ethylene oxide, a colourless gas used to sterilise medical equipment worldwide, makes lateral flow tests unsafe before . (fullfact.org)
  • The Ethylene Oxide (EO) Product Adoption Protocol documents the product adoption evaluation process, per TIR28:2016, conducted when adding new medical devices into an existing EO sterilization cycle that has been previously validated. (aplyon.com)
  • The Ethylene Oxide (EO) Sterilization Validation Procedure governs the requirements for the validation, revalidation, adoption, and routine sterilization of medical devices by EO gas in accordance with ISO 11135:2014. (aplyon.com)
  • Ethylene oxide is necessary to assure that some types of medical equipment are sterilized for safe use. (epa.gov)
  • Tough on microbes, ethylene oxide still treats most medical materials gently, even with repeated use. (abster.co.in)
  • In light of the growing concerns, the EPA has implemented new regulations for medical sterilization companies using ethylene oxide. (venturaenvironmental.com)
  • Although too dangerous for direct household use and generally unfamiliar to consumers, ethylene oxide is used for making many consumer products as well as non-consumer chemicals and intermediates. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ethylene oxide is a versatile and valuable compound that's used to help make countless everyday products . (americanchemistry.com)
  • The UK regulator, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), has previously confirmed to Full Fact that ethylene oxide is a highly controlled and safe method of sterilisation, which is assessed and evaluated throughout the sterilisation process to ensure it meets agreed safety standards. (fullfact.org)
  • Whether you're looking for Ethylene Gas, Ethylene Oxide Gas, Mango Ripening Gas etc, you can explore and find the best products from Tradeindia. (tradeindia.com)
  • Gaseous ethylene oxide sterilization" (1962). (cdc.gov)