A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.
Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.
The study of the anatomical and functional relationships between the nervous system and the endocrine system.
Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, included are the CHROMAFFIN SYSTEM and the NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEMS.
Chemical substances having a specific regulatory effect on the activity of a certain organ or organs. The term was originally applied to substances secreted by various ENDOCRINE GLANDS and transported in the bloodstream to the target organs. It is sometimes extended to include those substances that are not produced by the endocrine glands but that have similar effects.
Physiological processes, factors, properties and characteristics pertaining to REPRODUCTION.
Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It conducts and supports basic and applied research for a national program in diabetes, endocrinology, and metabolic diseases; digestive diseases and nutrition; and kidney, urologic, and hematologic diseases. It was established in 1948.
A branch of internal medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of INFECTIOUS DISEASES.
Ductless glands that secrete HORMONES directly into the BLOOD CIRCULATION. These hormones influence the METABOLISM and other functions of cells in the body.
The total process by which organisms produce offspring. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency.
A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
A genus of hamsters characterized by small size, very short tail, and short, broad feet with hairy soles.
A 191-amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted by the human adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR), also known as GH or somatotropin. Synthetic growth hormone, termed somatropin, has replaced the natural form in therapeutic usage such as treatment of dwarfism in children with growth hormone deficiency.
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.
A potent androgenic steroid and major product secreted by the LEYDIG CELLS of the TESTIS. Its production is stimulated by LUTEINIZING HORMONE from the PITUITARY GLAND. In turn, testosterone exerts feedback control of the pituitary LH and FSH secretion. Depending on the tissues, testosterone can be further converted to DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE or ESTRADIOL.
A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.
Hormones secreted by the PITUITARY GLAND including those from the anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), the posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), and the ill-defined intermediate lobe. Structurally, they include small peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins. They are under the regulation of neural signals (NEUROTRANSMITTERS) or neuroendocrine signals (HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES) from the hypothalamus as well as feedback from their targets such as ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES; ANDROGENS; ESTROGENS.
A syndrome of defective gonadal development in phenotypic females associated with the karyotype 45,X (or 45,XO). Patients generally are of short stature with undifferentiated GONADS (streak gonads), SEXUAL INFANTILISM, HYPOGONADISM, webbing of the neck, cubitus valgus, elevated GONADOTROPINS, decreased ESTRADIOL level in blood, and CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS. NOONAN SYNDROME (also called Pseudo-Turner Syndrome and Male Turner Syndrome) resembles this disorder; however, it occurs in males and females with a normal karyotype and is inherited as an autosomal dominant.
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA.
The scientific disciplines concerned with the embryology, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, etc., of the nervous system.
Exogenous agents, synthetic and naturally occurring, which are capable of disrupting the functions of the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM including the maintenance of HOMEOSTASIS and the regulation of developmental processes. Endocrine disruptors are compounds that can mimic HORMONES, or enhance or block the binding of hormones to their receptors, or otherwise lead to activating or inhibiting the endocrine signaling pathways and hormone metabolism.
Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.
A system of NEURONS that has the specialized function to produce and secrete HORMONES, and that constitutes, in whole or in part, an ENDOCRINE SYSTEM or organ.
A major gonadotropin secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Luteinizing hormone regulates steroid production by the interstitial cells of the TESTIS and the OVARY. The preovulatory LUTEINIZING HORMONE surge in females induces OVULATION, and subsequent LUTEINIZATION of the follicle. LUTEINIZING HORMONE consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.
Steroid hormones produced by the GONADS. They stimulate reproductive organs, germ cell maturation, and the secondary sex characteristics in the males and the females. The major sex steroid hormones include ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; and TESTOSTERONE.

Evaluation of tamoxifen plus letrozole with assessment of pharmacokinetic interaction in postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. (1/185)

The goals of this clinical trial involving postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer were to: (a) examine the effects of letrozole on tamoxifen (TAM) pharmacokinetics; (b) examine estrogen suppression in patients receiving TAM plus letrozole; and (c) evaluate tolerability, toxicity, objective response, and time to progression for the combination. Postmenopausal women with measurable or evaluable metastatic breast cancer received TAM (20 mg daily) for 6 weeks, and then letrozole (2.5 mg daily) was added. To examine for any effect of letrozole on the levels of TAM and two metabolites [N-desmethyl-TAM and 4-hydroxy-TAM], serum samples were obtained at 6, 12, 18, and 24 weeks. To examine for aromatase inhibition, serum samples were obtained before treatment and at 6, 12, 18, and 24 weeks for estradiol, estrone (E1) E1 sulfate, and sex hormone-binding globulin. A total of 34 patients were entered on this trial, and 23 patients were still on study at week 24, 18 of whom had blood samples available at both week 6 and week 24. The 95% confidence interval for the mean difference between levels at week 24 and levels at week 6 was -34 to 15 ng/ml for TAM, -35 to 45 ng/ml for N-desmethyl-TAM, and -1 to 2 for 4-hydroxy-TAM. For estradiol, a significant decrease (median, 88.5%; range, 73.7-95.2%) was identified after 6 weeks of letrozole, which was maintained for an additional 12 weeks. Similar significant reductions were identified for E1. E1 sulfate levels increased after 6 weeks of TAM alone but then decreased significantly after the addition of letrozole. Sex hormone-binding globulin levels were significantly elevated after 6 weeks of TAM alone and remained elevated after the addition of letrozole. Six of the 34 patients (17.6%) achieved an objective response (95% confidence interval, 6.8-34.5%), with a median time to disease progression of 7.6 months. There was no indication of a systematic decrease in TAM, N-desmethyl-TAM, or 4-hydroxy-TAM after the additional of letrozole. Estrogen suppression induced by letrozole was substantial despite the concomitant administration of TAM. The antitumor effect of TAM plus letrozole was less than expected.  (+info)

Effect of physician specialty on outcomes in diabetic ketoacidosis. (2/185)

OBJECTIVE: More than 100,000 people are hospitalized annually in the U.S. with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Outcome differences have not been examined for these patients based on whether their primary care provider is a generalist or a diabetes specialist. The objective of this study was to investigate hospital charges and hospital length of stay (LOS) for patients with DKA according to the specialty of their primary care provider. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We investigated all patients with a primary diagnosis of DKA during a 3.5-year period (n = 260) in a large urban teaching hospital. Hospital charges and LOS were studied regarding the specialty of the primary care provider. Demographic factors, severity of illness, laboratory data, and readmission rates were compared. RESULTS: Patients cared for by generalists and endocrinologists had a similar case mix and severity of DKA. The age-adjusted mean LOS for patients of generalists was 4.9 days (95% CI 4.5-5.4), and the mean LOS for patients of endocrinologists was 3.3 days (2.6-4.2) (P < 0.0043). Mean hospital charges differed (P < 0.0001) with an age- and sex-adjusted mean for patients of endocrinologists of $5,463 ($4,179-7,141) and a mean for patients of generalists of $10,109 ($9,151-11,166). The additional charges incurred by generalists were due in part to patients undergoing more procedures. No differences in diabetes-related complications occurred during admission, but the endocrinologist-treated group had a lower readmission rate for DKA during the study period than the generalist-treated group (2 vs. 6%, respectively) (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Endocrinologists provide more cost-effective care than generalists do when serving as primary care providers for patients hospitalized with DKA.  (+info)

Comparisons among old and new provocative tests of GH secretion in 178 normal adults. (3/185)

Classical provocative stimuli of GH secretion such as insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, arginine, clonidine, glucagon and levodopa have been widely used in clinical practice for approximately 30 years. On the other hand, in the last 10 years new potent stimuli of GH secretion have been proposed, but an extensive comparison with the classical ones has rarely been performed, at least in adults. In order to compare the GH-releasing activity of old and new provocative stimuli of GH secretion, and to define the normative values of the GH response, in 178 normal adults (95 males, 83 females; age range: 20-50 years, all within +/-15% of their ideal body weight), we studied the GH response to: insulin-induced hypoglycaemia (ITT, 0.1IU/kg i.v.), arginine (ARG, 0.5g/kg i.v.), clonidine (CLO, 300 microg/kg p.o.), glucagon (GLU, 1mg i.m.), pyridostigmine (PD, 120mg p.o.), galanin (GAL, 80pmol/kg per min), GH-releasing hormone (GHRH, 1 microg/kg i.v.), GHRH+ARG, GHRH+PD, hexarelin, a GH-releasing protein (HEX, 2 microg/kg i.v.) and GHRH+HEX (0.25 microg/kg i.v.). The mean (+/-s.e.m.) peak GH response to ITT (21.8+/-2.8, range: 3.0-84.0 microg/l) was similar to those to ARG (18.0+/-1.6, range: 2.9-39.5 microg/l) or GLU (20. 5+/-2.2, range: 10.6-36.9 microg/l) which, in turn, were higher (P<0. 001) than those to CLO (8.2+/-1.6, range: 0.3-21.5 microg/l), PD (9. 6+/-1.1, range: 2.2-33.0 microg/l) and GAL (9.3+/-1.1, range: 3.9-18. 3 microg/l). The GH response to GHRH (19.1+/-1.5, range: 2.7-55.0 microg/l) was similar to those after ITT, ARG or GLU but clearly lower than those after GHRH+ARG (65.9+/-5.5, range: 13.8-171.0 microg/l) and GHRH+PD (50.2+/-4.6, range: 17.7-134.5 microg/l) which, in turn, were similar. The GH response to HEX (55.3+/-5.5, range: 13.9-163.5 microg/l) was similar to those after GHRH+ARG and GHRH+PD but lower (P<0.001) than that after GHRH+HEX (86.0+/-4.3, range: 49. 0-125.0 microg/l) which was the most potent stimulus of GH secretion. In this adult population the third centile limits of peak GH response to various stimuli were the following: ITT: 5.3; ARG: 2.9; CLO: 1.5; GLU: 7.6; PD: 2.2; GAL: 4.0; GHRH: 5.0; GHRH+ARG: 17.8; GHRH+PD: 17.9; HEX: 21.6; GHRH+HEX: 57.1. These results confirm that, among classical provocative tests of GH secretion, ITT followed by ARG and GLU are the most potent ones and possess clear limits of normality. GHRH+ARG or PD and HEX are strong stimuli of GH secretion which, however, is maximally stimulated by a combination of GHRH and a low dose of HEX. It is recommended that each test is used with appropriate cut-off limits.  (+info)

Trends in diagnostic and therapeutic criteria in Graves' disease in the last 10 years. (4/185)

A questionnaire describing a typical clinical case of Graves' disease and 10 variations on it was mailed to 70 Spanish units of endocrinology with the aim of assessing the new diagnostic and therapeutic trends for hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease in Spain and to compare the results obtained from previous studies carried out in Europe and Spain 10 years previously. Responses indicated that thyrotrophin (98%) and free thyroxine (88%) were the most used tests in the in vitro diagnosis of Graves' disease with a significant decrease in the use of total thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, and thyroglobulin in comparison with the surveys conducted 10 years previously in Europe and Spain. The presence of antibodies against the thyrotrophin receptor was the most frequently used immune marker in the diagnosis (78%) and the new use of antithyroperoxidase antibodies (36%) in diagnosis is noteworthy. Antithyroid drugs remain the treatment of choice (98%). Surgery was used mainly for large size goitres (33%) and radioiodine for recurrences after medical (61%) or surgical (80%) treatment. In conclusion, the responses obtained from this questionnaire provide insight into current specialist diagnostic and therapeutic practices with respect to Graves' disease and which could be of value to non-specialist units of endocrinology.  (+info)

Meeting American Diabetes Association guidelines in endocrinologist practice. (5/185)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines can be met in the context of routine endocrinology practice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Charts were reviewed for a group of patients who were examined in 1998, followed for > or = 1 year, and had two or more visits during that year. Process measures and metabolic outcomes were studied for patients with type 2 diabetes, and glycemic control was assessed for patients with type 1 diabetes. RESULTS: A total of 121 patients with type 2 diabetes had a mean age of 63 years, a mean BMI of 31 kg/m2, and a mean duration of diabetes of 12 years. Many had comorbidities or complications: 80% had hypertension, 64% had hyperlipidemia, 78% had neuropathy, 22% had retinopathy, and 21% had albuminuria. Management of type 2 diabetic patients was complex: 38% used oral hypoglycemic agents alone (54% of these were using two or more agents), 31% used oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin, and 26% used insulin alone; 42% of patients taking insulin therapy injected insulin three or more times per day. Within 12 months, 74% of patients had dilated eye examinations, 70% had lipid profiles, and 55% had urine albumin screening. Of the patients, 87% had a foot examination at their last visit. Blood pressure levels averaged 133/72 mmHg, cholesterol levels averaged 4.63 mmol/l, triglyceride levels averaged 1.99 mmol/l, HDL cholesterol levels averaged 1.24 mmol/l, and LDL cholesterol levels averaged 2.61 mmol/l. Random blood glucose levels averaged 8.0 mmol/l, and HbAlc levels averaged 6.9 +/- 0.1%. A total of 87% of patients had HbAlc levels < or = 8.0%. A total of 30 patients with type 1 diabetes had mean age of 44 years, a mean BMI of 26 kg/m2, and a mean duration of diabetes of 20 years. All type 1 diabetic patients used insulin and averaged 3.4 injections a day; their average HbAlc level was 7.1 +/- 0.2%, and 80% had HbAlc levels < or = 8.0%. CONCLUSIONS: Although endocrinologists must manage patients with multifaceted problems, complex treatment regimens yield glycemic control levels comparable with the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and allow ADA guidelines to be met in a routine practice setting.  (+info)

Accurate measurement of endogenous insulin secretion does not require separate assessment of C-peptide kinetics. (6/185)

The implication of beta-cell failure as an early defect in type 2 diabetes exacerbates the need for accurate but facile assessment of islet cell secretory rate, particularly in large group studies in which individual assessment of C-peptide kinetics is impractical. This study was designed to examine whether it is possible to obtain accurate secretory rates from the extended combined model, which provides insulin and C-peptide kinetics from plasma measurements of the two peptides. Equimolar intraportal infusions of insulin and C-peptide that are designed to simulate insulin secretion rates during both oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were used to generate plasma insulin and C-peptide data in conscious dogs that were examined under clamped glucose conditions. The plasma peptide kinetics were analyzed using the extended combined model to generate estimates of prehepatic insulin secretion that were then compared with the known intraportal infusion rates. The extended combined model was able to reproduce the known intraportal infusion profiles. The model-predicted rates were similar to those calculated with methods that require separate assessment of C-peptide kinetics. Simulation results supported lesser clearance of insulin during rapid changes of portal insulin (as measured by an intravenous glucose tolerance test) versus slow changes in portal insulin (as measured by an oral glucose tolerance test). The extended combined model accurately calculates prehepatic insulin appearance. It may be possible to apply this approach to large studies of beta-cell function designed to identify changes in islet function in subjects at risk for diabetes. Such an approach could strengthen epidemiological and genetic studies of the pathogenesis of diabetes.  (+info)

Intracrinology: role of the family of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in human physiology and disease. (7/185)

In women and men, an important proportion of estrogens and androgens are synthesized locally at their site of action in peripheral target tissues. This new field of endocrinology has been called intracrinology. In postmenopausal women, 100% of active sex steroids are synthesized in peripheral target tissues from inactive steroid precursors while, in adult men, approximately 50% of androgens are made locally in intracrine target tissues. The last and key step in the formation of all estrogens and androgens is catalyzed by members of the family of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (17 beta-HSDs) while different 17 beta-HSDs inactivate these steroids in the same cell where synthesis takes place. To date, seven human 17 beta-HSDs have been cloned, sequenced and characterized. The 17 beta-HSDs provide each cell with the means of precisely controlling the intracellular concentration of each sex steroid according to local needs.  (+info)

Efficient evaluation of thyroid nodules by primary care providers and thyroid specialists. (8/185)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether primary care providers and thyroid specialists at Gundersen Lutheran Medical Center are evaluating thyroid nodules efficiently by following recently published clinical guidelines. STUDY DESIGN: One-year retrospective chart review. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed patient records from 1996 and tabulated the use of fine-needle aspiration cytology, radionuclide scanning, and thyroid ultrasonography by 49 primary care physicians evaluating 81 thyroid nodules and by 5 thyroid specialists evaluating 29 thyroid nodules. The results were compared with our previous findings and those recently reported by others. RESULTS: Fine-needle aspiration cytology was widely used by both groups of Gundersen Lutheran healthcare providers. Primary care physicians used imaging studies modestly and generated $106 per patient in unnecessary costs. Thyroid specialists occasionally used radionuclide scanning but did not use thyroid ultrasonography; they generated $41 per patient in unnecessary costs. Overall, the introduction of fine-needle aspiration cytology at our institution has reduced the use of radionuclide scanning from 90% to 12% and the use of thyroid ultrasonography from 30% to 10%. We also found that the frequency of surgery in patients with thyroid nodules fell substantially, yet detection of thyroid cancer in the operative specimens increased from 16% to 43% while the cost of removing a thyroid carcinoma decreased from $64,000 to $25,000. CONCLUSIONS: Fine-needle aspiration cytology, adopted as the initial test for diagnosing thyroid nodules by most of our healthcare providers, has reduced the use of imaging studies far below the frequency reported by others and has substantially decreased the cost of thyroid nodule management.  (+info)

Endocrinology is a branch of medicine that deals with the endocrine system, which consists of glands and organs that produce, store, and secrete hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that regulate various functions in the body, such as metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.

Endocrinologists are medical doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating conditions related to the endocrine system, including diabetes, thyroid disorders, pituitary gland tumors, adrenal gland disorders, osteoporosis, and sexual dysfunction. They use various diagnostic tests, such as blood tests, imaging studies, and biopsies, to evaluate hormone levels and function. Treatment options may include medication, lifestyle changes, and surgery.

In summary, endocrinology is the medical specialty focused on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders related to the endocrine system and its hormones.

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs that produce, store, and secrete hormones. It plays a crucial role in regulating various functions in the body, including metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.

Endocrine system diseases or disorders occur when there is a problem with the production or regulation of hormones. This can result from:

1. Overproduction or underproduction of hormones by the endocrine glands.
2. Impaired response of target cells to hormones.
3. Disruption in the feedback mechanisms that regulate hormone production.

Examples of endocrine system diseases include:

1. Diabetes Mellitus - a group of metabolic disorders characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin deficiency or resistance.
2. Hypothyroidism - underactive thyroid gland leading to slow metabolism, weight gain, fatigue, and depression.
3. Hyperthyroidism - overactive thyroid gland causing rapid heartbeat, anxiety, weight loss, and heat intolerance.
4. Cushing's Syndrome - excess cortisol production resulting in obesity, high blood pressure, and weak muscles.
5. Addison's Disease - insufficient adrenal hormone production leading to weakness, fatigue, and low blood pressure.
6. Acromegaly - overproduction of growth hormone after puberty causing enlargement of bones, organs, and soft tissues.
7. Gigantism - similar to acromegaly but occurs before puberty resulting in excessive height and body size.
8. Hypopituitarism - underactive pituitary gland leading to deficiencies in various hormones.
9. Hyperparathyroidism - overactivity of the parathyroid glands causing calcium imbalances and kidney stones.
10. Precocious Puberty - early onset of puberty due to premature activation of the pituitary gland.

Treatment for endocrine system diseases varies depending on the specific disorder and may involve medication, surgery, lifestyle changes, or a combination of these approaches.

Neuroendocrinology is a branch of biomedical science that explores the interplay between the nervous system and the endocrine system. It focuses on how the nervous system regulates the endocrine system through the synthesis, release, and transport of hormones, as well as how these hormones in turn influence the functioning of the nervous system.

The hypothalamus, a region in the brain, plays a crucial role in neuroendocrinology as it receives information from various parts of the body and integrates this information to regulate hormone release. The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the secretion of pituitary hormones, which then act on other endocrine glands to regulate their functions.

Neuroendocrinology has important implications for understanding various physiological processes such as growth, development, reproduction, stress response, metabolism, and behavior. It also provides insights into the pathophysiology of several diseases, including diabetes, obesity, hormonal disorders, and neuropsychiatric conditions.

Endocrine gland neoplasms refer to abnormal growths (tumors) that develop in the endocrine glands. These glands are responsible for producing hormones, which are chemical messengers that regulate various functions and processes in the body. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms tend to grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant neoplasms, on the other hand, can invade nearby tissues and organs and may also metastasize (spread) to distant sites.

Endocrine gland neoplasms can occur in any of the endocrine glands, including:

1. Pituitary gland: located at the base of the brain, it produces several hormones that regulate growth and development, as well as other bodily functions.
2. Thyroid gland: located in the neck, it produces thyroid hormones that regulate metabolism and calcium balance.
3. Parathyroid glands: located near the thyroid gland, they produce parathyroid hormone that regulates calcium levels in the blood.
4. Adrenal glands: located on top of each kidney, they produce hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone that regulate stress response, metabolism, and blood pressure.
5. Pancreas: located behind the stomach, it produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels, and digestive enzymes that help break down food.
6. Pineal gland: located in the brain, it produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles.
7. Gonads (ovaries and testicles): located in the pelvis (ovaries) and scrotum (testicles), they produce sex hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone that regulate reproductive function and secondary sexual characteristics.

Endocrine gland neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on the type and location of the tumor. For example, a pituitary gland neoplasm may cause headaches, vision problems, or hormonal imbalances, while an adrenal gland neoplasm may cause high blood pressure, weight gain, or mood changes.

Diagnosis of endocrine gland neoplasms typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans, and laboratory tests to measure hormone levels. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or hormonal therapy, depending on the type and stage of the tumor.

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs that produce, store, and secrete hormones. It plays a crucial role in regulating various functions and processes in the body, including metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.

The major endocrine glands include:

1. Pituitary gland: located at the base of the brain, it is often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls other glands' functions. It produces and releases several hormones that regulate growth, development, and reproduction.
2. Thyroid gland: located in the neck, it produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.
3. Parathyroid glands: located near the thyroid gland, they produce parathyroid hormone, which regulates calcium levels in the blood.
4. Adrenal glands: located on top of the kidneys, they produce hormones that regulate stress response, metabolism, and blood pressure.
5. Pancreas: located in the abdomen, it produces hormones such as insulin and glucagon that regulate blood sugar levels.
6. Sex glands (ovaries and testes): they produce sex hormones such as estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone that regulate sexual development and reproduction.
7. Pineal gland: located in the brain, it produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles.

The endocrine system works closely with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis or balance in the body's internal environment. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to target cells or organs, where they bind to specific receptors and elicit a response. Disorders of the endocrine system can result from overproduction or underproduction of hormones, leading to various health problems such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, growth disorders, and sexual dysfunction.

Hormones are defined as chemical messengers that are produced by endocrine glands or specialized cells and are transported through the bloodstream to tissues and organs, where they elicit specific responses. They play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes such as growth, development, metabolism, reproduction, and mood. Examples of hormones include insulin, estrogen, testosterone, adrenaline, and thyroxine.

Reproductive physiological phenomena refer to the various functional processes and changes that occur in the reproductive system, enabling the production, development, and reproduction of offspring in living organisms. These phenomena encompass a wide range of events, including:

1. Hormonal regulation: The release and circulation of hormones that control and coordinate reproductive functions, such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and inhibin.
2. Ovarian and testicular function: The development and maturation of ova (eggs) in females and sperm in males, including folliculogenesis, ovulation, spermatogenesis, and the maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics.
3. Menstrual cycle: The series of events that occur in the female reproductive system over a 28-day period, consisting of the follicular phase, ovulation, and luteal phase, resulting in the shedding of the uterine lining if fertilization does not occur.
4. Fertilization: The process by which a sperm penetrates and fuses with an egg to form a zygote, initiating embryonic development.
5. Implantation: The attachment and embedding of the developing blastocyst (early-stage embryo) into the uterine lining, leading to pregnancy.
6. Pregnancy: The physiological state of carrying a developing offspring within the female reproductive system, characterized by hormonal changes, growth and development of the fetus, and preparation for childbirth.
7. Lactation: The production and secretion of milk from the mammary glands to provide nutrition for newborn offspring.
8. Menopause: The permanent cessation of menstrual cycles and reproductive function in females, typically occurring in the fourth or fifth decade of life, characterized by a decline in hormone production and various physical and emotional symptoms.

These reproductive physiological phenomena are complex and highly regulated processes that ensure the continuation of species and the maintenance of genetic diversity.

Infectious disease medicine is a specialized field of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases. These are illnesses caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or prions that can be spread from one person to another through various modes of transmission like air, water, food, bodily fluids, or direct contact.

Practitioners in this field, known as infectious disease specialists, often work in hospitals or public health settings. They collaborate with other healthcare professionals to manage outbreaks, develop infection control policies, and provide care for individuals with complex or severe infections. This may involve prescribing antibiotics or antiviral medications, monitoring treatment response, and conducting research into new diagnostic methods and therapies.

Endocrine glands are ductless glands in the human body that release hormones directly into the bloodstream, which then carry the hormones to various tissues and organs in the body. These glands play a crucial role in regulating many of the body's functions, including metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.

Examples of endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pineal gland, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Each of these glands produces specific hormones that have unique effects on various target tissues in the body.

The endocrine system works closely with the nervous system to regulate many bodily functions through a complex network of feedback mechanisms. Disorders of the endocrine system can result in a wide range of symptoms and health problems, including diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders, and sexual dysfunction.

Reproduction, in the context of biology and medicine, refers to the process by which organisms produce offspring. It is a complex process that involves the creation, development, and growth of new individuals from parent organisms. In sexual reproduction, this process typically involves the combination of genetic material from two parents through the fusion of gametes (sex cells) such as sperm and egg cells. This results in the formation of a zygote, which then develops into a new individual with a unique genetic makeup.

In contrast, asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes and can occur through various mechanisms such as budding, fragmentation, or parthenogenesis. Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are genetically identical to the parent organism.

Reproduction is a fundamental process that ensures the survival and continuation of species over time. It is also an area of active research in fields such as reproductive medicine, where scientists and clinicians work to understand and address issues related to human fertility, contraception, and genetic disorders.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is a medical treatment that involves the use of hormones to replace or supplement those that the body is no longer producing or no longer producing in sufficient quantities. It is most commonly used to help manage symptoms associated with menopause and conditions related to hormonal imbalances.

In women, HRT typically involves the use of estrogen and/or progesterone to alleviate hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, and mood changes that can occur during menopause. In some cases, testosterone may also be prescribed to help improve energy levels, sex drive, and overall sense of well-being.

In men, HRT is often used to treat low testosterone levels (hypogonadism) and related symptoms such as fatigue, decreased muscle mass, and reduced sex drive.

It's important to note that while HRT can be effective in managing certain symptoms, it also carries potential risks, including an increased risk of blood clots, stroke, breast cancer (in women), and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the decision to undergo HRT should be made carefully and discussed thoroughly with a healthcare provider.

Thyrotropin, also known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), is a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Its primary function is to regulate the production and release of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones from the thyroid gland. Thyrotropin binds to receptors on the surface of thyroid follicular cells, stimulating the uptake of iodide and the synthesis and release of T4 and T3. The secretion of thyrotropin is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis: thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of thyrotropin, while T3 and T4 inhibit its release through a negative feedback mechanism.

"Phodopus" is not a medical term, but a taxonomic genus that includes several species of small rodents commonly known as hamsters. The most common species within this genus are the Campbell's dwarf hamster (Phodopus campbelli) and the Djungarian or Russian winter white hamster (Phodopus sungorus). These hamsters are often kept as pets and may be involved in biomedical research. However, they are not typically associated with medical conditions or treatments.

Human Growth Hormone (HGH), also known as somatotropin, is a peptide hormone produced in the pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in human development and growth by stimulating the production of another hormone called insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 promotes the growth and reproduction of cells throughout the body, particularly in bones and other tissues. HGH also helps regulate body composition, body fluids, muscle and bone growth, sugar and fat metabolism, and possibly heart function. It is essential for human development and continues to have important effects throughout life. The secretion of HGH decreases with age, which is thought to contribute to the aging process.

Polycyctic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by the presence of hyperandrogenism (excess male hormones), ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries. The Rotterdam criteria are commonly used for diagnosis, which require at least two of the following three features:

1. Oligo- or anovulation (irregular menstrual cycles)
2. Clinical and/or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism (e.g., hirsutism, acne, or high levels of androgens in the blood)
3. Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound examination (presence of 12 or more follicles measuring 2-9 mm in diameter, or increased ovarian volume >10 mL)

The exact cause of PCOS remains unclear, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Insulin resistance and obesity are common findings in women with PCOS, which can contribute to the development of metabolic complications such as type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease.

Management of PCOS typically involves a multidisciplinary approach that includes lifestyle modifications (diet, exercise, weight loss), medications to regulate menstrual cycles and reduce hyperandrogenism (e.g., oral contraceptives, metformin, anti-androgens), and fertility treatments if desired. Regular monitoring of metabolic parameters and long-term follow-up are essential for optimal management and prevention of complications.

Testosterone is a steroid hormone that belongs to androsten class of hormones. It is primarily secreted by the Leydig cells in the testes of males and, to a lesser extent, by the ovaries and adrenal glands in females. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone and anabolic steroid. It plays a key role in the development of masculine characteristics, such as body hair and muscle mass, and contributes to bone density, fat distribution, red cell production, and sex drive. In females, testosterone contributes to sexual desire and bone health. Testosterone is synthesized from cholesterol and its production is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of inherited genetic disorders that affect the adrenal glands, which are triangular-shaped glands located on top of the kidneys. The adrenal glands are responsible for producing several essential hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens.

CAH is caused by mutations in genes that code for enzymes involved in the synthesis of these hormones. The most common form of CAH is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, which affects approximately 90% to 95% of all cases. Other less common forms of CAH include 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency and 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency.

The severity of the disorder can vary widely, depending on the degree of enzyme deficiency. In severe cases, the lack of cortisol production can lead to life-threatening salt wasting and electrolyte imbalances in newborns. The excess androgens produced due to the enzyme deficiency can also cause virilization, or masculinization, of female fetuses, leading to ambiguous genitalia at birth.

In milder forms of CAH, symptoms may not appear until later in childhood or even adulthood. These may include early puberty, rapid growth followed by premature fusion of the growth plates and short stature, acne, excessive hair growth, irregular menstrual periods, and infertility.

Treatment for CAH typically involves replacing the missing hormones with medications such as hydrocortisone, fludrocortisone, and/or sex hormones. Regular monitoring of hormone levels and careful management of medication doses is essential to prevent complications such as adrenal crisis, growth suppression, and osteoporosis.

In severe cases of CAH, early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent or minimize the risk of serious health problems and improve quality of life. Genetic counseling may also be recommended for affected individuals and their families to discuss the risks of passing on the disorder to future generations.

Pituitary hormones are chemical messengers produced and released by the pituitary gland, a small endocrine gland located at the base of the brain. The pituitary gland is often referred to as the "master gland" because it controls several other endocrine glands and regulates various bodily functions.

There are two main types of pituitary hormones: anterior pituitary hormones and posterior pituitary hormones, which are produced in different parts of the pituitary gland and have distinct functions.

Anterior pituitary hormones include:

1. Growth hormone (GH): regulates growth and metabolism.
2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.
3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones.
4. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH): regulate reproductive function in both males and females.
5. Prolactin: stimulates milk production in lactating women.
6. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH): regulates skin pigmentation and appetite.

Posterior pituitary hormones include:

1. Oxytocin: stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during lactation.
2. Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH): regulates water balance in the body by controlling urine production in the kidneys.

Overall, pituitary hormones play crucial roles in regulating growth, development, metabolism, reproductive function, and various other bodily functions. Abnormalities in pituitary hormone levels can lead to a range of medical conditions, such as dwarfism, acromegaly, Cushing's disease, infertility, and diabetes insipidus.

Turner Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects females, caused by complete or partial absence of one X chromosome. The typical karyotype is 45,X0 instead of the normal 46,XX in women. This condition leads to distinctive physical features and medical issues in growth, development, and fertility. Characteristic features include short stature, webbed neck, low-set ears, and swelling of the hands and feet. Other potential symptoms can include heart defects, hearing and vision problems, skeletal abnormalities, kidney issues, and learning disabilities. Not all individuals with Turner Syndrome will have every symptom, but most will require medical interventions and monitoring throughout their lives to address various health concerns associated with the condition.

Hypothyroidism is a medical condition where the thyroid gland, which is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your neck, does not produce enough thyroid hormones. This results in a slowing down of the body's metabolic processes, leading to various symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, constipation, cold intolerance, dry skin, hair loss, muscle weakness, and depression.

The two main thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various bodily functions, including heart rate, body temperature, and energy levels. In hypothyroidism, the production of these hormones is insufficient, leading to a range of symptoms that can affect multiple organ systems.

Hypothyroidism can be caused by several factors, including autoimmune disorders (such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis), surgical removal of the thyroid gland, radiation therapy for neck cancer, certain medications, and congenital defects. Hypothyroidism is typically diagnosed through blood tests that measure levels of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), T3, and T4. Treatment usually involves taking synthetic thyroid hormones to replace the missing hormones and alleviate symptoms.

Neurosciences is a multidisciplinary field of study that focuses on the structure, function, development, and disorders of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It incorporates various scientific disciplines such as biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, engineering, and computer science to understand the complexities of the nervous system at different levels, from molecular and cellular mechanisms to systems and behavior.

The field encompasses both basic research and clinical applications, with the aim of advancing our knowledge of the nervous system and developing effective treatments for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Specialties within neurosciences include neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, neurochemistry, neuropharmacology, neurobiology, neuroimmunology, behavioral neuroscience, cognitive neuroscience, clinical neuroscience, and computational neuroscience, among others.

Endocrine disruptors are defined as exogenous (external) substances or mixtures that interfere with the way hormones work in the body, leading to negative health effects. They can mimic, block, or alter the normal synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones in the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis, reproduction, development, and/or behavior.

Endocrine disruptors can be found in various sources, including industrial chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. They have been linked to a range of health problems, such as cancer, reproductive issues, developmental disorders, neurological impairments, and immune system dysfunction.

Examples of endocrine disruptors include bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and certain pesticides like dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and vinclozolin.

It is important to note that endocrine disruptors can have effects at very low doses, and their impact may depend on the timing of exposure, particularly during critical windows of development such as fetal growth and early childhood.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "History, 20th Century" is a broad and complex topic that refers to the events, developments, and transformations that occurred throughout the world during the 1900s. It is not a medical term or concept. If you're interested in learning more about this historical period, I would recommend consulting a history textbook, reputable online resources, or speaking with a historian. They can provide detailed information about the political, social, economic, and cultural changes that took place during the 20th century.

Neurosecretory systems are specialized components of the nervous system that produce and release chemical messengers called neurohormones. These neurohormones are released into the bloodstream and can have endocrine effects on various target organs in the body. The cells that make up neurosecretory systems, known as neurosecretory cells, are found in specific regions of the brain, such as the hypothalamus, and in peripheral nerves.

Neurosecretory systems play a critical role in regulating many physiological processes, including fluid and electrolyte balance, stress responses, growth and development, reproductive functions, and behavior. The neurohormones released by these systems can act synergistically or antagonistically to maintain homeostasis and coordinate the body's response to internal and external stimuli.

Neurosecretory cells are characterized by their ability to synthesize and store neurohormones in secretory granules, which are released upon stimulation. The release of neurohormones can be triggered by a variety of signals, including neural impulses, hormonal changes, and other physiological cues. Once released into the bloodstream, neurohormones can travel to distant target organs, where they bind to specific receptors and elicit a range of responses.

Overall, neurosecretory systems are an essential component of the neuroendocrine system, which plays a critical role in regulating many aspects of human physiology and behavior.

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is a glycoprotein hormone, which is primarily produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland. In women, a surge of LH triggers ovulation, the release of an egg from the ovaries during the menstrual cycle. During pregnancy, LH stimulates the corpus luteum to produce progesterone. In men, LH stimulates the testes to produce testosterone. It plays a crucial role in sexual development, reproduction, and maintaining the reproductive system.

Thyroid diseases are a group of conditions that affect the function and structure of the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the base of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate many vital functions in the body, including metabolism, growth, and development.

Thyroid diseases can be classified into two main categories: hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and depression. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, resulting in symptoms such as weight loss, heat intolerance, rapid heart rate, tremors, and anxiety.

Other common thyroid diseases include:

1. Goiter: an enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be caused by iodine deficiency or autoimmune disorders.
2. Thyroid nodules: abnormal growths on the thyroid gland that can be benign or malignant.
3. Thyroid cancer: a malignant tumor of the thyroid gland that requires medical treatment.
4. Hashimoto's disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
5. Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism and can also lead to eye problems and skin changes.

Thyroid diseases are diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment options depend on the specific type and severity of the disease and may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.

Gonadal steroid hormones, also known as gonadal sex steroids, are hormones that are produced and released by the gonads (i.e., ovaries in women and testes in men). These hormones play a critical role in the development and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics, reproductive function, and overall health.

The three main classes of gonadal steroid hormones are:

1. Androgens: These are male sex hormones that are primarily produced by the testes but also produced in smaller amounts by the ovaries and adrenal glands. The most well-known androgen is testosterone, which plays a key role in the development of male secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass.
2. Estrogens: These are female sex hormones that are primarily produced by the ovaries but also produced in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands. The most well-known estrogen is estradiol, which plays a key role in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics such as breast development and the menstrual cycle.
3. Progestogens: These are hormones that are produced by the ovaries during the second half of the menstrual cycle and play a key role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy. The most well-known progestogen is progesterone, which also plays a role in maintaining pregnancy and regulating the menstrual cycle.

Gonadal steroid hormones can have significant effects on various physiological processes, including bone density, cognitive function, mood, and sexual behavior. Disorders of gonadal steroid hormone production or action can lead to a range of health problems, including infertility, osteoporosis, and sexual dysfunction.

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Molecular Endocrinology, 15, 1983-1992. Zygmunt M, Herr F, Keller-Schoenwetter S, Kunzi-Rapp K, Münstedt K, Rao CV, Lang U, ... Journal of Endocrinology, 167, 39-52. Fantl, V., Edwards, P., Steel, J., Vonderhaar, B., & Dickson, C. (1999). Impaired Mammary ... Endocrinology, 145, 1517-1524. Pidoux, G. et al (2007). Biochemical characterization and modulation of LH/CG-receptor during ... Endocrinology, 150, 3833-3844. Kalkhoff, R. (1982). Metabolic effects of progesterone. American Journal of Obstetrician ...
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October 2003). "Evaluation of an estrogen receptor-beta agonist in animal models of human disease". Endocrinology. 144 (10): ...
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Dockray GJ (December 2004). "Clinical endocrinology and metabolism. Gastrin". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology ... Johnson LR (March 1984). "Effects of somatostatin and acid on inhibition of gastrin release in newborn rats". Endocrinology. ... Blanco, Antonio; Blanco, Gustavo (2017), "Biochemical Bases of Endocrinology (II) Hormones and Other Chemical Intermediates", ...
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... spanning all aspects of cardiovascular endocrinology, including the cross-talk between the cardiovascular system and other ... spanning all aspects of cardiovascular endocrinology, including the cross-talk between the cardiovascular system and other ... Part of the third most cited endocrinology and metabolism journal, ... Part of the third most cited endocrinology and metabolism journal, ...
Virtua endocrinologists diagnose disorders by measuring hormones in the body and testing tissue samples, and then provide an individualized care plan.
She returned to McGill for subspecialty postgraduate fellowship training in Adult Endocrinology and Metabolism. Her interest in ... Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism 1001 boul. Décarie C04.4190 Montreal, QC H4A 3J1 514-934-1934 ... Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism. Royal Victoria Hospital. MUHC Glen site. 1001 Décarie Blvd.. Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1. ... She returned to McGill for subspecialty postgraduate fellowship training in Adult Endocrinology and Metabolism. Her interest in ...
Explores research in childhood endocrine disease to support advances in practice and medicine.
The physicians in the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism at UMass Chan Medical School have active outpatient clinics ... The Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, aims to optimize the health and well-being of all individuals in our ... The division offers study electives in diabetes and endocrinology for students and residents, and individual mentoring for MD ... We have a robust fellowship program for advanced training in endocrinology and diabetes. The division organizes multiple CME ...
U.S. NEWS AND WORLD REPORTNationally Ranked in Pediatric Diabetes & Endocrinology Johns Hopkins Childrens Center is nationally ... Welcome to the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism at the Johns Hopkins Hospital and Bayview Medical Center. ... The Johns Hopkins Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism offers expert care for various metabolic, pituitary, ... research and educational programs of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. ...
Allergy & Immunology Behavioral & Mental Health Cancer Ear, Nose & Throat Endocrinology Gastroenterology Heart & Vascular ... Endocrinology at UPMC. If you have diabetes or a hormone disorder, we can help. Our experts in the Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, and ... Find endocrinology care at UPMC near you. ...
Tamara Hannon is a Castle Connolly Top Doctor whose specialty is Pediatric Endocrinology and is located in Indianapolis, IN ... Department of Pediatric Endocrinology. 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Room 5960. Indianapolis, IN 46202 ...
International Journal of Endocrinology / Table of Contents: 2015. Table of Contents. 2015. 202320222021202020192018201720162015 ... International Journal of Endocrinology - Table of contents 2015 ...
Endocrinology Program is one of the very best in the nation, using groundbreaking research & technology to treat diabetes. ... Endocrinology. Endocrinology services focus on the diagnosis, treatment and long-term care needs of people living with diabetes ... Endocrinology physicians, nurses and staff give a personal approach to care. Each treatment program is tailored to your ... In addition to patient care, Yale New Havens Endocrinology Program is home to a rich tapestry of basic, clinical and ...
  • We provide a unique opportunity at Creighton University Medical Center, affiliated Children's Hospital, Women's Hospital, and the Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center for broad exposure to endocrinology, diabetes and metabolism. (creighton.edu)
  • In the 2016-2017 academic year, there are 141 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited training programs in endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism with 631 trainees. (acponline.org)
  • She returned to McGill for subspecialty postgraduate fellowship training in Adult Endocrinology and Metabolism. (mcgill.ca)
  • The Johns Hopkins Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism offers expert care for various metabolic, pituitary, thyroid and diabetes-related conditions. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Welcome to the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism at the Johns Hopkins Hospital and Bayview Medical Center. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • I encourage you to explore our website to learn more about the clinical, research and educational programs of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, aims to optimize the health and well-being of all individuals in our region living with endocrine disorders or diabetes. (umassmed.edu)
  • Our multidisciplinary programs include an integrated research training program in molecular endocrinology with senior members of the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology. (bcm.edu)
  • 1 Pediatric and Reproductive Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. (nih.gov)
  • The Section of Endocrinology at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago, Illinois, offers a full range of services in endocrinology, including outpatient provocative endocrine testing, thyroid biopsy and intensive diabetes management and education. (rush.edu)
  • Although every organ system secretes and responds to hormones (including the brain, lungs, heart, intestine, skin, and the kidneys), the clinical specialty of endocrinology focuses primarily on the endocrine organs, meaning the organs whose primary function is hormone secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our faculty train tomorrow's experts in clinical endocrinology through robust fellowship and medical school training programs. (bcm.edu)
  • Clinical needs of those with the diagnosis of Septo-Optic Dysplasia (SOD) involve many subspecialties including Endocrinology, Ophthalmology, Genetics, and Behavioral Medicine. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • In addition to patient care, Yale New Haven's Endocrinology Program is home to a rich tapestry of basic, clinical and translational research activities. (ynhh.org)
  • FACE designation is awarded to an AACE member in good standing after meeting certification, training, and professional clinical endocrinology experience. (aace.com)
  • Looking for current opportunities in clinical endocrinology? (aace.com)
  • His clinical interest relates to all aspects of endocrinology and diabetes. (nuffieldhealth.com)
  • You will be part of a young and dynamic international research group embedded in the interactive and supportive research environment of our Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition. (usz.ch)
  • European Society of Endocrinology clinical practice guidelines for the management of aggressive pituitary tumours and carcinomas. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: Key Endocrinology and Diabetes Clinical Practice Guidelines in 2017 - Medscape - Jan 12, 2018. (medscape.com)
  • Johns Hopkins Children's Center is nationally ranked in pediatric diabetes & endocrinology, according to the 2023-2024 U.S. News & World Report Best Children's Hospitals list. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • The medical specialty of endocrinology involves the diagnostic evaluation of a wide variety of symptoms and variations and the long-term management of disorders of deficiency or excess of one or more hormones. (wikipedia.org)
  • Endocrinologists may practice in a dedicated endocrine practice, as part of a multi-specialty group, or may maintain a split practice seeing both endocrinology and general internal medicine patients. (acponline.org)
  • Many of our patients require regular evaluations, testing, treatment and preventive medicine, so providing easy access to care is a top priority for our endocrinology and diabetes team. (cookchildrens.org)
  • The Division of Pediatric Endocrinology at The Herman & Walter Samuelson Children's Hospital at Sinai provides comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic services for a range of endocrine disorders-including diabetes-to patients from infancy through young adulthood. (lifebridgehealth.org)
  • We have a robust fellowship program for advanced training in endocrinology and diabetes. (umassmed.edu)
  • Endocrinology (from endocrine + -ology) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones. (wikipedia.org)
  • Endocrinology is the study of the endocrine system in the human body. (wikipedia.org)
  • Endocrinology is the subspecialty of internal medicine that focuses on the diagnosis and care of disorders of the endocrine (glandular) system and the associated metabolic dysfunction. (acponline.org)
  • Doing a PhD in Endocrinology, you will become proficient in the skills necessary to contribute to a research portfolio which spans cardiovascular and metabolic diseases affecting those with diabetes, renal disease, and endocrine conditions. (findaphd.com)
  • Endocrinology is a branch of medicine that treats conditions and diseases of the endocrine system, or the glandular organs that make your hormones. (providence.org)
  • The endocrinology department studies, diagnoses and provides treatment plans to address hormone disorders. (childrens.com)
  • Endocrinology services focus on the diagnosis, treatment and long-term care needs of people living with diabetes and hormonal disorders. (ynhh.org)
  • General endocrinology - This program covers multiple diseases with hormone imbalances that impact growth and development. (childrens.com)
  • Endocrinology is the field of hormone-related conditions and diseases. (mcmc.net)
  • Endocrinology focuses on glands that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that travel throughout the bloodstream to regulate different bodily functions. (rush.edu)
  • Cook Children's endocrinology team treats infants, children and teens with conditions that are caused by or affect the hormonal balance of the body. (cookchildrens.org)
  • If a hormone problem is suspected, your primary care physician may refer you to our Endocrinology experts. (mcmc.net)
  • Our doctors are happy to provide an endocrinology consultation to you at the request of your primary care physician. (providence.org)
  • The division offers study electives in diabetes and endocrinology for students and residents, and individual mentoring for MD and PhD students with a research focus in molecular therapeutics. (umassmed.edu)
  • What I love about endocrinology is that it involves getting to the bottom of complex problems where the solution might not be obvious," she says. (ynhh.org)
  • Endocrinology physicians, nurses and staff give a personal approach to care. (ynhh.org)
  • Training in endocrinology includes two years of additional training following successful completion of a basic internal medicine residency training program. (acponline.org)
  • A PhD in Endocrinology gives you the chance to lead your own research project that will further our current understanding of hormones. (findaphd.com)
  • Typical Endocrinology PhD research projects take between three and four years to complete. (findaphd.com)
  • In the UK, PhDs in Endocrinology are funded by the Medical Research Council (MRC), which provides a tuition fee waiver and a living cost stipend. (findaphd.com)
  • It is also possible to apply for a PhD loan to help with the costs of a doctorate in Endocrinology (although this cannot be combined with Research Council funding). (findaphd.com)
  • At Children's Healthâ„ , we understand endocrinology not only influences your child physically, but it can also alter their self-esteem or how they act around others. (childrens.com)
  • This relationship makes sure your endocrinology needs are integrated into the management of your other health issues. (providence.org)
  • The Society for Endocrinology and our membership management provider, Bioscientifica Ltd (hereafter referred to as 'we', 'us', and 'our') are dedicated to ensuring that your privacy is protected in accordance with the Data Protection Act 2018, the UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) and the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR) as applicable. (endocrinology.org)
  • The Society for Endocrinology is committed to ensuring that your privacy is protected. (endocrinology.org)
  • When you use the Society for Endocrinology website, we send your computer a small file called a cookie, which we can access when you visit this site in future. (endocrinology.org)
  • When you vote for a Society for Endocrinology award. (endocrinology.org)
  • The Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Fellowship is a comprehensive two-year training program (with an optional third year) that combines start-of-the-art clinical training - both inpatient and outpatient - with innovative research opportunities. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • The Johns Hopkins Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism provides innovative diagnosis and treatment options for a range of endocrinology-related disorders. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Our thyroid team is made up of world-class endocrinologists, specialists and researchers, including the director of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, the current chair of the Subspecialty Board for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and a recipient of the American Thyroid Association's Distinguished Service Award. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Endocrinology and Metabolism, 333 Cedar St. (yale.edu)
  • The Saint Louis University Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism provides comprehensive patient care services, educates the next generation of physicians and fosters research experience with the goal of providing meaningful contributions to the field. (slu.edu)
  • The Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism at Tufts Medical Center in downtown Boston provides inpatient and outpatient services for the diagnosis and management of all endocrine disorders. (tuftsmedicalcenter.org)
  • Two large and well-established societies, The Endocrine Society and the Society for Endocrinology, serve the practitioners of this field. (nih.gov)
  • The Society for Endocrinology site, http://www.endocrinology.org/ , provides information about the Bristol, England-based organization and its programs. (nih.gov)
  • In 1997, the Society for Endocrinology established a committee for endocrinology nurses. (nih.gov)
  • The Society for Endocrinology and our membership management provider, Bioscientifica Ltd (hereafter referred to as 'we', 'us', and 'our') are dedicated to ensuring that your privacy is protected in accordance with the Data Protection Act 2018, the UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) and the European Union General Data Protection Regulation (EU GDPR) as applicable. (endocrinology.org)
  • The Society for Endocrinology is committed to ensuring that your privacy is protected. (endocrinology.org)
  • When you use the Society for Endocrinology website, we send your computer a small file called a cookie, which we can access when you visit this site in future. (endocrinology.org)
  • When you vote for a Society for Endocrinology award. (endocrinology.org)
  • Cincinnati Children's is also home to a renowned Pediatric Endocrinology Fellowship . (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • This unique fellowship combines exceptional clinical and research training in pediatric endocrinology over the course of 3 years. (nih.gov)
  • Individuals with medicine-pediatrics training can also be considered for a combined, 4-year dual program in adult-pediatric endocrinology training. (nih.gov)
  • Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Fellows and Program Staff, 2019. (nih.gov)
  • Pediatric Endocrinology focuses on hormone disorders in children. (northshore.org)
  • For more information or to schedule a pediatric endocrinology appointment, please call 847.663.8508 . (northshore.org)
  • Why choose Ochsner Health for pediatric endocrinology care? (ochsner.org)
  • Working collaboratively, our experienced pediatric endocrinology team develops personalized treatment plans for every child, including those with pediatric diabetes and rare and complex conditions. (ochsner.org)
  • We offer pediatric endocrinology services at our Louisiana locations in New Orleans, Houma, Covington and Slidell. (ochsner.org)
  • The Press Room also features a link to The Endocrine Edge , a free monthly online newsletter geared toward the public with the latest news from the society and the field of endocrinology. (nih.gov)
  • The history of our endocrine division dates back more than 60 years, and the graduates of our fellowship program are recognized leaders in the field of endocrinology. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Each offers a unique exposure to diverse patient populations and clinical pathology across the breadth of the field of endocrinology. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • The symbol reflects a principle that together, we at AACE encompass the human element that comprises the greater field of endocrinology. (aace.com)
  • Although every organ system secretes and responds to hormones (including the brain, lungs, heart, intestine, skin, and the kidneys), the clinical specialty of endocrinology focuses primarily on the endocrine organs, meaning the organs whose primary function is hormone secretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • The medical specialty of endocrinology involves the diagnostic evaluation of a wide variety of symptoms and variations and the long-term management of disorders of deficiency or excess of one or more hormones. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Endocrinology Clinic is a specialty clinic addressing concerns related to glands or hormonal conditions and diseases. (albertahealthservices.ca)
  • Specializations include behavioral endocrinology and comparative endocrinology. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cite this: Electing Endocrinology - Medscape - Jun 21, 2012. (medscape.com)
  • Concluding the Series In his final column for Medscape Endocrinology, Dr Richard Plotzker takes a look back at the past 10 years in endocrinology practice. (medscape.com)
  • The Endocrinology and Hormone Signaling program supports basic and clinical research on endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, hormone signaling, and nutrient sensing-with an emphasis on developing mechanistic insights into diabetes, obesity, and other endocrine-related health problems. (nih.gov)
  • Endocrinology (from endocrine + -ology) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones. (wikipedia.org)
  • Endocrinology is a branch of medicine focused on testing and treating a variety of common endocrine disorders including diabetes, thyroid and parathyroid diseases. (spirehealthcare.com)
  • Our mission is to train the next generation of endocrinologists and impart our excitement and enthusiasm for clinical endocrinology and research to our diverse group of fellows. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • Our fellows participate in dedicated outpatient diabetes and endocrinology continuity clinics during their two years of training. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • The University Hospital is our primary inpatient endocrinology consult service where our fellows treat and diagnose a spectrum of inpatient endocrine diseases and pathologies. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • The Division of Endocrinology in the Department of Internal Medicine at the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine is recruiting a full-time scientist as a Research Assistant Professor. (wihe.com)
  • Formed to support endocrinologists for up to six years after they receive their Ph.D., this group runs educational courses, provides career advice, and organizes special sessions at the Society of Endocrinology and British Endocrine Society meetings. (nih.gov)
  • Stemming from changes in global health priorities, demographics and health care delivery, the new name reflects a more modern, inclusive approach to endocrinology that supports multi-disciplinary care teams - with endocrinologists leading the way. (aace.com)
  • The student program will be integrated with the Inter-Institute Endocrinology Fellowship Program. (nih.gov)
  • The Endocrinology clinic provides comprehensive outpatient endocrine care. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • We will expand this role to serve as the vital hub of knowledge in clinical endocrinology for all members of the endocrine care team, defining the best paths of patient care and disease prevention. (aace.com)
  • Whether you are an endocrinologist, an important member of an endocrine care team such as a nurse practitioner or primary care physician, or an advocate for those with endocrine diseases and conditions - we welcome all of you to our community to share our passion and progression of clinical endocrinology. (aace.com)
  • The purpose of the Collaborative Interdisciplinary Team Science Program described in this announcement is to provide support to enable strong investigative teams to do inter- and/or trans-disciplinary research on a complex problem in biomedical science relevant to Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases. (nih.gov)
  • With this rebrand, we are more poised to be a proactive force in educating clinical and general audiences about endocrine diseases, while the association elevates the role of all those who practice clinical endocrinology in assuring the highest quality patient care. (aace.com)
  • Most endocrinology patients have problems that can be diagnosed and treated early enough that they can feel completely well. (medscape.com)
  • Unlike many other fields, where the skill of the physician is constantly required to treat or stabilize disease, in endocrinology patients can be taught how to prevent a disease or its progression through lifestyle changes that improve their health. (medscape.com)
  • The Endocrinology Division at UT Southwestern has a rich tradition of excellence in research, scholarship, clinical practice, and in the application of new knowledge to improve the health of patients. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • The Divisions of Endocrinology at NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center and NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center provide exceptional care to patients with a complete range of endocrine disorders. (nyp.org)
  • Our organization will now be known as the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology (AACE), a name that more clearly defines AACE as a community of individuals who work together to elevate the practice of clinical endocrinology. (aace.com)
  • UK Endocrinology offers diagnosis and treatment of diabetes, thyroid disease, pituitary disease and other endocrine disorders. (uky.edu)
  • Our diabetes and endocrinology services are ranked #1 in the nation (tie) in U.S. News & World Report's Best Children's Hospitals 2023-24 rankings. (cincinnatichildrens.org)
  • Our doctors understand metabolic bone disorders, and they have years of clinical expertise in endocrinology, metabolic bone disorders, osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency, and calcium and phosphorus disorders. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • As parents ourselves, the expert diabetes and endocrinology team at Cook Children's understands your fears and works to ease them by making you a part of the team. (cookchildrens.org)
  • The table to the right includes counts of all research outputs for FSBI 'National Medical Research Center of Endocrinology' published between 1 June 2022 - 31 May 2023 which are tracked by the Nature Index. (nature.com)
  • This site includes specialized thyroid, gender care and weight wellness clinics in addition to general endocrinology and diabetes technology clinics. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • We combine the best endocrinology care with the leading research to help kids grow up strong and healthy. (nemours.org)
  • Thank you for supporting the American Association of Clinical Endocrinology, and we look forward to working with all of you to continue building an organization for clinical endocrinology professionals today, tomorrow and the many years to come. (aace.com)