Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape.
Non-invasive imaging methods based on the mechanical response of an object to a vibrational or impulsive force. It is used for determining the viscoelastic properties of tissue, and thereby differentiating soft from hard inclusions in tissue such as microcalcifications, and some cancer lesions. Most techniques use ultrasound to create the images - eliciting the response with an ultrasonic radiation force and/or recording displacements of the tissue by Doppler ultrasonography.
Numerical expression indicating the measure of stiffness in a material. It is defined by the ratio of stress in a unit area of substance to the resulting deformation (strain). This allows the behavior of a material under load (such as bone) to be calculated.
The resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to shear stress. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A giant elastic protein of molecular mass ranging from 2,993 kDa (cardiac), 3,300 kDa (psoas), to 3,700 kDa (soleus) having a kinase domain. The amino- terminal is involved in a Z line binding, and the carboxy-terminal region is bound to the myosin filament with an overlap between the counter-connectin filaments at the M line.
A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.
A type of scanning probe microscopy in which a probe systematically rides across the surface of a sample being scanned in a raster pattern. The vertical position is recorded as a spring attached to the probe rises and falls in response to peaks and valleys on the surface. These deflections produce a topographic map of the sample.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
The maximum stress a material subjected to a stretching load can withstand without tearing. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed, p2001)
The study of the deformation and flow of matter, usually liquids or fluids, and of the plastic flow of solids. The concept covers consistency, dilatancy, liquefaction, resistance to flow, shearing, thixotrophy, and VISCOSITY.
A test to determine the relative hardness of a metal, mineral, or other material according to one of several scales, such as Brinell, Mohs, Rockwell, Vickers, or Shore. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Connective tissue comprised chiefly of elastic fibers. Elastic fibers have two components: ELASTIN and MICROFIBRILS.
Use of ultrasound for imaging the breast. The most frequent application is the diagnosis of neoplasms of the female breast.
The maximum compression a material can withstand without failure. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed, p427)
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
A computer based method of simulating or analyzing the behavior of structures or components.
Governmental levies on property, inheritance, gifts, etc.
'Elastin' is a highly elastic protein in connective tissue that allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting, such as the skin, lungs, and blood vessels.
The vessels carrying blood away from the heart.
A generic term for all substances having the properties of stretching under tension, high tensile strength, retracting rapidly, and recovering their original dimensions fully. They are generally POLYMERS.
The mechanical property of material that determines its resistance to force. HARDNESS TESTS measure this property.
Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (LUNG COMPLIANCE) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure.
Scanning microscopy in which a very sharp probe is employed in close proximity to a surface, exploiting a particular surface-related property. When this property is local topography, the method is atomic force microscopy (MICROSCOPY, ATOMIC FORCE), and when it is local conductivity, the method is scanning tunneling microscopy (MICROSCOPY, SCANNING TUNNELING).
Loss of vascular ELASTICITY due to factors such as AGING; and ARTERIOSCLEROSIS. Increased arterial stiffness is one of the RISK FACTORS for many CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.
The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.
Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.
The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.
The quality or state of being able to be bent or creased repeatedly. (From Webster, 3d ed)
2-(4-Amino-4-carboxybutyl)-1-(5-amino-5-carboxypentyl)-3,5-bis(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)pyridinium. A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.
Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquefies; the resulting colloid is called a sol.
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.
A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The branch of physics that deals with sound and sound waves. In medicine it is often applied in procedures in speech and hearing studies. With regard to the environment, it refers to the characteristics of a room, auditorium, theatre, building, etc. that determines the audibility or fidelity of sounds in it. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
The branch of physics which deals with the motions of material bodies, including kinematics, dynamics, and statics. When the laws of mechanics are applied to living structures, as to the locomotor system, it is referred to as BIOMECHANICAL PHENOMENA. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
The direct continuation of the brachial trunk, originating at the bifurcation of the brachial artery opposite the neck of the radius. Its branches may be divided into three groups corresponding to the three regions in which the vessel is situated, the forearm, wrist, and hand.
The internal resistance of a material to moving some parts of it parallel to a fixed plane, in contrast to stretching (TENSILE STRENGTH) or compression (COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH). Ionic crystals are brittle because, when subjected to shear, ions of the same charge are brought next to each other, which causes repulsion.
The physical characteristics and processes of biological systems.
A rare amino acid found in elastin, formed by condensation of four molecules of lysine into a pyridinium ring.
The study of systems which respond disproportionately (nonlinearly) to initial conditions or perturbing stimuli. Nonlinear systems may exhibit "chaos" which is classically characterized as sensitive dependence on initial conditions. Chaotic systems, while distinguished from more ordered periodic systems, are not random. When their behavior over time is appropriately displayed (in "phase space"), constraints are evident which are described by "strange attractors". Phase space representations of chaotic systems, or strange attractors, usually reveal fractal (FRACTALS) self-similarity across time scales. Natural, including biological, systems often display nonlinear dynamics and chaos.
The behaviors of materials under force.
A subfield of acoustics dealing in the radio frequency range higher than acoustic SOUND waves (approximately above 20 kilohertz). Ultrasonic radiation is used therapeutically (DIATHERMY and ULTRASONIC THERAPY) to generate HEAT and to selectively destroy tissues. It is also used in diagnostics, for example, ULTRASONOGRAPHY; ECHOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; and ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, to visually display echoes received from irradiated tissues.
Components of the extracellular matrix consisting primarily of fibrillin. They are essential for the integrity of elastic fibers.
Ability of ERYTHROCYTES to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Painful sensation in the muscles.
Methods developed to aid in the interpretation of ultrasound, radiographic images, etc., for diagnosis of disease.
Acrylic resins, also known as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), are a type of synthetic resin formed from polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers, used in various medical applications such as dental restorations, orthopedic implants, and ophthalmic lenses due to their biocompatibility, durability, and transparency.
Highly keratinized processes that are sharp and curved, or flat with pointed margins. They are found especially at the end of the limbs in certain animals.
A salt-soluble precursor of elastin. Lysyl oxidase is instrumental in converting it to elastin in connective tissue.
Water swollen, rigid, 3-dimensional network of cross-linked, hydrophilic macromolecules, 20-95% water. They are used in paints, printing inks, foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Salts and esters of the 10-carbon monocarboxylic acid-decanoic acid.
A scientific tool based on ULTRASONOGRAPHY and used not only for the observation of microstructure in metalwork but also in living tissue. In biomedical application, the acoustic propagation speed in normal and abnormal tissues can be quantified to distinguish their tissue elasticity and other properties.
Devices or objects in various imaging techniques used to visualize or enhance visualization by simulating conditions encountered in the procedure. Phantoms are used very often in procedures employing or measuring x-irradiation or radioactive material to evaluate performance. Phantoms often have properties similar to human tissue. Water demonstrates absorbing properties similar to normal tissue, hence water-filled phantoms are used to map radiation levels. Phantoms are used also as teaching aids to simulate real conditions with x-ray or ultrasonic machines. (From Iturralde, Dictionary and Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Imaging, 1990)
A group of thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers containing polyisocyanate. They are used as ELASTOMERS, as coatings, as fibers and as foams.
The repeating contractile units of the MYOFIBRIL, delimited by Z bands along its length.
A continuous protein fiber consisting primarily of FIBROINS. It is synthesized by a variety of INSECTS and ARACHNIDS.
The performance of dissections, injections, surgery, etc., by the use of micromanipulators (attachments to a microscope) that manipulate tiny instruments.
The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature.
The protein constituents of muscle, the major ones being ACTINS and MYOSINS. More than a dozen accessory proteins exist including TROPONIN; TROPOMYOSIN; and DYSTROPHIN.
The chemical reactions that occur within the cells, tissues, or an organism. These processes include both the biosynthesis (ANABOLISM) and the breakdown (CATABOLISM) of organic materials utilized by the living organism.
The force acting on the surface of a liquid, tending to minimize the area of the surface. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
The functions of the skin in the human and animal body. It includes the pigmentation of the skin.
The measure of that part of the heat or energy of a system which is not available to perform work. Entropy increases in all natural (spontaneous and irreversible) processes. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
The application of mathematical formulas and statistical techniques to the testing and quantifying of economic theories and the solution of economic problems.
The visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections or echoes of ultrasonic pulses directed into the tissues. Use of ultrasound for imaging or diagnostic purposes employs frequencies ranging from 1.6 to 10 megahertz.
Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.
A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications.
A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.
The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.
A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)
A family of structurally related collagens that form the characteristic collagen fibril bundles seen in CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
A technique that uses LASERS to trap, image, and manipulate small objects (biomolecules, supramolecular assembles, DENDRIMERS) in three dimensional space. (From Glossary of Biotechnology and Nanobiotechnology Terms, 4th ed.)
Submicron-sized fibers with diameters typically between 50 and 500 nanometers. The very small dimension of these fibers can generate a high surface area to volume ratio, which makes them potential candidates for various biomedical and other applications.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
A plant genus of the family COMMELINACEAE that is used in genotoxic bioassays.
Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.
Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).
Synthetic or natural materials, other than DRUGS, that are used to replace or repair any body TISSUES or bodily function.
Arthropods of the class ARACHNIDA, order Araneae. Except for mites and ticks, spiders constitute the largest order of arachnids, with approximately 37,000 species having been described. The majority of spiders are harmless, although some species can be regarded as moderately harmful since their bites can lead to quite severe local symptoms. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, p508; Smith, Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance, 1973, pp424-430)
Cell growth support structures composed of BIOCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS. They are specially designed solid support matrices for cell attachment in TISSUE ENGINEERING and GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION uses.
Fibrous bands or cords of CONNECTIVE TISSUE at the ends of SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS that serve to attach the MUSCLES to bones and other structures.
The molecular unit of collagen fibrils that consist of repeating three-stranded polypeptide units arranged head to tail in parallel bundles. It is a right-handed triple helix composed of 2 polypeptide chains. It is rich in glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine.
Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.
A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
The semi-permeable outer structure of a red blood cell. It is known as a red cell 'ghost' after HEMOLYSIS.
The main trunk of the systemic arteries.
The making of a continuous circular tear in the anterior capsule during cataract surgery in order to allow expression or phacoemulsification of the nucleus of the lens. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the C-2 position with a methyl group.
Increase, over a specific period of time, in the number of individuals living in a country or region.
The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.
The region of the HAND between the WRIST and the FINGERS.
A property of the surface of an object that makes it stick to another surface.
A change of a substance from one form or state to another.
The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.
Small encapsulated gas bubbles (diameters of micrometers) that can be used as CONTRAST MEDIA, and in other diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Upon exposure to sufficiently intense ultrasound, microbubbles will cavitate, rupture, disappear, release gas content. Such characteristics of the microbubbles can be used to enhance diagnostic tests, dissolve blood clots, and deliver drugs or genes for therapy.
A layer of vascularized connective tissue underneath the EPIDERMIS. The surface of the dermis contains innervated papillae. Embedded in or beneath the dermis are SWEAT GLANDS; HAIR FOLLICLES; and SEBACEOUS GLANDS.
The development and use of techniques to study physical phenomena and construct structures in the nanoscale size range or smaller.
The process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into a chemical response. It can occur in both cells specialized for sensing mechanical cues such as MECHANORECEPTORS, and in parenchymal cells whose primary function is not mechanosensory.

Soft tissue elastometer. (1/743)

We have developed a device entitled the 'Tissue Elastometer' (TE) for evaluating the Young's modulus of soft tissues. Soft tissue specimens are compressed between the object plate of an electronic balance and a linearly actuated indenter with a small rounded tip. The hardware of the device was designed such that a deformation model for semi-infinite media is applicable for calculating the Young's modulus of test specimens from their collected force-displacement data. Force-elongation measurements were performed on long strips of cured silicone mixtures to produce calibrated, tissue-mimicking test samples for the TE in a Young's modulus range of 10-400 kPa. When tested with the TE, the Young's moduli of the silicone samples demonstrated accuracy to within 1-10% of their calibrated values. Testing on excised tissue samples (fresh store-bought poultry breast; bovine liver, kidneys, hind shanks; porcine) was also performed, and a repeatability of elasticity measurements was demonstrated in the range of 8-14%. Results indicate that the TE can be effectively used in laboratory and clinical environments to evaluate the elasticity modulus of tissues.  (+info)

Characterization of cysts using differential correlation coefficient values from two dimensional breast elastography: preliminary study. (2/743)

Although simple cysts are easily identified using sonography, description and management of nonsimple cysts remains uncertain. This study evaluated whether the correlation coefficient differences between breast tissue and lesions, obtained from 2D breast elastography, could potentially distinguish nonsimple cysts from cancers and fibroadenomas. We hypothesized that correlation coefficients in cysts would be dramatically lower than surrounding tissue because noise, imaging artifacts, and particulate matter move randomly and decorrelate quickly under compression, compared with solid tissue. For this preliminary study, 18 breast lesions (7 nonsimple cysts, 4 cancers, and 7 fibroadenomas) underwent imaging with 2D elastography at 7.5 MHz through a TPX (a polymethyl pentene copolymer) 2.5 mm mammographic paddle. Breasts were compressed similar to mammographic positioning and then further compressed for elastography by 1 to 7%. Images were correlated using 2D phase-sensitive speckle tracking algorithms and displacement estimates were accumulated. Correlation coefficient means and standard deviations were measured in the lesion and adjacent tissue, and the differential correlation coefficient (DCC) was introduced as the difference between these values normalized to the correlation coefficient of adjacent tissue. Mean DCC values in nonsimple cysts were 24.2 +/- 11.6%, 5.7 +/- 6.3% for fibroadenomas, and 3.8 +/- 2.9 % for cancers (p < 0.05). Some of the cysts appeared smaller in DCC images than gray-scale images. These encouraging results demonstrate that characterization of nonsimple breast cysts may be improved by using DCC values from 2D elastography, which could potentially change management options of these cysts from intervention to imaging follow-up. A dedicated clinical trial to fully assess the efficacy of this technique is recommended.  (+info)

Magnetic resonance elastography of the brain. (3/743)

The purpose of this study was to obtain normative data using magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) (a) to obtain estimates of the shear modulus of human cerebral tissue in vivo and (b) to assess a possible age dependence of the shear modulus of cerebral tissue in healthy adult volunteers. MR elastography studies were performed on tissue-simulating gelatin phantoms and 25 healthy adult volunteers. The data were analyzed using spatiotemporal filters and a local frequency estimating algorithm. Statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test. The mean shear stiffness of cerebral white matter was 13.6 kPa (95% CI 12.3 to 14.8 kPa); while that of gray matter was lower at 5.22 kPa (95% CI 4.76 to 5.66 kPa). The difference was statistically significant (p<0.0001).  (+info)

Assessment of hepatic fibrosis with magnetic resonance elastography. (4/743)

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Accurate detection of hepatic fibrosis is crucial for assessing prognosis and candidacy for treatment in patients with chronic liver disease. Magnetic resonance (MR) elastography, a technique for quantitatively assessing the mechanical properties of soft tissues, has been shown previously to have potential for noninvasively detecting liver fibrosis. The goal of this work was to obtain preliminary estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of the technique in diagnosing liver fibrosis, and to assess its potential for identifying patients who potentially can avoid a biopsy procedure. METHODS: MR elastography was performed in 35 normal volunteers and 50 patients with chronic liver disease. MR imaging measurements of hepatic fat to water ratios were obtained to assess the potential for fat infiltration to affect stiffness-based detection of fibrosis. RESULTS: Liver stiffness increased systematically with fibrosis stage. Receiver operating curve analysis showed that, with a shear stiffness cut-off value of 2.93 kilopascals, the predicted sensitivity and specificity for detecting all grades of liver fibrosis is 98% and 99%, respectively. Receiver operating curve analysis also provided evidence that MR elastography can discriminate between patients with moderate and severe fibrosis (grades 2-4) and those with mild fibrosis (sensitivity, 86%; specificity, 85%). Hepatic stiffness does not appear to be influenced by the degree of steatosis. CONCLUSIONS: MR elastography is a safe, noninvasive technique with excellent diagnostic accuracy for assessing hepatic fibrosis. Based on the high negative predictive value of MR elastography, an initial clinical application may be to triage patients who are under consideration for biopsy examination to assess possible hepatic fibrosis.  (+info)

3D ultrasound elastography for early detection of lesions. evaluation on a pressure ulcer mimicking phantom. (5/743)

A pressure ulcer is a damaged tissue area induced by an unrelieved pressure compressing the tissue during a prolonged period of immobility. The lack of information and studies on the development of this pathology makes its prevention difficult. However, it is both acknowledged that lesions initiate in the deep muscular tissues before they expand to the skin, and that lesions are harder than healthy tissues. Elastography is therefore an interesting tool for an early detection of the pathology. A 3D strain estimation algorithm is presented and evaluated on a PVA-cryogel phantom, mimicking a pressure ulcer at an early stage.  (+info)

A tissue-level model of the left ventricle for the analysis of regional myocardial function. (6/743)

This paper presents a model-based method for the analysis of regional myocardial strain, based on echocardiography and Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI). A multi-formalism, tissue-level electromechanical model of the left ventricle is proposed. The parameters of the model are identified in order to reproduce regional strain signal morphologies obtained from a healthy subject and a patient presenting a dilated cardiomyopathy. The parameters identified for the DCM patient allow the localization of the failing myocardial segments and may be useful for a better design of cardiac resynchronization therapy on heart failure patients.  (+info)

Elastography in hepatology. (7/743)

A common characteristic of all chronic liver diseases is the occurrence and progression of fibrosis toward cirrhosis. Consequently, liver fibrosis assessment plays an important role in hepatology. Besides its importance for prognosis, determining the level of fibrosis reveals the natural history of the disease and the risk factors associated with its progression, to guide the antifibrotic action of different treatments. Currently, in clinical practice, there are three available methods for the evaluation of liver fibrosis: liver biopsy, which is still considered to be the 'gold standard'; serological markers of fibrosis and their mathematical combination - suggested in recent years to be an alternative to liver biopsy - and, more recently, transient elastography (TE). TE is a new, simple and noninvasive method used to measure liver stiffness. This technique is based on the progressing speed of an elastic shear wave within the liver. Currently, there are only a few studies that have evaluated TE effectiveness in chronic liver diseases, mostly in patients infected with the hepatitis C virus. Further studies are needed in patients with chronic liver disease, to assess the effectiveness of the fibrosis treatment.  (+info)

Transient elastography to assess hepatic fibrosis in primary biliary cirrhosis. (8/743)

BACKGROUND: Liver stiffness measurements may have potential for detecting and monitoring hepatic fibrosis in chronic liver disease. AIM: To study the detection, quantification and progression of hepatic fibrosis in primary biliary cirrhosis by liver stiffness measurements. METHODS: Liver stiffness measurements were generated in 80 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis by applying transient elastography; however, as there were 55 with liver biopsy, histological stage (METAVIR) and liver stiffness measurements were compared only in these 55 patients. The efficiency of liver stiffness measurements in predicting stage of fibrosis was determined from the area under receiver operating characteristics curve analysis. RESULTS: Of the 80 patients included, 91, 4% were women and their mean age was 56 +/- 12 (s.d.) years. A significant correlation was found (P < 0.05) between histological fibrosis stage (METAVIR) and liver stiffness measurements. The values obtained from area under receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of liver stiffness measurement data were 0.89 for F > 2 and 0.96 for F = 4. Liver stiffness measurements were 9.0 +/- 5.3 and 7.9 +/- 6.0 kPa for patients followed up more than 5 years and less than 5 years, respectively (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, median values of liver stiffness measurements correlated with histological severity of hepatic fibrosis. Liver stiffness measurements appear to be promising for liver fibrosis detection and quantification, as well as monitoring its progression, in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. The progression rate of hepatic fibrosis in our primary biliary cirrhosis patients appears to be slow.  (+info)

In medicine, elasticity refers to the ability of a tissue or organ to return to its original shape after being stretched or deformed. This property is due to the presence of elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix of the tissue, which can stretch and recoil like rubber bands.

Elasticity is an important characteristic of many tissues, particularly those that are subjected to repeated stretching or compression, such as blood vessels, lungs, and skin. For example, the elasticity of the lungs allows them to expand and contract during breathing, while the elasticity of blood vessels helps maintain normal blood pressure by allowing them to expand and constrict in response to changes in blood flow.

In addition to its role in normal physiology, elasticity is also an important factor in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions. For example, decreased elasticity in the lungs can be a sign of lung disease, while increased elasticity in the skin can be a sign of aging or certain genetic disorders. Medical professionals may use techniques such as pulmonary function tests or skin biopsies to assess elasticity and help diagnose these conditions.

Elasticity imaging techniques are non-invasive medical diagnostic methods used to evaluate the stiffness or elasticity of various tissues in the body, such as organs, muscles, and breast tissue. These techniques can help detect and diagnose abnormalities, including tumors, lesions, and other conditions that may affect tissue stiffness.

There are several types of elasticity imaging techniques, including:

1. Ultrasound Elastography: This technique uses ultrasound waves to apply pressure to tissues and measure their deformation or strain. The degree of deformation is then used to calculate the stiffness of the tissue.
2. Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE): MRE uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to create images of tissue elasticity. A mechanical device is used to apply vibrations to the body, and the resulting motion is measured using MRI to determine tissue stiffness.
3. Shear Wave Elastography: This technique uses acoustic radiation force impulses to generate shear waves in tissues. The speed of these waves is then measured to calculate tissue stiffness.
4. Strain Imaging: This technique measures the amount of deformation or strain that occurs in tissues when they are compressed or stretched. It can be used to detect areas of increased stiffness, such as tumors or scar tissue.

Elasticity imaging techniques have several advantages over traditional diagnostic methods, including their non-invasive nature and ability to provide real-time images of tissue elasticity. They are also useful for monitoring changes in tissue stiffness over time, making them valuable tools for evaluating the effectiveness of treatments and monitoring disease progression.

The Elastic Modulus, also known as Young's modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of a material. It is defined as the ratio of stress (force per unit area) to strain (partial deformation or change in length per unit length) in the elastic range of deformation of a material. In other words, it measures how much a material will deform (change in length or size) when subjected to a given amount of force. A higher elastic modulus indicates that a material is stiffer and less likely to deform, while a lower elastic modulus indicates that a material is more flexible and will deform more easily. The elastic modulus is typically expressed in units of Pascals (Pa) or Gigapascals (GPa).

Viscosity is a physical property of a fluid that describes its resistance to flow. In medical terms, viscosity is often discussed in relation to bodily fluids such as blood or synovial fluid (found in joints). The unit of measurement for viscosity is the poise, although it is more commonly expressed in millipascals-second (mPa.s) in SI units. Highly viscous fluids flow more slowly than less viscous fluids. Changes in the viscosity of bodily fluids can have significant implications for health and disease; for example, increased blood viscosity has been associated with cardiovascular diseases, while decreased synovial fluid viscosity can contribute to joint pain and inflammation in conditions like osteoarthritis.

Connectin is also known as titin, which is a giant protein that plays a crucial role in the elasticity and stiffness of muscle fibers. It is the largest protein in humans, spanning half the length of a muscle cell's sarcomere, the basic unit of muscle contraction. Connectin/titin has several domains with different functions, including binding to other proteins, regulating muscle contraction, and signaling within the muscle cell. Mutations in the connectin/titin gene have been associated with various forms of muscular dystrophy and cardiomyopathy.

Mechanical stress, in the context of physiology and medicine, refers to any type of force that is applied to body tissues or organs, which can cause deformation or displacement of those structures. Mechanical stress can be either external, such as forces exerted on the body during physical activity or trauma, or internal, such as the pressure changes that occur within blood vessels or other hollow organs.

Mechanical stress can have a variety of effects on the body, depending on the type, duration, and magnitude of the force applied. For example, prolonged exposure to mechanical stress can lead to tissue damage, inflammation, and chronic pain. Additionally, abnormal or excessive mechanical stress can contribute to the development of various musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinitis, osteoarthritis, and herniated discs.

In order to mitigate the negative effects of mechanical stress, the body has a number of adaptive responses that help to distribute forces more evenly across tissues and maintain structural integrity. These responses include changes in muscle tone, joint positioning, and connective tissue stiffness, as well as the remodeling of bone and other tissues over time. However, when these adaptive mechanisms are overwhelmed or impaired, mechanical stress can become a significant factor in the development of various pathological conditions.

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a type of microscopy that allows visualization and measurement of surfaces at the atomic level. It works by using a sharp probe, called a tip, that is mounted on a flexible cantilever. The tip is brought very close to the surface of the sample and as the sample is scanned, the forces between the tip and the sample cause the cantilever to deflect. This deflection is measured and used to generate a topographic map of the surface with extremely high resolution, often on the order of fractions of a nanometer. AFM can be used to study both conductive and non-conductive samples, and can operate in various environments, including air and liquid. It has applications in fields such as materials science, biology, and chemistry.

Biomechanics is the application of mechanical laws to living structures and systems, particularly in the field of medicine and healthcare. A biomechanical phenomenon refers to a observable event or occurrence that involves the interaction of biological tissues or systems with mechanical forces. These phenomena can be studied at various levels, from the molecular and cellular level to the tissue, organ, and whole-body level.

Examples of biomechanical phenomena include:

1. The way that bones and muscles work together to produce movement (known as joint kinematics).
2. The mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments under various loads and stresses.
3. The response of cells and tissues to mechanical stimuli, such as the way that bone tissue adapts to changes in loading conditions (known as Wolff's law).
4. The biomechanics of injury and disease processes, such as the mechanisms of joint injury or the development of osteoarthritis.
5. The use of mechanical devices and interventions to treat medical conditions, such as orthopedic implants or assistive devices for mobility impairments.

Understanding biomechanical phenomena is essential for developing effective treatments and prevention strategies for a wide range of medical conditions, from musculoskeletal injuries to neurological disorders.

Tensile strength is a material property that measures the maximum amount of tensile (pulling) stress that a material can withstand before failure, such as breaking or fracturing. It is usually measured in units of force per unit area, such as pounds per square inch (psi) or pascals (Pa). In the context of medical devices or biomaterials, tensile strength may be used to describe the mechanical properties of materials used in implants, surgical tools, or other medical equipment. High tensile strength is often desirable in these applications to ensure that the material can withstand the stresses and forces it will encounter during use.

Rheology is not a term that is specific to medicine, but rather it is a term used in the field of physics to describe the flow and deformation of matter. It specifically refers to the study of how materials flow or deform under various stresses or strains. This concept can be applied to various medical fields such as studying the flow properties of blood (hematology), understanding the movement of tissues and organs during surgical procedures, or analyzing the mechanical behavior of biological materials like bones and cartilages.

A hardness test is a quantitative measure of a material's resistance to deformation, typically defined as the penetration of an indenter with a specific shape and load into the surface of the material being tested. There are several types of hardness tests, including Rockwell, Vickers, Brinell, and Knoop, each with their own specific methods and applications. The resulting hardness value is used to evaluate the material's properties, such as wear resistance, durability, and suitability for various industrial or manufacturing processes. Hardness tests are widely used in materials science, engineering, and quality control to ensure the consistency and reliability of materials and components.

Elastic tissue is a type of connective tissue found in the body that is capable of returning to its original shape after being stretched or deformed. It is composed mainly of elastin fibers, which are protein molecules with a unique structure that allows them to stretch and recoil. Elastic tissue is found in many areas of the body, including the lungs, blood vessels, and skin, where it provides flexibility and resilience.

The elastin fibers in elastic tissue are intertwined with other types of connective tissue fibers, such as collagen, which provide strength and support. The combination of these fibers allows elastic tissue to stretch and recoil efficiently, enabling organs and tissues to function properly. For example, the elasticity of lung tissue allows the lungs to expand and contract during breathing, while the elasticity of blood vessels helps maintain blood flow and pressure.

Elastic tissue can become less flexible and resilient with age or due to certain medical conditions, such as emphysema or Marfan syndrome. This can lead to a variety of health problems, including respiratory difficulties, cardiovascular disease, and skin sagging.

Mammary ultrasonography, also known as breast ultrasound, is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to produce detailed images of the internal structures of the breast tissue. It is often used in conjunction with mammography to help identify and characterize breast abnormalities, such as lumps, cysts, or tumors, and to guide biopsy procedures.

Ultrasonography is particularly useful for evaluating palpable masses, assessing the integrity of breast implants, and distinguishing between solid and fluid-filled lesions. It is also a valuable tool for monitoring treatment response in patients with known breast cancer. Because it does not use radiation like mammography, mammary ultrasonography is considered safe and can be repeated as often as necessary. However, its effectiveness is highly dependent on the skill and experience of the sonographer performing the examination.

Compressive strength is a measure of the maximum compressive load that a material or structure can withstand before failure or deformation. It is typically expressed in units of pressure, such as pounds per square inch (psi) or megapascals (MPa). Compressive strength is an important property in the design and analysis of structures and materials, as it helps to ensure their safety and durability under compressive loads.

In medical terminology, compressive strength may refer to the ability of biological tissues, such as bone or cartilage, to withstand compressive forces without deforming or failing. For example, osteoporosis is a condition characterized by reduced bone density and compressive strength, which can increase the risk of fractures in affected individuals. Similarly, degenerative changes in articular cartilage can lead to decreased compressive strength and joint pain or stiffness.

Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.

Examples of biological models include:

1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.

Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Finite Element Analysis" (FEA) is not a medical term. It is a computational technique used in engineering and physical sciences. FEA is a computerized method for predicting how a product reacts to real-world forces, vibration, heat, fluid flow, and other physical effects. It's a way that engineers can simulate the performance of a product or system before it is built, which can help reduce costs, improve quality, and shorten the development time.

However, in a medical context, FEA might be used in the field of biomechanical engineering to analyze the mechanical behavior of biological systems, such as bones, joints, or soft tissues, under various loads and conditions. This can help researchers and clinicians better understand the mechanisms of injury, disease, or the effects of treatment, and develop more effective prevention, diagnostic, or therapeutic strategies.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Taxes" is not a medical term. It refers to a compulsory financial charge or levy imposed on individuals or entities by a governmental authority to fund various public expenditures and services. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

Elastin is a protein that provides elasticity to tissues and organs, allowing them to resume their shape after stretching or contracting. It is a major component of the extracellular matrix in many tissues, including the skin, lungs, blood vessels, and ligaments. Elastin fibers can stretch up to 1.5 times their original length and then return to their original shape due to the unique properties of this protein. The elastin molecule is made up of cross-linked chains of the protein tropoelastin, which are produced by cells called fibroblasts and then assembled into larger elastin fibers by enzymes called lysyl oxidases. Elastin has a very long half-life, with some estimates suggesting that it can remain in the body for up to 70 years or more.

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. They have thick, muscular walls that can withstand the high pressure of blood being pumped out of the heart. Arteries branch off into smaller vessels called arterioles, which further divide into a vast network of tiny capillaries where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs between the blood and the body's cells. After passing through the capillary network, deoxygenated blood collects in venules, then merges into veins, which return the blood back to the heart.

Elastomers are a type of polymeric material that exhibit elastic behavior when subjected to deforming forces. They have the ability to return to their original shape and size after being stretched or compressed, making them ideal for use in applications where flexibility, resilience, and durability are required.

Elastomers are composed of long chains of repeating molecular units called monomers, which are cross-linked together to form a three-dimensional network. This cross-linking gives elastomers their unique properties, such as high elasticity, low compression set, and resistance to heat, chemicals, and weathering.

Some common examples of elastomers include natural rubber, silicone rubber, neoprene, nitrile rubber, and polyurethane. These materials are used in a wide range of applications, from automotive parts and medical devices to footwear and clothing.

In the context of medical terminology, "hardness" is not a term that has a specific or standardized definition. It may be used in various ways to describe the firmness or consistency of a tissue, such as the hardness of an artery or tumor, but it does not have a single authoritative medical definition.

In some cases, healthcare professionals may use subjective terms like "hard," "firm," or "soft" to describe their tactile perception during a physical examination. For example, they might describe the hardness of an enlarged liver or spleen by comparing it to the feel of their knuckles when gently pressed against the abdomen.

However, in other contexts, healthcare professionals may use more objective measures of tissue stiffness or elasticity, such as palpation durometry or shear wave elastography, which provide quantitative assessments of tissue hardness. These techniques can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring conditions that affect the mechanical properties of tissues, such as liver fibrosis or cancer.

Therefore, while "hardness" may be a term used in medical contexts to describe certain physical characteristics of tissues, it does not have a single, universally accepted definition.

In medical terms, compliance refers to the degree to which a patient follows the recommendations or instructions of their healthcare provider. This may include taking prescribed medications as directed, following a treatment plan, making lifestyle changes, or attending follow-up appointments. Good compliance is essential for achieving the best possible health outcomes and can help prevent complications or worsening of medical conditions. Factors that can affect patient compliance include forgetfulness, lack of understanding of the instructions, cost of medications or treatments, and side effects of medications. Healthcare providers can take steps to improve patient compliance by providing clear and concise instructions, discussing potential barriers to compliance, and involving patients in their care plan.

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a type of microscopy that uses a physical probe to scan the surface of a sample and gather information about its topography and other properties. In SPM, a sharp tip attached to a flexible cantilever is brought very close to the sample surface, and as the tip scans across the surface, interactions between the tip and the sample cause the cantilever to deflect. This deflection is measured and used to generate an image of the sample's surface topography.

There are several types of SPM, including atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM). These techniques can provide very high resolution images of surfaces at the atomic or molecular level, making them useful for studying a wide range of materials, from biological samples to semiconductors.

In summary, scanning probe microscopy is a powerful tool in materials science and biology that allows researchers to visualize and measure the properties of surfaces with very high resolution.

Vascular stiffness, also known as arterial stiffness, refers to the reduced elasticity of the blood vessels, particularly the arteries. This results in less efficient pumping of the heart and increased force on the artery walls during each heartbeat. Vascular stiffness can contribute to various cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. It is often assessed through measurements such as pulse wave velocity (PWV) or augmentation index (AI).

Biophysics is a interdisciplinary field that combines the principles and methods of physics with those of biology to study biological systems and phenomena. It involves the use of physical theories, models, and techniques to understand and explain the properties, functions, and behaviors of living organisms and their constituents, such as cells, proteins, and DNA.

Biophysics can be applied to various areas of biology, including molecular biology, cell biology, neuroscience, and physiology. It can help elucidate the mechanisms of biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels, such as protein folding, ion transport, enzyme kinetics, gene expression, and signal transduction. Biophysical methods can also be used to develop diagnostic and therapeutic tools for medical applications, such as medical imaging, drug delivery, and gene therapy.

Examples of biophysical techniques include X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and computational modeling. These methods allow researchers to probe the structure, dynamics, and interactions of biological molecules and systems with high precision and resolution, providing insights into their functions and behaviors.

Surface properties in the context of medical science refer to the characteristics and features of the outermost layer or surface of a biological material or structure, such as cells, tissues, organs, or medical devices. These properties can include physical attributes like roughness, smoothness, hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity, and electrical conductivity, as well as chemical properties like charge, reactivity, and composition.

In the field of biomaterials science, understanding surface properties is crucial for designing medical implants, devices, and drug delivery systems that can interact safely and effectively with biological tissues and fluids. Surface modifications, such as coatings or chemical treatments, can be used to alter surface properties and enhance biocompatibility, improve lubricity, reduce fouling, or promote specific cellular responses like adhesion, proliferation, or differentiation.

Similarly, in the field of cell biology, understanding surface properties is essential for studying cell-cell interactions, cell signaling, and cell behavior. Cells can sense and respond to changes in their environment, including variations in surface properties, which can influence cell shape, motility, and function. Therefore, characterizing and manipulating surface properties can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of cellular processes and offer new strategies for developing therapies and treatments for various diseases.

I'm happy to help! However, I must clarify that "materials testing" is not a medical term per se. It is a term used in various fields, including engineering and materials science, to describe the process of subjecting materials to different tests to evaluate their properties and performance under various conditions.

In the context of medical devices or implants, materials testing may refer to the evaluation of the physical and mechanical properties of materials used in their construction. These tests can include assessments of strength, durability, biocompatibility, and other factors that are critical to ensuring the safety and efficacy of medical devices.

Medical device manufacturers must comply with regulatory standards for materials testing to ensure that their products meet specific requirements for performance, safety, and quality. These standards may vary depending on the type of device, its intended use, and the country or region in which it will be marketed and sold.

A chemical model is a simplified representation or description of a chemical system, based on the laws of chemistry and physics. It is used to explain and predict the behavior of chemicals and chemical reactions. Chemical models can take many forms, including mathematical equations, diagrams, and computer simulations. They are often used in research, education, and industry to understand complex chemical processes and develop new products and technologies.

For example, a chemical model might be used to describe the way that atoms and molecules interact in a particular reaction, or to predict the properties of a new material. Chemical models can also be used to study the behavior of chemicals at the molecular level, such as how they bind to each other or how they are affected by changes in temperature or pressure.

It is important to note that chemical models are simplifications of reality and may not always accurately represent every aspect of a chemical system. They should be used with caution and validated against experimental data whenever possible.

A computer simulation is a process that involves creating a model of a real-world system or phenomenon on a computer and then using that model to run experiments and make predictions about how the system will behave under different conditions. In the medical field, computer simulations are used for a variety of purposes, including:

1. Training and education: Computer simulations can be used to create realistic virtual environments where medical students and professionals can practice their skills and learn new procedures without risk to actual patients. For example, surgeons may use simulation software to practice complex surgical techniques before performing them on real patients.
2. Research and development: Computer simulations can help medical researchers study the behavior of biological systems at a level of detail that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through experimental methods alone. By creating detailed models of cells, tissues, organs, or even entire organisms, researchers can use simulation software to explore how these systems function and how they respond to different stimuli.
3. Drug discovery and development: Computer simulations are an essential tool in modern drug discovery and development. By modeling the behavior of drugs at a molecular level, researchers can predict how they will interact with their targets in the body and identify potential side effects or toxicities. This information can help guide the design of new drugs and reduce the need for expensive and time-consuming clinical trials.
4. Personalized medicine: Computer simulations can be used to create personalized models of individual patients based on their unique genetic, physiological, and environmental characteristics. These models can then be used to predict how a patient will respond to different treatments and identify the most effective therapy for their specific condition.

Overall, computer simulations are a powerful tool in modern medicine, enabling researchers and clinicians to study complex systems and make predictions about how they will behave under a wide range of conditions. By providing insights into the behavior of biological systems at a level of detail that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through experimental methods alone, computer simulations are helping to advance our understanding of human health and disease.

In the context of medicine, particularly in physical therapy and rehabilitation, "pliability" refers to the quality or state of being flexible or supple. It describes the ability of tissues, such as muscles or fascia (connective tissue), to stretch, deform, and adapt to forces applied upon them without resistance or injury. Improving pliability can help enhance range of motion, reduce muscle stiffness, promote circulation, and alleviate pain. Techniques like soft tissue mobilization, myofascial release, and stretching are often used to increase pliability in clinical settings.

Isodesmosine is a naturally occurring amino acid cross-link that is found in some proteins, particularly in the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) that accumulate in tissues with aging and in certain diseases such as diabetes. It is formed by the reaction between two lysine residues in a protein molecule, resulting in the formation of a stable covalent bond that cross-links the two amino acids together.

Isodesmosine has been found to accumulate in various tissues, including the lens of the eye and the kidneys, where it is thought to contribute to the development of cataracts and kidney disease, respectively. It has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of other age-related diseases such as atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative disorders.

Medically speaking, isodesmosine is not a drug or treatment, but rather a biomarker that can be used to detect the presence of AGEs and assess their accumulation in tissues. Its measurement may have diagnostic and prognostic value in various diseases associated with aging and oxidative stress.

In medical terms, "gels" are semi-solid colloidal systems in which a solid phase is dispersed in a liquid medium. They have a viscous consistency and can be described as a cross between a solid and a liquid. The solid particles, called the gel network, absorb and swell with the liquid component, creating a system that has properties of both solids and liquids.

Gels are widely used in medical applications such as wound dressings, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering due to their unique properties. They can provide a moist environment for wounds to heal, control the release of drugs over time, and mimic the mechanical properties of natural tissues.

Skin aging, also known as cutaneous aging, is a complex and multifactorial process characterized by various visible changes in the skin's appearance and function. It can be divided into two main types: intrinsic (chronological or natural) aging and extrinsic (environmental) aging.

Intrinsic aging is a genetically determined and time-dependent process that results from internal factors such as cellular metabolism, hormonal changes, and genetic predisposition. The primary features of intrinsic aging include gradual thinning of the epidermis and dermis, decreased collagen and elastin production, reduced skin cell turnover, and impaired wound healing. Clinically, these changes present as fine wrinkles, dryness, loss of elasticity, and increased fragility of the skin.

Extrinsic aging, on the other hand, is caused by external factors such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, pollution, smoking, alcohol consumption, and poor nutrition. Exposure to these environmental elements leads to oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage, which accelerate the aging process. The main features of extrinsic aging are coarse wrinkles, pigmentary changes (e.g., age spots, melasma), irregular texture, skin laxity, and increased risk of developing skin cancers.

It is important to note that intrinsic and extrinsic aging processes often interact and contribute to the overall appearance of aged skin. A comprehensive approach to skincare should address both types of aging to maintain healthy and youthful-looking skin.

In medical terms, pressure is defined as the force applied per unit area on an object or body surface. It is often measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) in clinical settings. For example, blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries and is recorded as two numbers: systolic pressure (when the heart beats and pushes blood out) and diastolic pressure (when the heart rests between beats).

Pressure can also refer to the pressure exerted on a wound or incision to help control bleeding, or the pressure inside the skull or spinal canal. High or low pressure in different body systems can indicate various medical conditions and require appropriate treatment.

Acoustics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of sound, its production, transmission, and effects. In a medical context, acoustics may refer to the use of sound waves in medical procedures such as:

1. Diagnostic ultrasound: This technique uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of internal organs and tissues. It is commonly used during pregnancy to monitor fetal development, but it can also be used to diagnose a variety of medical conditions, including heart disease, cancer, and musculoskeletal injuries.
2. Therapeutic ultrasound: This technique uses low-frequency sound waves to promote healing and reduce pain and inflammation in muscles, tendons, and ligaments. It is often used to treat soft tissue injuries, arthritis, and other musculoskeletal conditions.
3. Otology: Acoustics also plays a crucial role in the field of otology, which deals with the study and treatment of hearing and balance disorders. The shape, size, and movement of the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear all affect how sound waves are transmitted and perceived. Abnormalities in any of these structures can lead to hearing loss, tinnitus, or balance problems.

In summary, acoustics is an important field of study in medicine that has applications in diagnosis, therapy, and the understanding of various medical conditions related to sound and hearing.

In the context of medicine, "mechanics" is not typically used as a standalone term with a widely accepted or specific definition. However, in certain areas such as biomechanics or orthopedic mechanics, it generally refers to the application of mechanical principles and laws to biological systems, tissues, or organs. This can include studying the forces, movements, and deformations that occur within these systems, as well as designing medical devices or treatments based on an understanding of these mechanical properties.

The radial artery is a key blood vessel in the human body, specifically a part of the peripheral arterial system. Originating from the brachial artery in the upper arm, the radial artery travels down the arm and crosses over the wrist, where it can be palpated easily. It then continues into the hand, dividing into several branches to supply blood to the hand's tissues and digits.

The radial artery is often used for taking pulse readings due to its easy accessibility at the wrist. Additionally, in medical procedures such as coronary angiography or bypass surgery, the radial artery can be utilized as a site for catheter insertion. This allows healthcare professionals to examine the heart's blood vessels and assess cardiovascular health.

Shear strength is a property of a material that describes its ability to withstand forces that cause internal friction and sliding of one portion of the material relative to another. In the context of human tissues, shear strength is an important factor in understanding how tissues respond to various stresses and strains, such as those experienced during physical activities or injuries.

For example, in the case of bones, shear strength is a critical factor in determining their ability to resist fractures under different types of loading conditions. Similarly, in soft tissues like ligaments and tendons, shear strength plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of these structures during movement and preventing excessive deformation or injury.

It's worth noting that measuring the shear strength of human tissues can be challenging due to their complex structure and anisotropic properties. As such, researchers often use specialized techniques and equipment to quantify these properties under controlled conditions in the lab.

Biophysical phenomena refer to the observable events and processes that occur in living organisms, which can be explained and studied using the principles and methods of physics. These phenomena can include a wide range of biological processes at various levels of organization, from molecular interactions to whole-organism behaviors. Examples of biophysical phenomena include the mechanics of muscle contraction, the electrical activity of neurons, the transport of molecules across cell membranes, and the optical properties of biological tissues. By applying physical theories and techniques to the study of living systems, biophysicists seek to better understand the fundamental principles that govern life and to develop new approaches for diagnosing and treating diseases.

Desmosine is a unique amino acid that is not found in proteins, but instead is formed through the cross-linking of lysine residues in collagen and elastin fibers. These fibers are important components of the extracellular matrix, providing strength and elasticity to tissues such as skin, lungs, and blood vessels.

Desmosine is formed through a series of chemical reactions involving the oxidation of lysine residues and their subsequent condensation with other amino acids. This process creates cross-links between collagen and elastin fibers, which helps to stabilize their structure and enhance their mechanical properties.

Abnormalities in desmosine levels have been associated with various diseases, including emphysema, Marfan syndrome, and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Measuring desmosine levels in urine or tissue samples can provide valuable insights into the health of collagen and elastin fibers and help diagnose and monitor these conditions.

"Nonlinear dynamics is a branch of mathematics and physics that deals with the study of systems that exhibit nonlinear behavior, where the output is not directly proportional to the input. In the context of medicine, nonlinear dynamics can be used to model complex biological systems such as the human cardiovascular system or the brain, where the interactions between different components can lead to emergent properties and behaviors that are difficult to predict using traditional linear methods. Nonlinear dynamic models can help to understand the underlying mechanisms of these systems, make predictions about their behavior, and develop interventions to improve health outcomes."

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "mechanical processes" is not a specific medical term. However, in a broader scientific context, mechanical processes refer to actions or events that involve forces and the movement or conversion of energy. This could include physical movements or manipulations of the body or bodily systems, such as surgical procedures, or the functioning of mechanical medical devices like pacemakers. If you have a more specific context in mind, I'd be happy to help further!

Ultrasonics is a branch of physics and acoustics that deals with the study and application of sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper limit of human hearing, typically 20 kilohertz or above. In the field of medicine, ultrasonics is commonly used in diagnostic and therapeutic applications through the use of medical ultrasound.

Diagnostic medical ultrasound, also known as sonography, uses high-frequency sound waves to produce images of internal organs, tissues, and bodily structures. A transducer probe emits and receives sound waves that bounce off body structures and reflect back to the probe, creating echoes that are then processed into an image. This technology is widely used in various medical specialties, such as obstetrics and gynecology, cardiology, radiology, and vascular medicine, to diagnose a range of conditions and monitor the health of organs and tissues.

Therapeutic ultrasound, on the other hand, uses lower-frequency sound waves to generate heat within body tissues, promoting healing, increasing local blood flow, and reducing pain and inflammation. This modality is often used in physical therapy and rehabilitation settings to treat soft tissue injuries, joint pain, and musculoskeletal disorders.

In summary, ultrasonics in medicine refers to the use of high-frequency sound waves for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, providing valuable information about internal body structures and facilitating healing processes.

Microfibrils are tiny, thread-like structures that are found in the extracellular matrix (the material that surrounds and supports cells) of many types of biological tissues. They are made up of bundles of long, thin proteins called fibrillins, which are joined together by other proteins such as microfibril-associated glycoproteins (MAGPs).

Microfibrils play an important role in providing structural support and elasticity to tissues. They are particularly abundant in the connective tissue that surrounds blood vessels, where they help to regulate the diameter of the vessels and maintain blood pressure. Microfibrils are also found in the elastic fibers of the lungs, skin, and other tissues, where they contribute to the ability of these tissues to stretch and recoil.

In addition to their structural roles, microfibrils have been shown to play a role in regulating cell behavior and signaling. For example, they can bind to growth factors and other signaling molecules, helping to control the activity of these molecules and influence cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, and migration.

Abnormalities in microfibril structure or function have been linked to a number of diseases, including Marfan syndrome, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, and cutis laxa. These conditions are characterized by problems with connective tissue strength and elasticity, which can lead to a range of symptoms such as skeletal abnormalities, cardiovascular disease, and skin fragility.

Erythrocyte deformability refers to the ability of red blood cells (erythrocytes) to change shape and bend without rupturing, which is crucial for their efficient movement through narrow blood vessels. This deformability is influenced by several factors including the cell membrane structure, hemoglobin concentration, and intracellular viscosity. A decrease in erythrocyte deformability can negatively impact blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues, potentially contributing to various pathological conditions such as sickle cell disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

The term "Theoretical Models" is used in various scientific fields, including medicine, to describe a representation of a complex system or phenomenon. It is a simplified framework that explains how different components of the system interact with each other and how they contribute to the overall behavior of the system. Theoretical models are often used in medical research to understand and predict the outcomes of diseases, treatments, or public health interventions.

A theoretical model can take many forms, such as mathematical equations, computer simulations, or conceptual diagrams. It is based on a set of assumptions and hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms that drive the system. By manipulating these variables and observing the effects on the model's output, researchers can test their assumptions and generate new insights into the system's behavior.

Theoretical models are useful for medical research because they allow scientists to explore complex systems in a controlled and systematic way. They can help identify key drivers of disease or treatment outcomes, inform the design of clinical trials, and guide the development of new interventions. However, it is important to recognize that theoretical models are simplifications of reality and may not capture all the nuances and complexities of real-world systems. Therefore, they should be used in conjunction with other forms of evidence, such as experimental data and observational studies, to inform medical decision-making.

Myalgia is a medical term that refers to muscle pain or inflammation in the soft tissues of the body. The pain can be acute, occurring suddenly and lasting for a few days, or chronic, persisting over a longer period of time. Myalgia can affect any muscle in the body, but it is most commonly experienced in the neck, back, and extremities.

The causes of myalgia are varied and can include injury, overuse, infection, inflammation, or neurological conditions. Common causes of myalgia include fibromyalgia, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and infections such as influenza or Lyme disease.

Treatment for myalgia depends on the underlying cause of the muscle pain. Rest, physical therapy, stretching exercises, and over-the-counter pain relievers may be sufficient for mild cases of myalgia. In more severe cases, prescription medications, injections, or other therapies may be necessary to manage the pain and address any underlying medical conditions.

Computer-assisted image interpretation is the use of computer algorithms and software to assist healthcare professionals in analyzing and interpreting medical images. These systems use various techniques such as pattern recognition, machine learning, and artificial intelligence to help identify and highlight abnormalities or patterns within imaging data, such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI, and ultrasound images. The goal is to increase the accuracy, consistency, and efficiency of image interpretation, while also reducing the potential for human error. It's important to note that these systems are intended to assist healthcare professionals in their decision making process and not to replace them.

Acrylic resins are a type of synthetic polymer made from methacrylate monomers. They are widely used in various industrial, commercial, and medical applications due to their unique properties such as transparency, durability, resistance to breakage, and ease of coloring or molding. In the medical field, acrylic resins are often used to make dental restorations like false teeth and fillings, medical devices like intraocular lenses, and surgical instruments. They can also be found in orthopedic implants, bone cement, and other medical-grade plastics. Acrylic resins are biocompatible, meaning they do not typically cause adverse reactions when in contact with living tissue. However, they may release small amounts of potentially toxic chemicals over time, so their long-term safety in certain applications is still a subject of ongoing research.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Hoof and Claw" is not a medical term or condition. The term "hoof" refers to the hard covering on the toes of animals such as horses, cows, and other ungulates, while "claw" refers to the sharp nail-like structure found on the toes of animals such as cats, dogs, and birds.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health concerns, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.

Tropoelastin is the soluble precursor protein of elastin, which is a key component of the extracellular matrix in various tissues. It has the ability to stretch and recoil, providing elasticity to tissues such as lungs, blood vessels, and skin. Tropoelastin is synthesized and secreted by cells, and it undergoes spontaneous self-assembly to form insoluble elastin fibers through the process of cross-linking. The protein contains hydrophobic domains that allow for its elastic properties, as well as binding sites for other matrix proteins.

Hydrogels are defined in the medical and biomedical fields as cross-linked, hydrophilic polymer networks that have the ability to swell and retain a significant amount of water or biological fluids while maintaining their structure. They can be synthesized from natural, synthetic, or hybrid polymers.

Hydrogels are known for their biocompatibility, high water content, and soft consistency, which resemble natural tissues, making them suitable for various medical applications such as contact lenses, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, wound dressing, and biosensors. The physical and chemical properties of hydrogels can be tailored to specific uses by adjusting the polymer composition, cross-linking density, and network structure.

Decanoates are a type of esterified form of certain drugs or medications, particularly in the case of testosterone. The decanoate ester is attached to the testosterone molecule to create a longer-acting formulation. Testosterone decanoate is a slow-release form of testosterone that is used as a replacement therapy for individuals who have low levels of natural testosterone. It is administered through intramuscular injection and has a duration of action of approximately 2-3 weeks.

Other medications may also be available in decanoate ester form, but testosterone decanoate is one of the most commonly used. As with any medication or treatment plan, it's important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the best course of action based on individual needs and medical history.

Acoustic microscopy is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses sound waves to visualize and analyze the structure and properties of various materials, including biological samples. In the context of medical diagnostics and research, acoustic microscopy can be used to examine tissues, cells, and cellular components with high resolution, providing valuable information about their mechanical and physical properties.

In acoustic microscopy, high-frequency sound waves are focused onto a sample using a transducer. The interaction between the sound waves and the sample generates echoes, which contain information about the sample's internal structure and properties. These echoes are then recorded and processed to create an image of the sample.

Acoustic microscopy offers several advantages over other imaging techniques, such as optical microscopy or electron microscopy. For example, it does not require staining or labeling of samples, which can be time-consuming and potentially damaging. Additionally, acoustic microscopy can provide high-resolution images of samples in their native state, allowing researchers to study the effects of various treatments or interventions on living cells and tissues.

In summary, acoustic microscopy is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses sound waves to visualize and analyze the structure and properties of biological samples with high resolution, providing valuable information for medical diagnostics and research.

In the field of medical imaging, "phantoms" refer to physical objects that are specially designed and used for calibration, quality control, and evaluation of imaging systems. These phantoms contain materials with known properties, such as attenuation coefficients or spatial resolution, which allow for standardized measurement and comparison of imaging parameters across different machines and settings.

Imaging phantoms can take various forms depending on the modality of imaging. For example, in computed tomography (CT), a common type of phantom is the "water-equivalent phantom," which contains materials with similar X-ray attenuation properties as water. This allows for consistent measurement of CT dose and image quality. In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), phantoms may contain materials with specific relaxation times or magnetic susceptibilities, enabling assessment of signal-to-noise ratio, spatial resolution, and other imaging parameters.

By using these standardized objects, healthcare professionals can ensure the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of medical images, ultimately contributing to improved patient care and safety.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Polyurethanes" are not a medical term. They are a type of polymer that is used in a variety of industrial and consumer products, including foam cushions, insulation, and packaging materials. Polyurethanes are created through a chemical reaction between diisocyanates and polyols. While they have many applications in the medical field, such as in the production of medical devices and equipment, they are not a medical term themselves.

A sarcomere is the basic contractile unit in a muscle fiber, and it's responsible for generating the force necessary for muscle contraction. It is composed of several proteins, including actin and myosin, which slide past each other to shorten the sarcomere during contraction. The sarcomere extends from one Z-line to the next in a muscle fiber, and it is delimited by the Z-discs where actin filaments are anchored. Sarcomeres play a crucial role in the functioning of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Silk" is not a medical term. Silk is a natural protein fiber, mainly composed of fibroin and produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons. It's commonly used in textiles and other industries for its softness, smoothness, and strength. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help with those instead!

Micromanipulation is a term used in the field of medicine, specifically in assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF). It refers to a technique that involves the manipulation of oocytes (human eggs), sperm, and/or embryos under a microscope using micromanipulative tools and equipment.

The most common form of micromanipulation is intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), where a single sperm is selected and injected directly into the cytoplasm of an oocyte to facilitate fertilization. Other forms of micromanipulation include assisted hatching (AH), where a small opening is made in the zona pellucida (the protective layer surrounding the embryo) to help the embryo hatch and implant into the uterus, and embryo biopsy, which involves removing one or more cells from an embryo for genetic testing.

Micromanipulation requires specialized training and equipment and is typically performed in IVF laboratories by experienced embryologists. The goal of micromanipulation is to improve the chances of successful fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy, particularly in cases where conventional methods have been unsuccessful or when there are specific fertility issues, such as male factor infertility or genetic disorders.

Membrane fluidity, in the context of cell biology, refers to the ability of the phospholipid bilayer that makes up the cell membrane to change its structure and organization in response to various factors. The membrane is not a static structure but rather a dynamic one, with its lipids constantly moving and changing position.

Membrane fluidity is determined by the fatty acid composition of the phospholipids that make up the bilayer. Lipids with unsaturated fatty acids have kinks in their hydrocarbon chains, which prevent them from packing closely together and increase membrane fluidity. In contrast, lipids with saturated fatty acids can pack closely together, reducing membrane fluidity.

Membrane fluidity is important for various cellular processes, including the movement of proteins within the membrane, the fusion of vesicles with the membrane during exocytosis and endocytosis, and the ability of the membrane to respond to changes in temperature and other environmental factors. Abnormalities in membrane fluidity have been linked to various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and infectious diseases.

Muscle proteins are a type of protein that are found in muscle tissue and are responsible for providing structure, strength, and functionality to muscles. The two major types of muscle proteins are:

1. Contractile proteins: These include actin and myosin, which are responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. They work together to cause muscle movement by sliding along each other and shortening the muscle fibers.
2. Structural proteins: These include titin, nebulin, and desmin, which provide structural support and stability to muscle fibers. Titin is the largest protein in the human body and acts as a molecular spring that helps maintain the integrity of the sarcomere (the basic unit of muscle contraction). Nebulin helps regulate the length of the sarcomere, while desmin forms a network of filaments that connects adjacent muscle fibers together.

Overall, muscle proteins play a critical role in maintaining muscle health and function, and their dysregulation can lead to various muscle-related disorders such as muscular dystrophy, myopathies, and sarcopenia.

Metabolism is the complex network of chemical reactions that occur within our bodies to maintain life. It involves two main types of processes: catabolism, which is the breaking down of molecules to release energy, and anabolism, which is the building up of molecules using energy. These reactions are necessary for the body to grow, reproduce, respond to environmental changes, and repair itself. Metabolism is a continuous process that occurs at the cellular level and is regulated by enzymes, hormones, and other signaling molecules. It is influenced by various factors such as age, genetics, diet, physical activity, and overall health status.

Surface tension is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is a physical chemistry concept that relates to the cohesive force between liquid molecules, causing the surface of the liquid to contract and have a higher intermolecular force than its bulk.

In a broader sense, surface tension can have implications in certain medical or biological contexts, such as the movement of liquids in the lungs or the stability of lipid bilayers in cell membranes. But it is not a term that is typically used to describe medical conditions or treatments.

"Skin physiological phenomena" is not a standard medical term with a specific definition. However, I can provide some information about the general concepts that might be encompassed by this term.

Physiological phenomena refer to the functions and processes that occur in living organisms. When it comes to the skin, there are many different physiological phenomena that take place, including:

1. Barrier function: The skin acts as a barrier to protect the body from external elements such as bacteria, viruses, chemicals, and UV radiation.
2. Temperature regulation: The skin helps regulate body temperature through sweat production and blood flow.
3. Sensation: The skin contains nerve endings that allow us to feel touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
4. Vitamin D synthesis: The skin can produce vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.
5. Moisture regulation: The skin helps maintain the body's moisture balance by producing sweat and preventing water loss.
6. Immunological function: The skin plays a role in the immune system by providing a physical barrier and containing immune cells that help fight off infections.
7. Excretion: The skin eliminates waste products through sweat.
8. Wound healing: The skin has the ability to repair itself after injury, through a complex process involving inflammation, tissue regeneration, and remodeling.

Therefore, "skin physiological phenomena" could refer to any or all of these functions and processes that take place in the skin.

Entropy, in the context of thermodynamics, is a measure of the number of specific ways in which a system may be arranged, often taken to be a measure of disorder or randomness. The entropy of a system increases as the number of possible arrangements of its particles increases. It is usually denoted by the letter S and measured in units of joules per kelvin (J/K).

However, I must clarify that 'Entropy' is not a medical term. It is a concept from the field of thermodynamics, which is a branch of physics. Entropy has been applied to various fields including information theory and statistical mechanics but it does not have a specific medical definition.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Models, Econometric" is not a medical term. Econometric models are statistical tools used in the field of economics to estimate economic relationships and forecast future outcomes. They are based on economic theory and use historical data to estimate the parameters of mathematical equations that describe these relationships.

If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I'd be happy to try to help! Just let me know what you're looking for.

Ultrasonography, also known as sonography, is a diagnostic medical procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) to produce dynamic images of organs, tissues, or blood flow inside the body. These images are captured in real-time and can be used to assess the size, shape, and structure of various internal structures, as well as detect any abnormalities such as tumors, cysts, or inflammation.

During an ultrasonography procedure, a small handheld device called a transducer is placed on the patient's skin, which emits and receives sound waves. The transducer sends high-frequency sound waves into the body, and these waves bounce back off internal structures and are recorded by the transducer. The recorded data is then processed and transformed into visual images that can be interpreted by a medical professional.

Ultrasonography is a non-invasive, painless, and safe procedure that does not use radiation like other imaging techniques such as CT scans or X-rays. It is commonly used to diagnose and monitor conditions in various parts of the body, including the abdomen, pelvis, heart, blood vessels, and musculoskeletal system.

The carotid arteries are a pair of vital blood vessels in the human body that supply oxygenated blood to the head and neck. Each person has two common carotid arteries, one on each side of the neck, which branch off from the aorta, the largest artery in the body.

The right common carotid artery originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, while the left common carotid artery arises directly from the aortic arch. As they ascend through the neck, they split into two main branches: the internal and external carotid arteries.

The internal carotid artery supplies oxygenated blood to the brain, eyes, and other structures within the skull, while the external carotid artery provides blood to the face, scalp, and various regions of the neck.

Maintaining healthy carotid arteries is crucial for overall cardiovascular health and preventing serious conditions like stroke, which can occur when the arteries become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of plaque or fatty deposits (atherosclerosis). Regular check-ups with healthcare professionals may include monitoring carotid artery health through ultrasound or other imaging techniques.

A hydrogel is a biomaterial that is composed of a three-dimensional network of crosslinked polymers, which are able to absorb and retain a significant amount of water or biological fluids while maintaining their structure. Hydrogels are similar to natural tissues in their water content, making them suitable for various medical applications such as contact lenses, wound dressings, drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.

Hydrogels can be synthesized from a variety of materials, including synthetic polymers like polyethylene glycol (PEG) or natural polymers like collagen, hyaluronic acid, or chitosan. The properties of hydrogels, such as their mechanical strength, degradation rate, and biocompatibility, can be tailored to specific applications by adjusting the type and degree of crosslinking, the molecular weight of the polymers, and the addition of functional groups or drugs.

Hydrogels have shown great potential in medical research and clinical practice due to their ability to mimic the natural environment of cells and tissues, provide sustained drug release, and promote tissue regeneration.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of biomolecules that provides structural and biochemical support to cells in tissues and organs. It is composed of various proteins, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides, such as collagens, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, and proteoglycans. The ECM plays crucial roles in maintaining tissue architecture, regulating cell behavior, and facilitating communication between cells. It provides a scaffold for cell attachment, migration, and differentiation, and helps to maintain the structural integrity of tissues by resisting mechanical stresses. Additionally, the ECM contains various growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines that can influence cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Overall, the extracellular matrix is essential for the normal functioning of tissues and organs, and its dysregulation can contribute to various pathological conditions, including fibrosis, cancer, and degenerative diseases.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but there seems to be a misunderstanding. Mathematics is not a medical term; it is a branch of science dedicated to the study of numbers, shapes, and structures. However, mathematics does have many applications in medicine, such as in modeling disease spread, analyzing medical images, or designing clinical trials. If you have any questions related to mathematics in a medical context, I'd be happy to help clarify those for you!

Molecular models are three-dimensional representations of molecular structures that are used in the field of molecular biology and chemistry to visualize and understand the spatial arrangement of atoms and bonds within a molecule. These models can be physical or computer-generated and allow researchers to study the shape, size, and behavior of molecules, which is crucial for understanding their function and interactions with other molecules.

Physical molecular models are often made up of balls (representing atoms) connected by rods or sticks (representing bonds). These models can be constructed manually using materials such as plastic or wooden balls and rods, or they can be created using 3D printing technology.

Computer-generated molecular models, on the other hand, are created using specialized software that allows researchers to visualize and manipulate molecular structures in three dimensions. These models can be used to simulate molecular interactions, predict molecular behavior, and design new drugs or chemicals with specific properties. Overall, molecular models play a critical role in advancing our understanding of molecular structures and their functions.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "thermodynamics" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy. However, the principles of thermodynamics can be applied to biological systems, including those in the human body, such as in the study of metabolism or muscle function. But in a medical context, "thermodynamics" would not be a term used independently as a diagnosis, treatment, or any medical condition.

Fibrillar collagens are a type of collagen that form rope-like fibrils in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues. They are composed of three polypeptide chains, called alpha chains, which are coiled together in a triple helix structure. The most common types of fibrillar collagens are Type I, II, III, V, and XI. These collagens provide strength and support to tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, and bones. They also play important roles in the regulation of cell behavior and tissue development. Mutations in genes encoding fibrillar collagens can lead to a variety of connective tissue disorders, including osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Marfan syndrome.

Optical tweezers, also known as optical traps or laser tweezers, refer to a scientific instrument that uses highly focused laser beams to manipulate and trap microscopic particles, typically smaller than a micron in diameter. The principle behind optical tweezers is the transfer of momentum between photons (light particles) and the particle being manipulated. When a laser beam is focused through a high numerical aperture objective lens, it creates an intense gradient force that attracts and holds the particle at the focus point, allowing researchers to precisely move and apply forces to the particle in three dimensions.

Optical tweezers have become an essential tool in various fields of biology, physics, and engineering due to their ability to manipulate and measure microscopic objects with high precision and non-invasively. In the medical field, optical tweezers are used for studying cell mechanics, molecular motors, DNA manipulation, protein folding, and other biological processes at the single-molecule level. Additionally, they have potential applications in diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug development by enabling the analysis of individual cells or biomolecules with unprecedented accuracy.

Nanofibers are defined in the medical field as fibrous structures with extremely small diameters, typically measuring between 100 nanometers to 1 micrometer. They can be made from various materials such as polymers, ceramics, or composites and have a high surface area-to-volume ratio, which makes them useful in a variety of biomedical applications. These include tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, and filtration. Nanofibers can be produced using different techniques such as electrospinning, self-assembly, and phase separation.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tradescantia" is not a medical term. It is a botanical name for a genus of flowering plants commonly known as "spiderworts." These plants are native to the Americas and have become popular ornamental plants in gardens due to their attractive flowers and ease of cultivation.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology, I would be happy to help. Please provide me with the term you're looking for.

Actin is a type of protein that forms part of the contractile apparatus in muscle cells, and is also found in various other cell types. It is a globular protein that polymerizes to form long filaments, which are important for many cellular processes such as cell division, cell motility, and the maintenance of cell shape. In muscle cells, actin filaments interact with another type of protein called myosin to enable muscle contraction. Actins can be further divided into different subtypes, including alpha-actin, beta-actin, and gamma-actin, which have distinct functions and expression patterns in the body.

In the context of medical definitions, polymers are large molecules composed of repeating subunits called monomers. These long chains of monomers can have various structures and properties, depending on the type of monomer units and how they are linked together. In medicine, polymers are used in a wide range of applications, including drug delivery systems, medical devices, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Some examples of polymers used in medicine include polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL).

Biocompatible materials are non-toxic and non-reacting substances that can be used in medical devices, tissue engineering, and drug delivery systems without causing harm or adverse reactions to living tissues or organs. These materials are designed to mimic the properties of natural tissues and are able to integrate with biological systems without being rejected by the body's immune system.

Biocompatible materials can be made from a variety of substances, including metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites. The specific properties of these materials, such as their mechanical strength, flexibility, and biodegradability, are carefully selected to meet the requirements of their intended medical application.

Examples of biocompatible materials include titanium used in dental implants and joint replacements, polyethylene used in artificial hips, and hydrogels used in contact lenses and drug delivery systems. The use of biocompatible materials has revolutionized modern medicine by enabling the development of advanced medical technologies that can improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "spiders" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a common name used to refer to arachnids of the order Araneae, characterized by having two main body parts (the cephalothorax and abdomen), eight legs, and fangs that inject venom.

However, in a medical context, "spider" or "spider bite" may be used to describe skin lesions or reactions resulting from the bite of certain spiders, particularly those with medically significant venoms. For example, necrotic arachnidism is a condition caused by the bite of some spider species, such as recluse spiders (Loxosceles spp.). The bites can cause skin necrosis and other systemic symptoms in severe cases.

If you are looking for information on a specific medical topic or condition, please provide more details so I can offer a more accurate response.

Tissue scaffolds, also known as bioactive scaffolds or synthetic extracellular matrices, refer to three-dimensional structures that serve as templates for the growth and organization of cells in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. These scaffolds are designed to mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) found in biological tissues, providing a supportive environment for cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and migration.

Tissue scaffolds can be made from various materials, including naturally derived biopolymers (e.g., collagen, alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid), synthetic polymers (e.g., polycaprolactone, polylactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)), or a combination of both. The choice of material depends on the specific application and desired properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical strength, and porosity.

The primary functions of tissue scaffolds include:

1. Cell attachment: Providing surfaces for cells to adhere, spread, and form stable focal adhesions.
2. Mechanical support: Offering a structural framework that maintains the desired shape and mechanical properties of the engineered tissue.
3. Nutrient diffusion: Ensuring adequate transport of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the scaffold to support cell survival and function.
4. Guided tissue growth: Directing the organization and differentiation of cells through spatial cues and biochemical signals.
5. Biodegradation: Gradually degrading at a rate that matches tissue regeneration, allowing for the replacement of the scaffold with native ECM produced by the cells.

Tissue scaffolds have been used in various applications, such as wound healing, bone and cartilage repair, cardiovascular tissue engineering, and neural tissue regeneration. The design and fabrication of tissue scaffolds are critical aspects of tissue engineering, aiming to create functional substitutes for damaged or diseased tissues and organs.

A tendon is the strong, flexible band of tissue that connects muscle to bone. It helps transfer the force produced by the muscle to allow various movements of our body parts. Tendons are made up of collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles and have a poor blood supply, making them prone to injuries and slow to heal. Examples include the Achilles tendon, which connects the calf muscle to the heel bone, and the patellar tendon, which connects the kneecap to the shinbone.

Tropocollagen is the fundamental unit of collagen, a protein that provides strength and structure to various tissues in the body. It is composed of three polypeptide chains coiled together in a triple helix structure. These chains are rich in the amino acids proline and hydroxyproline, which contribute to the stability of the helical structure. Tropocollagen molecules can further assemble into larger fibrils and fibers, providing tensile strength to tissues such as tendons, ligaments, and skin.

A lipid bilayer is a thin membrane made up of two layers of lipid molecules, primarily phospholipids. The hydrophilic (water-loving) heads of the lipids face outwards, coming into contact with watery environments on both sides, while the hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails point inward, away from the aqueous surroundings. This unique structure allows lipid bilayers to form a stable barrier that controls the movement of molecules and ions in and out of cells and organelles, thus playing a crucial role in maintaining cellular compartmentalization and homeostasis.

Medical definitions of water generally describe it as a colorless, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for all forms of life. It is a universal solvent, making it an excellent medium for transporting nutrients and waste products within the body. Water constitutes about 50-70% of an individual's body weight, depending on factors such as age, sex, and muscle mass.

In medical terms, water has several important functions in the human body:

1. Regulation of body temperature through perspiration and respiration.
2. Acting as a lubricant for joints and tissues.
3. Facilitating digestion by helping to break down food particles.
4. Transporting nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body.
5. Helping to maintain healthy skin and mucous membranes.
6. Assisting in the regulation of various bodily functions, such as blood pressure and heart rate.

Dehydration can occur when an individual does not consume enough water or loses too much fluid due to illness, exercise, or other factors. This can lead to a variety of symptoms, including dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and confusion. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening if left untreated.

An erythrocyte, also known as a red blood cell, is a type of cell that circulates in the blood and is responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body. The erythrocyte membrane refers to the thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the erythrocyte and helps to maintain its shape and stability.

The erythrocyte membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer, which contains various proteins and carbohydrates. These components help to regulate the movement of molecules into and out of the erythrocyte, as well as provide structural support and protection for the cell.

The main lipids found in the erythrocyte membrane are phospholipids and cholesterol, which are arranged in a bilayer structure with the hydrophilic (water-loving) heads facing outward and the hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails facing inward. This arrangement helps to maintain the integrity of the membrane and prevent the leakage of cellular components.

The proteins found in the erythrocyte membrane include integral proteins, which span the entire width of the membrane, and peripheral proteins, which are attached to the inner or outer surface of the membrane. These proteins play a variety of roles, such as transporting molecules across the membrane, maintaining the shape of the erythrocyte, and interacting with other cells and proteins in the body.

The carbohydrates found in the erythrocyte membrane are attached to the outer surface of the membrane and help to identify the cell as part of the body's own immune system. They also play a role in cell-cell recognition and adhesion.

Overall, the erythrocyte membrane is a complex and dynamic structure that plays a critical role in maintaining the function and integrity of red blood cells.

The aorta is the largest artery in the human body, which originates from the left ventricle of the heart and carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. It can be divided into several parts, including the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta. The ascending aorta gives rise to the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle. The aortic arch gives rise to the brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries, which supply blood to the head, neck, and upper extremities. The descending aorta travels through the thorax and abdomen, giving rise to various intercostal, visceral, and renal arteries that supply blood to the chest wall, organs, and kidneys.

Capsulorhexis is a surgical procedure that is commonly performed during cataract surgery. It involves creating a circular opening in the front part of the lens capsule, which is a clear membrane that surrounds and holds the lens in place inside the eye. This opening allows the cloudy lens material (cataract) to be removed and replaced with an artificial intraocular lens (IOL).

The procedure is typically performed using a specialized instrument called a cystotome or a femtosecond laser, which creates a small tear in the capsule that can be carefully enlarged to the desired size. The capsulorhexis is crucial for the successful removal of the cataract and the proper placement of the IOL. If the capsulorhexis is not performed correctly, it can lead to complications such as posterior capsular opacification (PCO), which is a thickening and clouding of the back part of the lens capsule that can cause visual symptoms similar to those of a cataract.

Methacrylates are a group of chemical compounds that contain the methacrylate functional group, which is a vinyl group (CH2=CH-) with a carbonyl group (C=O) at the β-position. This structure gives them unique chemical and physical properties, such as low viscosity, high reactivity, and resistance to heat and chemicals.

In medical terms, methacrylates are used in various biomedical applications, such as dental restorative materials, bone cements, and drug delivery systems. For example, methacrylate-based resins are commonly used in dentistry for fillings, crowns, and bridges due to their excellent mechanical properties and adhesion to tooth structures.

However, there have been concerns about the potential toxicity of methacrylates, particularly their ability to release monomers that can cause allergic reactions, irritation, or even mutagenic effects in some individuals. Therefore, it is essential to use these materials with caution and follow proper handling and safety protocols.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "population growth" is actually a demographic term rather than a medical one. It refers to the increase in the size of a population over time, typically due to births and immigrants exceeding deaths and emigrants. It is commonly used in discussions of societal development, resource management, and environmental impact, among other fields.

If you have any questions related to medical definitions or health-related topics, I'd be happy to help with those as well!

Molecular conformation, also known as spatial arrangement or configuration, refers to the specific three-dimensional shape and orientation of atoms that make up a molecule. It describes the precise manner in which bonds between atoms are arranged around a molecular framework, taking into account factors such as bond lengths, bond angles, and torsional angles.

Conformational isomers, or conformers, are different spatial arrangements of the same molecule that can interconvert without breaking chemical bonds. These isomers may have varying energies, stability, and reactivity, which can significantly impact a molecule's biological activity and function. Understanding molecular conformation is crucial in fields such as drug design, where small changes in conformation can lead to substantial differences in how a drug interacts with its target.

The metacarpus is the medical term for the part of the hand located between the carpus (wrist) and the digits (fingers). It consists of five bones, known as the metacarpal bones, which are numbered 1 to 5 from the thumb side to the little finger side. Each metacarpal bone has a base, a shaft, and a head. The bases of the metacarpal bones articulate with the carpal bones to form the wrist joint, while the heads of the metacarpal bones form the knuckles at the back of the hand.

The metacarpus plays an essential role in hand function as it provides stability and support for the movement of the fingers and thumb. Injuries or conditions affecting the metacarpus can significantly impact hand function, causing pain, stiffness, weakness, or deformity.

'Adhesiveness' is a term used in medicine and biology to describe the ability of two surfaces to stick or adhere to each other. In medical terms, it often refers to the property of tissues or cells to adhere to one another, as in the case of scar tissue formation where healing tissue adheres to adjacent structures.

In the context of microbiology, adhesiveness can refer to the ability of bacteria or other microorganisms to attach themselves to surfaces, such as medical devices or human tissues, which can lead to infection and other health problems. Adhesives used in medical devices, such as bandages or wound dressings, also have adhesiveness properties that allow them to stick to the skin or other surfaces.

Overall, adhesiveness is an important property in many areas of medicine and biology, with implications for wound healing, infection control, and the design and function of medical devices.

A phase transition in the context of medicine and physiology often refers to the transformation of a substance or matter from one state to another within the body, typically in relation to temperature or pressure changes. However, I couldn't find a widely accepted medical definition for "phase transition."

In physics and chemistry, a phase transition is a process where a thermodynamic system changes from one phase or state of matter to another, such as:

1. Solid to liquid (melting)
2. Liquid to gas (vaporization)
3. Gas to liquid (condensation)
4. Solid to gas (sublimation)
5. Changes between different crystalline structures of the same substance (polymorphic phase transitions)

While not a direct medical definition, these concepts are relevant in various biochemical and physiological processes, such as protein folding, cell membrane fluidity, and temperature regulation in the body.

The cytoskeleton is a complex network of various protein filaments that provides structural support, shape, and stability to the cell. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular integrity, intracellular organization, and enabling cell movement. The cytoskeleton is composed of three major types of protein fibers: microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments, and microtubules. These filaments work together to provide mechanical support, participate in cell division, intracellular transport, and help maintain the cell's architecture. The dynamic nature of the cytoskeleton allows cells to adapt to changing environmental conditions and respond to various stimuli.

Microbubbles are tiny gas-filled microspheres, typically made up of a gas core (such as air or perfluorocarbon) encapsulated by a stabilizing shell (often a phospholipid or protein). They range in size from 1 to 10 micrometers in diameter and are used in various medical applications.

In diagnostic imaging, microbubbles serve as contrast agents for ultrasound examinations. When injected into the bloodstream, they enhance the echogenicity of blood, improving visualization of vasculature, tissue perfusion, and detection of abnormalities such as tumors or lesions.

In therapeutic applications, microbubbles can be utilized in targeted drug delivery systems, where they are loaded with drugs or genes and then mechanically destroyed using ultrasound to release their cargo locally at the target site. This approach allows for more precise and controlled drug administration while minimizing systemic side effects.

The dermis is the layer of skin located beneath the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin. It is composed of connective tissue and provides structure and support to the skin. The dermis contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands. It is also responsible for the production of collagen and elastin, which give the skin its strength and flexibility. The dermis can be further divided into two layers: the papillary dermis, which is the upper layer and contains finger-like projections called papillae that extend upwards into the epidermis, and the reticular dermis, which is the lower layer and contains thicker collagen bundles. Together, the epidermis and dermis make up the true skin.

Nanotechnology is not a medical term per se, but it is a field of study with potential applications in medicine. According to the National Nanotechnology Initiative, nanotechnology is defined as "the understanding and control of matter at the nanoscale, at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications."

In the context of medicine, nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the way we diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases. Nanomedicine involves the use of nanoscale materials, devices, or systems for medical applications. These can include drug delivery systems that target specific cells or tissues, diagnostic tools that detect biomarkers at the molecular level, and tissue engineering strategies that promote regeneration and repair.

While nanotechnology holds great promise for medicine, it is still a relatively new field with many challenges to overcome, including issues related to safety, regulation, and scalability.

Cellular mechanotransduction is the process by which cells convert mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals, resulting in changes in cell behavior and function. This complex process involves various molecular components, including transmembrane receptors, ion channels, cytoskeletal proteins, and signaling molecules. Mechanical forces such as tension, compression, or fluid flow can activate these components, leading to alterations in gene expression, protein synthesis, and cell shape or movement. Cellular mechanotransduction plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including tissue development, homeostasis, and repair, as well as in pathological conditions such as fibrosis and cancer progression.

Bercoff, J.; Tanter, M.; Fink, M. (2004). "Supersonic Shear Imaging: a new technique for soft tissues elasticity mapping". IEEE ... He also pioneered innovative medical imaging methods: transient elastography, supersonic shear imaging and multi-wave imaging ... Then he moved to medical imaging and received the Doctorat es-Sciences degree from Paris University in the area of ultrasonic ... He developed many applications of this concept from ultrasound therapy, medical imaging, non-destructive testing, underwater ...
Konofagou heads the Ultrasound Elasticity and Imaging Laboratory (UEIL), which works on developing novel ultrasound techniques ... Her main interests are related to elasticity imaging, including harmonic motion imaging, pulse wave imaging, and ... She completed postdoctoral research in elasticity-based monitoring of focused ultrasound therapy at Brigham and Women's ... 2007 Nagy Award by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering - NIH, 2007 Fellow, American Institute for ...
This imaging modality uses a wide beam of x rays for image acquisition and is the first imaging technique available in modern ... Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging (SWEI), Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse imaging (ARFI), Supersonic Shear Imaging (SSI), and ... Medical imaging is the technique and process of imaging the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, ... Medical imaging is often perceived to designate the set of techniques that noninvasively produce images of the internal aspect ...
Supersonic Shear Imaging: A New Technique for Soft Tissue Elasticity Mapping. Bercoff J. et al., IEEE Transactions on ... Elastographic techniques use ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and pressure/stress sensors in tactile imaging (TI) ... the generated shear wave is visualized by using ultrafast imaging technique. Using inversion algorithms, the shear elasticity ... "Biophysical Bases of Elasticity Imaging". Acoustical Imaging. Vol. 21. pp. 223-240. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1943-0_23. ISBN 978- ...
... but the techniques are generally not mirror images of one another. Sometimes, however, they can produce a mirror image ... This technique produces a tight edge with little elasticity. Its advantages are that it does not flare as many bound/cast-off ... Techniques differ, however, in how this is done: Simple bind/cast off Involves simply passing each loop over an adjacent stitch ... In knitting, binding off, or casting off, is a family of techniques for ending a column (a wale) of stitches. Binding off is ...
Some techniques such as filtering based on image processing are currently being used to alleviate some of these issues. ... Finally the elasticity governing differential equations are plugged in so as to get the final problem statement. min ρ ∫ Ω 1 2 ... Although it seemed like this was purely a heuristic approach for a long time, theoretical connections to nonlocal elasticity ... The current proliferation of 3D printer technology has allowed designers and engineers to use topology optimization techniques ...
His monograph on anisotropic elasticity theory of dislocations is a standard reference. He has led a sophisticated research ... He is recognised as a world expert in this technique. Significant applications include precipitate structure in steels, new ... he has produced dynamic images of the basic phase-transition mechanisms. Steeds was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS ... effort to make, from image plane diffraction analysis ("real-space crystallography") and convergent-beam diffraction, a ...
"Quantitative assessment of cervical softening during pregnancy in the Rhesus macaque with shear wave elasticity imaging". ... characterization of cervical stiffness in 100 healthy women using the aspiration technique". Prenatal Diagnosis. 33 (8): 737-41 ...
With this type of technique, it is possible to produce devices that can be used in the areas of optic telecommunications or ... Yet, for fluorescence imaging at different wavelengths, PDMS shows least autofluorescence and is comparable to BoroFloat glass ... PDMS can be cross-linked into networks and is a commonly used system for studying the elasticity of polymer networks.[citation ... Viscoelasticity is a form of nonlinear elasticity that is common amongst noncrystalline polymers. The loading and unloading of ...
Another technique is in situ TEM, which provides real-time, high resolution imaging of nanostructure response to a stimulus. ... such as elasticity, plasticity, viscosity, compressibility. Being smaller than the wavelengths of visible light, nanoparticles ... This relatively simple technique uses a minimum number of chemicals. These including water, a soluble metallic salt, a radical ... The colloidal probe technique overcomes these issues by attaching a nanoparticle to the AFM tip, allowing control oversize, ...
Atomic force microscopy or scanning electron microscopy techniques may be utilized to image the indentation, but can be quite ... Conventional nanoindentation methods for calculation of Modulus of elasticity (based on the unloading curve) are limited to ... It is possible to measure the pile-up contact area using computerized image analysis of atomic force microscope (AFM) images of ... An automatic software technique finds the sharp change from the top hold time to the beginning of the unloading. This can be ...
... elasticity and image processing with applications to first Temple ostraca and recently deep earning for forward and inverse ... His other main contributions include fast algorithms for the Navier-Stokes equations based on preconditioning techniques, ... problems in PDEs, His research interests include algorithms for scattering and inverse scattering, image processing, and crack ...
Belgian singer Axelle Red used an image of "Lovers", a painting by Sam Dillemans as a cover for her album Sisters & Empathy. ... With thick strokes and an impressive relief on the surface, Dillemans's style contains a refined form of elasticity and ... consciousness and the painting technique itself. To achieve this goal, Dillemans says, painters have a difficult and at times ... The method of painting, how paint and brushes are used to seek or construct a striking image, is timeless.[citation needed] His ...
More recent techniques with super resolution imaging show that the anesthetics do not overcome phase separation-the phase ... changes in curvature elasticity. According to the lateral phase separation theory anaesthetics exert their action by fluidizing ... Recently super resolution imaging showed direct experimental evidence that volatile anesthetic disrupt the ordered lipid ... Stereoisomers that represent mirror images of each other are termed enantiomers or optical isomers (for example, the isomers of ...
A marketing plan can also be described as a technique that helps a business to decide on the best use of its resources to ... Acquiring marketing share, increasing customer awareness, and building a favorable business image are some of the objectives ... Discounts and allowances Price elasticity and customer sensitivity Price zoning break even analysis at various prices Marketing ... brand image, and brand equity Augmented product Product portfolio analysis B.C.G. Analysis Contribution margin analysis G.E. ...
... decreased tissue elasticity, and redistribution of subcutaneous fullness. Future facial rejuvenation techniques may take into ... Emphasis on image of youthfulness by the mass media and fashion; Increasing numbers of senior people enjoying good health and ... Aesthetic medicine and facial rejuvenation techniques has adopted this mathematical approach to facial restoration and ...
These benefit from titanium's lower modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) to more closely match that of the bone that such ... Titanium is used for the surgical instruments used in image-guided surgery, as well as wheelchairs, crutches, and any other ... The former Soviet Union developed techniques for making submarines with hulls of titanium alloys[citation needed] forging ... Because titanium is non-ferromagnetic, patients with titanium implants can be safely examined with magnetic resonance imaging ( ...
The variety of techniques can be divided into two categories: force application techniques and force sensing techniques. In ... Substrate strain measures elasticity through stretching the cell. The elasticity of the cell provides information that can ... Traction force microscopy detects deformations through comparison of images the movement of fluorescent beads that have been ... Force application techniques uses the cell's response of deformation to force applied onto the cell as a way to measure cell ...
Chest x-ray is the initial imaging technique used to diagnose TBI. The film may not have any signs in an otherwise asymptomatic ... When this pressure exceeds the elasticity of the tissues, they burst; thus the membranous part of the trachea is more commonly ... Stark P (1995). "Imaging of tracheobronchial injuries". Journal of Thoracic Imaging. 10 (3): 206-19. doi:10.1097/00005382- ... Techniques such as pulmonary toilet (removal of secretions), fluid management, and treatment of pneumonia are employed to ...
"Young's modulus measurements of soft tissues with application to elasticity imaging". IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, ... An advancement to this technique is the use of 3D matrices, which are able to guide cell migration in conditions that are more ... Engler, AJ; Sen, S; Sweeney, HL; Discher, DE (25 August 2006). "Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification". ... the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006-) "modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus), E". doi:10.1351/goldbook. ...
This technique is frequently used for infrared chemical imaging, where the image contrast is determined by the response of ... Ultrasonic force microscopy allows the local mapping of elasticity in atomic force microscopy by the application of ultrasonic ... Microbiology techniques, Laboratory techniques, Cell imaging, Laboratory equipment, Optical microscopy). ... However, the technique suffers from low light intensity in the final image of many biological samples and continues to be ...
... and that the quality of the imaging depends on the experience of the person performing it.[citation needed] The imaging occurs ... STRUCTURED REPORT (Technique: Transabdominal ultrasonography; Device: Toshiba Aplio XG) Liver: Diffusely homogeneous and normal ... elasticity, posterior acoustic enhancement effect, the relation with neighboring organs or structures (displacement, invasion ... Disadvantages are troublesome imaging if a lot of gas is present inside the bowels, if there is a lot of abdominal fat, ...
1995). "Biophysical Bases of Elasticity Imaging". Acoustical Imaging. Vol. 21. Springer US. pp. 223-240. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615 ... Conventional imaging techniques of CT, MRI, US, and nuclear medicine are unable to offer any insight on the elastic modulus of ... Wells PN, Liang HD (November 2011). "Medical ultrasound: imaging of soft tissue strain and elasticity". Journal of the Royal ... To overcome these challenges, researchers have been looking at different passive drivers and imaging techniques to best deliver ...
Using B-mode imaging, assessment of renal anatomy is easily performed, and US is often used as image guidance for renal ... The one-step technique is when insertion of the drain or nephrostomy is done without the aid of a guidewire. The interventions ... Elastography is a US method to visualize the elasticity of tissue. Preliminary reports on US elastography used on transplanted ... Reports on image fusion using CEUS or US combined with CT or MRI in the examination of renal lesions and in difficult US-guided ...
"Imaging materials - Processed imaging materials - Albums, framing and storage materials" ISO 18916:2007 - "Imaging materials - ... Caused by the loss of elasticity in the plastic film base over time. The film can snap or break under strain, and will no ... "Stripping" is a technique that is used by trained conservators on channeled acetate film. This process allows the conservator ... "ISO 18902:2013 - Imaging materials -- Processed imaging materials -- Albums, framing and storage materials". www.iso.org. ...
... of the woman's self-image, and of her mental health. In corrective practice, the surgical techniques and praxis for reduction ... Consultation: the plastic surgeon evaluates the elasticity of the skin envelope of each breast, and determines the degree of ... The horizontal-scar technique best applies to the woman whose oversized breasts are too large for a vertical-incision technique ... To elevate the NAC, the technique usually employs either an inferior pedicle or an inferior-lateral pedicle, and features no ...
The elasticity of the vagina allows it to stretch to many times its normal diameter in order to deliver the child. Vaginal ... Some surgical techniques result in less pain than others. The two types of episiotomies performed are the medial incision and ... While a woman may experience an improvement in self-image and sexual pleasure by undergoing vaginal tightening or rejuvenation ... These surgeries can impact pain, elasticity, vaginal lubrication and sexual arousal. This often resolves after one year but may ...
These techniques can generally be split up into two sections: active methods and passive methods. Active methods are methods ... The sharp tip can be used to probe single molecular events and image live cells. The relative deformation of the cell and the ... This method stems from the classical theory of small-strain, plane-stress elasticity. The elastic substratum method allows for ... A more improved technique named flexible sheets with micropatterned dots or grids considers this drawback and instead has the ...
Magnetic-resonance imaging techniques for detection of elasticity variation. Med Phys, 1995; 22(11): 1771-8. Sarvazyan AP. ... Biophysical bases of elasticity imaging. In: Acoustical Imaging. Ed. Jones JP, Plenum Press, New York and London, 1995; 21: 223 ... proposed a new technology for medical imaging and diagnostics named shear-wave elasticity imaging. In the 1970s and 1980s, in ... Sarvazyan AP, Rudenko OV, Swanson SD, Fowlkes JB, Emelianov SY, Shear Wave Elasticity Imaging: A new ultrasonic technology of ...
This reduces the time available for contrast imaging. The shell material also affects microbubble mechanical elasticity. The ... However, the targeted technique has not yet been approved by the FDA for clinical use in the United States. Contrast-enhanced ... Ultrasonic molecular imaging is safer than molecular imaging modalities such as radionuclide imaging because it does not ... Ultrasound imaging allows real-time evaluation of blood flow. Destruction of microbubbles by ultrasound in the image plane ...
ARFI imaging is a promising imaging modality for assessing the presence or absence of advanced fibrosis in patients with ... Elasticity Imaging Techniques* * Fatty Liver / blood * Fatty Liver / complications * Fatty Liver / pathology* ... Conclusions: ARFI imaging is a promising imaging modality for assessing the presence or absence of advanced fibrosis in ... Methods: Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) shear wave imaging, a noninvasive method of assessing tissue stiffness, was ...
Elasticity Imaging Techniques* * Fibrosis * Glomerulonephritis* / complications * Glomerulonephritis* / diagnostic imaging * ...
Bercoff, J.; Tanter, M.; Fink, M. (2004). "Supersonic Shear Imaging: a new technique for soft tissues elasticity mapping". IEEE ... He also pioneered innovative medical imaging methods: transient elastography, supersonic shear imaging and multi-wave imaging ... Then he moved to medical imaging and received the Doctorat es-Sciences degree from Paris University in the area of ultrasonic ... He developed many applications of this concept from ultrasound therapy, medical imaging, non-destructive testing, underwater ...
... researchers have just developed a noninvasive brain imaging method using MRI that provides the same information as physical ... This palpation has been supplemented or replaced by modern techniques that give the physician an indication of the elasticity ... 23, 2019 A novel, noninvasive imaging technique can provide new information about thyroid disorders that will help in ... They were thus able to build images of the brains elasticity.. "If this method can be developed for clinical use, it will be a ...
Bercoff, J.; Tanter, M.; Fink, M. Supersonic shear imaging: A new technique for soft tissue elasticity mapping. IEEE Trans. ... A new method for measurement of placental elasticity: Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging. Placenta 2013, 34, 1009-1013. [ ... Experimental studies of the thermal effects associated with radiation force imaging of soft tissue. Ultrason. Imaging 2004, 26 ... Although static elastography was the first technique, ARFE promises higher reproducibility and objectivity. This technique is ...
Emerging ultrasound techniques such as imaging of soft tissue strain, elasticity and intraneural doppler may also be useful. [ ... Imaging. Ultrasound of the median, ulnar and common peroneal nerves may help in the diagnosis of neuropathy due to Hansens ... The following staining techniques are useful to examine histopathological changes in leprosy-affected nerves: [14] ... Sagittal fat-saturated T2-weighted image shows amputation of the great toe with increased signal intensity in the head of the ...
Mechanical "Elasticity" Imaging. Mechanical or elasticity imaging refers to a non-invasive analysis of tissue movement and ... The ProUroScan technique works by computing how tissue moves in response to pressure, thus evaluating its softness or stiffness ... The image of the prostate that is created is designed to identify variations in tissue elasticity using a specially designed ... The device consequentially measures the prostates elasticity. Each scan produces an image of the prostate and compares ...
Elasticity imaging techniques, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Sensitivity and specificity Persistent URL doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013- ... The individual techniques reliably detect or exclude significant liver fibrosis in 66 %. • A conditional strategy for ... To compare the diagnostic accuracy of TE and MRE and establish cutoff levels and diagnostic strategies for both techniques, ...
... are novel imaging techniques that provide additional information about tissue elasticity. SE analyses the strain or ... Zhai L, et al: An integrated indenter-ARFI imaging system for tissue stiffness quantification. Ultrason Imaging 2008;30:95-111. ... Friedrich-Rust M, et al: Performance of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse imaging for the staging of liver fibrosis: a pooled ... Zhan J, et al: Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) for differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules - a ...
She has pioneered the development and clinical translation of acoustic radiation force based elasticity imaging techniques. She ... Talk Title: Ultrasonic Elasticity Imaging with Acoustic Radiation Force. Abstract: Elasticity imaging involves introducing a ... A major focus our laboratory has been the development and implementation of high resolution ARFI elasticity imaging methods for ... Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) based ultrasonic elasticity imaging methods have become widely available in the ...
One of the techniques which enables this advancement is photo-elasticity. This method has revealed that the forces are not ... Using synthetic images of spheres and high-resolution tomographies of two very different granular materials (spherical and very ... letter denotes the compression technique, and the number denotes the inter particle friction ... technique can be explored. Comparison of, for example, samples II0.4 and IO0.4 allows for the ...
In order to do this, we use a combination of computer graphics, image analysis techniques, neural modelling and psychophysical ... and the material properties of objects such as elasticity, translucency or viscosity. ... We can look at the same image, but move our eyes to different parts of it; look at the same face and disagree about its ... To maintain a clear and stable perception of the world, the visual system has to cope with the retinal image motion. In this ...
... and leverage cloud elasticity to keep costs at a minimum level. This approach is motivated with a super-resolution image ... The technique demonstrates how computations can be both scaled and offloaded onto AWS at the code level and across computations ...
... as the point estimates are obtained using quite disparate modeling techniques and data. In this study, we perform a meta- ... Estimating elasticities of cigarette demand has become commonplace amongst economists and policymakers. Synthesizing the ... various elasticities into a coherent message is quite challenging, however, ...
Discover the fundamentals of skin elasticity. Delve into the differences between collagen and elastin. Preserve and restore ... This advanced imaging technique uses antibodies to specifically stain for elastin. It can visualize the 3D arrangement of ... This elasticity keeps skin looking firm, toned and youthful. As we age, elastin levels decline leading to loose, sagging skin. ... This elasticity measurement is usually done 3 times and the results averaged. However, each time the skin is stretched, it ...
Breaking through barriers, she is exploring alternative imaging techniques for focused ultrasound procedures, investigating ... is Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology at Columbia University and head of the Ultrasound Elasticity Imaging ... Caskey and Grissom are researchers at Vanderbilt Universitys Institute of Imaging Science, where they focus on image-guided ... with a specific focus on facilitating direct image-based targeting of brain structures using advanced MR techniques. He has ...
The global elastography imaging market size reached US$ 3,848 Million in 2022. Looking forward, IMARC Group expects the market ... Elastography imaging is a cutting-edge medical technique that involves the real-time assessment of tissue elasticity, providing ... These advanced imaging techniques provide crucial insights into tissue elasticity, aiding in the diagnosis and monitoring of ... Elastography imaging aligns well with this trend, as it offers real-time insights into tissue elasticity without the need for ...
Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, upright radiographs, surgical reports and patient records will be evaluated, and ... As an alternative to established static reconstruction techniques, dynamic graft techniques have been introduced for ... to provide evidence to support orthopedic surgeons in evidence-based decision-making in their quest for surgical techniques ... requiring isolated MPFL reconstruction will be recruited and randomized to the dynamic or static reconstruction technique. ...
Finally, we proposed to use a shape metric based on the small displacement theory of elasticity for shape morphing and elastic ... for geometry reconstruction and image segmentation. Our method produced piecewise algebraic curves or surfaces to represent the ... Final Activity Report Summary - ISIS (Intelligent 3D geometry reconstruction using dynamic and evolution-based techniques). We ... overcome the difficulties of how to choose the optimal stopping time and the correct level of the evolving function for image ...
Shear Wave Imaging Framework for Quantification of Myocardial Tissue Properties. Andersen, M. S., Søgaard, P., Schmidt, S. E. ... Detecting the Onset of Contraction Using High Frame Rate Strain Rate Images. Andersen, M. V., Moore, C., Struijk, J. J., Arges ... Contractile Fronts In The Interventricular Septum: A Case For High Frame Rate Echocardiographic Imaging. Andersen, M. S., Moore ... Imaging Technique 40% * Ultrasound 40% * Velocity 40% * Elasticity 40% 4 Downloads (Pure) ...
Elasticity Imaging Techniques 99% * Rotator Cuff 93% * Tendons 75% * Cross-Sectional Studies 53% ... Subacromial space measured by ultrasound imaging in asymptomatic subjects and patients with subacromial shoulder pain: an inter ...
... and pre-insertion object image data acquired using the imaging technique. It provides segmented object model data which ... which are not identifiable using a predefined imaging technique, ... reference object is given by quantities such as elasticity, ... to access pre-insertion object image data and post-insertion object image data, each acquired using the imaging technique and ... providing pre-insertion object image data and post-insertion object image data, each acquired using the imaging technique and ...
... is performed using a coherent diffraction lensless microscopy technique. We demonstrate the ability of our technique to get an ... Strain investigation of low strained buried gratings by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and elasticity theory Europhys. ... PACS: 61.05.cp - X-ray diffraction / 62.20.-x - Mechanical properties of solids / 42.30.-d - Imaging and optical processing ... The experimentally reconstructed strain fields are in good agreement with those obtained from simulations based on elasticity ...
Investigation of Techniques to increase the Field of View of a Staring Transducer Array for Photoacoustic Imaging, Avery Raess ... Biomechanical Modeling and Inverse Problem Based Elasticity Imaging for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis, Seyed Reza Mousavi ... New Technology and Techniques for Needle-Based Magnetic Resonance Image-Guided Prostate Focal Therapy, Jeremy Cepek ... Acquisition and Reconstruction Techniques for Fat Quantification Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Abraam S. Soliman ...
Elasticity Imaging Techniques (MeSH) * Female (MeSH) * Humans (MeSH) * Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted (MeSH) ...
Advances in molecular, genetic and imaging techniques have enabled fundamental discoveries on spinal circuitry. Notably, trans- ... as well as techniques such as atomic force microscopy to measure tissue elasticity. ... Imaging approaches are providing new perspectives to the understanding of single cell and organelle behaviours within a whole ... He uses live imaging and analysis of mutants to address whether extracellular signals might impose directionality to coordinate ...
Natural Ox Gall: You can use Natural Ox Gall to prepare your paper for wet-on-wet techniques. Adding a small amount improves ... MaimeriBlus Honey Based Medium improves paint elasticity and does not affect colour tone. The MaimeriBlu range also includes a ... Skip to the beginning of the images gallery Click Tabs For More. Product Notes: * LPP Lowest Price - This item is already at ... Natural Ox Gall: You can use Natural Ox Gall to prepare your paper for wet-on-wet techniques. Adding a small amount improves ...
Elasticity Imaging Techniques 100% * Liver Transplantation 74% * Fibrosis 61% * Liver Diseases 51% ...
"Optical Coherence Imaging Techniques and Imaging in Scattering Media IV",. note = "Optical Coherence Imaging Techniques and ... T3 - Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE. BT - Optical Coherence Imaging Techniques and Imaging in ... Optical Coherence Imaging Techniques and Imaging in Scattering Media IV [119240Q] (Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - ... Optical Coherence Imaging Techniques and Imaging in Scattering Media IV., 119240Q, Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - ...
Early detection requires an imaging technique that uses elasticity as a contrast mechanism and this proposal addresses this ... Using Imaging to Transform Medicine: Advanced Imaging Pilot Research Grants. Harvard Catalyst sponsored the Advanced Imaging ... An MRI technique known as MR elastography (MRE) is able to assess tissue elasticity.This project proposed applying MRE to ... While these imaging techniques offer high spatial resolution, they have poor contrast for distinguishing tumors from normal ...
  • He also pioneered innovative medical imaging methods: transient elastography, supersonic shear imaging and multi-wave imaging that are now implemented by several companies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Strain elastography (SE) and shear wave elastography (SWE) are novel imaging techniques that provide additional information about tissue elasticity. (karger.com)
  • Friedrich-Rust M, et al: Acoustic radiation force impulse-imaging and transient elastography for non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis and steatosis in NAFLD. (karger.com)
  • Elastography imaging is a cutting-edge medical technique that involves the real-time assessment of tissue elasticity, providing valuable insights into the health of organs such as the liver, breast, and prostate. (imarcgroup.com)
  • The increasing prevalence of chronic liver diseases, breast cancers, and prostate disorders has spurred the demand for accurate and non-invasive diagnostic tools, fueling the growth of the global elastography imaging market. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Moreover, the increasing adoption of elastography imaging as a reliable method for early disease detection and monitoring disease progression, due to its ability to provide real-time insights into tissue elasticity, is creating a positive market outlook. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Furthermore, ongoing advancements in technology, such as shear wave elastography and acoustic radiation force impulse imaging, are enhancing the precision and depth of elastography results, thereby fostering the market growth. (imarcgroup.com)
  • As research continues to validate its clinical utility, the elastography imaging market is poised for sustained growth on a global scale. (imarcgroup.com)
  • One significant driver of the global elastography imaging market is the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, particularly liver diseases, breast cancers, and prostate disorders. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Elastography imaging offers a non-invasive and accurate method to assess liver fibrosis, aiding in early diagnosis and monitoring disease progression. (imarcgroup.com)
  • The continuous evolution of imaging technology is another major driver of the elastography imaging market. (imarcgroup.com)
  • The introduction of innovations, such as shear wave elastography and acoustic radiation force impulse imaging, have significantly enhanced the precision and depth of elastography results. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Quantitative micro-elastography (QME) maps tissue elasticity. (edu.au)
  • An MRI technique known as MR elastography (MRE) is able to assess tissue elasticity.This project proposed applying MRE to measure kidney tissue stiffness and if this correlates with renal fibrosis in patients with CKD. (harvard.edu)
  • Acoustic radiation force (ARF)-based shear wave elastography (SWE) is a clinically available ultrasound imaging mode that noninvasively and quantitatively measures tissue stiffness. (biorxiv.org)
  • In this study, we combined the comb-push shear elastography (CUSE) technique with 2-D RCA for enhanced SWE imaging field-of-view. (biorxiv.org)
  • The structural and elastography images of the constructs have clearly demonstrated the linear relation with the increased mechanical property versus the increase of agar concentration within the pores of the scaffolds. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) shear wave imaging, a noninvasive method of assessing tissue stiffness, was used to evaluate liver fibrosis in 172 patients diagnosed with NAFLD. (nih.gov)
  • Liver shear stiffness measures in three different imaging locations were reconstructed and compared to the histologic features of NAFLD and AST-to-platelet ratio indices (APRI). (nih.gov)
  • 40kg/m(2) was not a limiting factor for ARFI imaging, and no correlation was noted between BMI and shear stiffness (R(2)=0.05). (nih.gov)
  • Zhai L, et al: An integrated indenter-ARFI imaging system for tissue stiffness quantification. (karger.com)
  • Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging uses short-duration acoustic pulses to create transient displacements in tissues, from which stiffness values are derived. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Axial gradient-echo images, which were automatically converted to elastograms that represented stiffness (kPa), were acquired using a continuous sinusoidal vibration of 60 Hz. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The ProUroScan technique works by computing how tissue moves in response to pressure, this evaluating its softness or stiffness. (prourocare.com)
  • Then he moved to medical imaging and received the Doctorat es-Sciences degree from Paris University in the area of ultrasonic focusing for real-time medical imaging under the direction of Pierre Alais (1978). (wikipedia.org)
  • Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) based ultrasonic elasticity imaging methods have become widely available in the clinical market over the past five years. (usc.edu)
  • Her research interests include ultrasonic and elasticity imaging and instrumentation. (usc.edu)
  • Most techniques use ultrasound to create the images - eliciting the response with an ultrasonic radiation force and/or recording displacements of the tissue by Doppler ultrasonography. (bvsalud.org)
  • ARFI imaging is a promising imaging modality for assessing the presence or absence of advanced fibrosis in patients with obesity-related liver disease. (nih.gov)
  • Zhan J, et al: Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) for differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules - a meta-analysis. (karger.com)
  • A major focus our laboratory has been the development and implementation of high resolution ARFI elasticity imaging methods for prostate cancer imaging and treatment guidance, with initial in vivo findings demonstrating that ARFI imaging is specific for clinically significant prostate cancer. (usc.edu)
  • This article provides an overview of some techniques for measuring mechanical properties using atomic force microscopy/scanning probe microscopy. (or.jp)
  • In forensic examinations where topographic characterization is important like in fingermark, textile and document forgery examinations, the atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging technique can be of value. (intechopen.com)
  • Magnetic resonance imaging. (nih.gov)
  • Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging, upright radiographs, surgical reports and patient records will be evaluated, and clinical and functional outcomes will be measured. (springer.com)
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 30 (1), 128-132. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Le Bihan D. Molecular diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. (medecinesciences.org)
  • Other technologies like Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scan or x-ray are also not used for basic prostate screening or detection. (prourocare.com)
  • Tissue elasticity was also found to affect the tissue deformations induced by magnetic microbubbles. (lu.se)
  • Furthermore, lymphatic drainage of magnetic microbubbles was demonstrated, validating their potential as a contrast agent in cancer imaging. (lu.se)
  • Nightingale K, et al: Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging: in vivo demonstration of clinical feasibility. (karger.com)
  • Friedrich-Rust M, et al: Performance of Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse imaging for the staging of liver fibrosis: a pooled meta-analysis. (karger.com)
  • Many diseases involve structural changes in tissues, which are reflected in a change in their mechanical properties, such as elasticity. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Abstract: Elasticity imaging involves introducing a mechanical tissue perturbation, imaging the resulting tissue response, and generating images that reflect the underlying mechanical properties of the tissue. (usc.edu)
  • Current implementations of ARF-SWE are largely limited to 2-D imaging, which does not provide robust estimation of heterogeneous tissue mechanical properties. (biorxiv.org)
  • Non-invasive imaging methods based on the mechanical response of an object to a vibrational or impulsive force. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mechanical imaging is a non-invasive analysis of tissue movement and displacement. (prourocare.com)
  • Mechanical imaging is different from trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS). (prourocare.com)
  • Soft tissue mechanical properties are promising indicators of cancer that can be assessed non-invasively using functional imaging. (lu.se)
  • Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a technology that can image cross-sections of soft tissues with a high spatial resolution making it possible to see through the intact eardrum to non-invasively examine the middle ear. (harvard.edu)
  • Each can produces an image of the prostate and compares elasticity measurement across the gland. (prourocare.com)
  • Experimentally soil, fabric can be quantified by non-destructive methods such as image microscopy and X-ray computed tomography. (researchgate.net)
  • non-destructive methods such as image microscopy and X-ray computed tomography. (researchgate.net)
  • An experimental and simulation study of the full strain tensor and of strain-induced magnetocrystalline anisotropies in arrays of lithographically patterned (Ga,Mn)As on GaAs(001) is performed using a coherent diffraction lensless microscopy technique. (edpsciences.org)
  • Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, a cutting-edge imaging method, has the potential to enable surgeons to reliably differentiate cancer-infiltrated tissue from healthy tissue during surgery. (harvard.edu)
  • The goal is to bring together leading experts in the field of flows of soft materials, with a particular focus on neutrons and X-rays, but also complementary techniques including NMR, confocal microscopy, theory and computer modeling. (lu.se)
  • To this aim, we use STED microscopy, phase holography microscopy, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy techniques to investigate the phenotype of a variety of cells cultured on nanowires and nanotubes. (lu.se)
  • In order to deepen our understanding of the interactions between the cell membrane and nanostructures, we perform STED microscopy live imaging of the membrane of cells cultured on nanostructures. (lu.se)
  • Orthogonal per- spectives of 6 femur proximal bone substitutes with randomly inserted Kirschner wires were imaged under fluoroscopy. (bvsalud.org)
  • Young's modulus, which is mapped into an image, known as an elastogram. (illinois.edu)
  • Ultrasonography of the neck is a safe and widely used technique for localization of abnormal parathyroid glands. (medscape.com)
  • If there is one technique used by the physician to explore the human body during every medical examination in order to make a diagnosis or prescribe further tests, it is palpation. (sciencedaily.com)
  • She has pioneered the development and clinical translation of acoustic radiation force based elasticity imaging techniques. (usc.edu)
  • SE analyses the strain or displacement in response to force or compression and, therefore, shows the relative tissue elasticity within a selected region of interest (ROI). (karger.com)
  • Finally, we proposed to use a shape metric based on the small displacement theory of elasticity for shape morphing and elastic deformation. (europa.eu)
  • This palpation has been supplemented or replaced by modern techniques that give the physician an indication of the elasticity of a biological tissue. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A new ultrasound procedure for the reconstruction of tissue elasticity (in German). (karger.com)
  • As an alternative to established static reconstruction techniques, dynamic graft techniques have been introduced for stabilizing the patella with the aim of providing a more physiological reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament. (springer.com)
  • Patients with recurrent patella dislocation requiring isolated MPFL reconstruction will be recruited and randomized to the dynamic or static reconstruction technique. (springer.com)
  • With this study, we will provide much needed information on knee biomechanics after dynamic versus static MPFL reconstruction to provide evidence to support orthopedic surgeons in evidence-based decision-making in their quest for surgical techniques most favorable for their patients. (springer.com)
  • We firstly studied the evolution of T-spline level sets, i.e. curves or surfaces implicitly defined by T-spline functions, for geometry reconstruction and image segmentation. (europa.eu)
  • A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. (mdpi.com)
  • By drawing on seismology, researchers have just developed a noninvasive brain imaging method using MRI that provides the same information as physical palpation. (sciencedaily.com)
  • By drawing on seismology, Inserm researchers led by Stéfan Catheline (Inserm Unit 1032, "Therapeutic Applications of Ultrasound") have just developed a noninvasive brain imaging method using MRI that provides the same information as physical palpation. (sciencedaily.com)
  • If the technique is effective it could become a noninvasive tool for assessing early renal disease, when kidney function is still normal. (harvard.edu)
  • Synthesizing the various elasticities into a coherent message is quite challenging, however, as the point estimates are obtained using quite disparate modeling techniques and data. (who.int)
  • To address these issues, here we propose a new 3-D ARF-SWE method based on the 2-D row-column addressing (RCA) array which has a much lower element count (e.g., 256), provides an ultrafast imaging volume rate (e.g., 2000 Hz), and can withstand the push pulses. (biorxiv.org)
  • Generation of functional tissue in vitro through tissue engineering technique is a promising direction to repair and replace malfunctioned organ and tissue in the modern medicine for various diseases which could not been treated well by conventional therapy. (dundee.ac.uk)
  • European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. (lu.se)
  • Objective: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of TE and MRE and establish cutoff levels and diagnostic strategies for both techniques, enabling selection of patients for liver biopsy. (eur.nl)
  • it is mainly used to visualize the prostate (see the image below) and to aid in guided needle biopsy. (medscape.com)
  • The goal was to encourage the Harvard community to develop innovative research projects and ideas that would use advanced imaging technologies (PET, Optical or Physiological MR) to directly address areas of unmet clinical need. (harvard.edu)
  • Using Optical near-Infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging this project will design and validate a NIR-compatible endoscopic fluorescence imaging system in combination with a fluorescent tracer for intraoperative guidance. (harvard.edu)
  • Ntziachristos V, Chance B. Probing physiology and molecular function using optical imaging: applications to breast cancer. (medecinesciences.org)
  • Gibson AP, Hebden JC, Arridge SR. Recent advances in diffuse optical imaging. (medecinesciences.org)
  • The use of microbubble contrast agents can enhance gray-scale imaging and Doppler imaging. (medscape.com)
  • A bimodal AM-FM technique has advantages for fast and high-resolution imaging of elastic and dissipative properties. (or.jp)
  • Cheese attributes, including meltability, free oil, elasticity and stretching properties, composition, water activity and microstructure, were also evaluated.All Mozzarella samples had similar browning appearances, due to their similar galactose contents. (bath.ac.uk)
  • Tissue exhibiting comparatively less elastic properties is identified by darker colors on the image, similar to how areas of precipitation are displayed on a weather radar map. (prourocare.com)
  • Our recent work in shear wave imaging focuses on understanding the sources of error in these systems, and developing methods that address some of the underlying assumptions, i.e. using 3D volumetric imaging to analyze material anisotropy, using multi-dimensional filters and two and three dimensional shear wave monitoring to improve image quality in structured media, and exploring different approaches to estimate shearwave dispersion. (usc.edu)
  • This aids in diagnosing various conditions, such as liver fibrosis, breast tumors, and prostate abnormalities, with higher accuracy compared to traditional imaging methods. (imarcgroup.com)
  • The latest advances in the field of spinal cord development and its regeneration following damage were discussed at a recent EMBO workshop 'Spinal cord development and regeneration' in Sitges, Spain (October, 2014), highlighting the use of direct visualization of cellular processes, genome-wide molecular techniques and the development of methods for directed stem cell differentiation and regeneration. (biologists.com)
  • Reconstructed shear stiffnesses were not associated with ballooned hepatocytes (p=0.11), inflammation (p=0.69), nor imaging location (p=0.11). (nih.gov)
  • Prostate disorders, such as prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia, also benefit from elastography's ability to provide precise information about tissue elasticity, enabling better-informed medical decisions. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Using a sophisticated positioning system and complex mathematical algorithms, the ProUroScan technology is able to assemble the individual images it generates into a composite image of the prostate. (prourocare.com)
  • The differences in elasticity that are identified and their position within the prostate help the physician to better characterize the patient's status. (prourocare.com)
  • Axial image of a prostate. (medscape.com)
  • Newer agents that remain in the vascular compartment have been used for prostate imaging. (medscape.com)
  • In addition to this, the growing focus on patient comfort and safety, coupled with the rising demand for minimally invasive diagnostic techniques, is presenting remunerative opportunities for market expansion. (imarcgroup.com)
  • Participation in an Advanced Imaging Symposium was required to be eligible to apply for these funding opportunities. (harvard.edu)
  • In this article, Inserm researchers, using MRI, have succeeded in detecting natural shear waves in the brain using computational techniques borrowed from seismologists and known as "noise correlation. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Using a combination of psychophysics, image analysis, computational modeling, eye -/ hand tracking, and fMRI we investigate questions such as: What information does the brain use to estimate and categorize material qualities? (uni-giessen.de)
  • Additionally, the usefulness of AFM imaging and force spectroscopy for human hair, document forgery, textile fiber, fingermark and gunshot and explosive residue examinations will be discussed. (intechopen.com)
  • This could only be appreciated on TRUS images. (medscape.com)
  • An in vivo study on a breast cancer patient showed that the proposed method could reconstruct 3-D elasticity maps of the breast lesion, which was validated using a commercial ultrasound scanner. (biorxiv.org)
  • The image was made using a FIB-SEM "slice and view" method (in collaboration with Kristian Mølhave's group at DTU, Denmark). (lu.se)
  • The usefulness of force measurements to evaluate the elasticity of red blood cells (RBCs) in relation to the age of a bloodstain is an interesting example. (intechopen.com)
  • We demonstrate the ability of our technique to get an insight into the strain field propagating in the crystal part belonging to the substrate. (edpsciences.org)
  • The experimentally reconstructed strain fields are in good agreement with those obtained from simulations based on elasticity theory. (edpsciences.org)
  • The device consequently measures the prostate's elasticity. (prourocare.com)