Endpoint Determination
Treatment Outcome
Sex Determination Analysis
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Calibration
Reproducibility of Results
Sensitivity and Specificity
Flow Injection Analysis
Double-Blind Method
Indicators and Reagents
Prospective Studies
Reference Standards
Limit of Detection
Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
Colorimetry
Molecular Sequence Data
Follow-Up Studies
Spectrophotometry, Atomic
Spondylitis, Ankylosing
Rheumatic Diseases
Incidence and risk factors of late rupture, conversion, and death after endovascular repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysms: the EUROSTAR experience. European Collaborators on Stent/graft techniques for aortic aneurysm repair. (1/966)
OBJECTIVE: The EUROSTAR (European Collaborators on Stent/graft techniques for aortic aneurysm repair) Registry was established in 1996 to collect data on the outcome of treatment of patients with infrarenal aortic aneurysms with endovascular repair. To date, 88 European centers of vascular surgery have contributed. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the results of this treatment in the medium term (up to 4 years) according to the analysis of "hard" or primary end points of rupture, late conversion, and death. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with aortic aneurysms suitable for endovascular aneurysm repair were notified to the EUROSTAR Data Registry Centre before treatment to eliminate bias due to selective reporting. The following information was collected on all patients: (1) demographic details and the anatomic characteristics of their aneurysms, (2) details of the endovascular device used, (3) complications encountered during the procedure and the immediate outcome, (4) results of contrast enhanced computed tomographic imaging at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months after operation and at yearly intervals thereafter, and (5) all adverse events. Life table analysis was performed to determine the cumulative rates of (1) death from all causes, (2) rupture, and (3) late conversion to open repair. Risk factors for rupture and late conversion were identified through regression analysis. RESULTS: By March 2000, 2464 patients had been registered, and their mean duration of follow-up was 12.19 months (SD, 12.3 months). There were 14 patients with confirmed rupture of their aneurysms. The cumulative rate (risk) of rupture was approximately 1% per year. Emergency surgery was undertaken in 12 (86%) patients, of whom five (41.6%) survived. Two patients who were not treated surgically also died, which resulted in an overall death rate of 64.5% (9/14) of the patients. Significant risk factors for rupture were proximal type I endoleak (P =.001), midgraft (type III) endoleak (P =.001), graft migration (P =.001), and postoperative kinking of the endograft (P =.001). Forty-one patients underwent late conversion to open repair with a perioperative mortality rate of 24.4% (10/41). The cumulative rate (risk) of late conversion was approximately 2.1% per year. Risk factors (indications) for late conversion were proximal type I endoleak (P =. 001), midgraft (type III) endoleak (P =.001), type II endoleak (P =. 003), graft migration (P =.001), graft kinking (P =.001), and distal type I endoleak (P =.001). CONCLUSIONS: Endovascular repair of infrarenal aortic aneurysms with the first- and second-generation devices that predominated in this study was associated with a risk of late failure, according to an analysis of observed hard end points of 3% per year. Action taken to address the risk factors identified by the study may improve results in the future. (+info)Effect of pravastatin on coronary disease events in subgroups defined by coronary risk factors: the Prospective Pravastatin Pooling Project. (2/966)
BACKGROUND: Previous trials have had insufficient numbers of coronary events to address definitively the effect of lipid-modifying therapy on coronary heart disease in subgroups of patients with varying baseline characteristics. METHODS AND RESULTS: The data from 3 large randomized trials with pravastatin 40 mg were pooled and analyzed with the use of a prospectively defined protocol. Included were 19 768 patients, 102 559 person-years of follow-up, 2194 primary end points (coronary death or nonfatal myocardial infarction), and 3717 expanded end points (primary end point, CABG, or PTCA). Pravastatin significantly reduced relative risk in younger (<65 years) and older (>/=65 years) patients, men and women, smokers and nonsmokers, and patients with or without diabetes or hypertension. The relative effect was smaller, but absolute risk reduction was similar in patients with hypertension compared with those without hypertension. Relative risk reduction was significant in predefined categories of baseline lipid concentrations. Tests for interaction were not significant between relative risk reduction and baseline total cholesterol (5% to 95% range 177 to 297 mg/dL, 4.6 to 7.7 mmol/L), HDL cholesterol (27 to 58 mg/dL, 0.7 to 1.5 mmol/L), and triglyceride (74 to 302 mg/dL, 0.8 to 3.4 mmol/L) concentrations, analyzed as continuous variables. However, for LDL cholesterol, the probability values for interaction were 0.068 for the prespecified primary end point and 0.019 for the expanded end point. Relative risk reduction was similar throughout most of the baseline LDL cholesterol range (125 to 212 mg/dL, 3.2 to 5.5 mmol/L) with the possible exception of the lowest quintile of CARE/LIPID (<125 mg/dL) (relative risk reduction 5%, 95% CI 19% to -12%). CONCLUSIONS: Pravastatin treatment is effective in reducing coronary heart disease events in patients with high or low risk factor status and across a wide range of pretreatment lipid concentrations. (+info)Treatment of patients with metastatic renal carcinoma with a combination of subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon alfa with or without fluorouracil. Groupe Francais d'Immunotherapie, Federation Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer. (3/966)
PURPOSE: Subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) and recombinant interferon alfa-2a (rIFNalpha-2a) have been used extensively in the treatment of metastatic renal cancer. Most results, coming from noncontrolled phase II trials, showed inconsistent rates of response. More recently, the addition of fluorouracil (FU) was proposed to improve the efficacy of these regimens. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The role of a subcutaneous combination of rIL-2 and rIFNalpha-2a with or without FU was investigated. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a combination of rIL-2 and rIFNalpha-2a at weeks 1, 3, 5, and 7 or the same combination together with a continuous infusion of FU at weeks 1 and 5. The major end points of this multicenter, randomized trial were progression-free survival, response rate, and toxicity. Overall survival was a secondary end point. Tumor responses were reviewed by an independent committee. Analysis of the results was performed on an intention-to-treat basis. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-one patients were enrolled. There was no difference in toxicity between the arms, and no toxic death was observed. One partial response was observed in arm A and five in arm B. Progression-free survival did not differ between the arms, and rates at 1 year were 12% and 15% in arms A and B, respectively. No statistically significant differences were detected in any end point. CONCLUSION: The subcutaneous combination of rIL-2 and rIFNalpha-2a with or without FU does not benefit patients with metastatic renal carcinoma. Neither of these regimens can be recommended as standard treatment. The results of the subcutaneous cytokine regimen seem disappointing. (+info)Gene transfer as an approach to treating hemophilia. (4/966)
Hemophilia is an X-linked bleeding diathesis caused by a deficiency of either factor VIII or factor IX. Present treatment for hemophilia involves intravenous infusion of either recombinant or plasma-derived clotting factor concentrates. Problems with this treatment method, including the expense, need for intravenous access, and risks of blood-borne disease transmission, have fueled an interest in developing a gene-transfer approach to treatment. On the basis of experience with protein concentrate therapy, it seems likely that even modest elevations in circulating levels of factor VIII or factor IX can prevent most of the mortality and much of the morbidity associated with the disease. Hemophilia has a number of advantages as a model system for working out strategies for gene transfer as an approach to the treatment of genetic diseases; these include wide latitude in choice of target tissue, a wide therapeutic window for levels of circulating factor, ease of determining therapeutic endpoints, and existence of excellent animal models of the disease. Preclinical studies over the last decade have recently culminated in the initiation of clinical trials of gene transfer for hemophilia A and B. Three trials, each using different vectors and target tissues, are presently underway, and two additional trials are in late planning stages. This report reviews the preclinical data underlying these strategies and the design of the ongoing and proposed clinical trials. (+info)The mouse uterotrophic assay: a reevaluation of its validity in assessing the estrogenicity of bisphenol A. (5/966)
The prevalence of synthetic chemicals in our environment that are capable of mimicking the female hormone estrogen is a growing concern. One such chemical, bisphenol A (BPA), has been shown to leach from a variety of resin-based and plastic products, including dental sealants and food and beverage containers, in concentrations that are sufficient to induce cell proliferation in vitro. The response to BPA in vivo has been varied; thus the aims of this study were to investigate a) whether BPA has an estrogenic effect in CD-1 mice, a strain that is useful for developmental studies; and b) whether the uterotrophic assay is a valid means of determining the estrogenicity of BPA by comparing it with other end points measured in the uterus. Immature female CD-1 mice were exposed to BPA in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 mg/kg body weight for 3 days. Results showed that BPA induced a significant increase in the height of luminal epithelial cells within the uterus at concentrations of 5, 75, and 100 mg/kg and that BPA induced lactoferrin at concentrations of 75 and 100 mg/kg. A uterotrophic response (increase in uterine wet weight) was induced by 100 mg/kg BPA only. Further, the proportion of mice showing vaginal opening was greater after exposure to 0.1 and 100 mg/kg BPA, relative to the control animals and those receiving intermediate doses of BPA. These results demonstrate that BPA induces changes in the mouse uterus that differ depending on the exposure dose and the end point measured, and reveal that certain tissue effects show a nonmonotonic relationship with dose. These data also demonstrate that BPA induces estrogenic changes in the uterus of the CD-1 mouse, and highlight the need to reevaluate the validity of the mouse uterotrophic assay as an end point for determining the estrogenicity of suspected environmental estrogens. (+info)5-fluorouracil steady state pharmacokinetics and outcome in patients receiving protracted venous infusion for advanced colorectal cancer. (6/966)
PVI 5FU gives increased response rates and reduced toxicity when compared to bolus 5FU (J Clin Oncol 1989, 425-432). PVI 5FU administration was reported to give highly variable (>1000-fold) plasma 5FU concentrations at steady state (FU Css) which correlated with toxicity (Ann Oncol 1996, 47-53); but only 19 patients were studied. Therefore, we performed a study of PVI 5FU in 61 patients with advanced colorectal cancer to assess the variability (inter- and intra-subject) in 5FU Css associated with PVI 5FU (300 mg m(-2)day(-1)) and to attempt to correlate pharmacodynamic end-points (anti-tumour activity, toxicity) with 5FU Css as a prelude to 'exposure-guided' 5FU administration. All 5FU sampling was performed between 10 am and noon. PVI 5FU administration continued to 26 weeks in patients with disease improvement or stabilization. The response rate was 26% (33% stable disease) and median survival was 11 months. Hand-foot syndrome was the most common dose limiting toxicity. Variability in 5FU(300)Css was considerably less than previously reported; 94 +/- 25 ng ml(-1)(CV = 27%). No relationships were demonstrated between subject mean 5FU(300)Css and PD end-points such as response, mucositis, diarrhoea and hand-foot syndrome. The lack of correlation suggests that measurement of 5FU concentrations should not be used to individualize dosing in patients receiving PVI 5FU for advanced colorectal cancer. (+info)Improved prognostication of renal cell carcinoma using an integrated staging system. (7/966)
PURPOSE: To integrate stage, grade, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) into a clinically useful tool capable of stratifying the survival of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of 661 patients undergoing nephrectomy at University of California Los Angeles between 1989 and 1999 were evaluated. Median age was 61 years, male-to-female ratio was 2.2:1, and median follow-up was 37 months. Survival time was the primary end point assessed. Sixty-four possible combinations of stage, grade, and ECOG PS were analyzed and collapsed into distinct groups. The internal validity of the categorized was challenged by a univariate analysis and a multivariate analysis testing for the accountability of each UCLA Integrated Staging System (UISS) category against independent variables shown to have impact on survival. RESULTS: Combining and stratifying 1997 tumor-node-metastasis stage, Fuhrman's grade and ECOG PS resulted in five survival stratification groups designated UISS, and numbered I to V. The projected 2- and 5-year survival for the UISS groups are as follows for the groups: I, 96% and 94%; II, 89% and 67%; III, 66% and 39%; IV, 42% and 23%; and V, 9% and 0%, respectively. UISS accounted for the significant variables in the variate analysis. CONCLUSION: A novel system for staging and predicting survival for RCC integrating clinical variables is offered. UISS is simple to use and is superior to stage alone in differentiating patients' survival. Our data suggests that UISS is an important prognostic tool for counseling patients with various stages of kidney cancer. Further prospective large-scale validation with external data is awaited. (+info)Clinical trial designs for the early clinical development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. (8/966)
There are major differences between therapeutic tumor vaccines and chemotherapeutic agents that have important implications for the design of early clinical trials. Many vaccines are inherently safe and do not require phase I dose finding trials. Patients with advanced cancers and compromised immune systems are not good candidates for assessing either the toxicity or efficacy of therapeutic cancer vaccines. The rapid pace of development of new vaccine candidates and the variety of possible adjuvants and modifications in method of administration makes it important to use efficient designs for clinical screening and evaluation of vaccine regimens. We review the potential advantages of a wide range of clinical trial designs for the development of tumor vaccines. We address the role of immunological endpoints in early clinical trials of tumor vaccines, investigate the design implications of attempting to use disease stabilization as an end point and discuss the difficulties of reliably utilizing historical control data. Several conclusions for expediting the clinical development of effective cancer vaccines are proposed. (+info)"Endpoint determination" is a medical term that refers to the process of deciding when a clinical trial or study should be stopped or concluded based on the outcomes or results that have been observed. The endpoint of a study is the primary outcome or result that the study is designed to investigate and measure.
In endpoint determination, researchers use pre-specified criteria, such as statistical significance levels or safety concerns, to evaluate whether the study has met its objectives or if there are any significant benefits or risks associated with the intervention being studied. The decision to end a study early can be based on various factors, including the achievement of a predefined level of efficacy, the emergence of unexpected safety issues, or the realization that the study is unlikely to achieve its intended goals.
Endpoint determination is an important aspect of clinical trial design and conduct, as it helps ensure that studies are conducted in an ethical and scientifically rigorous manner, and that their results can be used to inform medical practice and policy.
"Sex determination processes" refer to the series of genetic and biological events that occur during embryonic and fetal development which lead to the development of male or female physical characteristics. In humans, this process is typically determined by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome in the fertilized egg. If the egg has a Y chromosome, it will develop into a male (genetically XY) and if it does not have a Y chromosome, it will develop into a female (genetically XX).
The sex determination process involves the activation and repression of specific genes on the sex chromosomes, which direct the development of the gonads (ovaries or testes) and the production of hormones that influence the development of secondary sexual characteristics. This includes the development of internal and external genitalia, as well as other sex-specific physical traits.
It is important to note that while sex is typically determined by genetics and biology, gender identity is a separate construct that can be self-identified and may not align with an individual's biological sex.
Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.
Sex determination analysis is a medical or biological examination used to establish the genetic or phenotypic sex of an individual. This can be done through various methods, including:
1. Genetic testing: Examination of an individual's DNA to identify the presence of specific sex chromosomes (XX for females and XY for males). This is typically performed through a blood or tissue sample.
2. Chromosomal analysis: Microscopic examination of an individual's chromosomes to determine their number and structure. In humans, females typically have 46 chromosomes, including two X chromosomes (46,XX), while males typically have 46 chromosomes, including one X and one Y chromosome (46,XY).
3. Phenotypic analysis: Observation of an individual's physical characteristics, such as the presence or absence of certain sex organs or secondary sexual characteristics, to determine their phenotypic sex.
Sex determination analysis is used in various medical and research contexts, including prenatal testing, diagnosis of disorders of sex development (DSDs), forensic investigations, and population studies. It's important to note that while sex determination analysis can provide information about an individual's genetic or phenotypic sex, it does not necessarily reflect their gender identity, which is a personal sense of being male, female, or something else.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of chromatography that separates and analyzes compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase under high pressure. The mobile phase, which can be a gas or liquid, carries the sample mixture through a column containing the stationary phase.
In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid, and it is pumped through the column at high pressures (up to several hundred atmospheres) to achieve faster separation times and better resolution than other types of liquid chromatography. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid, and it interacts differently with each component in the sample mixture, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.
HPLC is widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other fields to separate, identify, and quantify compounds present in complex mixtures. It can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, including drugs, hormones, vitamins, pigments, flavors, and pollutants. HPLC is also used in the preparation of pure samples for further study or use.
In the context of medicine and medical devices, calibration refers to the process of checking, adjusting, or confirming the accuracy of a measurement instrument or system. This is typically done by comparing the measurements taken by the device being calibrated to those taken by a reference standard of known accuracy. The goal of calibration is to ensure that the medical device is providing accurate and reliable measurements, which is critical for making proper diagnoses and delivering effective treatment. Regular calibration is an important part of quality assurance and helps to maintain the overall performance and safety of medical devices.
Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.
In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.
The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.
In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.
For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.
Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.
Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.
Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.
* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.
In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.
It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.
Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) is not a medical term, but a technique used in analytical chemistry. However, I can provide you with the definition of this term:
Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) is a method for automated, continuous monitoring and quantitative analysis of chemical substances. It involves the injection of a sample into a flowing carrier stream, which transports it to a detector after mixing and reaction in a flow-through cell or system. The analyte interacts with reagents to produce a signal that can be measured and related to the concentration of the substance being analyzed. FIA is widely used for environmental monitoring, quality control, process control, and clinical analysis.
The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.
Indicators and reagents are terms commonly used in the field of clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine. Here are their definitions:
1. Indicator: An indicator is a substance that changes its color or other physical properties in response to a chemical change, such as a change in pH, oxidation-reduction potential, or the presence of a particular ion or molecule. Indicators are often used in laboratory tests to monitor or signal the progress of a reaction or to indicate the end point of a titration. A familiar example is the use of phenolphthalein as a pH indicator in acid-base titrations, which turns pink in basic solutions and colorless in acidic solutions.
2. Reagent: A reagent is a substance that is added to a system (such as a sample or a reaction mixture) to bring about a chemical reaction, test for the presence or absence of a particular component, or measure the concentration of a specific analyte. Reagents are typically chemicals with well-defined and consistent properties, allowing them to be used reliably in analytical procedures. Examples of reagents include enzymes, antibodies, dyes, metal ions, and organic compounds. In laboratory settings, reagents are often prepared and standardized according to strict protocols to ensure their quality and performance in diagnostic tests and research applications.
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.
Reference standards in a medical context refer to the established and widely accepted norms or benchmarks used to compare, evaluate, or measure the performance, accuracy, or effectiveness of diagnostic tests, treatments, or procedures. These standards are often based on extensive research, clinical trials, and expert consensus, and they help ensure that healthcare practices meet certain quality and safety thresholds.
For example, in laboratory medicine, reference standards may consist of well-characterized samples with known concentrations of analytes (such as chemicals or biological markers) that are used to calibrate instruments and validate testing methods. In clinical practice, reference standards may take the form of evidence-based guidelines or best practices that define appropriate care for specific conditions or patient populations.
By adhering to these reference standards, healthcare professionals can help minimize variability in test results, reduce errors, improve diagnostic accuracy, and ensure that patients receive consistent, high-quality care.
In the context of medical research, "methods" refers to the specific procedures or techniques used in conducting a study or experiment. This includes details on how data was collected, what measurements were taken, and what statistical analyses were performed. The methods section of a medical paper allows other researchers to replicate the study if they choose to do so. It is considered one of the key components of a well-written research article, as it provides transparency and helps establish the validity of the findings.
The 'Limit of Detection' (LOD) is a term used in laboratory medicine and clinical chemistry to describe the lowest concentration or quantity of an analyte (the substance being measured) that can be reliably distinguished from zero or blank value, with a specified level of confidence. It is typically expressed as a concentration or amount and represents the minimum amount of analyte that must be present in a sample for the assay to produce a response that is statistically different from a blank or zero calibrator.
The LOD is an important parameter in analytical method validation, as it helps to define the range of concentrations over which the assay can accurately and precisely measure the analyte. It is determined based on statistical analysis of the data generated during method development and validation, taking into account factors such as the variability of the assay and the signal-to-noise ratio.
It's important to note that LOD should not be confused with the 'Limit of Quantification' (LOQ), which is the lowest concentration or quantity of an analyte that can be measured with acceptable precision and accuracy. LOQ is typically higher than LOD, as it requires a greater level of confidence in the measurement.
Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet (UV-Vis) is a type of spectrophotometry that measures how much ultraviolet (UV) and visible light is absorbed or transmitted by a sample. It uses a device called a spectrophotometer to measure the intensity of light at different wavelengths as it passes through a sample. The resulting data can be used to determine the concentration of specific components within the sample, identify unknown substances, or evaluate the physical and chemical properties of materials.
UV-Vis spectroscopy is widely used in various fields such as chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals, and environmental science. It can detect a wide range of substances including organic compounds, metal ions, proteins, nucleic acids, and dyes. The technique is non-destructive, meaning that the sample remains unchanged after the measurement.
In UV-Vis spectroscopy, the sample is placed in a cuvette or other container, and light from a source is directed through it. The light then passes through a monochromator, which separates it into its component wavelengths. The monochromatic light is then directed through the sample, and the intensity of the transmitted or absorbed light is measured by a detector.
The resulting absorption spectrum can provide information about the concentration and identity of the components in the sample. For example, if a compound has a known absorption maximum at a specific wavelength, its concentration can be determined by measuring the absorbance at that wavelength and comparing it to a standard curve.
Overall, UV-Vis spectrophotometry is a versatile and powerful analytical technique for quantitative and qualitative analysis of various samples in different fields.
Colorimetry is the scientific measurement and quantification of color, typically using a colorimeter or spectrophotometer. In the medical field, colorimetry may be used in various applications such as:
1. Diagnosis and monitoring of skin conditions: Colorimeters can measure changes in skin color to help diagnose or monitor conditions like jaundice, cyanosis, or vitiligo. They can also assess the effectiveness of treatments for these conditions.
2. Vision assessment: Colorimetry is used in vision testing to determine the presence and severity of visual impairments such as color blindness or deficiencies. Special tests called anomaloscopes or color vision charts are used to measure an individual's ability to distinguish between different colors.
3. Environmental monitoring: In healthcare settings, colorimetry can be employed to monitor the cleanliness and sterility of surfaces or equipment by measuring the amount of contamination present. This is often done using ATP (adenosine triphosphate) bioluminescence assays, which emit light when they come into contact with microorganisms.
4. Medical research: Colorimetry has applications in medical research, such as studying the optical properties of tissues or developing new diagnostic tools and techniques based on color measurements.
In summary, colorimetry is a valuable tool in various medical fields for diagnosis, monitoring, and research purposes. It allows healthcare professionals to make more informed decisions about patient care and treatment plans.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.
In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.
The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.
Atomic spectrophotometry is a type of analytical technique used to determine the concentration of specific atoms or ions in a sample by measuring the intensity of light absorbed or emitted at wavelengths characteristic of those atoms or ions. This technique involves the use of an atomic spectrometer, which uses a source of energy (such as a flame, plasma, or electrode) to excite the atoms or ions in the sample, causing them to emit light at specific wavelengths. The intensity of this emitted light is then measured and used to calculate the concentration of the element of interest.
Atomic spectrophotometry can be further divided into two main categories: atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and atomic emission spectrophotometry (AES). In AAS, the sample is atomized in a flame or graphite furnace and the light from a lamp that emits light at the same wavelength as one of the elements in the sample is passed through the atoms. The amount of light absorbed by the atoms is then measured and used to determine the concentration of the element. In AES, the sample is atomized and excited to emit its own light, which is then measured and analyzed to determine the concentration of the element.
Atomic spectrophotometry is widely used in various fields such as environmental monitoring, clinical chemistry, forensic science, and industrial quality control for the determination of trace elements in a variety of sample types including liquids, solids, and gases.
Ankylosing spondylitis is a type of inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine, although other joints can also be involved. It causes swelling in the spinal joints (vertebrae) that can lead to stiffness and pain. Over time, some of these joints may grow together, causing new bone formation and resulting in a rigid spine. This fusion of the spine is called ankylosis.
The condition typically begins in the sacroiliac joints, where the spine connects to the pelvis. From there, it can spread up the spine and potentially involve other areas of the body such as the eyes, heart, lungs, and gastrointestinal system.
Ankylosing spondylitis has a strong genetic link, with most people carrying the HLA-B27 gene. However, not everyone with this gene will develop the condition. It primarily affects males more often than females and tends to start in early adulthood.
Treatment usually involves a combination of medication, physical therapy, and exercise to help manage pain, maintain mobility, and prevent deformity. In severe cases, surgery may be considered.
Spondylitis is a term used to describe inflammation in the spinal vertebrae, often leading to stiffness and pain. The most common form is Ankylosing Spondylitis, which is a chronic autoimmune disease where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the joints in the spine. This can cause the bones in the spine to grow together, resulting in a rigid and inflexible spine. Other forms of spondylitis include reactive spondylitis, infectious spondylitis, and seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Symptoms may also include pain and stiffness in the neck, lower back, hips, and small joints of the body.
Rheumatic diseases are a group of disorders that cause pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or bones. They include conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), gout, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and many others. These diseases can also affect other body systems including the skin, eyes, lungs, heart, kidneys, and nervous system. Rheumatic diseases are often chronic and may be progressive, meaning they can worsen over time. They can cause significant pain, disability, and reduced quality of life if not properly diagnosed and managed. The exact causes of rheumatic diseases are not fully understood, but genetics, environmental factors, and immune system dysfunction are believed to play a role in their development.
Antirheumatic agents are a class of drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, other inflammatory types of arthritis, and related conditions. These medications work by reducing inflammation in the body, relieving symptoms such as pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints. They can also help slow down or prevent joint damage and disability caused by the disease.
There are several types of antirheumatic agents, including:
1. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): These medications, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, reduce inflammation and relieve pain. They are often used to treat mild to moderate symptoms of arthritis.
2. Corticosteroids: These powerful anti-inflammatory drugs, such as prednisone and cortisone, can quickly reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. They are usually used for short-term relief of severe symptoms or in combination with other antirheumatic agents.
3. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs): These medications, such as methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine, work by slowing down the progression of rheumatoid arthritis and preventing joint damage. They can take several weeks or months to become fully effective.
4. Biologic response modifiers (biologics): These are a newer class of DMARDs that target specific molecules involved in the immune response. They include drugs such as adalimumab, etanercept, and infliximab. Biologics are usually used in combination with other antirheumatic agents for patients who have not responded to traditional DMARD therapy.
5. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors: These medications, such as tofacitinib and baricitinib, work by blocking the action of enzymes called JAKs that are involved in the immune response. They are used to treat moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis and can be used in combination with other antirheumatic agents.
It is important to note that antirheumatic agents can have significant side effects and should only be prescribed by a healthcare provider who is experienced in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Regular monitoring and follow-up are essential to ensure safe and effective treatment.
Rheumatology is a subspecialty of internal medicine that deals with the diagnosis and management of more than 200 diseases affecting the joints, muscles, and bones. These diseases are often complex, chronic, and systemic, meaning they can affect the whole body. Some common rheumatic diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, lupus, gout, osteoporosis, and various forms of vasculitis and connective tissue disorders.
Rheumatologists are medical doctors who have completed additional training in this field, becoming experts in the non-surgical treatment of musculoskeletal diseases. They use a combination of physical examination, patient history, laboratory testing, and imaging to diagnose and manage these conditions. Treatment may involve medications, lifestyle changes, physical therapy, or a combination of these approaches.
Attila Grandpierre
Duochrome test
Jackson cross cylinder
Thermometric titration
Diphenylcarbazone
Olive oil acidity
Dielectric spectroscopy
Electrochemistry
Temperature-dependent sex determination
Call control
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Total base number
Oracle Intelligent Advisor
Titration
Complexometric titration
Karl Fischer titration
Gran plot
H.323
Great-circle distance
ArDM
Equivalence point
Cantilever
Sofia Kenin
Argentometry
Tapestry (DHT)
Dithiofluorescein
Therapeutic drug monitoring
Calconcarboxylic acid
Coastal sediment transport
Effects range low and effects range median
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Humans1
- An approach for deriving occupational exposure limits (OEL) for pharmaceutical compounds is the application of safety factors to the most appropriate pre-clinical toxicity endpoint or the lowest therapeutic dose (LTD) in humans. (cdc.gov)
Therapeutic1
- Provisional determination applications for COVID-19 vaccines or treatments are not required to demonstrate comparison to other medicines that are registered in the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG), or justification of a major therapeutic advance (criteria 3 and 4). (tga.gov.au)
Toxicity1
- When toxicity data are present for a given endpoint, a weighted score based on that health endpoint is assigned. (cdc.gov)
Titration3
- The Series 17T2000 Amperometric Titrator is an analytical instrument for the electrical determination of the end point of a titration for free, combined, or total chlorine residual. (wateronline.com)
- When all of the analyte in the sample has reacted with the titrant, the temperature of the solution will change, and the endpoint of the titration is revealed by an inflection in the temperature curve. (wikipedia.org)
- A conductometric titration method can also be used for the determination of the base number of petroleum products. (wikipedia.org)
Composite2
- The primary endpoint indicators are the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) and the MACCE composite endpoint. (hindawi.com)
- Each of these composite endpoints require more than 120 determinations, and there is incomplete understanding of which measurements contribute to the efficacy signal and which contribute to the noise. (lupusresearch.org)
Evaluation2
- The primary effectiveness endpoint was angiographic evaluation that demonstrated complete aneurysm occlusion and absence of major stenosis at 180 days. (nih.gov)
- A PLS moisture model was constructed resulting in a high resolution moisture signal, used to demonstrate (i) endpoint determination and (ii) evaluation of mass transfer performance. (springer.com)
Process8
- This study aimed to apply near-infrared spectroscopy along with a thief as a tool to determine the endpoint of the blending process. (innovareacademics.in)
- The best model was applied to determine the endpoint of the blending process, also the effect of loading order on the endpoint for the blending of the formulation containing a low concentration of the active pharmaceutical ingredient. (innovareacademics.in)
- The model could predict the endpoint of the blending process with acceptable precision and accuracy. (innovareacademics.in)
- Active content determination of pharmaceutical tablets using near-infrared spectroscopy as process analytical technology tool. (innovareacademics.in)
- Occupational exposure banding, also known as hazard banding or health hazard banding, is a systematic process that uses qualitative and quantitative hazard information on selected health-effect endpoints to identify potential exposure ranges or categories. (cdc.gov)
- To assist with the process of applying for provisional determination, please see Provisional determination: A step-by-step guide for prescription medicines . (tga.gov.au)
- The process for Tier 2 occupational exposure banding uses information and data for nine standard toxicological endpoints and/or health outcomes that are readily available from secondary sources such as agency reviews (Table 3-1). (cdc.gov)
- The scoring process yields an endpoint determinant score (EDS) for each health end point and a total determinant score (TDS) which is the sum of the endpoint determinant scores based on the presence of data for each health endpoint. (cdc.gov)
Primary2
- The primary safety endpoint was occurrence of major ipsilateral stroke or neurologic death at 180 days. (nih.gov)
- The paucity of success in late-stage clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains a persistent and challenging problem with one of the key issues being the primary endpoints, SRI-4 and BILAG. (lupusresearch.org)
Safety1
- 11. Any condition that, in the judgment of the investigator, precludes participation because it could affect participant safety or determination of study endpoints. (who.int)
Total1
- In case of an appropriate configuration of measuring instruments, pigment fluorescence may serve as an endpoint for the determination of total chlorophyll-a concentration and provides information about the presence of various groups of phytoplankton in measured sample. (cas.cz)
Health1
- Sponsors of COVID-19 vaccines or treatments are encouraged to contact the TGA prior to making a provisional determination application (email [email protected] ). (tga.gov.au)
Quality of L1
- In the current analysis, the researchers investigated the role of time to deterioration in quality of life (QOL) or physical function as surrogate endpoints for overall survival. (medscape.com)
Factors1
- To address this problem with SLE trial endpoints, the Lupus Research Alliance LIC established a Working Group with two key goals: (1) Create a better understanding of the factors that drive response and nonresponse for SRI-4 and BICLA, and (2) determine the concordance and discordance between SRI-4 and BICLA at the individual patient level. (lupusresearch.org)
English1
- The event celebrates a regional soft drink that got its start as a patent medicine in the 19th century and whose advertising added the word moxie (meaning "force of character or determination") to the English language. (traillink.com)
Trial1
- 4 While studies have historically noted an increased overall survival (OS) in patients with MM who receive ASCT, the recent DETERMINATION trial demonstrates only progression-free survival (PFS) benefit in patients with MM randomized to receive triplet therapy (lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone followed by lenalidomide maintenance) with or without ASCT. (haematologica.org)
Models1
- The NIR data was also successfully used with PCA-based MSPC models for endpoint detection. (springer.com)
Effect1
- PFS and time to deterioration in physical function were not correlated with each other (R 2 , 0), but when used together, both endpoints predicted overall survival treatment effect (R 2 , 0.57) better than either endpoint alone. (medscape.com)
High resolution2
- The resulting high resolution moisture content signal was successfully used for endpoint detection and monitoring the mass transfer rate. (springer.com)
- The advent of digital PCR (dPCR) now permits very high-resolution determination of CNV, often using smaller sample and reagent volumes. (bio-rad.com)
Clinical trials2
Thermometric endpoint1
- The solution is then titrated with trifluoro methane sulfonic acid (TFMSA) to a single thermometric endpoint. (wikipedia.org)
Humane endpoints4
- Rabies vaccines humane endpoints should be used routinely as the basis for euthanizing animals when conducting the Potency mouse rabies challenge test. (nih.gov)
- 2023. Studying and analyzing humane endpoints in the fructose-fed and streptozotocin-injected rat model of diabetes. (awionline.org)
- 2021. Refinement of animal model of colorectal carcinogenesis through the definition of novel humane endpoints. (awionline.org)
- This study aimed to define appropriate humane endpoints (HEs) for an animal model of colorectal carcinogenesis (CRC). (awionline.org)
Biomarkers2
- However it is clear that a larger effort is needed to validate surrogate endpoint biomarkers in preclinical models employing intermediate endpoints similar to those proposed clinically for women at high risk of ER negative tumors. (nih.gov)
- In developing these endpoint biomarkers, the use of classes of agents which appear to be promising for ER negative breast cancer (e.g. (nih.gov)
20231
- Network Working Group P. M. Hallam-Baker Internet-Draft 28 June 2023 Intended status: Informational Expires: 30 December 2023 DNS Web Service Discovery draft-hallambaker-web-service-discovery-09 Abstract This document describes a standardized approach to discovering Web Service Endpoints from a DNS name. (registro.br)
Potentiometric2
- NOTE 2 A method for the potentiometric determination of the peroxide value is given in ISO 27107. (iso.org)
- Whether your application involves end point determinations in potentiometric titrations or continuous monitoring of specific ions, we can help you find the right electrode for the job. (coleparmer.com)
Analyte2
- It involves gradually adding a titrant of known concentration to a solution containing the analyte until a specific endpoint is reached. (selectscience.net)
- A conductivity sensor is used to measure the conductivity of the analyte which allows the endpoint to be detected. (wikipedia.org)
Titrant2
- An automatic titrator performs titrant additions and automatically determines the endpoint, which eliminates the guesswork around the use of color indicators," explains Gleichauf. (selectscience.net)
- In thermometric titrations, a constant addition rate of titrant equates to a constant amount of heat being given out or consumed, and hence a more or less constant temperature change up to the endpoint. (wikipedia.org)
Sublimation end point2
- The determination of the true sublimation end point by through-vial Impedance spectroscopy. (dmu.ac.uk)
- Prof. Geoff Smith has been invited to give a podium presentation at the 4th Lyophilization Summit in Prague May 12-13th on an application for through-vial impedance spectroscopy in the determination of the true ice sublimation end point. (dmu.ac.uk)
Serum2
Define1
- This work aimed to define a humane endpoint scoring system able to objectively identify signs of animal suffering in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. (awionline.org)
Guidance2
Point4
- Development of a mathematical model for the precise determination of the end point of primary drying use data from several pharmaceutical companies. (ul.ie)
- Although determination of reaction end point is the nervz g methylcobalamin and gabapentin measurement of peak areas determined. (eventenergy.ru)
- In classic loss-on-drying technique, samples are weighed before and after oven drying, according to a protocol of temperature, dwell time and end-point determination. (npl.co.uk)
- Secondly, the determination of reaction end point and extrapolating between the clopitab forms. (goldgreiner.de)
Suitable1
- Other: simple epr comparison which gurantees same endpoint, also allowing out of band determination of endpoint suitable for piggybacking acks. (oasis-open.org)
Quantitative1
- Occupational exposure banding, also known as hazard banding or health hazard banding, is a systematic process that uses qualitative and quantitative hazard information on selected health-effect endpoints to identify potential exposure ranges or categories. (cdc.gov)
Evaluate3
- Nuclear p53 expression is a sensitive parameter for the detection of ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin damage, and it has been used as an endpoint to evaluate the effectiveness of sunscreens. (medscape.com)
- The primary efficacy objective for this study is to evaluate the efficacy of each study treatment on the basis of the following endpoint: Determination of major pathologic response (MPR), (defined as less than or equal to 10% residual viable tumor cells) scored by a local pathologist, based on surgical resection as defined by Hellmann et al. (moffitt.org)
- Working closely with clinicians, we evaluate the statistical aspects of a project's study design, including target populations, endpoint selection, sample size determination, and specification of analysis methods. (go.jp)
Specific1
- Through our understanding of the complexities of NAFLD/NASH endpoints, our liver clinical trial management experts can help you customize a biomarker and imaging package specific to your trial's goals and objectives. (clario.com)
Typically2
- However, for normally distributed endpoints, the determination of a design typically depends on the assumption that the patient variance in response is known. (cam.ac.uk)
- Although workloads may reside in the cloud, they are typically administered and configured from an endpoint operated by a cloud administrator, cloud developer or other roles. (sumologic.com)
Depends1
- Furthermore, the determination of the peroxide value is a highly empirical procedure and the value obtained depends on the sample mass. (iso.org)
Collections1
- As defined, it supports external call control elements called Media Gateway Controllers and assumes that these Gateways can support collections of endpoints. (ietf.org)
Animal3
- ISO 3960:2017 specifies a method for the iodometric determination of the peroxide value of animal and vegetable fats and oils with a visual endpoint detection. (iso.org)
- These studies depend heavily on the development of potential agents and cancer-related surrogate endpoints employing animal models. (nih.gov)
- Surrogate endpoints that have already undergone some studies in animal models for breast cancer include expression of various genes, proliferation, apoptosis, and nuclear imaging. (nih.gov)
Include1
- I. Secondary endpoints will include determination of the response rates, relapse-free survival rates and overall survival rates for this group of patients. (knowcancer.com)
Potential1
- Super-fast determination of the moisture content of Cannabis is a crucial indicator of potential microbial contamination. (sartorius.com)
Method1
- NOTE 1 A preferred method for the iodometric determination of the peroxide value for milk fats is specified in ISO 3976. (iso.org)
Browser1
- This post highlights the risks associated with unprotected and unmonitored cloud credentials which are found on endpoints, in file shares and in browser cookies. (sumologic.com)
Host2
- Another difficulty that is encountered is that the SRV record maps service names to host names rather than Web Service Endpoints. (registro.br)
- A convention is thus required to map a host name and protocol prefix to a Web Service Endpoint. (registro.br)
Response1
- Twenty-four hours after LPS injection, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, cells, and blood were obtained to assess endpoints of inflammation, oxidant stress, coagulability, and the acute-phase response. (nih.gov)
Time1
- It makes possible the determination of a tenability endpoint, at which time it is estimated that occupants are no longer able to take effective action to accomplish their own escape. (iso.org)
Level1
- The packages that are currently defined to handle events and signals allow for only a basic level of audio connection and signaling to such endpoints. (ietf.org)
Points1
- 36. Determination of end points for treatment of neurofibromatosis 1. (nih.gov)
Item2
- Section 1862(l)(1) of the Social Security Act requires that the Secretary of Health and Human Services make available to the public the factors that are considered in making national coverage determinations (NCDs) of whether an item or service is reasonable and necessary. (cms.gov)
- When making national coverage determinations, CMS generally evaluates relevant clinical evidence to determine whether or not the evidence is of sufficient quality to support a finding that an item or service falling within a benefit category is reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of an illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a malformed body member under section 1862(a)(1)(A) of the Social Security Act. (cms.gov)
Service2
- The endpoint type known as an "analog line" can be used as a client interface to provide service to a basic analog telephone unit. (ietf.org)
- Introduction Web services are traditionally identified by means of a URI specifying a Web Service Endpoint (WSE). (registro.br)
Protocol1
- These packages, when used in conjunction with the packages currently defined in RFC 2705 (Media Gateway Control Protocol Version 1.0) [1], allow an MGCP Call Agent to control business phone endpoints. (ietf.org)