The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.
Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors.
Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic.
A general class of ortho-dihydroxyphenylalkylamines derived from tyrosine.
A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.
Drugs that block nerve conduction when applied locally to nerve tissue in appropriate concentrations. They act on any part of the nervous system and on every type of nerve fiber. In contact with a nerve trunk, these anesthetics can cause both sensory and motor paralysis in the innervated area. Their action is completely reversible. (From Gilman AG, et. al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed) Nearly all local anesthetics act by reducing the tendency of voltage-dependent sodium channels to activate.
A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.
A range of methods used to reduce pain and anxiety during dental procedures.
Drugs that mimic the effects of stimulating postganglionic adrenergic sympathetic nerves. Included here are drugs that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors and drugs that act indirectly by provoking the release of adrenergic transmitters.
Investigations conducted on the physical health of teeth involving use of a tool that transmits hot or cold electric currents on a tooth's surface that can determine problems with that tooth based on reactions to the currents.
A methyltransferase that catalyzes the reaction of S-adenosyl-L-methionine and phenylethanolamine to yield S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine and N-methylphenylethanolamine. It can act on various phenylethanolamines and converts norepinephrine into epinephrine. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.1.1.28.
Drugs used to cause constriction of the blood vessels.
Cell-surface proteins that bind epinephrine and/or norepinephrine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes. The two major classes of adrenergic receptors, alpha and beta, were originally discriminated based on their cellular actions but now are distinguished by their relative affinity for characteristic synthetic ligands. Adrenergic receptors may also be classified according to the subtypes of G-proteins with which they bind; this scheme does not respect the alpha-beta distinction.
A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.
A racemic mixture of d-epinephrine and l-epinephrine.
A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511)
An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.
One of two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. The beta adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulating CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation, and GLYCOGENOLYSIS.
One of the two major pharmacological subdivisions of adrenergic receptors that were originally defined by the relative potencies of various adrenergic compounds. The alpha receptors were initially described as excitatory receptors that post-junctionally stimulate SMOOTH MUSCLE contraction. However, further analysis has revealed a more complex picture involving several alpha receptor subtypes and their involvement in feedback regulation.
Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.
A widely used local anesthetic agent.
A blocking of nerve conduction to a specific area by an injection of an anesthetic agent.
A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.
A branch of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The mandibular nerve carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication and sensory fibers to the teeth and gingivae, the face in the region of the mandible, and parts of the dura.
The artificial substitution of heart and lung action as indicated for HEART ARREST resulting from electric shock, DROWNING, respiratory arrest, or other causes. The two major components of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are artificial ventilation (RESPIRATION, ARTIFICIAL) and closed-chest CARDIAC MASSAGE.
The attachment of PLATELETS to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., THROMBIN; COLLAGEN) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a THROMBUS.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
A thiophene-containing local anesthetic pharmacologically similar to MEPIVACAINE.
A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
Drugs that selectively bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate alpha-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of endogenous or exogenous adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic alpha-antagonists are used in the treatment of hypertension, vasospasm, peripheral vascular disease, shock, and pheochromocytoma.
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.
Interruption of NEURAL CONDUCTION in peripheral nerves or nerve trunks by the injection of a local anesthetic agent (e.g., LIDOCAINE; PHENOL; BOTULINUM TOXINS) to manage or treat pain.
Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.
Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine.
Procedure in which an anesthetic is injected into the epidural space.
Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation.
A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168)
Glucose in blood.
Antidiuretic hormones released by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS of all vertebrates (structure varies with species) to regulate water balance and OSMOLARITY. In general, vasopressin is a nonapeptide consisting of a six-amino-acid ring with a cysteine 1 to cysteine 6 disulfide bridge or an octapeptide containing a CYSTINE. All mammals have arginine vasopressin except the pig with a lysine at position 8. Vasopressin, a vasoconstrictor, acts on the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCTS to increase water reabsorption, increase blood volume and blood pressure.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.
The inner portion of the adrenal gland. Derived from ECTODERM, adrenal medulla consists mainly of CHROMAFFIN CELLS that produces and stores a number of NEUROTRANSMITTERS, mainly adrenaline (EPINEPHRINE) and NOREPINEPHRINE. The activity of the adrenal medulla is regulated by the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The main glucocorticoid secreted by the ADRENAL CORTEX. Its synthetic counterpart is used, either as an injection or topically, in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, collagen diseases, asthma, adrenocortical deficiency, shock, and some neoplastic conditions.
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.
The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.
FATTY ACIDS found in the plasma that are complexed with SERUM ALBUMIN for transport. These fatty acids are not in glycerol ester form.
A nonflammable, halogenated, hydrocarbon anesthetic that provides relatively rapid induction with little or no excitement. Analgesia may not be adequate. NITROUS OXIDE is often given concomitantly. Because halothane may not produce sufficient muscle relaxation, supplemental neuromuscular blocking agents may be required. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p178)
A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
LIPOLYSIS of stored LIPIDS in the ADIPOSE TISSUE to release FREE FATTY ACIDS. Mobilization of stored lipids is under the regulation of lipolytic signals (CATECHOLAMINES) or anti-lipolytic signals (INSULIN) via their actions on the hormone-sensitive LIPASE. This concept does not include lipid transport.
A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.
A subclass of beta-adrenergic receptors (RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC, BETA). The adrenergic beta-2 receptors are more sensitive to EPINEPHRINE than to NOREPINEPHRINE and have a high affinity for the agonist TERBUTALINE. They are widespread, with clinically important roles in SKELETAL MUSCLE; LIVER; and vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary SMOOTH MUSCLE.
The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system.
Technique for treating DEHYDRATION and WATER-ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE by subcutaneous infusion of REHYDRATION SOLUTIONS.
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.
Introduction of substances into the body using a needle and syringe.
The metabolic process of breaking down LIPIDS to release FREE FATTY ACIDS, the major oxidative fuel for the body. Lipolysis may involve dietary lipids in the DIGESTIVE TRACT, circulating lipids in the BLOOD, and stored lipids in the ADIPOSE TISSUE or the LIVER. A number of enzymes are involved in such lipid hydrolysis, such as LIPASE and LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE from various tissues.
A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.
Drugs that act on adrenergic receptors or affect the life cycle of adrenergic transmitters. Included here are adrenergic agonists and antagonists and agents that affect the synthesis, storage, uptake, metabolism, or release of adrenergic transmitters.
Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.
A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Absence of crystalline lens totally or partially from field of vision, from any cause except after cataract extraction. Aphakia is mainly congenital or as result of LENS DISLOCATION AND SUBLUXATION.
Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose serving as the primary form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria, stored mainly in liver and muscle tissues. (Two sentences combined as per your request)
An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.
The intermediate sensory division of the trigeminal (5th cranial) nerve. The maxillary nerve carries general afferents from the intermediate region of the face including the lower eyelid, nose and upper lip, the maxillary teeth, and parts of the dura.
An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of CYCLIC AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1.
One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.
A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.
An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.
Drugs that inhibit the actions of the sympathetic nervous system by any mechanism. The most common of these are the ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS and drugs that deplete norepinephrine or reduce the release of transmitters from adrenergic postganglionic terminals (see ADRENERGIC AGENTS). Drugs that act in the central nervous system to reduce sympathetic activity (e.g., centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists, see ADRENERGIC ALPHA-AGONISTS) are included here.
Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.
A methyl xanthine derivative from tea with diuretic, smooth muscle relaxant, bronchial dilation, cardiac and central nervous system stimulant activities. Theophylline inhibits the 3',5'-CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE that degrades CYCLIC AMP thus potentiates the actions of agents that act through ADENYLYL CYCLASES and cyclic AMP.
A subclass of alpha-adrenergic receptors found on both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes where they signal through Gi-Go G-PROTEINS. While postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors play a traditional role in mediating the effects of ADRENERGIC AGONISTS, the subset of alpha-2 receptors found on presynaptic membranes signal the feedback inhibition of NEUROTRANSMITTER release.
An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.
The clear, watery fluid which fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It has a refractive index lower than the crystalline lens, which it surrounds, and is involved in the metabolism of the cornea and the crystalline lens. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed, p319)
The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.
A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.
A beta-adrenergic antagonist similar in action to PROPRANOLOL. The levo-isomer is the more active. Timolol has been proposed as an antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic, antiangina, and antiglaucoma agent. It is also used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS and tremor.
A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of dopamine to norepinephrine, a crucial step in the synthesis of catecholamines within the adrenal glands and central nervous system.
Bleeding from a PEPTIC ULCER that can be located in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.

Hierarchy of ventricular pacemakers. (1/4955)

To characterize the pattern of pacemaker dominance in the ventricular specialized conduction system (VSCS), escape ventricular pacemakers were localized and quantified in vivo and in virto, in normal hearts and in hearts 24 hours after myocardial infarction. Excape pacemaker foci were localized in vivo during vagally induced atrial arrest by means of electrograms recorded from the His bundle and proximal bundle branches and standard electrocardiographic limb leads. The VSCS was isolated using a modified Elizari preparation or preparations of each bundle branch. Peacemakers were located by extra- and intracellular recordings. Escape pacemaker foci in vivo were always in the proximal conduction system, usually the left bundle branch. The rate was 43+/-11 (mean+/-SD) beats/min. After beta-adrenergic blockade, the mean rate fell to 31+/-10 beats/min, but there were no shifts in pacemaker location. In the infarcted hearts, pacemakers were located in the peripheral left bundle branch. The mean rate was 146+/-20 beats/min. In isolated normal preparations, the dominant pacemakers usually were in the His bundle, firing at a mean rate of 43+/-10 beats/min. The rates of pacemakers diminished with distal progression. In infarcted hearts, the pacemakers invariably were in the infarct zone. The mean firing rates were not influenced by beta-adrenergic blockade. The results indicate that the dominant pacemakers are normally in the very proximal VSCS, but after myocardial infarction pacemaker dominance is shifted into the infarct. Distribution of pacemaker dominance is independent of sympathetic influence.  (+info)

Allyl-containing sulfides in garlic increase uncoupling protein content in brown adipose tissue, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats. (2/4955)

The effects of garlic supplementation on triglyceride metabolism were investigated by measurements of the degree of thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion in rats fed two types of dietary fat. In Experiment 1, rats were given isoenergetic high-fat diets containing either shortening or lard with or without garlic powder supplementation (8 g/kg of diet). After 28 d feeding, body weight, plasma triglyceride levels and the weights of perirenal adipose tissue and epididymal fat pad were significantly lower in rats fed diets supplemented with garlic powder than in those fed diets without garlic powder. The content of mitochondrial protein and uncoupling protein (UCP) in IBAT, and urinary noradrenaline and adrenaline excretion were significantly greater in rats fed a lard diet with garlic powder than in those fed the same diet without garlic. Other than adrenaline secretion, differences due to garlic were significant in rats fed shortening, also. In Experiment 2, the effects of various allyl-containing sulfides present in garlic on noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion were evaluated. Administration of diallyldisulfide, diallyltrisulfide and alliin, organosulfur compounds present in garlic, significantly increased plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations, whereas the administration of disulfides without allyl residues, diallylmonosulfide and S-allyl-L-cysteine did not increase adrenaline secretion. These results suggest that in rats, allyl-containing sulfides in garlic enhance thermogenesis by increasing UCP content in IBAT, and noradrenaline and adrenaline secretion.  (+info)

Further studies on the mechanism of adrenaline-induced lipolysis in lipid micelles. (3/4955)

Lipase [EC 3.1.1.3] depleted lipid micelles, in which lipolysis was not elicited by adrenaline, were prepared from lipid micelles. When these lipase-depleted lipid micelles incubated with adipose tissue extract containing lipase activity, adrenaline-induced lipolysis was restored to almost the same level as that of native lipid micelles. Adrenaline-induced lipolysis was not restored when the lipase-depleted lipid micelles were homogenized or sonicated. Various tissue extracts from kidney, lung, liver, and pancreas, and post-heparin plasma, which contained lipase activity, restored adrenaline-induced lipolysis in lipase-depleted lipid micelles.  (+info)

Lipolytic action of cholera toxin on fat cells. Re-examination of the concept implicating GM1 ganglioside as the native membrane receptor. (4/4955)

The possible role of galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-[N-acetylneuraminyl]-galactosylglucosylceramide (GM1) ganglioside in the lipolytic activity of cholera toxin on isolated fat cells has been examined. Analyses of the ganglioside content and composition of intact fat cells, their membranous ghosts, and the total particulate fraction of these cells indicate that N-acetylneuraminylgalactosylglucosylceramide (GM3) represents the major ganglioside, with substantial amounts of N-acetylgalactosaminyl-[N-acetylneuraminyl]-galactosylglucosylceramide (GM2) and smaller amounts of other higher homologues also present. Native GM1 was not detected in any of these preparations. Examination of the relative capacities of various exogenously added radiolabeled sphingolipids to bind to the cells indicated that GM2 and glucosylsphingosine were accumulated by the cells to extents comparable to GM1. Galactosylsphingosine and sulfatide also exhibited significant, although lesser, binding affinities for the cells. The adipocytes appeared to nonspecifically bind exogenously added GM1; saturation of binding sites for GM1 could not be observed up to the highest concentration tested (2 X 10(-4) M), wherein about 7 X 10(9) molecules were associated with the cells. Essentially all of this exogenously added GM1 was found bound to the plasma membrane "ghost" fraction. Investigation of the biological responses of the cells confirmed their sensitivities to both cholera toxin and epinephrine-stimulated lipolysis, as well as the lag period displayed during the toxin's action. While we could confirm that the toxin's lipolytic activity can be enhanced by prior treatment of the fat cells with GM1, several of the observed characteristics of this phenomenon differ from earlier reported findings. Accordingly, added GM1 was able to enhance only the subsequent rate, but not the extent, of toxin-stimulated glycerol release (lipolysis) from the cells. We also were unable to confirm the ability of GM1 to enhance the toxin's activity at either saturating or at low toxin concentrations. The limited ability of added GM1 to enhance the toxin's activity appeared in a unique bell-shaped dose-response manner. The inability of high levels of GM1 to stimulate a dose of toxin that was ineffective on native cells suggests that the earlier reported ability of crude brain gangliosides to accomplish this was due to some component other than GM1 in the crude extract. While several glycosphingolipids and some other carbohydrate-containing substances that were tested lacked the ability to mimic the enhancing effect of GM1, 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactoside exhibited an effect similar to, although less pronounced than, that of GM1. The findings in these studies are unable to lend support to the earlier hypothesis that (a) GM1 is cholera toxin's naturally occurring membrane receptor on native fat cells, and (b) the ability of exogenously added GM1 to enhance the toxin's lipolytic activity represents the specific creation of additional natural receptors on adipocytes...  (+info)

Adrenoreceptors of the guinea-pig urinary bladder. (5/4955)

1 Adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline (5 mug/ml) did not affect the resting tone of the isolated urinary bladder of the guinea-pig. 2 The catecholamines (1-2 mug/ml) inhibited neuronally evoked contractions at various stimulation frequencies; the inhibition was maximum at 2 Hz and minimum at 50 Hz. Isoprenaline produced maximum inhibition. 3 Propranolol (0.5 mug/ml) completely blocked the catecholamine-induced inhibition at all the frequencies employed. The concentration-response curves of isoprenaline at 2, 10 and 50 Hz were characteristically shifted by propranolol (50 ng/ml). Phenoxybenzamine (0.2 mug/ml) was totally ineffective. 4 In some experiments adrenaline significantly raised the tone of the bladder exposed to propranolol; this effect could be blocked by phenoxybenzamine. 5 Acetylcholine-induced bladder contractions were inhibited by adrenaline (2 mug/ml); the inhibition was completely blocked by propranolol (0.5 mug/ml). 6 The results indicate the presence of an inhibitory beta-adrenoceptor and suggest the possibility of an excitatory alpha-adrenoceptor in guinea-pig urinary bladder.  (+info)

A possible mode of cardiovascular actions of dopamine in dogs. (6/4955)

A possible mode of cardiovascular actions of dopamine was studied using ephedrine. In the dog pretreated with repeated administrations of ephedrine (total dose, 40 or 80 mg/kg, i.v.) or with combined administrations of ephedrine (total dose, 90 mg/kg, s.c. and i.v.) and reserpine (2 mg/kg, s.c., 24 hr previously), pressor responses to dopamine were eliminated and reversed to depressor responses whereas depressor responses to dopamine were potentiated. Positive chronotropic effects of dopamine were almost eliminated. Pressor and positive chronotropic effects of tyramine were almost abolished. Sympathomimetic effect of noradrenaline and adrenaline were potentiated while those of isoprenaline were inhibited. In the heart-lung preparation of ephedrine-treated dogs (total dose, 40 mg/kg, i.v.), cardiac stimulating effects of dopamine and tyramine were strongly depressed, and those of noradrenaline, adrenaline and isoprenaline were reduced to some extent. In the open-chest dogs, after pretreatment of cocaine (4 mg/kg, i.v.), pressor, positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of noradrenaline were potentiated, whilst those of tyramine were inhibited. Those of dopamine were not visibly altered, but depressor, negative chronotropic and inotropic effects of dopamine appeared at small doses. In the ephedrine-pretreated dogs, these sympathomimetic effects of dopamine and tyramine after cocaine were strongly depressed and those of noradrenaline were inhibited to a certain degree. The results obtained with ephedrine suggest that dopamine differs from other catecholamines and tyramine in the mode of cardiovascular actions.  (+info)

alpha-adrenergic stimulation mediates glucose uptake through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in rat heart. (7/4955)

We examined whether insulin and catecholamines share common pathways for their stimulating effects on glucose uptake. We perfused isolated working rat hearts with Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing [2-3H]glucose (5 mmol/L, 0.05 microCi/mL) and sodium oleate (0.4 mmol/L). In the absence or presence of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor wortmannin (3 micromol/L), we added insulin (1 mU/mL), epinephrine (1 micromol/L), phenylephrine (100 micromol/L) plus propranolol (10 micromol/L, selective alpha-adrenergic stimulation), or isoproterenol (1 micromol/L) plus phentolamine (10 micromol/L, selective beta-adrenergic stimulation) to the perfusate. Cardiac power was found to be stable in all groups (between 8.07+/-0.68 and 10.7+/-0. 88 mW) and increased (25% to 47%) with addition of epinephrine, but not with selective alpha- and beta-adrenergic stimulation. Insulin and epinephrine, as well as selective alpha- and beta-receptor stimulation, increased glucose uptake (the following values are in micromol/[min. g dry weight]: basal, 1.19+/-0.13; insulin, 3.89+/-0.36; epinephrine, 3.46+/-0.27; alpha-stimulation, 4.08+/-0.40; and beta-stimulation, 3.72+/-0.34). Wortmannin completely inhibited insulin-stimulated and selective alpha-stimulated glucose uptake, but it did not affect the epinephrine-stimulated or selective beta-stimulated glucose uptake. Sequential addition of insulin and epinephrine or insulin and alpha-selective stimulation showed additive effects on glucose uptake in both cases. Wortmannin further blocked the effects of insulin on glycogen synthesis. We conclude that alpha-adrenergic stimulation mediates glucose uptake in rat heart through a PI3-K-dependent pathway. However, the additive effects of alpha-adrenergic stimulation and insulin suggest 2 different isoforms of PI3-K, compartmentation of PI3-K, potentiation, or inhibition by wortmannin of another intermediate of the alpha-adrenergic signaling cascade. The stimulating effects of both the alpha- and the beta-adrenergic pathways on glucose uptake are independent of changes in cardiac performance.  (+info)

Lactate kinetics at rest and during exercise in lambs with aortopulmonary shunts. (8/4955)

In a previous study [G. C. M. Beaufort-Krol, J. Takens, M. C. Molenkamp, G. B. Smid, J. J. Meuzelaar, W. G. Zijlstra, and J. R. G. Kuipers. Am. J. Physiol. 275 (Heart Circ. Physiol. 44): H1503-H1512, 1998], a lower systemic O2 supply was found in lambs with aortopulmonary left-to-right shunts. To determine whether the lower systemic O2 supply results in increased anaerobic metabolism, we used [1-13C]lactate to investigate lactate kinetics in eight 7-wk-old lambs with shunts and eight control lambs, at rest and during moderate exercise [treadmill; 50% of peak O2 consumption (VO2)]. The mean left-to-right shunt fraction in the shunt lambs was 55 +/- 3% of pulmonary blood flow. Arterial lactate concentrations and the rate of appearance (Ra) and disappearance (Rd) of lactate were similar in shunt and control lambs, both at rest (lactate: 1, 201 +/- 76 vs. 1,214 +/- 151 micromol/l; Ra = Rd: 12.97 +/- 1.71 vs. 12.55 +/- 1.25 micromol. min-1. kg-1) and during a similar relative workload. We found a positive correlation between Ra and systemic blood flow, O2 supply, and VO2 in both groups of lambs. In conclusion, shunt lambs have similar lactate kinetics as do control lambs, both at rest and during moderate exercise at a similar fraction of their peak VO2, despite a lower systemic O2 supply.  (+info)

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and a neurotransmitter that is produced in the body. It is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress or excitement, and it prepares the body for the "fight or flight" response. Epinephrine works by binding to specific receptors in the body, which causes a variety of physiological effects, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, improved muscle strength and alertness, and narrowing of the blood vessels in the skin and intestines. It is also used as a medication to treat various medical conditions, such as anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction), cardiac arrest, and low blood pressure.

Adrenergic agonists are medications or substances that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors, which are a type of receptor in the body that respond to neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and epinephrine (also known as adrenaline).

There are two main types of adrenergic receptors: alpha and beta receptors. Alpha-adrenergic agonists activate alpha receptors, while beta-adrenergic agonists activate beta receptors. These medications can have a variety of effects on the body, depending on which type of receptor they act on.

Alpha-adrenergic agonists are often used to treat conditions such as nasal congestion, glaucoma, and low blood pressure. Examples include phenylephrine, oxymetazoline, and clonidine.

Beta-adrenergic agonists are commonly used to treat respiratory conditions such as asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). They work by relaxing the smooth muscle in the airways, which makes it easier to breathe. Examples include albuterol, salmeterol, and formoterol.

It's important to note that adrenergic agonists can have both desired and undesired effects on the body. They should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional, who can monitor their effectiveness and potential side effects.

Norepinephrine, also known as noradrenaline, is a neurotransmitter and a hormone that is primarily produced in the adrenal glands and is released into the bloodstream in response to stress or physical activity. It plays a crucial role in the "fight-or-flight" response by preparing the body for action through increasing heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and glucose availability.

As a neurotransmitter, norepinephrine is involved in regulating various functions of the nervous system, including attention, perception, motivation, and arousal. It also plays a role in modulating pain perception and responding to stressful or emotional situations.

In medical settings, norepinephrine is used as a vasopressor medication to treat hypotension (low blood pressure) that can occur during septic shock, anesthesia, or other critical illnesses. It works by constricting blood vessels and increasing heart rate, which helps to improve blood pressure and perfusion of vital organs.

Catecholamines are a group of hormones and neurotransmitters that are derived from the amino acid tyrosine. The most well-known catecholamines are dopamine, norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline), and epinephrine (also known as adrenaline). These hormones are produced by the adrenal glands and are released into the bloodstream in response to stress. They play important roles in the "fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness. In addition to their role as hormones, catecholamines also function as neurotransmitters, transmitting signals in the nervous system. Disorders of catecholamine regulation can lead to a variety of medical conditions, including hypertension, mood disorders, and neurological disorders.

Lidocaine is a type of local anesthetic that numbs painful areas and is used to prevent pain during certain medical procedures. It works by blocking the nerves that transmit pain signals to the brain. In addition to its use as an anesthetic, lidocaine can also be used to treat irregular heart rates and relieve itching caused by allergic reactions or skin conditions such as eczema.

Lidocaine is available in various forms, including creams, gels, ointments, sprays, solutions, and injectable preparations. It can be applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes, or it can be administered by injection into a muscle or vein. The specific dosage and method of administration will depend on the reason for its use and the individual patient's medical history and current health status.

Like all medications, lidocaine can have side effects, including allergic reactions, numbness that lasts too long, and in rare cases, heart problems or seizures. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider carefully when using lidocaine to minimize the risk of adverse effects.

Local anesthetics are a type of medication that is used to block the sensation of pain in a specific area of the body. They work by temporarily numbing the nerves in that area, preventing them from transmitting pain signals to the brain. Local anesthetics can be administered through various routes, including topical application (such as creams or gels), injection (such as into the skin or tissues), or regional nerve blocks (such as epidural or spinal anesthesia).

Some common examples of local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine. These medications can be used for a variety of medical procedures, ranging from minor surgeries (such as dental work or skin biopsies) to more major surgeries (such as joint replacements or hernia repairs).

Local anesthetics are generally considered safe when used appropriately, but they can have side effects and potential complications. These may include allergic reactions, toxicity (if too much is administered), and nerve damage (if the medication is injected into a nerve). It's important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using local anesthetics, and to report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.

Propranolol is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called beta blockers. Medically, it is defined as a non-selective beta blocker, which means it blocks the effects of both epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) on the heart and other organs. These effects include reducing heart rate, contractility, and conduction velocity, leading to decreased oxygen demand by the myocardium. Propranolol is used in the management of various conditions such as hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, essential tremor, anxiety disorders, and infants with congenital heart defects. It may also be used to prevent migraines and reduce the risk of future heart attacks. As with any medication, it should be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider due to potential side effects and contraindications.

Dental anesthesia is a type of local or regional anesthesia that is specifically used in dental procedures to block the transmission of pain impulses from the teeth and surrounding tissues to the brain. The most common types of dental anesthesia include:

1. Local anesthesia: This involves the injection of a local anesthetic drug, such as lidocaine or prilocaine, into the gum tissue near the tooth that is being treated. This numbs the area and prevents the patient from feeling pain during the procedure.
2. Conscious sedation: This is a type of minimal sedation that is used to help patients relax during dental procedures. The patient remains conscious and can communicate with the dentist, but may not remember the details of the procedure. Common methods of conscious sedation include nitrous oxide (laughing gas) or oral sedatives.
3. Deep sedation or general anesthesia: This is rarely used in dental procedures, but may be necessary for patients who are extremely anxious or have special needs. It involves the administration of drugs that cause a state of unconsciousness and prevent the patient from feeling pain during the procedure.

Dental anesthesia is generally safe when administered by a qualified dentist or oral surgeon. However, as with any medical procedure, there are risks involved, including allergic reactions to the anesthetic drugs, nerve damage, and infection. Patients should discuss any concerns they have with their dentist before undergoing dental anesthesia.

Sympathomimetic drugs are substances that mimic or stimulate the actions of the sympathetic nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system is one of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, which regulates various automatic physiological functions in the body. The sympathetic nervous system's primary function is to prepare the body for the "fight-or-flight" response, which includes increasing heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and metabolism while decreasing digestive activity.

Sympathomimetic drugs can exert their effects through various mechanisms, including directly stimulating adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta receptors) or indirectly causing the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine from nerve endings. These drugs are used in various clinical settings to treat conditions such as asthma, nasal congestion, low blood pressure, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Examples of sympathomimetic drugs include epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, albuterol, pseudoephedrine, and methylphenidate.

It is important to note that sympathomimetic drugs can also have adverse effects, particularly when used in high doses or in individuals with certain medical conditions. These adverse effects may include anxiety, tremors, palpitations, hypertension, arrhythmias, and seizures. Therefore, these medications should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

A dental pulp test is a medical procedure used to determine if the pulp of a tooth is alive or dead. The pulp is the soft tissue inside the tooth that contains nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue. There are several types of dental pulp tests, including:

1. Cold Test: This involves applying a cold stimulus to the tooth using a substance such as ice or a cold spray. A healthy pulp will respond to the cold by causing a brief, sharp pain. If the pulp is dead or damaged, there will be no response to the cold.
2. Heat Test: This involves applying a heat stimulus to the tooth using a hot substance such as gutta-percha or a hot water bath. A healthy pulp will respond to the heat by causing a brief, sharp pain. If the pulp is dead or damaged, there will be no response to the heat.
3. Electric Pulp Test: This involves applying a low-level electrical current to the tooth. A healthy pulp will respond to the electrical current by causing a tingling or buzzing sensation. If the pulp is dead or damaged, there will be no response to the electrical current.

The results of these tests can help dental professionals determine if a tooth needs root canal treatment or if it can be saved with other treatments.

Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase (PNMT) is a enzyme that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of epinephrine (also known as adrenaline). It catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to the nitrogen atom of the amine group of normetanephrine, resulting in the formation of epinephrine.

PNMT is primarily found in the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, where it is responsible for the final step in the biosynthesis of epinephrine. The activity of PNMT is regulated by several factors, including glucocorticoids, which increase its expression and activity, leading to an elevation in epinephrine levels.

Epinephrine is a hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in the body's response to stress, preparing it for the "fight or flight" response by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration, among other effects.

Vasoconstrictor agents are substances that cause the narrowing of blood vessels by constricting the smooth muscle in their walls. This leads to an increase in blood pressure and a decrease in blood flow. They work by activating the sympathetic nervous system, which triggers the release of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and epinephrine that bind to alpha-adrenergic receptors on the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessel walls, causing them to contract.

Vasoconstrictor agents are used medically for a variety of purposes, including:

* Treating hypotension (low blood pressure)
* Controlling bleeding during surgery or childbirth
* Relieving symptoms of nasal congestion in conditions such as the common cold or allergies

Examples of vasoconstrictor agents include phenylephrine, oxymetazoline, and epinephrine. It's important to note that prolonged use or excessive doses of vasoconstrictor agents can lead to rebound congestion and other adverse effects, so they should be used with caution and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Adrenergic receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor that bind and respond to catecholamines, which include the neurotransmitters norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline). These receptors play a crucial role in the body's "fight or flight" response and are involved in regulating various physiological functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and metabolism.

There are nine different subtypes of adrenergic receptors, which are classified into two main groups based on their pharmacological properties: alpha (α) and beta (β) receptors. Alpha receptors are further divided into two subgroups, α1 and α2, while beta receptors are divided into three subgroups, β1, β2, and β3. Each subtype has a unique distribution in the body and mediates distinct physiological responses.

Activation of adrenergic receptors occurs when catecholamines bind to their specific binding sites on the receptor protein. This binding triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to changes in cell function. Different subtypes of adrenergic receptors activate different G proteins and downstream signaling pathways, resulting in diverse physiological responses.

In summary, adrenergic receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that bind catecholamines and mediate various physiological functions. Understanding the function and regulation of these receptors is essential for developing therapeutic strategies to treat a range of medical conditions, including hypertension, heart failure, asthma, and anxiety disorders.

Phentolamine is a non-selective alpha-blocker drug, which means it blocks both alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors. It works by relaxing the muscle around blood vessels, which increases blood flow and lowers blood pressure. Phentolamine is used medically for various purposes, including the treatment of high blood pressure, the diagnosis and treatment of pheochromocytoma (a tumor that releases hormones causing high blood pressure), and as an antidote to prevent severe hypertension caused by certain medications or substances. It may also be used in diagnostic tests to determine if a patient's blood pressure is reactive to drugs, and it can be used during some surgical procedures to help lower the risk of hypertensive crises.

Phentolamine is available in two forms: an injectable solution and oral tablets. The injectable form is typically administered by healthcare professionals in a clinical setting, while the oral tablets are less commonly used due to their short duration of action and potential for causing severe drops in blood pressure. As with any medication, phentolamine should be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider, and patients should follow their doctor's instructions carefully to minimize the risk of side effects and ensure the drug's effectiveness.

Racepinephrine is not typically referred to as a "race" in the medical context, but rather as a form of epinephrine (also known as adrenaline). Racepinephrine is the optical isomer of epinephrine, meaning that it is a molecule with the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space.

Racepinephrine is a naturally occurring catecholamine, a type of neurotransmitter and hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands and is involved in the "fight or flight" response. It is also used as a medication, typically in the form of the racemic mixture of epinephrine, which contains equal amounts of both isomers (R- and S-epinephrine).

Racepinephrine has similar effects to epinephrine, including increasing heart rate and blood pressure, improving respiratory function, and enhancing mental alertness. It is used in the treatment of anaphylaxis, cardiac arrest, and other emergency situations where rapid restoration of cardiovascular function is necessary.

It's important to note that while racepinephrine and epinephrine have similar effects, they are not identical and may have different therapeutic uses and potential side effects.

Glucagon is a hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas. Its main function is to regulate glucose levels in the blood by stimulating the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which can then be released into the bloodstream. This process helps to raise blood sugar levels when they are too low, such as during hypoglycemia.

Glucagon is a 29-amino acid polypeptide that is derived from the preproglucagon protein. It works by binding to glucagon receptors on liver cells, which triggers a series of intracellular signaling events that lead to the activation of enzymes involved in glycogen breakdown.

In addition to its role in glucose regulation, glucagon has also been shown to have other physiological effects, such as promoting lipolysis (the breakdown of fat) and inhibiting gastric acid secretion. Glucagon is often used clinically in the treatment of hypoglycemia, as well as in diagnostic tests to assess pancreatic function.

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening systemic allergic reaction that occurs suddenly after exposure to an allergen (a substance that triggers an allergic reaction) to which the person has previously been sensitized. The symptoms of anaphylaxis include rapid onset of symptoms such as itching, hives, swelling of the throat and tongue, difficulty breathing, wheezing, cough, chest tightness, rapid heartbeat, hypotension (low blood pressure), shock, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness and death. Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment with epinephrine (adrenaline) and other supportive measures to stabilize the patient's condition.

Adrenergic receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds and responds to catecholamines, such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Beta adrenergic receptors (β-adrenergic receptors) are a subtype of adrenergic receptors that include three distinct subclasses: β1, β2, and β3. These receptors are widely distributed throughout the body and play important roles in various physiological functions, including cardiovascular regulation, bronchodilation, lipolysis, and glucose metabolism.

β1-adrenergic receptors are primarily located in the heart and regulate cardiac contractility, chronotropy (heart rate), and relaxation. β2-adrenergic receptors are found in various tissues, including the lungs, vascular smooth muscle, liver, and skeletal muscle. They mediate bronchodilation, vasodilation, glycogenolysis, and lipolysis. β3-adrenergic receptors are mainly expressed in adipose tissue, where they stimulate lipolysis and thermogenesis.

Agonists of β-adrenergic receptors include catecholamines like epinephrine and norepinephrine, as well as synthetic drugs such as dobutamine (a β1-selective agonist) and albuterol (a non-selective β2-agonist). Antagonists of β-adrenergic receptors are commonly used in the treatment of various conditions, including hypertension, angina pectoris, heart failure, and asthma. Examples of β-blockers include metoprolol (a β1-selective antagonist) and carvedilol (a non-selective β-blocker with additional α1-adrenergic receptor blocking activity).

Adrenergic receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor that bind and respond to catecholamines, such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Alpha adrenergic receptors (α-ARs) are a subtype of adrenergic receptors that are classified into two main categories: α1-ARs and α2-ARs.

The activation of α1-ARs leads to the activation of phospholipase C, which results in an increase in intracellular calcium levels and the activation of various signaling pathways that mediate diverse physiological responses such as vasoconstriction, smooth muscle contraction, and cell proliferation.

On the other hand, α2-ARs are primarily located on presynaptic nerve terminals where they function to inhibit the release of neurotransmitters, including norepinephrine. The activation of α2-ARs also leads to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a decrease in intracellular cAMP levels, which can mediate various physiological responses such as sedation, analgesia, and hypotension.

Overall, α-ARs play important roles in regulating various physiological functions, including cardiovascular function, mood, and cognition, and are also involved in the pathophysiology of several diseases, such as hypertension, heart failure, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Adrenergic alpha-agonists are a type of medication that binds to and activates adrenergic alpha receptors, which are found in the nervous system and other tissues throughout the body. These receptors are activated naturally by chemicals called catecholamines, such as norepinephrine and epinephrine (also known as adrenaline), that are released in response to stress or excitement.

When adrenergic alpha-agonists bind to these receptors, they mimic the effects of catecholamines and cause various physiological responses, such as vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels), increased heart rate and force of heart contractions, and relaxation of smooth muscle in the airways.

Adrenergic alpha-agonists are used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including hypertension (high blood pressure), glaucoma, nasal congestion, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Examples of adrenergic alpha-agonists include phenylephrine, clonidine, and guanfacine.

It's important to note that adrenergic alpha-agonists can have both beneficial and harmful effects, depending on the specific medication, dosage, and individual patient factors. Therefore, they should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Bupivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic drug, which is used to cause numbness or loss of feeling in a specific area of the body during certain medical procedures such as surgery, dental work, or childbirth. It works by blocking the nerves that transmit pain signals to the brain.

Bupivacaine is available as a solution for injection and is usually administered directly into the tissue surrounding the nerve to be blocked (nerve block) or into the spinal fluid (epidural). The onset of action of bupivacaine is relatively slow, but its duration of action is long, making it suitable for procedures that require prolonged pain relief.

Like all local anesthetics, bupivacaine carries a risk of side effects such as allergic reactions, nerve damage, and systemic toxicity if accidentally injected into a blood vessel or given in excessive doses. It should be used with caution in patients with certain medical conditions, including heart disease, liver disease, and neurological disorders.

Local anesthesia is a type of anesthesia that numbs a specific area of the body, blocking pain signals from that particular region while allowing the person to remain conscious and alert. It is typically achieved through the injection or application of a local anesthetic drug, which works by temporarily inhibiting the function of nerve fibers carrying pain sensations. Common examples of local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine, and bupivacaine.

Local anesthesia is commonly used for minor surgical procedures, dental work, or other medical interventions where only a small area needs to be numbed. It can also be employed as part of a combined anesthetic technique, such as in conjunction with sedation or regional anesthesia, to provide additional pain relief and increase patient comfort during more extensive surgeries.

The duration of local anesthesia varies depending on the type and dosage of the anesthetic agent used; some last for just a few hours, while others may provide numbness for up to several days. Overall, local anesthesia is considered a safe and effective method for managing pain during various medical procedures.

Hypoglycemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Generally, hypoglycemia is defined as a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L), although symptoms may not occur until the blood sugar level falls below 55 mg/dL (3.0 mmol/L).

Hypoglycemia can occur in people with diabetes who are taking insulin or medications that increase insulin production, as well as those with certain medical conditions such as hormone deficiencies, severe liver illnesses, or disorders of the adrenal glands. Symptoms of hypoglycemia include sweating, shaking, confusion, rapid heartbeat, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness or seizures.

Hypoglycemia is typically treated by consuming fast-acting carbohydrates such as fruit juice, candy, or glucose tablets to rapidly raise blood sugar levels. If left untreated, hypoglycemia can lead to serious complications, including brain damage and even death.

The mandibular nerve is a branch of the trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve), which is responsible for sensations in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing. The mandibular nerve provides both sensory and motor innervation to the lower third of the face, below the eye and nose down to the chin.

More specifically, it carries sensory information from the lower teeth, lower lip, and parts of the oral cavity, as well as the skin over the jaw and chin. It also provides motor innervation to the muscles of mastication (chewing), which include the masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles.

Damage to the mandibular nerve can result in numbness or loss of sensation in the lower face and mouth, as well as weakness or difficulty with chewing and biting.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving procedure that is performed when someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. It involves a series of steps that are designed to manually pump blood through the body and maintain the flow of oxygen to the brain until advanced medical treatment can be provided.

CPR typically involves a combination of chest compressions and rescue breaths, which are delivered in a specific rhythm and frequency. The goal is to maintain circulation and oxygenation of vital organs, particularly the brain, until advanced life support measures such as defibrillation or medication can be administered.

Chest compressions are used to manually pump blood through the heart and into the rest of the body. This is typically done by placing both hands on the lower half of the chest and pressing down with enough force to compress the chest by about 2 inches. The compressions should be delivered at a rate of at least 100-120 compressions per minute.

Rescue breaths are used to provide oxygen to the lungs and maintain oxygenation of the body's tissues. This is typically done by pinching the nose shut, creating a seal around the person's mouth with your own, and blowing in enough air to make the chest rise. The breath should be delivered over about one second, and this process should be repeated until the person begins to breathe on their own or advanced medical help arrives.

CPR can be performed by trained laypeople as well as healthcare professionals. It is an important skill that can help save lives in emergency situations where a person's breathing or heartbeat has stopped.

Platelet aggregation is the clumping together of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood, which is an essential step in the process of hemostasis (the stopping of bleeding) after injury to a blood vessel. When the inner lining of a blood vessel is damaged, exposure of subendothelial collagen and tissue factor triggers platelet activation. Activated platelets change shape, become sticky, and release the contents of their granules, which include ADP (adenosine diphosphate).

ADP then acts as a chemical mediator to attract and bind additional platelets to the site of injury, leading to platelet aggregation. This forms a plug that seals the damaged vessel and prevents further blood loss. Platelet aggregation is also a crucial component in the formation of blood clots (thrombosis) within blood vessels, which can have pathological consequences such as heart attacks and strokes if they obstruct blood flow to vital organs.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures:

1. Systolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats, allowing it to fill with blood.

Normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg, although this can vary slightly depending on age, sex, and other factors. High blood pressure (hypertension) is generally considered to be a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is usually defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. It's important to note that blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and may be affected by factors such as stress, physical activity, and medication use.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Carticaine" is not a recognized medical term or a commonly used medication in the field of medicine. It's possible that there may be some misunderstanding or misspelling in the term. If you have more context or information about where this term came from, I would be happy to help you further clarify or research the correct term.

However, if you are referring to "Articaine," it is a type of local anesthetic that is used in dental and medical procedures to numb specific areas of the body. Articaine works by blocking nerve signals in the area where it is administered, which helps to reduce pain and discomfort during various procedures.

If you have any questions about "Articaine" or other local anesthetics, I would be happy to help answer them for you.

Nordefrin is not typically used as a medical diagnosis or treatment, but it is a medication that contains the active ingredient Noradrenaline (also known as Norepinephrine) which is a naturally occurring hormone and neurotransmitter in the human body.

Noradrenaline is a potent vasoconstrictor, increasing blood pressure and improving blood flow to vital organs such as the heart and brain. It also acts as a bronchodilator, opening up the airways in the lungs. Nordefrin is used as a medication to treat hypotension (low blood pressure) and shock, particularly in cases where other treatments have been ineffective.

It's important to note that Nordefrin should only be administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can have serious side effects if not used correctly.

Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, often expressed as beats per minute (bpm). It can vary significantly depending on factors such as age, physical fitness, emotions, and overall health status. A resting heart rate between 60-100 bpm is generally considered normal for adults, but athletes and individuals with high levels of physical fitness may have a resting heart rate below 60 bpm due to their enhanced cardiovascular efficiency. Monitoring heart rate can provide valuable insights into an individual's health status, exercise intensity, and response to various treatments or interventions.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets, primarily in response to elevated levels of glucose in the circulating blood. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels and facilitating the uptake and utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, such as muscle and adipose tissue, for energy production and storage. Insulin also inhibits glucose production in the liver and promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen or triglycerides.

Deficiency in insulin secretion or action leads to impaired glucose regulation and can result in conditions such as diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and associated complications. Exogenous insulin is used as a replacement therapy in individuals with diabetes to help manage their blood glucose levels and prevent long-term complications.

Adrenergic beta-agonists are a class of medications that bind to and activate beta-adrenergic receptors, which are found in various tissues throughout the body. These receptors are part of the sympathetic nervous system and mediate the effects of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (also called noradrenaline) and the hormone epinephrine (also called adrenaline).

When beta-agonists bind to these receptors, they stimulate a range of physiological responses, including relaxation of smooth muscle in the airways, increased heart rate and contractility, and increased metabolic rate. As a result, adrenergic beta-agonists are often used to treat conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and bronchitis, as they can help to dilate the airways and improve breathing.

There are several different types of beta-agonists, including short-acting and long-acting formulations. Short-acting beta-agonists (SABAs) are typically used for quick relief of symptoms, while long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) are used for more sustained symptom control. Examples of adrenergic beta-agonists include albuterol (also known as salbutamol), terbutaline, formoterol, and salmeterol.

It's worth noting that while adrenergic beta-agonists can be very effective in treating respiratory conditions, they can also have side effects, particularly if used in high doses or for prolonged periods of time. These may include tremors, anxiety, palpitations, and increased blood pressure. As with any medication, it's important to use adrenergic beta-agonists only as directed by a healthcare professional.

Adrenergic alpha-antagonists, also known as alpha-blockers, are a class of medications that block the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline at alpha-adrenergic receptors. These receptors are found in various tissues throughout the body, including the smooth muscle of blood vessels, the heart, the genitourinary system, and the eyes.

When alpha-blockers bind to these receptors, they prevent the activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response. This results in a relaxation of the smooth muscle, leading to vasodilation (widening of blood vessels), decreased blood pressure, and increased blood flow.

Alpha-blockers are used to treat various medical conditions, such as hypertension (high blood pressure), benign prostatic hyperplasia (enlarged prostate), pheochromocytoma (a rare tumor of the adrenal gland), and certain types of glaucoma.

Examples of alpha-blockers include doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin, and tamsulosin. Side effects of alpha-blockers may include dizziness, lightheadedness, headache, weakness, and orthostatic hypotension (a sudden drop in blood pressure upon standing).

Cardiac arrest, also known as heart arrest, is a medical condition where the heart suddenly stops beating or functioning properly. This results in the cessation of blood flow to the rest of the body, including the brain, leading to loss of consciousness and pulse. Cardiac arrest is often caused by electrical disturbances in the heart that disrupt its normal rhythm, known as arrhythmias. If not treated immediately with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation, it can lead to death or permanent brain damage due to lack of oxygen supply. It's important to note that a heart attack is different from cardiac arrest; a heart attack occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, often by a clot, causing damage to the heart muscle, but the heart continues to beat. However, a heart attack can sometimes trigger a cardiac arrest.

A nerve block is a medical procedure in which an anesthetic or neurolytic agent is injected near a specific nerve or bundle of nerves to block the transmission of pain signals from that area to the brain. This technique can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, such as identifying the source of pain, providing temporary or prolonged relief, or facilitating surgical procedures in the affected region.

The injection typically contains a local anesthetic like lidocaine or bupivacaine, which numbs the nerve, preventing it from transmitting pain signals. In some cases, steroids may also be added to reduce inflammation and provide longer-lasting relief. Depending on the type of nerve block and its intended use, the injection might be administered close to the spine (neuraxial blocks), at peripheral nerves (peripheral nerve blocks), or around the sympathetic nervous system (sympathetic nerve blocks).

While nerve blocks are generally safe, they can have side effects such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, or in rare cases, systemic toxicity from the anesthetic agent. It is essential to consult with a qualified medical professional before undergoing this procedure to ensure proper evaluation, technique, and post-procedure care.

Isoproterenol is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called beta-adrenergic agonists. Medically, it is defined as a synthetic catecholamine with both alpha and beta adrenergic receptor stimulating properties. It is primarily used as a bronchodilator to treat conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by relaxing the smooth muscles in the airways, thereby improving breathing.

Isoproterenol can also be used in the treatment of bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate), cardiac arrest, and heart blocks by increasing the heart rate and contractility. However, due to its non-selective beta-agonist activity, it may cause various side effects such as tremors, palpitations, and increased blood pressure. Its use is now limited due to the availability of more selective and safer medications.

Metanephrine is a catecholamine metabolite, specifically a derivative of epinephrine (adrenaline). It is formed in the body through the metabolic breakdown of epinephrine by the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). Metanephrines, including metanephrine and normetanephrine, are primarily produced in the adrenal glands but can also be found in other tissues in smaller amounts.

Elevated levels of metanephrines in the blood or urine may indicate a pheochromocytoma, a rare tumor originating from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, or a paraganglioma, a similar type of tumor located outside the adrenal glands. These tumors can cause excessive production of catecholamines, including epinephrine and norepinephrine, leading to increased metanephrine levels.

It is essential to differentiate between metanephrine and normetanephrine as they have distinct clinical implications. Normetanephrine is a derivative of norepinephrine (noradrenaline), while metanephrine originates from epinephrine. The measurement of both free metanephrines and normetanephrines in plasma or urine is often used to diagnose and monitor pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas.

Epidural anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves the injection of local anesthetic medication into the epidural space in the spine, which is the space surrounding the dura mater, a membrane that covers the spinal cord. The injection is typically administered through a catheter placed in the lower back using a needle.

The local anesthetic drug blocks nerve impulses from the affected area, numbing it and relieving pain. Epidural anesthesia can be used for various surgical procedures, such as cesarean sections, knee or hip replacements, and hernia repairs. It is also commonly used during childbirth to provide pain relief during labor and delivery.

The effects of epidural anesthesia can vary depending on the dose and type of medication used, as well as the individual's response to the drug. The anesthetic may take several minutes to start working, and its duration of action can range from a few hours to a day or more. Epidural anesthesia is generally considered safe when administered by trained medical professionals, but like any medical procedure, it carries some risks, including infection, bleeding, nerve damage, and respiratory depression.

Blood platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that play an essential role in normal blood clotting. They are formed in the bone marrow from large cells called megakaryocytes and circulate in the blood in an inactive state until they are needed to help stop bleeding. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets become activated and change shape, releasing chemicals that attract more platelets to the site of injury. These activated platelets then stick together to form a plug, or clot, that seals the wound and prevents further blood loss. In addition to their role in clotting, platelets also help to promote healing by releasing growth factors that stimulate the growth of new tissue.

Mepivacaine is a local anesthetic drug, which is used to cause numbness or loss of feeling before and during surgical procedures. It works by blocking the nerve signals in your body. Mepivacaine has a faster onset of action compared to bupivacaine but has a shorter duration of action. It can be used for infiltration, peripheral nerve block, and epidural anesthesia.

The medical definition of Mepivacaine is:

A amide-type local anesthetic with fast onset and moderate duration of action. Its molar potency is similar to that of procaine, but its duration of action is approximately 50% longer. It has been used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is metabolized in the liver by hydrolysis.

It's important to note that mepivacaine, like any other medication, can have side effects and should be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Blood glucose, also known as blood sugar, is the concentration of glucose in the blood. Glucose is a simple sugar that serves as the main source of energy for the body's cells. It is carried to each cell through the bloodstream and is absorbed into the cells with the help of insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas.

The normal range for blood glucose levels in humans is typically between 70 and 130 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) when fasting, and less than 180 mg/dL after meals. Levels that are consistently higher than this may indicate diabetes or other metabolic disorders.

Blood glucose levels can be measured through a variety of methods, including fingerstick blood tests, continuous glucose monitoring systems, and laboratory tests. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is important for people with diabetes to help manage their condition and prevent complications.

Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), is a hormone that helps regulate water balance in the body. It is produced by the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. When the body is dehydrated or experiencing low blood pressure, vasopressin is released into the bloodstream, where it causes the kidneys to decrease the amount of urine they produce and helps to constrict blood vessels, thereby increasing blood pressure. This helps to maintain adequate fluid volume in the body and ensure that vital organs receive an adequate supply of oxygen-rich blood. In addition to its role in water balance and blood pressure regulation, vasopressin also plays a role in social behaviors such as pair bonding and trust.

Hemodynamics is the study of how blood flows through the cardiovascular system, including the heart and the vascular network. It examines various factors that affect blood flow, such as blood volume, viscosity, vessel length and diameter, and pressure differences between different parts of the circulatory system. Hemodynamics also considers the impact of various physiological and pathological conditions on these variables, and how they in turn influence the function of vital organs and systems in the body. It is a critical area of study in fields such as cardiology, anesthesiology, and critical care medicine.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a key secondary messenger in many biological processes, including the regulation of metabolism, gene expression, and cellular excitability. It is synthesized from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the enzyme adenylyl cyclase and is degraded by the enzyme phosphodiesterase.

In the body, cAMP plays a crucial role in mediating the effects of hormones and neurotransmitters on target cells. For example, when a hormone binds to its receptor on the surface of a cell, it can activate a G protein, which in turn activates adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP. The increased levels of cAMP then activate various effector proteins, such as protein kinases, which go on to regulate various cellular processes.

Overall, the regulation of cAMP levels is critical for maintaining proper cellular function and homeostasis, and abnormalities in cAMP signaling have been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.

The adrenal medulla is the inner part of the adrenal gland, which is located on top of the kidneys. It is responsible for producing and releasing hormones such as epinephrine (also known as adrenaline) and norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline). These hormones play a crucial role in the body's "fight or flight" response, preparing the body for immediate action in response to stress.

Epinephrine increases heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate, while also increasing blood flow to muscles and decreasing blood flow to the skin and digestive system. Norepinephrine has similar effects but is generally less potent than epinephrine. Together, these hormones help to prepare the body for physical activity and increase alertness and focus.

Disorders of the adrenal medulla can lead to a variety of symptoms, including high blood pressure, rapid heart rate, anxiety, and tremors. Some conditions that affect the adrenal medulla include pheochromocytoma, a tumor that causes excessive production of epinephrine and norepinephrine, and neuroblastoma, a cancerous tumor that arises from immature nerve cells in the adrenal gland.

Hydrocortisone is a synthetic glucocorticoid, which is a class of steroid hormones. It is identical to the naturally occurring cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal gland that helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress. Hydrocortisone has anti-inflammatory effects and is used to treat various inflammatory conditions such as allergies, skin disorders, and autoimmune diseases. It works by suppressing the immune system's response to reduce swelling, redness, itching, and other symptoms caused by inflammation.

Hydrocortisone is available in different forms, including oral tablets, topical creams, lotions, gels, and ointments, as well as injectable solutions. The specific use and dosage depend on the condition being treated and the individual patient's medical history and current health status.

As with any medication, hydrocortisone can have side effects, especially when used in high doses or for extended periods. Common side effects include increased appetite, weight gain, mood changes, insomnia, and skin thinning. Long-term use of hydrocortisone may also increase the risk of developing osteoporosis, diabetes, cataracts, and other health problems. Therefore, it is essential to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using this medication.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

Dihydroergotoxine is a semi-synthetic ergot alkaloid, which is derived from the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea). It is a mixture of four dihydrogenated ergot alkaloids: dihydroergocristine, dihydroergotamine, dihydroergotoxine, and dihydroalphaergocryptine.

Dihydroergotoxine has been used in the treatment of various medical conditions, including peripheral and cerebral vascular insufficiency, migraine headaches, and orthostatic hypotension. It works by stimulating the release of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which help to improve blood flow and reduce symptoms associated with these conditions.

It is important to note that dihydroergotoxine can have serious side effects, including ergotism, a condition characterized by vasoconstriction, muscle cramps, and gangrene. It should be used with caution and under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Intravenous (IV) infusion is a medical procedure in which liquids, such as medications, nutrients, or fluids, are delivered directly into a patient's vein through a needle or a catheter. This route of administration allows for rapid absorption and distribution of the infused substance throughout the body. IV infusions can be used for various purposes, including resuscitation, hydration, nutrition support, medication delivery, and blood product transfusion. The rate and volume of the infusion are carefully controlled to ensure patient safety and efficacy of treatment.

Nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), also known as free fatty acids (FFA), refer to fatty acid molecules that are not bound to glycerol in the form of triglycerides or other esters. In the bloodstream, NEFAs are transported while bound to albumin and can serve as a source of energy for peripheral tissues. Under normal physiological conditions, NEFA levels are tightly regulated by the body; however, elevated NEFA levels have been associated with various metabolic disorders such as insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.

Halothane is a general anesthetic agent, which is a volatile liquid that evaporates easily and can be inhaled. It is used to produce and maintain general anesthesia (a state of unconsciousness) during surgical procedures. Halothane is known for its rapid onset and offset of action, making it useful for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia.

The medical definition of Halothane is:

Halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) is a volatile liquid general anesthetic agent with a mild, sweet odor. It is primarily used for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in surgical procedures due to its rapid onset and offset of action. Halothane is administered via inhalation and acts by depressing the central nervous system, leading to a reversible loss of consciousness and analgesia.

It's important to note that Halothane has been associated with rare cases of severe liver injury (hepatotoxicity) and anaphylaxis (a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction). These risks have led to the development and use of alternative general anesthetic agents with better safety profiles.

Glycerol, also known as glycerine or glycerin, is a simple polyol (a sugar alcohol) with a sweet taste and a thick, syrupy consistency. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is slightly soluble in water and freely miscible with ethanol and ether.

In the medical field, glycerol is often used as a medication or supplement. It can be used as a laxative to treat constipation, as a source of calories and energy for people who cannot eat by mouth, and as a way to prevent dehydration in people with certain medical conditions.

Glycerol is also used in the production of various medical products, such as medications, skin care products, and vaccines. It acts as a humectant, which means it helps to keep things moist, and it can also be used as a solvent or preservative.

In addition to its medical uses, glycerol is also widely used in the food industry as a sweetener, thickening agent, and moisture-retaining agent. It is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

Adrenergic beta-antagonists, also known as beta blockers, are a class of medications that block the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline (also known as epinephrine and norepinephrine) on beta-adrenergic receptors. These receptors are found in various tissues throughout the body, including the heart, lungs, and blood vessels.

Beta blockers work by binding to these receptors and preventing the activation of certain signaling pathways that lead to increased heart rate, force of heart contractions, and relaxation of blood vessels. As a result, beta blockers can lower blood pressure, reduce heart rate, and decrease the workload on the heart.

Beta blockers are used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including hypertension (high blood pressure), angina (chest pain), heart failure, irregular heart rhythms, migraines, and certain anxiety disorders. Some common examples of beta blockers include metoprolol, atenolol, propranolol, and bisoprolol.

It is important to note that while beta blockers can have many benefits, they can also cause side effects such as fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Additionally, sudden discontinuation of beta blocker therapy can lead to rebound hypertension or worsening chest pain. Therefore, it is important to follow the dosing instructions provided by a healthcare provider carefully when taking these medications.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

Lipid mobilization, also known as lipolysis, is the process by which fat cells (adipocytes) break down stored triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol, which can then be released into the bloodstream and used for energy by the body's cells. This process is regulated by hormones such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, glucagon, and cortisol, which activate enzymes in the fat cell that catalyze the breakdown of triglycerides. Lipid mobilization is an important physiological response to fasting, exercise, and stress, and plays a key role in maintaining energy homeostasis in the body.

Yohimbine is defined as an alkaloid derived from the bark of the Pausinystalia yohimbe tree, primarily found in Central Africa. It functions as a selective antagonist of α2-adrenergers, which results in increased noradrenaline levels and subsequent vasodilation, improved sexual dysfunction, and potentially increased energy and alertness.

It is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and as an aphrodisiac, but its efficacy and safety are still subjects of ongoing research and debate. It's important to note that yohimbine can have significant side effects, including anxiety, increased heart rate, and high blood pressure, and should only be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Adrenergic receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor that bind and respond to catecholamines, such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). Beta-2 adrenergic receptors (β2-ARs) are a subtype of adrenergic receptors that are widely distributed throughout the body, particularly in the lungs, heart, blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, and skeletal muscle.

When β2-ARs are activated by catecholamines, they trigger a range of physiological responses, including relaxation of smooth muscle, increased heart rate and contractility, bronchodilation, and inhibition of insulin secretion. These effects are mediated through the activation of intracellular signaling pathways involving G proteins and second messengers such as cyclic AMP (cAMP).

β2-ARs have been a major focus of drug development for various medical conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, hypertension, and anxiety disorders. Agonists of β2-ARs, such as albuterol and salmeterol, are commonly used to treat asthma and COPD by relaxing bronchial smooth muscle and reducing airway obstruction. Antagonists of β2-ARs, such as propranolol, are used to treat hypertension, angina, and heart failure by blocking the effects of catecholamines on the heart and blood vessels.

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that operates largely below the level of consciousness, and it functions to produce appropriate physiological responses to perceived danger. It's often associated with the "fight or flight" response. The SNS uses nerve impulses to stimulate target organs, causing them to speed up (e.g., increased heart rate), prepare for action, or otherwise respond to stressful situations.

The sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stressful emotional or physical situations and it prepares the body for immediate actions. It dilates the pupils, increases heart rate and blood pressure, accelerates breathing, and slows down digestion. The primary neurotransmitter involved in this system is norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline).

Hypodermoclysis is a medical term that refers to the subcutaneous administration of fluids using a small needle or catheter. This procedure involves injecting fluid into the tissue just under the skin, typically in the lower abdomen or thigh region. The fluid then gradually gets absorbed into the bloodstream over several hours.

Hypodermoclysis is an alternative method for hydration when intravenous (IV) access is difficult or not possible. It can be used to provide fluids, medications, and electrolytes in patients who have poor venous access, are at risk of fluid overload, or cannot tolerate oral hydration.

It's important to note that hypodermoclysis should only be performed by trained medical professionals, as there are potential risks associated with the procedure, such as infection, fluid infiltration, and tissue damage.

Asphyxia is a medical condition that occurs when there is insufficient oxygen supply or excessive carbon dioxide buildup in the body, leading to impaired respiration and oxygenation of organs. This can result in unconsciousness, damage to internal organs, and potentially death if not treated promptly.

Asphyxia can be caused by various factors such as strangulation, choking, smoke inhalation, chemical exposure, or drowning. Symptoms of asphyxia may include shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes), rapid heartbeat, confusion, and eventually loss of consciousness.

Immediate medical attention is required for individuals experiencing symptoms of asphyxia. Treatment may involve providing supplemental oxygen, removing the source of obstruction or exposure to harmful substances, and supporting respiratory function with mechanical ventilation if necessary. Prevention measures include avoiding hazardous environments, using proper safety equipment, and seeking prompt medical attention in case of suspected asphyxiation.

An injection is a medical procedure in which a medication, vaccine, or other substance is introduced into the body using a needle and syringe. The substance can be delivered into various parts of the body, including into a vein (intravenous), muscle (intramuscular), under the skin (subcutaneous), or into the spinal canal (intrathecal or spinal).

Injections are commonly used to administer medications that cannot be taken orally, have poor oral bioavailability, need to reach the site of action quickly, or require direct delivery to a specific organ or tissue. They can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as drawing blood samples (venipuncture) or injecting contrast agents for imaging studies.

Proper technique and sterile conditions are essential when administering injections to prevent infection, pain, and other complications. The choice of injection site depends on the type and volume of the substance being administered, as well as the patient's age, health status, and personal preferences.

Lipolysis is the process by which fat cells (adipocytes) break down stored triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. This process occurs when the body needs to use stored fat as a source of energy, such as during fasting, exercise, or in response to certain hormonal signals. The breakdown products of lipolysis can be used directly by cells for energy production or can be released into the bloodstream and transported to other tissues for use. Lipolysis is regulated by several hormones, including adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), cortisol, glucagon, and growth hormone, which act on lipases, enzymes that mediate the breakdown of triglycerides.

Prilocaine is an amide local anesthetic that is often used in topical, injectable, and regional anesthesia. It is commonly combined with lidocaine to reduce the risk of methhemoglobinemia, a rare but potentially serious side effect that can occur with prilocaine use.

Prilocaine works by blocking sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, which prevents the transmission of nerve impulses and results in local anesthesia. It has a rapid onset of action and a relatively short duration of effect.

In addition to its use as a local anesthetic, prilocaine is also used in some dental procedures and for the treatment of premature ejaculation. As with any medication, prilocaine can have side effects, including allergic reactions, numbness, tingling, and pain at the injection site. It should be used with caution in patients with certain medical conditions, such as heart disease, liver or kidney dysfunction, and in pregnant or breastfeeding women.

Glucose is a simple monosaccharide (or single sugar) that serves as the primary source of energy for living organisms. It's a fundamental molecule in biology, often referred to as "dextrose" or "grape sugar." Glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and is vital to the functioning of cells, especially those in the brain and nervous system.

In the body, glucose is derived from the digestion of carbohydrates in food, and it's transported around the body via the bloodstream to cells where it can be used for energy. Cells convert glucose into a usable form through a process called cellular respiration, which involves a series of metabolic reactions that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the main currency of energy in cells.

Glucose is also stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen, a polysaccharide (multiple sugar) that can be broken down back into glucose when needed for energy between meals or during physical activity. Maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels is crucial for overall health, and imbalances can lead to conditions such as diabetes mellitus.

Hormones are defined as chemical messengers that are produced by endocrine glands or specialized cells and are transported through the bloodstream to tissues and organs, where they elicit specific responses. They play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes such as growth, development, metabolism, reproduction, and mood. Examples of hormones include insulin, estrogen, testosterone, adrenaline, and thyroxine.

Adrenergic agents are a class of drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors, which are cell surface receptors found in the nervous system and other tissues. These receptors are activated by neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and epinephrine (also known as adrenaline), which are released by the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress or excitement.

Adrenergic agents can be classified based on their mechanism of action and the specific receptors they bind to. There are two main types of adrenergic receptors: alpha and beta receptors, each with several subtypes. Some adrenergic agents bind to both alpha and beta receptors, while others are selective for one or the other.

Adrenergic agents have a wide range of therapeutic uses, including the treatment of asthma, cardiovascular diseases, glaucoma, and neurological disorders. They can also be used as diagnostic tools to test the function of the sympathetic nervous system. Some examples of adrenergic agents include:

* Alpha-agonists: These drugs bind to alpha receptors and cause vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels), which can be useful in the treatment of hypotension (low blood pressure) or nasal congestion. Examples include phenylephrine and oxymetazoline.
* Alpha-antagonists: These drugs block the action of alpha receptors, leading to vasodilation (widening of blood vessels) and a decrease in blood pressure. Examples include prazosin and doxazosin.
* Beta-agonists: These drugs bind to beta receptors and cause bronchodilation (opening of the airways), increased heart rate, and increased force of heart contractions. They are used in the treatment of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory disorders. Examples include albuterol and salmeterol.
* Beta-antagonists: These drugs block the action of beta receptors, leading to a decrease in heart rate, blood pressure, and bronchodilation. They are used in the treatment of hypertension, angina (chest pain), and heart failure. Examples include metoprolol and atenolol.
* Nonselective alpha- and beta-antagonists: These drugs block both alpha and beta receptors and are used in the treatment of hypertension, angina, and heart failure. Examples include labetalol and carvedilol.

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a chemical compound that plays a crucial role in energy transfer within cells. It is a nucleotide, which consists of a adenosine molecule (a sugar molecule called ribose attached to a nitrogenous base called adenine) and two phosphate groups.

In the cell, ADP functions as an intermediate in the conversion of energy from one form to another. When a high-energy phosphate bond in ADP is broken, energy is released and ADP is converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which serves as the main energy currency of the cell. Conversely, when ATP donates a phosphate group to another molecule, it is converted back to ADP, releasing energy for the cell to use.

ADP also plays a role in blood clotting and other physiological processes. In the coagulation cascade, ADP released from damaged red blood cells can help activate platelets and initiate the formation of a blood clot.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Topical administration refers to a route of administering a medication or treatment directly to a specific area of the body, such as the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes. This method allows the drug to be applied directly to the site where it is needed, which can increase its effectiveness and reduce potential side effects compared to systemic administration (taking the medication by mouth or injecting it into a vein or muscle).

Topical medications come in various forms, including creams, ointments, gels, lotions, solutions, sprays, and patches. They may be used to treat localized conditions such as skin infections, rashes, inflammation, or pain, or to deliver medication to the eyes or mucous membranes for local or systemic effects.

When applying topical medications, it is important to follow the instructions carefully to ensure proper absorption and avoid irritation or other adverse reactions. This may include cleaning the area before application, covering the treated area with a dressing, or avoiding exposure to sunlight or water after application, depending on the specific medication and its intended use.

Lactic acid, also known as 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, is a chemical compound that plays a significant role in various biological processes. In the context of medicine and biochemistry, lactic acid is primarily discussed in relation to muscle metabolism and cellular energy production. Here's a medical definition for lactic acid:

Lactic acid (LA): A carboxylic acid with the molecular formula C3H6O3 that plays a crucial role in anaerobic respiration, particularly during strenuous exercise or conditions of reduced oxygen availability. It is formed through the conversion of pyruvate, catalyzed by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), when there is insufficient oxygen to complete the final step of cellular respiration in the Krebs cycle. The accumulation of lactic acid can lead to acidosis and muscle fatigue. Additionally, lactic acid serves as a vital intermediary in various metabolic pathways and is involved in the production of glucose through gluconeogenesis in the liver.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Aphakia is a medical condition that refers to the absence of the lens in the eye. This can occur naturally, but it's most commonly the result of surgery to remove a cataract, a cloudy lens that can cause vision loss. In some cases, the lens may not be successfully removed or may be accidentally lost during surgery, leading to aphakia. People with aphakia typically have significant vision problems and may require corrective measures such as glasses, contact lenses, or an intraocular lens implant to improve their vision.

Glycogen is a complex carbohydrate that serves as the primary form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria. It is a polysaccharide consisting of long, branched chains of glucose molecules linked together by glycosidic bonds. Glycogen is stored primarily in the liver and muscles, where it can be quickly broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream during periods of fasting or increased metabolic demand.

In the liver, glycogen plays a crucial role in maintaining blood glucose levels by releasing glucose when needed, such as between meals or during exercise. In muscles, glycogen serves as an immediate energy source for muscle contractions during intense physical activity. The ability to store and mobilize glycogen is essential for the proper functioning of various physiological processes, including athletic performance, glucose homeostasis, and overall metabolic health.

Clonidine is an medication that belongs to a class of drugs called centrally acting alpha-agonist hypotensives. It works by stimulating certain receptors in the brain and lowering the heart rate, which results in decreased blood pressure. Clonidine is commonly used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), but it can also be used for other purposes such as managing withdrawal symptoms from opioids or alcohol, treating attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and preventing migraines. It can be taken orally in the form of tablets or transdermally through a patch applied to the skin. As with any medication, clonidine should be used under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare provider.

The maxillary nerve, also known as the second division of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V2), is a primary sensory nerve that provides innervation to the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, part of the cheek, upper lip, and roof of the mouth. It also supplies sensory fibers to the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, palate, and upper teeth. Furthermore, it contributes motor innervation to the muscles involved in chewing (muscles of mastication), specifically the tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani. The maxillary nerve originates from the trigeminal ganglion and passes through the foramen rotundum in the skull before reaching its target areas.

Adenylate cyclase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). It plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including signal transduction and metabolism. Adenylate cyclase is activated by hormones and neurotransmitters that bind to G-protein-coupled receptors on the cell membrane, leading to the production of cAMP, which then acts as a second messenger to regulate various intracellular responses. There are several isoforms of adenylate cyclase, each with distinct regulatory properties and subcellular localization.

Alprenolol is a beta-blocker medication that is primarily used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), angina (chest pain), and various heart rhythm disorders. It works by blocking the action of certain hormones in the body, such as adrenaline, that can cause the heart to beat faster or with increased force. This helps to reduce the workload on the heart and lower blood pressure.

Alprenolol may also be used for other purposes, such as preventing migraines or treating anxiety disorders. It is available in immediate-release and extended-release tablets, and is typically taken two to three times a day. As with any medication, Alprenolol can have side effects, including dizziness, fatigue, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea or diarrhea. It is important to follow the dosage instructions provided by your healthcare provider and to report any bothersome or persistent side effects.

Amrinone is a pharmacological agent, specifically a positive inotrope, that is used in the treatment of heart failure. It works by increasing the force of heart muscle contractions and improving cardiac output. Amrinone belongs to a class of drugs called phosphodiesterase inhibitors, which increase cyclic AMP levels in the heart, leading to increased contractility.

Here is the medical definition of 'Amrinone':

Amrinone: A synthetic cardiac drug that acts as a positive inotrope and vasodilator. It works by increasing the force of heart muscle contractions and reducing afterload, which improves cardiac output. Amrinone inhibits phosphodiesterase III, leading to increased intracellular cyclic AMP levels and enhanced calcium sensitivity in myocardial cells. It is used in the treatment of congestive heart failure and is administered intravenously.

Phenoxybenzamine is an antihypertensive medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as non-selective alpha blockers. It works by blocking both alpha-1 and alpha-2 receptors, which results in the relaxation of smooth muscle tissue in blood vessel walls and other organs. This leads to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and a reduction in blood pressure.

Phenoxybenzamine is primarily used for the preoperative management of patients with pheochromocytoma, a rare tumor that produces excessive amounts of catecholamines, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. By blocking alpha receptors, phenoxybenzamine prevents the hypertensive crisis that can occur during surgery to remove the tumor.

It's important to note that phenoxybenzamine has a long duration of action (up to 14 days) and can cause orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, and other side effects. Therefore, it should be used with caution and under the close supervision of a healthcare professional.

Sympatholytics are a class of drugs that block the action of the sympathetic nervous system, which is the part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for preparing the body for the "fight or flight" response. Sympatholytics achieve this effect by binding to and blocking alpha-adrenergic receptors or beta-adrenergic receptors located in various organs throughout the body, including the heart, blood vessels, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and urinary system.

Examples of sympatholytic drugs include:

* Alpha blockers (e.g., prazosin, doxazosin)
* Beta blockers (e.g., propranolol, metoprolol)
* Centrally acting sympatholytics (e.g., clonidine, methyldopa)

Sympatholytics are used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including hypertension, angina, heart failure, arrhythmias, and certain neurological disorders. They may also be used to manage symptoms associated with anxiety or withdrawal from alcohol or other substances.

Adipose tissue, also known as fatty tissue, is a type of connective tissue that is composed mainly of adipocytes (fat cells). It is found throughout the body, but is particularly abundant in the abdominal cavity, beneath the skin, and around organs such as the heart and kidneys.

Adipose tissue serves several important functions in the body. One of its primary roles is to store energy in the form of fat, which can be mobilized and used as an energy source during periods of fasting or exercise. Adipose tissue also provides insulation and cushioning for the body, and produces hormones that help regulate metabolism, appetite, and reproductive function.

There are two main types of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT is the more common form and is responsible for storing energy as fat. BAT, on the other hand, contains a higher number of mitochondria and is involved in heat production and energy expenditure.

Excessive accumulation of adipose tissue can lead to obesity, which is associated with an increased risk of various health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

Theophylline is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called methylxanthines. It is used in the management of respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other conditions that cause narrowing of the airways in the lungs.

Theophylline works by relaxing the smooth muscle around the airways, which helps to open them up and make breathing easier. It also acts as a bronchodilator, increasing the flow of air into and out of the lungs. Additionally, theophylline has anti-inflammatory effects that can help reduce swelling in the airways and relieve symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

Theophylline is available in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and liquid solutions. It is important to take this medication exactly as prescribed by a healthcare provider, as the dosage may vary depending on individual factors such as age, weight, and liver function. Regular monitoring of blood levels of theophylline is also necessary to ensure safe and effective use of the medication.

Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds catecholamines, such as norepinephrine and epinephrine. These receptors are widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as in various organs and tissues throughout the body.

Activation of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors leads to a variety of physiological responses, including inhibition of neurotransmitter release, vasoconstriction, and reduced heart rate. These receptors play important roles in regulating blood pressure, pain perception, and various cognitive and emotional processes.

There are several subtypes of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors, including alpha-2A, alpha-2B, and alpha-2C, which may have distinct physiological functions and be targeted by different drugs. For example, certain medications used to treat hypertension or opioid withdrawal target alpha-2 adrenergic receptors to produce their therapeutic effects.

Phenylephrine is a medication that belongs to the class of drugs known as sympathomimetic amines. It primarily acts as an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor agonist, which means it stimulates these receptors, leading to vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels). This effect can be useful in various medical situations, such as:

1. Nasal decongestion: When applied topically in the nose, phenylephrine causes constriction of the blood vessels in the nasal passages, which helps to relieve congestion and swelling. It is often found in over-the-counter (OTC) cold and allergy products.
2. Ocular circulation: In ophthalmology, phenylephrine is used to dilate the pupils before eye examinations. The increased pressure from vasoconstriction helps to open up the pupil, allowing for a better view of the internal structures of the eye.
3. Hypotension management: In some cases, phenylephrine may be given intravenously to treat low blood pressure (hypotension) during medical procedures like spinal anesthesia or septic shock. The vasoconstriction helps to increase blood pressure and improve perfusion of vital organs.

It is essential to use phenylephrine as directed, as improper usage can lead to adverse effects such as increased heart rate, hypertension, arrhythmias, and rebound congestion (when used as a nasal decongestant). Always consult with a healthcare professional for appropriate guidance on using this medication.

Aqueous humor is a clear, watery fluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. It is produced by the ciliary processes in the posterior chamber and circulates through the pupil into the anterior chamber, where it provides nutrients to the cornea and lens, maintains intraocular pressure, and helps to shape the eye. The aqueous humor then drains out of the eye through the trabecular meshwork and into the canal of Schlemm, eventually reaching the venous system.

Drug synergism is a pharmacological concept that refers to the interaction between two or more drugs, where the combined effect of the drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects. This means that when these drugs are administered together, they produce an enhanced therapeutic response compared to when they are given separately.

Drug synergism can occur through various mechanisms, such as:

1. Pharmacodynamic synergism - When two or more drugs interact with the same target site in the body and enhance each other's effects.
2. Pharmacokinetic synergism - When one drug affects the metabolism, absorption, distribution, or excretion of another drug, leading to an increased concentration of the second drug in the body and enhanced therapeutic effect.
3. Physiochemical synergism - When two drugs interact physically, such as when one drug enhances the solubility or permeability of another drug, leading to improved absorption and bioavailability.

It is important to note that while drug synergism can result in enhanced therapeutic effects, it can also increase the risk of adverse reactions and toxicity. Therefore, healthcare providers must carefully consider the potential benefits and risks when prescribing combinations of drugs with known or potential synergistic effects.

The adrenal glands are a pair of endocrine glands that are located on top of the kidneys. Each gland has two parts: the outer cortex and the inner medulla. The adrenal cortex produces hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens, which regulate metabolism, blood pressure, and other vital functions. The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines, including epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help the body respond to stress by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and alertness.

Timolol is a non-selective beta blocker drug that is primarily used to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, and glaucoma. It works by blocking the action of certain hormones such as epinephrine (adrenaline) on the heart and blood vessels, which helps to lower heart rate, reduce the force of heart muscle contraction, and decrease blood vessel constriction. These effects can help to lower blood pressure, reduce the workload on the heart, and improve oxygen supply to the heart muscle. In glaucoma treatment, timolol reduces the production of aqueous humor in the eye, thereby decreasing intraocular pressure.

The medical definition of Timolol is:

Timolol (tim-oh-lol) is a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist used to treat hypertension, angina pectoris, and glaucoma. It works by blocking the action of epinephrine on the heart and blood vessels, which results in decreased heart rate, reduced force of heart muscle contraction, and decreased blood vessel constriction. In glaucoma treatment, timolol reduces aqueous humor production, thereby decreasing intraocular pressure. Timolol is available as an oral tablet, solution for injection, and ophthalmic solution.

I apologize for the confusion, but "Bucladesine" is not a recognized medical term or a medication in current use in medicine. It's possible that there may be some mistake or typo in the spelling. If you have any more context about where you encountered this term, I might be able to provide a more accurate and helpful response.

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of catecholamines, which are important neurotransmitters and hormones in the human body. Specifically, DBH converts dopamine into norepinephrine, another essential catecholamine.

DBH is primarily located in the adrenal glands and nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system. It requires molecular oxygen, copper ions, and vitamin C (ascorbic acid) as cofactors to perform its enzymatic function. Deficiency or dysfunction of DBH can lead to various medical conditions, such as orthostatic hypotension and neuropsychiatric disorders.

Peptic ulcer hemorrhage is a medical condition characterized by bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract due to a peptic ulcer. Peptic ulcers are open sores that develop on the lining of the stomach, lower esophagus, or small intestine. They are usually caused by infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori or long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

When a peptic ulcer bleeds, it can cause symptoms such as vomiting blood or passing black, tarry stools. In severe cases, the bleeding can lead to shock, which is a life-threatening condition characterized by a rapid heartbeat, low blood pressure, and confusion. Peptic ulcer hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Treatment may include medications to reduce stomach acid, antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori infection, and endoscopic procedures to stop the bleeding. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the ulcer or remove damaged tissue.

"ACLS and epinephrine". Mylan Specialty L.P. "EPIPEN®- epinephrine injection, EPIPEN Jr®- epinephrine injection" (PDF). FDA ... Epinephrine occurs in only a small number of central neurons, all located in the medulla. Epinephrine is involved in visceral ... The commonly used epinephrine autoinjector delivers a 0.3 mg epinephrine injection (0.3 mL, 1:1000). It is indicated in the ... Epinephrine is frequently combined with local anesthetic and can cause panic attacks. Epinephrine is mixed with cocaine to form ...
... s are hand-held devices carried by those who have severe allergies; the epinephrine delivered by the ... The epinephrine in autoinjectors expires after one year. A study in rabbits showed that intramuscular epinephrine has decreased ... As of 2005, epinephrine autoinjectors were not available in most of the developing world. As of May 2019[update], in Canada the ... People to whom epinephrine autoinjectors are prescribed need to be trained how to use the specific device prescribed. The rate ...
In the next decade, they established over a hundred new routes, many of which, such as Crimson Chrysalis, Epinephrine, Dream of ... "Epinephrine". MountainProject.com. Retrieved 2018-03-23. "Black Orpheus". MountainProject.com. Retrieved 2018-03-23. "Sour Mash ... Epinephrine (13 pitches 5.9) Black Orpheus (8 pitches 5.9+) Sour Mash (6 pitches 5.10a) Dream of Wild Turkeys (7 pitches 5.10a ...
"epinephrine (adrenaline)". 2006 Lippincott's Nursing Drug Guide. Retrieved 12 August 2016. "Vasovagal Syncope: What is it?". ... atropine or epinephrine (adrenaline). For people with the cardioinhibitory form of vasovagal syncope, implantation of a ...
Hess, Leo (1943). "Epinephrine Mydriasis". Arch. Ophthalmol. 30 (2): 194-195. doi:10.1001/archopht.1943.00880200042003. Otto ... He also established their relative dependence on epinephrine for proper function. Consequently, he learnt how nerve impulses ...
John Jacob Abel (PHARM: Ph.D. 1883), North American "father of pharmacology"; discovered epinephrine; first crystallized ...
Epinephrine (Adrenaline; Adrenalin, EpiPen, Twinject, etc.) v t e (Articles without EBI source, Articles without KEGG source, ...
Mylan Specialty L.P. "EPIPEN®- epinephrine injection, EPIPEN Jr®- epinephrine injection" (PDF). FDA Product Label. Archived ( ... a person may use an epinephrine autoinjector to self-administer epinephrine into the muscle. Because an intramuscular injection ... This site is also the usual site of administration for epinephrine autoinjectors, which are used in the outer thigh, ... "Epinephrine Injection". MedlinePlus. Last revised 03/15/2017 Zimmermann PG (February 2010). "Revisiting IM Injections". ...
Epinephrine occurs in only a small number of central neurons, all located in the medulla. Epinephrine is involved in visceral ... Media related to Epinephrine at Wikimedia Commons "U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Epinephrine". ... Epinephrine can also be used to treat open-angle glaucoma, as it has been found to lower the outflow of aqueous humor in the ... "Adrenaline - Epinephrine". World of Molecules. Retrieved 7 March 2015. Oanca G, Stare J, Mavri J (December 2017). "How fast ...
Epinephrine (adrenaline; Adrenalin, EpiPed, Twinject, etc.) "Methyldopa". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ...
"Epinephrine and Norepinephrine". Boundless.com. Archived from the original on October 13, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016. " ...
Epinephrine is an α and β adrenergic agonist that has been used to treat other upper respiratory tract illnesses, such as croup ... A Cochrane meta-analysis in 2011 found no benefit to the use of epinephrine in the inpatient setting and suggested that there ... A 2017 review found inhaled epinephrine with corticosteroids did not change the need for hospitalization or the time spent in ... June 2011). "Epinephrine for bronchiolitis". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (6): CD003123. doi:10.1002/14651858. ...
... epinephrine 1:100,000 and Prilocaine HCl 4% + epinephrine 1:200,000. Bupivicaine HCl 0.5% + epinephrine 1:200,000 gives a long ... Epinephrine in high doses is harmful to a pregnant woman in that it affects uterine blood flow. However its use in low dose ... epinephrine 1:50,000, Lidocaine HCl 2% + epinephrine 1:80,000; Lidocaine HCl 2% + ... The epinephrine causes vasoconstriction which in turn reduces systemic distribution of the anesthetic as well as prolongs its ...
The adrenal medulla is the principal site of the conversion of the amino acid tyrosine into the catecholamines; epinephrine, ... The cells form clusters around fenestrated capillaries where they release norepinephrine and epinephrine into the blood. As a ... including epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and a small amount of dopamine, in response to stimulation ... epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) include increased heart rate and blood pressure, blood vessel constriction in ...
He was given epinephrine. When his heart stopped, the medical staff was unable to get it started again. He is survived by his ...
... after first-line epinephrine. Ranitidine has been discontinued globally, according to the NHS, and is contraindicated due to ...
Taub calls for epinephrine. Nurse Anne tells him they already tried it, but Taub realizes that the blockage must be below the ...
The primary treatment is epinephrine. Interstitial lung disease presents with gradual onset of shortness of breath typically ...
Pohorecky LA, Wurtman RJ (March 1971). "Adrenocortical control of epinephrine synthesis". Pharmacological Reviews. 23 (1): 1-35 ...
In 2003, Radovic co-authored a published study titled "Revisiting Epinephrine in Foot Surgery" in the Journal of the American ... The study explored the benefits of using anesthetics containing epinephrine for foot surgery. In 2007, Radovic co-authored a ... Radovic, Philip; Smith, Robert G.; Shumway, Don (1 March 2003). "Revisiting Epinephrine in Foot Surgery". Journal of the ...
As well ALS providers carry various medications such as Zofran, Albuterol, Nitroglycerin, Aspirin, Morphine, Epinephrine etc. ... epinephrine auto-injectors (Epi-Pen); oxygen administered via nasal cannulas; non rebreathing masks and bag valve masks; ...
"Auvi-Q® (epinephrine injection, USP)". Auvi-q.com. "UPDATED: Sanofi US Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of All Auvi-Q Due to ... Auvi-Q (Epinephrine autoinjector), licensed from Intelliject and approved by the FDA in 2012, for emergency treatment of life- ... "All Allerject epinephrine auto-injectors recalled". Cbc.ca. "Sanofi Canada Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Allerject Due ... Product recall and effects: The epinephrine (adrenaline) auto-injection devices made by Sanofi SA currently on the market in ...
... and Epinephrine (e.g., EpiPen®), along with Bleeding Control Kits. Some privacy experts have expressed concern that the app may ...
... epinephrine expresses the higher affinity. The activation of β1, β2 and β3 activates the enzyme, adenylate cyclase. This, in ... Epinephrine (non-selective) Isoprenaline (INN), isoproterenol (USAN) (β1 and β2) Prenalterol Xamoterol β2 agonists stimulate ... Epinephrine (non-selective) Fenoterol Formoterol Isoetarine Isoprenaline (INN), isoproterenol (USAN) (β1 and β2) Levosalbutamol ... Although minor compared to those of epinephrine, beta agonists usually have mild to moderate adverse effects, which include ...
Certain medications, including epinephrine, may be used either intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Others, such as insulin, are ... EpiPen/EpiPen Jr (epinephrine) [prescribing information]. Morgantown, WV: Mylan Specialty LP; August 2018. "Administer the ... but people who are not medical professionals can also be trained to administer medications like epinephrine using an ...
... this includes the excretion of large quantities of epinephrine from the medulla of the adrenal gland. Epinephrine is commonly ...
... s of the adrenal medulla are innervated by the splanchnic nerve and secrete adrenaline (epinephrine), ... This chronic increase of epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion causes desensitization of the chromaffin cells to ... The chromaffin cells release catecholamines: ~80% of adrenaline (epinephrine) and ~20% of noradrenaline (norepinephrine) into ... Pohorecky, LA; Wurtman, RJ (Mar 1971). "Adrenocortical control of epinephrine synthesis" (PDF). Pharmacological Reviews. 23 (1 ...
"The Sedative-like Effect of Epinephrine". Archives of General Psychiatry,12, 255-259, 1965. 4. Malev, J.S.; Breggin, P.R. et al ...
Epinephrine is released into the blood. The HPA axis is activated. There is increased activity in the sympathetic nervous ...
Effects of epinephrine and phorbol esters". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1783 (5): 695-712. ...
"ACLS and epinephrine". Mylan Specialty L.P. "EPIPEN®- epinephrine injection, EPIPEN Jr®- epinephrine injection" (PDF). FDA ... Epinephrine occurs in only a small number of central neurons, all located in the medulla. Epinephrine is involved in visceral ... The commonly used epinephrine autoinjector delivers a 0.3 mg epinephrine injection (0.3 mL, 1:1000). It is indicated in the ... Epinephrine is frequently combined with local anesthetic and can cause panic attacks. Epinephrine is mixed with cocaine to form ...
Human trial evidence for the efficacy of epinephrine is lacking. These authors offer explanations and potential solutions ... Deleterious effects of multiple-dose epinephrine *. Epinephrine is not always the ideal vasopressor and this may be ... Human studies of epinephrine in cardiac arrest *. To date, no randomized controlled human trial has specifically evaluated ... Epinephrine can be either a curse or a cure when used as an adjunct to resuscitation of cardiac arrest. Its value depends on ...
Included in the epinephrine guidance is the recommendation that if anaphylaxis occurs in a healthcare setting, epinephrine ... Epinephrine should be given in the muscle of the mid-outer thigh because that helps achieve peak efficacy and is safer than ... Outside healthcare settings, epinephrine autoinjectors (EAs) are preferred because they are relatively easy to use and have ... The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) confirms in a new report that epinephrine is the medication of choice for the first- ...
Reviews and ratings for Epinephrine. 50 reviews submitted with a 6.9 average score. ... Epinephrine User Reviews & Ratings. Brand names: EpiPen, Adrenalin, Auvi-Q, Primatene Mist, EpiPen 2-Pak, Adrenalin Chloride, ... Primatene Mist (epinephrine) for COPD, Acute My son was born with asthma as was I. When he was 9 years old he had a major ... Primatene Mist (epinephrine) for Asthma, acute I rate the old primatene mist at a ten. The new one does little to nothing for ...
Before using epinephrine oral inhalation, *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to epinephrine, any other ... Use epinephrine oral inhalation exactly as directed. Do not use more or less of it or use it more often than directed. ... Epinephrine oral inhalation comes as an aerosol (liquid) to inhale by mouth. It is used as needed to control your asthma ... Epinephrine oral inhalation may cause other side effects. Call your doctor if you have any unusual problems while using this ...
Advice and warnings for the use of Epinephrine during pregnancy. FDA Pregnancy Category C - Risk cannot be ruled out ... Adrenalin (epinephrine). A-S Medication Solutions. 2016.. *Product Information. Epinephrine (epinephrine). Physicians Total ... Adrenalin (epinephrine). A-S Medication Solutions. 2016.. *Product Information. Epinephrine (epinephrine). Physicians Total ... Adrenaclick Two-Pack (epinephrine). Amedra Pharmaceuticals LLC. 2016.. *Product Information. Auvi-Q (epinephrine). sanofi- ...
EPINEPHRINE (UNII: YKH834O4BH) (EPINEPHRINE - UNII:YKH834O4BH) EPINEPHRINE. 0.3 mg in 0.3 mL. ... NDA019430 0.3 ML epinephrine 1 MG/ML Auto-Injector. SCD. 8. 1870207. epinephrine (generic for EpiPen) 0.3 MG per 0.3 ML Auto- ... epinephrine injection, USP) Auto-Injector 0.3 mg EpiPen ®= one dose of 0.3 mg epinephrine, USP 0.3 mg/0.3 mL for intramuscular ... epinephrine injection, USP) Auto-Injector 0.3 mg EpiPen ®= one dose of 0.3 mg epinephrine, USP 0.3 mg/0.3 mL ...
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Find patient medical information for epinephrine injection on WebMD including its uses, side effects and safety, interactions, ... Epinephrine Auto-Injector - Uses, Side Effects, and More. Generic Name: epinephrine This medication is used in emergencies to ... How to use Epinephrine Auto-Injector Read the Patient Information Leaflet and Instructions for Use provided by your pharmacist ... epinephrine (Jr) 0.15 mg/0.3 mL injection,auto-injector. Color: colorlessShape: Imprint: This medicine is a colorless, clear, ...
Epinephrine normally accelerates the conversion of liver glycogen (the conjugated, storage form of glucose) to blood glucose, ... assessment of the metabolism of liver glycogen by measuring the blood-sugar response to a standard dose of epinephrine ( ... epinephrine tolerance test, assessment of the metabolism of liver glycogen by measuring the blood-sugar response to a standard ... A modification of the test involves the substitution of a test dose of glucagon for epinephrine (glucagon tolerance test). ...
Epinephrine Injection: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Before using epinephrine injection,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to epinephrine, any other medications ... Epinephrine injection may cause side effects. When you get emergency medical treatment after you inject epinephrine, tell your ... sulfites, or any of the other ingredients in epinephrine injection. Your doctor may tell you to use epinephrine injection even ...
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EPINEPHRINE (UNII: YKH834O4BH) (EPINEPHRINE - UNII:YKH834O4BH) EPINEPHRINE. 1 mg in 1 mL. ... Epinephrine and other catecholamines have been shown to have mutagenic potential in vitro. Epinephrine was positive in the ... The potential for epinephrine to impair reproductive performance has not been evaluated, but epinephrine has been shown to ... Epinephrine is rapidly inactivated in the body and treatment following overdose with epinephrine is primarily supportive. If ...
View top-quality stock photos of Epinephrine Injector For Allergy. Find premium, high-resolution stock photography at Getty ... Epinephrine injector for allergy. - stock photo. Close up on epinephrine auto-injector with two plates full of nuts.Concept ... Close up on epinephrine auto-injector with two plates full of nuts.Concept for allergy, anaphylactic crisis,medical emergency ...
This announcement describes potential dosing errors that may result from a shortage of pre-filled Epinephrine syringes. ... EPINEPHrine pre-filled syringe shortage.. Citation Text:. National Alert Network for Serious Medication Errors. Bethesda, MD: ... This announcement describes potential dosing errors that may result from a shortage of pre-filled Epinephrine syringes. ...
La risa es tan poderosa que incluso si la fingimos, obligarnos a reír durante al menos 12 segundos cada día aumenta la probabilidad de reportar mayores niveles de bienestar ...
A fat emulsion reverses drug-induced cardiac arrest while epinephrine, the first-line treatment for this condition, makes it ... Epinephrine: More Harm Than Good Concerning his discovery that epinephrine or adrenaline is dangerous for patients suffering ... "My concern is that some fraction is dying because of the epinephrine." He will try to replicate these results and if he is ... Its okay to put epinephrine in a nerve block in most cases, because youre putting in a tiny dose. But the dose given for ...
Here is a summary of the steps to use three different epinephrine auto-injectors in an emergency:. Instructions for EpiPen:. * ... Medical providers can prescribe an epinephrine auto-injector for a child at risk of a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis). ... There are several different epinephrine auto-injectors available - Mylan EpiPen and Mylan Generic, Auvi-Q, and Adrenaclick; ... Healthy Children > Health Issues > Injuries & Emergencies > How to Use an Epinephrine Auto-Injector ...
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Epinephrine - Health : Discover our inspirations and advices. ...
... (also known as adrenaline) is a versatile drug. Learn the uses, treatment options, dosages, and side effects for ... Epinephrine is safe for both children and adults in appropriate doses. It is unknown if epinephrine can harm the fetus when ... Epinephrine. ACLS-certified clinicians know that epinephrine is one of the most common drugs used during a cardiac arrest. ... Epinephrine Uses. Epinephrine is a drug that has many preparations and applications and many routes of administration. It ...
EpiPen (epinephrine injection, USP) Auto-Injector 0.3 mg August 2018 update. Pfizer. youtube.com/watch?v=xPwWMVAtYhU. August 21 ... Drug Shortage Prompts Expiration Date Extension for Some Epinephrine Products. August 21, 2018. Kristen Coppock, MA, Editor ... The FDA is not suggesting relabeling the affected batches of epinephrine products, which are labeled with expiration dates of ... "Many patients rely on self-injectable epinephrine products, such as EpiPen, to reverse life-threatening reactions to bee stings ...
Re: Howto: Administer an Epinephrine Shot « Reply #60 on: June 21, 2011, 11:09:37 am » ... Re: Howto: Administer an Epinephrine Shot « Reply #61 on: September 29, 2011, 08:37:22 am » ... Re: Howto: Administer an Epinephrine Shot « Reply #62 on: September 29, 2011, 04:45:27 pm » ... Re: Howto: Administer an Epinephrine Shot « Reply #63 on: September 29, 2011, 10:16:32 pm » ...
EpiPen® (epinephrine) 0.3 mg and EpiPen Jr® (epinephrine) 0.15 mg Auto-Injectors are for the emergency treatment of life- ... epinephrine) Auto-Injectors. The program was created to help schools have improved access to epinephrine in the event a person ... a person should use an epinephrine auto-injector and seek immediate emergency medical attention. Carrying an epinephrine auto- ... a person should use an epinephrine auto-injector and seek immediate emergency medical attention. Epinephrine is a naturally- ...
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July 18, 2018). A randomized trial of epinephrine in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. New England Journal of Medicine ... shares what research has revealed about perfusion and the physiological state in which epinephrine can be most effective. ... and the use of epinephrine in treating a victim of cardiac arrest is no different. ... Deprioritizing epinephrine in the order of interventions ...
... an epinephrine spray and needle-free alternative to an auto-injector. Plus, progress on an epinephrine film. ... Epinephrine Spray: How Well Does It Work?. Photo: ARS Pharma. Clinical trials of epinephrine products - including the various ... Dissolving Epinephrine Makes Strides. Aquestive Film. Another needle-free epinephrine alternative is also making progress. ... Anaphylaxis But No Epinephrine: An Epidemic of Hesitation. All About Epinephrine, with ER Dr. Julie Brown. At 30,000 Feet, Why ...
is voluntarily recalling three lots of Epinephrine (L-Adrenaline) USP, a bulk active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) used to ... Epinephrine (L-Adrenaline) USP bulk API Powder, is used in manufacturing and compounding of finished dose epinephrine ... The Epinephrine (L-Adrenaline) USP bulk API Powder is packaged in amber glass bottles enclosed in a vacuum sealed pouch. NDCs ... Risk Statement: Epinephrine is a critical medication used during life-threatening conditions which can affect any age and any ...
  • Epinephrine is the drug of choice for treating allergic reaction anaphylaxis. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the agency said that these products are subject to replacement and are to be properly disposed during the extension period in the event that newer epinephrine auto injectors become available. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • The FDA said that it is working closely with Mylan on EpiPen production and supply and also has been in contact with the other manufacturers of epinephrine auto-injectors, including Adrenaclick and Auvi-Q, regarding their supply. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • MYL ), launched the EpiPen4Schools ™ program in August 2012 , thousands of schools across the country have elected to participate and redeem free EpiPen ® or EpiPen Jr ® (epinephrine) Auto-Injectors. (prnewswire.com)
  • EpiPen Auto-Injectors contain a single dose of epinephrine, which you inject into your outer thigh. (prnewswire.com)
  • Starting in the fall of 2012, all Chicago Public Schools (CPS) have undesignated epinephrine auto-injectors, provided through the EpiPen4Schools program. (prnewswire.com)
  • The plan also should include awareness of the risks, preparedness for an emergency and access to two epinephrine auto-injectors and immediate medical care. (prnewswire.com)
  • We always remind families of the importance for students with known life-threatening allergies to have immediate access to epinephrine auto-injectors at all time. (prnewswire.com)
  • Epinephrine is the medication in EPIPEN ® and EPIPEN JR ® (epinephrine injection, USP) Auto-Injectors and their authorized generics . (epipen.com)
  • EPIPEN ® (epinephrine injection, USP) 0.3 mg and EPIPEN JR ® (epinephrine injection, USP) 0.15 mg Auto-Injectors are used to treat allergic emergencies (anaphylaxis). (epipen.com)
  • Epinephrine auto-injectors are known to be very effective in stopping anaphylaxis, when given promptly. (allergicliving.com)
  • Clinical trials of epinephrine products - including the various brands of auto-injectors - are conducted using healthy volunteers, not people having actual allergic reactions. (allergicliving.com)
  • Businesses and other organizations may obtain a prescription and stock epinephrine auto-injectors if they employ or utilize a volunteer that is an EMSA-certified lay rescuer. (wildmedcenter.com)
  • A business that stocks epinephrine auto-injectors is required to keep records, create and maintain an operations plan, and report to EMSA when an epinephrine auto-injector is used. (wildmedcenter.com)
  • Those with recalled Auvi-Q injector packs should contact Sanofi at 1-866-726-6340 or email [email protected] for information on how to receive reimbursement for out of pocket costs incurred for the purchase of new epinephrine auto-injectors with proof of purchase. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • Sanofi and Sanofi-aventis Canada, the maker of epinephrine auto-injectors in North America have recalled hundreds of thousands of Auvi-Q® and Allerject® epinephrine auto-injectors because they may not deliver the correct dose. (wheat-free.org)
  • Epinephrine auto-injectors, for any child with allergies, can be a huge life saver. (neocate.com)
  • How Many Epinephrine Auto-injectors Should Your Child Have On Hand? (neocate.com)
  • ALK today announced that it has finalised its strategy for entering the US market for epinephrine (adrenaline) auto-injectors (EAIs) and that this will focus on a next-generation EAI in partnership with US-based Windgap Medical. (bostonharborangels.com)
  • Deerfield, Illinois & Richmond, Virginia (Sept. 6, 2018) - Walgreens and kaléo, a privately-held pharmaceutical company, are working together to improve access to epinephrine auto-injectors by making kaléo's AUVI-Q® 0.15 mg and 0.3 mg available through Walgreens locations nationwide. (harbert.net)
  • Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a medication and hormone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dr. Weinberg made what appears to be a critical finding while studying resuscitation: he discovered that adrenaline (or epinephrine)--the first-line treatment for patients whose heart has stopped beating--is actually deleterious. (dotmed.com)
  • Concerning his discovery that epinephrine or adrenaline is dangerous for patients suffering from cardiac arrest, he says, "usually when someone's heart stops, they get adrenaline to increase blood pressure and heart rate. (dotmed.com)
  • Spectrum Laboratory Products, Inc. is voluntarily recalling three lots of Epinephrine (L-Adrenaline) USP, a bulk active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) used to manufacture or compound prescription products, to the user level. (fda.gov)
  • The Epinephrine (L-Adrenaline) USP bulk API Powder is packaged in amber glass bottles enclosed in a vacuum sealed pouch. (fda.gov)
  • The rationale for the use of epinephrine (adrenaline) for transient tachypnea of the newborn is based on studies showing that β-agonists can accelerate the rate of alveolar fluid clearance. (cochrane.org)
  • An epinephrine autoinjector is a medical device used to deliver a single dose of epinephrine or adrenaline for the emergency treatment of anaphylaxis. (wa.gov)
  • Adrenaline/epinephrine injection is contraindicated in patients with narrow angle glaucoma. (medicines.org.uk)
  • Adrenaline/epinephrine is contraindicated for use during general anaesthesia with chloroform, trichloroethylene, or cyclopropane, and should be used cautiously, it at all, with other halogenated hydrocarbon anaesthetics. (medicines.org.uk)
  • For the convenience of use, our pediatric epinephrine (adrenaline) dose calculator will equip you with results in both mL and mg . (omnicalculator.com)
  • We can administer epinephrine (adrenaline) dose in pediatrics with two different solutions , namely 1:1,000 and 1:10,000. (omnicalculator.com)
  • When used intravenously to treat cardiac arrest in adults, epinephrine is typically given at a dose of 1mg every three to five minutes. (wikipedia.org)
  • In cases of IV infusion for bradycardia the dose is 1mg epinephrine is mixed with 500ml of NS or D5W. (wikipedia.org)
  • Higher-dose epinephrine has been found to be harmful in animal studies. (medscape.com)
  • Limited human trial data show no benefit to higher-dose epinephrine over standard dosing. (medscape.com)
  • Included in the epinephrine guidance is the recommendation that if anaphylaxis occurs in a healthcare setting, epinephrine should be given in these doses: 0.01 mg/kg (maximum dose, 0.3 mg) in a prepubescent child, and up to 0.5 mg in a teenager. (medscape.com)
  • They recommend EAs containing a 0.3-mg epinephrine dose for those weighing at least 55 pounds. (medscape.com)
  • In an animal embryofetal development study with dosing during organogenesis (on days 3 to 5, 6 to 7, or 7 to 9 of gestation), epinephrine caused teratogenic effects (including gastroschisis) at doses approximately 15 times the maximum recommended intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intravenous dose (on a mg/m2 basis at a maternal subcutaneous dose of 1.2 mg/kg/day for 2 to 3 days). (drugs.com)
  • epinephrine tolerance test , assessment of the metabolism of liver glycogen by measuring the blood-sugar response to a standard dose of epinephrine (adrenalin). (britannica.com)
  • A modification of the test involves the substitution of a test dose of glucagon for epinephrine (glucagon tolerance test). (britannica.com)
  • You may need another dose of epinephrine if your symptoms do not get better, or if they return after one dose. (webmd.com)
  • You should always keep 2 automatic injection devices with you or available at all times because one dose of epinephrine may not be enough to treat a serious allergic reaction. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most automatic injection devices contain enough solution for one dose of epinephrine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If your symptoms continue or return after the first injection, your doctor may tell you to use a second dose of epinephrine injection with a new injection device. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Adrenalin® 1 mg/mL (1:1000) epinephrine injection, 1 mL solution in a single-use clear glass vial and 30 mL solution in a multiple-dose amber glass vial. (nih.gov)
  • It's okay to put epinephrine in a nerve block in most cases, because you're putting in a tiny dose. (dotmed.com)
  • The Auvi-Q injection pens are used to inject a measured dose or doses of epinephrine into the user's outer thigh for immediate treatment of severe allergic reactions, medically referred to as anaphylaxis. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • An epinephrine auto-injector contains a pre-measured dose of epinephrine. (neocate.com)
  • This is because up to 20% of patients who have an allergic emergency requiring epinephrine will require a second dose. (neocate.com)
  • A second dose of epinephrine may be needed in an emergency, but more than two doses during an emergency should only be given with medical supervision. (neocate.com)
  • The pediatric epinephrine dose calculator allows you to estimate the amount of epinephrine required for a child, no matter the route of administration, be it Intravenous (IV), Intramuscular (IM), Subcutaneous (SC), Endotracheal (ET) or via a nebulizer. (omnicalculator.com)
  • We will also provide you with essential information on the epinephrine dose for anaphylaxis in pediatrics , as well as the dose of an EpiPen for kids . (omnicalculator.com)
  • How to calculate epinephrine dose in pediatrics? (omnicalculator.com)
  • What's the maximum dose of epinephrine for a child? (omnicalculator.com)
  • The treating emergency physician refused to give epinephrine and challenged my partner to come in if he wanted to manage the case-which he in fact did, and the patient promptly responded to a single intramuscular dose of 0.3 mg (1:1000) epinephrine. (medscape.com)
  • The standard adult dose of self-injecting epinephrine (0.3 mg of 1:1000 epinephrine) raises the level of epinephrine in the body from an average of 0.035 ng/mL to about 10 times that amount. (medscape.com)
  • Updated May 12, 2023 - A needle-free alternative to the epinephrine auto-injector has taken a crucial step forward with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (allergicliving.com)
  • https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/09/20/2746095/0/en/FDA-Issues-Complete-Response-Letter-for-neffy-epinephrine-nasal-spray-New-Drug-Application-with-Request-for-Additional-Study.html. (hcplive.com)
  • Epinephrine normally accelerates the conversion of liver glycogen (the conjugated, storage form of glucose) to blood glucose, and a blood-glucose rise of 40-60 mg per 100 ml of blood may be observed within one hour after a subcutaneous injection of epinephrine (usually 0.01 mg per kg [2.2 lb] of body weight), in subjects that have received a high-carbohydrate diet for three days before the test. (britannica.com)
  • Tell the health care professional that you have given yourself an injection of epinephrine. (webmd.com)
  • They were given either the 2 mg nasal spray, a 0.3 mg manual injection of epinephrine to the thigh muscle, or a 0.3 mg EpiPen. (allergicliving.com)
  • For those patients an immediate injection of epinephrine can prevent very serious complications. (neocate.com)
  • We can treat this reaction with an intramuscular or subcutaneous injection of epinephrine - we can perform them with either a regular syringe, or with an automatic EpiPen . (omnicalculator.com)
  • Epinephrine can be a curse in excessive doses or if used too late in resuscitation efforts, resulting in ROSC without improved (and neurologically intact) survival. (medscape.com)
  • In this situation, repeated doses of epinephrine contribute to the electrical storm. (medscape.com)
  • Epinephrine is safe for both children and adults in appropriate doses. (aclsonline.us)
  • For VF, pulseless VT, asystole, and PEA, epinephrine is used as a rapid IV push, which may be repeated every three minutes for a maximum of three doses. (aclsonline.us)
  • Almost 500,000 packs of Auvi-Q epinephrine pens have been recalled following reports of the devices injecting incorrect doses, potentially causing recipients to suffer serious and potentially life threatening injuries. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • The device malfunctions suggest that the pens may deliver incorrect doses of epinephrine to users suffering from severe allergic reactions. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • Individuals who suffer from anaphylaxis are at an increased risk of injury or death during episodes and require the proper doses of epinephrine to fight off the reaction. (aboutlawsuits.com)
  • Study authors administered three doses of nebulized 2.25% racemic epinephrine or placebo. (cochrane.org)
  • On their website, Mylan recommends that patients at risk for allergic emergencies carry two doses of epinephrine. (neocate.com)
  • Incredibly, it's not uncommon for doses of epinephrine to be administered intravenously during routine dental procedures, and this is usually tolerated. (medscape.com)
  • Primatene Mist (epinephrine) for Asthma, acute 'So I'm going to leave an actual review and not just lament about having missed Primatene Mist for so long which is what it seems like everyone else is doing. (drugs.com)
  • Primatene Mist (epinephrine) for Asthma, acute 'You can imagine to my surprise, this morning at like 4 am, suffering over here I did a google search, I thought surely they have an otc inhaler by now! (drugs.com)
  • Primatene Mist (epinephrine) for Asthma, acute 'Recently bought the 'new and improved' Primatene Mist inhaler. (drugs.com)
  • Primatene Mist (epinephrine) for Asthma, acute 'I read that the old primatene must was taken off market because one of the ingredients was harmful to the ozone. (drugs.com)
  • Primatene Mist (epinephrine) 'I have chronic COPD and a partially collapsed lung. (drugs.com)
  • In its research, ARS Pharma provides data to suggest a nasal spray could help overcome some reluctance to use epinephrine. (allergicliving.com)
  • What is this reluctance to use epinephrine, and from where does it arise? (medscape.com)
  • The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) confirms in a new report that epinephrine is the medication of choice for the first-aid treatment of anaphylaxis and updates a 2007 report on how it should be used most effectively. (medscape.com)
  • Risk Statement: Epinephrine is a critical medication used during life-threatening conditions which can affect any age and any person. (fda.gov)
  • Epinephrine currently stands as the only FDA-approved medication designed for management of these reactions. (hcplive.com)
  • Self-administration of inhaled asthma or anaphylaxis medication - School board epinephrine injector policy. (justia.com)
  • A highly sensitive radioenzymatic assay for the measurement of catecholamines in small blood vessels was applied to the measurement of the levels of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and epinephrine (E). The results showed the presence of NE, E and DA in all segments of rat or rabbit vascular tissue analyzed. (karger.com)
  • After the induction of insulin hypoglycemia, adrenals of hypophysectomized dogs release considerably less epinephrine, and more norepinephrine, than those of control animals. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Inasmuch as norepinephrine is far less potent than epinephrine in accelerating the breakdown of glycogen, the impairment in epinephrine synthesis caused by pituitary insufficiency may be related to the insulin sensitivity that often characterizes this disease. (aspetjournals.org)
  • If norepinephrine (NE) plus epinephrine (Epi) infusion during ME produces the plasma levels and R a of IE, this would prove them capable of mediating these responses. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi) concentrations both increase 15-fold, and we have demonstrated highly significant correlations of both with R a during IE ( 5 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Drugs that release or hinder metabolism of epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine should be discontinued for at least one week prior to specimen collection. (medscape.com)
  • Epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine injections or infusions should be discontinued at least 12 hours before the urine specimen is collected, except when the test is being used for drug monitoring. (medscape.com)
  • Epinephrine, dopamine, and norepinephrine (catecholamines) are important CNS neurotransmitters and have vital roles in the autonomic regulation of many functions of homeostasis, including intestinal and bronchial smooth muscle tone, vascular tone, glucose metabolism, and cardiac rate and contractility. (medscape.com)
  • Epinephrine injector for allergy. (gettyimages.com)
  • Close up on epinephrine auto-injector with two plates full of nuts.Concept for allergy, anaphylactic crisis,medical emergency. (gettyimages.com)
  • Medical providers can prescribe an epinephrine auto-injector for a child at risk of a severe allergic reaction ( anaphylaxis ). (healthychildren.org)
  • Take the epinephrine auto-injector out of its package. (healthychildren.org)
  • 1 However, the FDA also extended expiration dates on some epinephrine auto injector products in the spring. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • If symptoms of anaphylaxis are identified, a person should be treated with an epinephrine auto-injector and seek immediate emergency medical care after use," said Ruchi Gupta , M.D., M.P.H., Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Northwestern University and Lurie Children's Hospital. (prnewswire.com)
  • According to the food allergy guidelines developed by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, if experiencing anaphylaxis, a person should use an epinephrine auto-injector and seek immediate emergency medical attention. (prnewswire.com)
  • If you suspect you're having a severe allergic emergency (anaphylaxis), don't hesitate to use an epinephrine auto-injector and immediately seek emergency medical care. (epipen.com)
  • The company surveyed 200 patients and caregivers who had used an epinephrine auto-injector in the past year. (allergicliving.com)
  • The top reasons given for the delay: uncertainty about whether initial symptoms warranted use of the device, needle fears, the recommendation to go to the ER after using the device, concerns about potential side effects from epinephrine, worries that the auto-injector would be painful or hit bone, and the size of the device. (allergicliving.com)
  • WMTC is recognized by Washington State Department of Health as an authorized Epinephrine Auto-injector & Anaphylaxis Training Provider. (wildmedcenter.com)
  • WMTC is an approved California state epinephrine auto-injector training program. (wildmedcenter.com)
  • WMTC students issued a WMTC Epinephrine card after April 29, 2019, may apply for a California epinephrine auto-injector certification card and should visit https://emsa.ca.gov/epinephrine_auto_injector/ for information and an application form. (wildmedcenter.com)
  • To receive the epinephrine auto-injector(s), the business must take the EMSA certification card to a physician to receive a prescription. (wildmedcenter.com)
  • First, be sure you know which end of the epinephrine shot injector is the tip and which end is the top. (alberta.ca)
  • If you are a parent of a child who is at risk for anaphylactic shock, you probably carry his or her epinephrine auto-injector with you at all times, in case they are exposed to an allergen to which they are allergic. (neocate.com)
  • This will ensure he or she receives proper care and attention when you aren't there and that all adults that are around your child have the proper training to use an epinephrine auto-injector if an emergency situation arises. (neocate.com)
  • Did it involve a 504 plan or epinephrine auto-injector training? (neocate.com)
  • Sometimes even the few minutes it takes emergency medical care to arrive is too long, and a personal device with automated injectable epinephrine, an auto-injector, is essential. (neocate.com)
  • School board epinephrine injector policy. (justia.com)
  • Alejandro didn't have a prescription for medicine (epinephrine auto-injector) that would treat severe allergic reactions. (cdc.gov)
  • Workers who are allergic to insect stings or bites should visit a health care professional to get a prescription for an epinephrine auto-injector and carry it with them at all times. (cdc.gov)
  • Agricultur al employers should train workers in insect sting incident response and first aid, including how to use an epinephrine auto-injector. (cdc.gov)
  • Fass environmental information for Adrenalin Bradex (epinephrine ) from FrostPharma and EpiPen (epinephrine) from Meda respectively (downloaded 2021-01-18). (janusinfo.se)
  • a hormone that is produced before epinephrine (adrenalin) and results in a similar reaction in the body. (cdc.gov)
  • The program was created to help schools have improved access to epinephrine in the event a person experiences a life-threatening allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) at school. (prnewswire.com)
  • When anaphylaxis occurs, every minute matters-even one incident without access to epinephrine is too many. (prnewswire.com)
  • As we continue our commitment to improving access to epinephrine, we are delighted to see the immediate interest and uptake nationwide, and hope it continues. (prnewswire.com)
  • Tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, levothyroxine sodium, and certain antihistamines potentiate effects of epinephrine. (nih.gov)
  • Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs antagonize cardiostimulating and bronchodilating effects of epinephrine. (nih.gov)
  • Alpha-adrenergic blocking drugs antagonize vasoconstricting and hypertensive effects of epinephrine. (nih.gov)
  • Ergot alkaloids may reverse the pressor effects of epinephrine. (nih.gov)
  • No information is available on the relationship of age to the effects of epinephrine injection in geriatric patients. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Do not administer repeated injections of epinephrine at the same site, as the resulting vasoconstriction may cause tissue necrosis. (nih.gov)
  • They may administer or provide an epinephrine autoinjector to people who are experiencing anaphylaxis. (wa.gov)
  • Outside healthcare settings, epinephrine autoinjectors (EAs) are preferred because they are relatively easy to use and have more reliable accuracy of dosing than laypeople filling a syringe or using a prefilled syringe, the report says. (medscape.com)
  • EPINEPHrine pre-filled syringe shortage. (ahrq.gov)
  • An estimated 25 to 40 million individuals in the US fall into the Type 1 allergic reaction category, according to ARS Pharma officials, and the company has noted that only 3.3 million of them are known to have prescriptions for active epinephrine autoinjectors. (hcplive.com)
  • In 2016, a law was passed allowing authorized entities to obtain epinephrine autoinjectors . (wa.gov)
  • Epinephrine should be given in the muscle of the mid-outer thigh because that helps achieve peak efficacy and is safer than injecting a bolus intravenously. (medscape.com)
  • If epinephrine injection is used to treat life-threatening low blood pressure associated with septic shock, it is usually injected intravenously (into a vein) by a doctor or nurse in a medical facility. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When administered intravenously, epinephrine produces an immediate and intense response, but disappears quickly. (aclsonline.us)
  • Racemic epinephrine has historically been used for the treatment of croup. (wikipedia.org)
  • In stridorous patients, racemic epinephrine via a nebulizer may be a temporizing measure until bronchoscopy can be performed. (medscape.com)
  • Many patients rely on self-injectable epinephrine products, such as EpiPen , to reverse life-threatening reactions to bee stings or other allergens for either themselves or for their children," she said. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • As highlighted in December by Medscape Medical News , injectable epinephrine is often not used correctly by patients during allergic emergencies. (medscape.com)
  • Epinephrine is used to treat a number of conditions, including cardiac arrest, anaphylaxis, and superficial bleeding. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] While epinephrine is often used to treat cardiac arrest, it has not been shown to improve long-term survival or mental function after recovery. (wikipedia.org)
  • Epinephrine can be either a curse or a cure when used as an adjunct to resuscitation of cardiac arrest. (medscape.com)
  • Epinephrine is but one of many interventions that need to be appropriately integrated into the series of essential steps of advanced cardiac life support for optimal resuscitation of patients with OHCA. (medscape.com)
  • To date, no randomized controlled human trial has specifically evaluated early epinephrine administration in cardiac arrest. (medscape.com)
  • One recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) from Norway evaluated early administration of epinephrine and other intravenous drugs (atropine and amiodarone) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). (medscape.com)
  • ACLS-certified clinicians know that epinephrine is one of the most common drugs used during a cardiac arrest. (aclsonline.us)
  • First introduced into the ACLS algorithm in 1974, Epinephrine is now one of the primary drugs used in advanced cardiac life support situations. (aclsonline.us)
  • Epinephrine is also used as an emergency rescue drug for lethal cardiac rhythms, which is the primary focus of this article. (aclsonline.us)
  • Epinephrine, a vasopressor, is used as part of the ACLS treatment algorithm for its strong vasoconstrictive effects, and secondarily for its ability to increase cardiac output. (aclsonline.us)
  • Studies have shown that epinephrine and vasopressin (an alternate drug) improve rates of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after cardiac arrest. (aclsonline.us)
  • Neither vasopressin nor epinephrine improve survival, so the overall clinical benefit when used while attempting to treat refractory cardiac arrest remains questionable. (aclsonline.us)
  • An IV infusion of epinephrine is also indicated as a vasopressor for post-cardiac arrest hypotension. (aclsonline.us)
  • Medical intervention succeeds best when administered to or performed on the right patient at the right time, and the use of epinephrine in treating a victim of cardiac arrest is no different. (ems1.com)
  • A randomized trial of epinephrine in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. (ems1.com)
  • Epinephrine, a mainstay of advanced cardiovascular life support, (2) is considered "standard of care" in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). (acc.org)
  • In that study, 601 OHCA victims treated by a single ambulance service in Western Australia were randomized to receive epinephrine 1 mg every 3 minutes after the third unsuccessful shock or after the establishment of IV access in the case of non-shockable cardiac arrest rhythms. (acc.org)
  • R.S.H. Pumphrey reported, [ 2 ] in a study, that epinephrine was administered in just 62% of the fatal anaphylactic reactions that he reviewed, with only a small minority (14%) receiving the drug before cardiac arrest. (medscape.com)
  • Epinephrine, a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal gland, is an important CNS neurotransmitter and has a central role in autonomic regulation including intestinal and bronchial smooth muscle tone, vascular tone, glucose metabolism, and cardiac rate and contractility. (medscape.com)
  • In the present study, we showed that human neutrophils synthesize, store, and release epinephrine, one of the three main types of catecholamines. (doaj.org)
  • Traditionally urinary catecholamines, including epinephrine, are usually measured to diagnose disease states and not serum levels. (medscape.com)
  • Inhaled epinephrine may be used to improve the symptoms of croup. (wikipedia.org)
  • Epinephrine oral inhalation is used to relieve symptoms of asthma that occur from time to time, including wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath in adults and children 12 years of age and older. (safemedication.com)
  • If more symptoms then develop, or if more than one organ system is involved, epinephrine is indicated, the authors write. (medscape.com)
  • The forms include space for the healthcare provider to recommend, depending on a patient's history, that epinephrine be given even though only mild symptoms occur or, controversially, when there are no symptoms, but a definite ingestion or sting has occurred. (medscape.com)
  • Talk to your doctor about these symptoms and be sure you understand how to tell when you are having a serious allergic reaction and should inject epinephrine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Epinephrine is a life-saving drug that treats the symptoms of a severe allergic reaction by stopping the airway from swelling. (healthychildren.org)
  • A needle-free option for administering epinephrine would be used sooner after symptoms developed and is perceived as being easier to use versus an injectable device," the company stated. (allergicliving.com)
  • Symptoms of a severe allergic reaction can return or get worse after an epinephrine shot. (alberta.ca)
  • All the fatalities did not have epinephrine and those who survived received an epinephrine shot before or within 5 minutes of developing severe symptoms. (neocate.com)
  • Biopharmaceutical company ARS Pharmaceuticals has been given a Complete Response Letter (CRL) from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for epinephrine nasal spray (neffy) treatment for Type 1 allergic reactions including anaphylaxis , in a move that may be surprising to those anticipating approval this week. (hcplive.com)
  • Epinephrine is under clinical development by ARS Pharmaceuticals and currently in Phase II for Chronic Urticaria Or Hives. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • For patients who are unable to fill their current epinephrine prescriptions, Walgreens pharmacists will work with each patient's healthcare practitioner to see if AUVI-Q is right for them. (harbert.net)
  • Epinephrine can also have adverse effects including increased myocardial oxygen consumption and necrosis, postresuscitation myocardial dysfunction and ventricular arrhythmias. (medscape.com)
  • Epinephrine should be injected only in the middle of the outer side of the thigh, and can be injected through clothing if necessary in an emergency. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The EpiPen® , made by Mylan, delivers a quick shot of epinephrine to the thigh. (neocate.com)
  • If you are worried about potential accidental injections, be sure to review our post on accidental injections of epinephrine and potential consequences . (neocate.com)
  • Epinephrine is also used as a bronchodilator for asthma if specific β2 agonists are unavailable or ineffective. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because of the high intrinsic efficacy (receptor binding ability) of epinephrine, high drug concentrations cause adverse side effects when treating asthma. (wikipedia.org)
  • The value of using nebulized epinephrine in acute asthma is unclear. (wikipedia.org)
  • Epinephrine (ARS-1) is under development for the treatment of anaphylaxis caused by severe allergic reactions to medications, insect bites, asthma, urticaria, seasonal allergic rhinitis, food allergy and infectious rhinitis. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • Epinephrine oral inhalation is in a class of medications called alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists (sympathomimetic agents). (safemedication.com)
  • tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to epinephrine, any other medications, or any of the ingredients in epinephrine oral inhalation. (safemedication.com)
  • do not use epinephrine oral inhalation if you are taking a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor including isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine (Nardil), rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam), and tranylcypromine (Parnate) or have stopped taking any of these medications within the past 2 weeks. (safemedication.com)
  • Epinephrine injection is used along with emergency medical treatment to treat life-threatening allergic reactions caused by insect bites or stings, foods, medications, latex, and other causes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Octocaine with Epinephrine consists of multiple generic medications. (rxwiki.com)
  • Early recognition of anaphylaxis and prompt self-administration of epinephrine and other medications can be lifesaving. (cdc.gov)
  • But even if epinephrine can be administered earlier in patients with OHCA via intraosseus administration, this by itself is not a cure. (medscape.com)
  • However, elderly patients are more likely to have age-related heart disease which may require caution in patients receiving epinephrine injection. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Based on propensity score, patients with OHCA who were given epinephrine were compared with unique control patients who were not given epinephrine before hospital arrival. (acc.org)
  • In the present study we aimed to evaluate the association between epinephrine use and short-term mortality in all-cause CS patients. (muni.cz)
  • We performed a meta-analysis of individual data with prespecified inclusion criteria: (1) patients in non-surgical CS treated with inotropes and/or vasopressors and (2) at least 15% of patients treated with epinephrine administrated alone or in association with other inotropes/vasopressors. (muni.cz)
  • The risk of death was higher in epinephrine-treated CS patients (OR [CI] = 3.3 [2.8-3.9]) compared to patients treated with other drug regimens. (muni.cz)
  • In this very large cohort, epinephrine use for hemodynamic management of CS patients is associated with a threefold increase of risk of death. (muni.cz)
  • The use of fentanyl added to morphine-lidocaine-epinephrine spinal solution in patients undergoing cesarean section. (umassmed.edu)
  • Epinephrine testing should not be performed in patients in withdrawal from any drugs (legal or illegal) associated with known rebound plasma catecholamine release during the withdrawal period. (medscape.com)
  • Does epinephrine use reduce perioperative blood loss during pelvic and femoral osteotomy with open reduction of the patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip? (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the use of epinephrine solution -impregnated gauzes and irrigation fluid with epinephrine could reduce perioperative blood loss during the combined surgical treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) patients . (bvsalud.org)
  • The patients were divided into two groups as those who used topical epinephrine in the surgical sites during combined surgical treatment (n=34) and those who did not (n=34). (bvsalud.org)
  • Blood transfusion was administered to five patients in the no epinephrine group. (bvsalud.org)
  • The intraoperative topical use of epinephrine irrigation solution and epinephrine solution -impregnated gauze dressings is effective and safe in reducing blood loss in DDH patients . (bvsalud.org)
  • In the case of symptomatic bradycardia, epinephrine can be given as a continuous IV infusion. (aclsonline.us)
  • The commonly used epinephrine autoinjector delivers a 0.3 mg epinephrine injection (0.3 mL, 1:1000). (wikipedia.org)
  • Authorized entities that choose to acquire these devices must have people connected with the entity, such as employees, who have completed an anaphylaxis and epinephrine autoinjector training. (wa.gov)
  • An authorized entity is required to report to the Department of Health each incident of use of an obtained epinephrine autoinjector that was provided or administered to a person. (wa.gov)
  • To report an incident of use of an epinephrine autoinjector please submit this form . (wa.gov)
  • Epinephrine has an average rating of 6.9 out of 10 from a total of 50 reviews on Drugs.com. (drugs.com)
  • To assess whether epinephrine compared to placebo, no treatment or any other drugs (excluding salbutamol) is effective and safe in the treatment of transient tachypnea of the newborn in infants born at 34 weeks' gestational age or more. (cochrane.org)
  • Randomized controlled trials, quasi-randomized controlled trials and cluster trials comparing epinephrine versus placebo or no treatment or any other drugs administered to infants born at 34 weeks' gestational age or more and less than three days of age with transient tachypnea of the newborn. (cochrane.org)
  • The FDA has accepted a new drug application for an epinephrine nasal spray. (allergicliving.com)
  • The FDA's announcement requesting further study represents a step back in the process of 'neffy' becoming the first needle-free nasal spray epinephrine alternative. (hcplive.com)
  • Once approved, neffy would have represented the first needle-free nasal spray epinephrine alternative for those with severe allergic reactions, potentially allowing for ease of use as well as administration. (hcplive.com)
  • FDA Issues Complete Response Letter for neffy® (epinephrine nasal spray) New Drug Application with Request for Additional Study. (hcplive.com)
  • Grossi G. David Dworaczyk, PhD: FDA Review is Anticipated for an Epinephrine Nasal Spray. (hcplive.com)
  • https://www.hcplive.com/view/david-dworaczyk-phd-fda-review-is-anticipated-for-an-epinephrine-nasal-spray. (hcplive.com)
  • Epinephrine is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and a small number of neurons in the brain, where it acts as a neurotransmitter. (wikipedia.org)
  • The decrease in adrenal PNMT activity caused by hypophysectomy is associated with corresponding decreases in the mass of chromaffin cells and in the amounts of epinephrine stored in the adrenal medulla and secreted in response to physiological stimuli. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Epinephrine in Resuscitation: Curse or Cure? (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: Epinephrine in Resuscitation: Curse or Cure? (medscape.com)
  • Epinephrine administration has been advocated in resuscitation for decades and forms a key component of published guidelines. (medscape.com)
  • Epinephrine use is implemented according to the FDMA resuscitation guidelines for emergency lifesaving technicians. (acc.org)
  • If the initiating factor (i.e., the electrical current that initiated the VF in the animal model) is no longer present, epinephrine given early clearly improves survival. (medscape.com)
  • Accordingly, the concomitant use of vasopressin and the addition of β-adrenergic blockers to epinephrine may well be needed to improved survival. (medscape.com)
  • Based on our findings, we propose that A. actinomycetemcomitans promotes azurophilic granule exocytosis by neutrophils as an epinephrine source to promote bacterial survival. (doaj.org)
  • This study was a prospective, nonrandomized, observational analysis of 417,188 OHCAs occurring in Japan between 2005-2008, using a national database, which sought to determine whether pre-hospital epinephrine use was associated with outcomes including return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) prior to hospital arrival, survival at 1 month post-arrest, and survival with good or moderate cerebral performance and no, mild, or moderate neurological disability. (acc.org)
  • In this large observational study using a national database in Japan, use of prehospital epinephrine was significantly associated with increased chance of return of spontaneous circulation before hospital arrival but decreased chance of survival and good functional outcomes 1 month after the event. (acc.org)
  • B. The school board of each school district that elects to stock Epinephrine injectors shall amend the policy identified in subsection A of this section. (justia.com)
  • The school district to designate the employee responsible for obtaining the Epinephrine injectors at each school site. (justia.com)
  • D. A licensed physician who has prescriptive authority may write a prescription for Epinephrine injectors to the school district in the name of the district as a body corporate specified in Section 5-105 of this title which shall be maintained at each school site. (justia.com)
  • Such physician shall incur no liability as a result of any injury arising from the use of the Epinephrine injectors. (justia.com)
  • E. The school district may maintain at each school a minimum of two Epinephrine injectors in a secure location. (justia.com)
  • Provided, however, that nothing in this section shall be construed as creating or imposing a duty on a school district to maintain Epinephrine injectors at a school site or sites. (justia.com)
  • This can explain the lack of observed benefit of epinephrine usage in human OHCA. (medscape.com)
  • 18 years), time course (OHCA prior to EMS arrival), and epinephrine use were analyzed. (acc.org)
  • 001). Those receiving epinephrine during OHCA were less than half as likely to be surviving at one month, as well as to be surviving with good cerebral and neurological outcome. (acc.org)
  • There is just one randomized clinical trial (RCT) to date evaluating the use of epinephrine during OHCA, by Jacobs et al. (acc.org)
  • The small size of that trial left the question unanswered, and thus the current very large, although observational study, brings important information to light on the potential harms resulting from use of epinephrine in OHCA. (acc.org)
  • It's time to face the fact that there is an epidemic of miscommunication about the use of epinephrine for allergic emergencies. (medscape.com)
  • You have been prescribed a self-injecting epinephrine device for allergic emergencies. (medscape.com)
  • Epinephrine injection is also used to treat life-threatening low blood pressure associated with septic shock (a serious condition caused by a body-wide infection that can lead to dangerously low blood pressure and organ failure) in hospitalized adults. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This announcement describes potential dosing errors that may result from a shortage of pre-filled Epinephrine syringes. (ahrq.gov)
  • Too much epinephrine can cause serious side effects, such as trouble breathing. (alberta.ca)
  • [ 6 ] We need to worry much less about the potential for epinephrine side effects. (medscape.com)
  • Agency officials are doing everything they can to help reduce shortages of epinephrine products, which many children with allergies take to school, Janet Woodcock, MD, director of the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, said in a statement. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Through EpiPen4Schools we are helping make epinephrine available for those with known life-threatening allergies as well as for those who experience anaphylaxis while at school," said Heather Bresch , CEO of Mylan. (prnewswire.com)
  • If approved, neffy would be the "first new way of delivering epinephrine in over 30 years," Lowenthal says. (allergicliving.com)
  • FDA Advisory Committee Votes in Support of Favorable Benefit-Risk Profile for neffy® (Intranasal (IN) Epinephrine) for the Treatment of Allergic Reactions (Type 1), Including Anaphylaxis [press release]. (hcplive.com)
  • However, vasopressin is no longer used in the ACLS algorithm because other studies suggested no additional benefit from administering vasopressin with epinephrine (as opposed to using epinephrine alone). (aclsonline.us)
  • Joe Holley, MD, FACEP, FAEMS, medical director for the State of Tennessee Department of Emergency Medical Services, and the Memphis and Shelby County Fire Departments, shares what research has revealed about perfusion and the physiological state in which epinephrine can be most effective. (ems1.com)
  • There is a lack of consensus as to whether inhaled nebulized epinephrine is beneficial in the treatment of bronchiolitis, with most guidelines recommending against its use. (wikipedia.org)
  • Epinephrine injection helps to treat serious allergic reactions but does not take the place of medical treatment. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Get emergency medical treatment immediately after you inject epinephrine. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Epinephrine is FDA-approved for many treatment situations and is commonly used off-label for other situations. (aclsonline.us)
  • Epinephrine is the only first-line treatment for anaphylaxis, which can occur quickly and without warning. (prnewswire.com)
  • According to National Food Allergy Guidelines, epinephrine is the only recommended first‑line treatment for anaphylaxis. (epipen.com)
  • Epinephrine is the only first-line treatment for anaphylaxis. (epipen.com)
  • Treatment with a less-effective product, essentially underdosing epinephrine, could result in death. (fda.gov)
  • Epinephrine did not reduce the duration of treatment with oxygen, the need for respiratory support or any other relevant measurements in newborns with transient tachypnea. (cochrane.org)
  • It is epinephrine underuse that has consistently been shown to be the issue in anaphylactic emergencies, [ 2 ] and overdose is actually quite rare. (medscape.com)
  • While practicing allergen avoidance is imperative, accidental contact can still happen, which is why it is important that epinephrine is accessible. (prnewswire.com)