Guideline for determining when it is morally permissible to perform an action to pursue a good end with knowledge that the action will also bring about bad results. It generally states that, in cases where a contemplated action has such double effect, the action is permissible only if: it is not wrong in itself; the bad result is not intended; the good result is not a direct causal result of the bad result; and the good result is "proportionate to" the bad result. (from Solomon, "Double Effect," in Becker, The Encyclopedia of Ethics, 1992)
The philosophy or code pertaining to what is ideal in human character and conduct. Also, the field of study dealing with the principles of morality.

Withholding/withdrawing treatment from neonates: legislation and official guidelines across Europe. (1/19)

Representatives from eight European countries compared the legal, ethical and professional settings within which decision making for neonates takes place. When it comes to limiting treatment there is general agreement across all countries that overly aggressive treatment is to be discouraged. Nevertheless, strong emphasis has been placed on the need for compassionate care even where cure is not possible. Where a child will die irrespective of medical intervention, there is widespread acceptance of the practice of limiting aggressive treatment or alleviating suffering even if death may be hastened as a result. Where the infant could be saved but the future outlook is bleak there is more debate, but only two countries have tested the courts with such cases. When it comes to the active intentional ending of life, the legal position is standard across Europe; it is prohibited. However, recognising those intractable situations where death may be lingering and unpleasant, Dutch paediatricians have reported that they do sometimes assist babies to die with parental consent. Two cases have been tried through the courts and recent official recommendations have set out standards by which such actions may be assessed.  (+info)

Death--whose decision? Euthanasia and the terminally ill. (2/19)

In Australia and Oregon, USA, legislation to permit statutory sanctioned physician-assisted dying was enacted. However, opponents, many of whom held strong religious views, were successful with repeal in Australia. Similar opposition in Oregon was formidable, but ultimately lost in a 60-40% vote reaffirming physician-assisted dying. This paper examines the human dilemma which arises when technological advances in end-of-life medicine conflict with traditional and religious sanctity-of-life values. Society places high value on personal autonomy, particularly in the United States. We compare the potential for inherent contradictions and arbitrary decisions where patient autonomy is either permitted or forbidden. The broader implications for human experience resulting from new legislation in both Australia and Oregon are discussed. We conclude that allowing autonomy for the terminally ill, within circumscribed options, results in fewer ethical contradictions and greater preservation of dignity.  (+info)

At the coalface: medical ethics in practice. A double dose of double effect. (3/19)

This paper presents a clinically orientated illustration of the doctrine of double effect. The case of an elderly gentleman with advanced cancer is discussed, with particular emphasis on two dilemmas encountered during the terminal phase of his illness. The author describes how the doctrine of double effect was applied to help the team make some complex management decisions.  (+info)

Are medical ethicists out of touch? Practitioner attitudes in the US and UK towards decisions at the end of life. (4/19)

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether UK and US health care professionals share the views of medical ethicists about medical futility, withdrawing/withholding treatment, ordinary/extraordinary interventions, and the doctrine of double effect. DESIGN, SUBJECTS AND SETTING: A 138-item attitudinal questionnaire completed by 469 UK nurses studying the Open University course on "Death and Dying" was compared with a similar questionnaire administered to 759 US nurses and 687 US doctors taking the Hastings Center course on "Decisions near the End of Life". RESULTS: Practitioners accept the relevance of concepts widely disparaged by bioethicists: double effect, medical futility, and the distinctions between heroic/ordinary interventions and withholding/withdrawing treatment. Within the UK nurses' group a "rationalist" axis of respondents who describe themselves as having "no religion" are closer to the bioethics consensus on withholding and withdrawing treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Professionals' beliefs differ substantially from the recommendations of their professional bodies and from majority opinion in bioethics. Bioethicists should be cautious about assuming that their opinions will be readily accepted by practitioners.  (+info)

Two challenges to the double effect doctrine: euthanasia and abortion. (5/19)

The validity of the double effect doctrine is examined in euthanasia and abortion. In these two situations killing is a method of treatment. It is argued that the doctrine cannot apply to the care of the dying. Firstly, doctors are obliged to harm patients in order to do good to them. Secondly, patients should make their own value judgments about being mutilated or killed. Thirdly, there is little intuitive moral difference between direct and indirect killing. Nor can the doctrine apply to abortion. Doctors kill fetuses as a means of treating the mother. They also kill them as an inevitable side effect of other treatment. Drawing a moral distinction between the direct and the indirect killing gives counterintuitive results. It is suggested that pragmatic rules, not ethics, govern practices around euthanasia and cause it to be more restricted than abortion.  (+info)

On genies and bottles: scientists' moral responsibility and dangerous technology R&D. (6/19)

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Occupational turnover intentions among substance abuse counselors. (7/19)

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Euthanasia and the doctors--a rejection of the BMA's report. (8/19)

The working party on euthanasia set up by the British Medical Association produced its report in 1988 (1). The first of its terms of reference was 'to examine the ethical problems relating to euthanasia, terminal illness, and suicide' and as far as active voluntary euthanasia (AVE) is concerned it failed conspicuously to do its job. The purpose of this article is not to restate the case for AVE but to examine the reason for the failure. (Figures in square brackets refer to sections in the report.)  (+info)

The Double Effect Principle is a doctrine in moral and medical philosophy that allows an action that causes a serious harm, such as the death of a human being, as a side effect of promoting some good end. The principle states that an action having two effects -- one good and one bad -- may be morally permissible if the following conditions are met:

1. The action itself must be morally good or neutral.
2. The bad effect must not be the means by which the good effect is achieved.
3. The intention of the person performing the action must be to achieve the good effect, with the bad effect being an unintended side effect.
4. The good effect must be proportionate to the bad effect.

In medical contexts, the Double Effect Principle is often invoked in debates about end-of-life care and the use of potentially life-shortening treatments. For example, a doctor may administer pain-relieving drugs that also have the side effect of shortening the patient's life, if their primary intention is to alleviate the patient's suffering and not to cause their death. The principle is controversial and has been subject to much debate and criticism in bioethics.

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. In the medical field, ethics refers to the principles that guide doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals in making decisions about patient care. These principles often include respect for autonomy (the right of patients to make their own decisions), non-maleficence (doing no harm), beneficence (acting in the best interests of the patient), and justice (fairness in the distribution of resources). Medical ethics may also involve considerations of confidentiality, informed consent, and end-of-life decision making.

The principle of double effect - also known as the rule of double effect, the doctrine of double effect, often abbreviated as ... "Doctrine of Double Effect". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Wikiquote has quotations related to Principle of double effect ... Because advocates of double effect propose that consequentially similar acts can be morally different, double effect is most ... double-effect reasoning, or simply double effect - is a set of ethical criteria which Christian philosophers have advocated for ...
The Principle of Double Effect. A Critical Appraisal of Its Traditional Understanding and Its Modern Reinterpretation. European ... Ugorji's dissertation on the ethical principle of double effect was submitted to Bruno Schüller (1925-2007) at the University ... Schachenmayr, Alkuin (2022). "Concerns about Archbishop Ugorji's Dissertation on Double Effect" (PDF). Forum Katholische ...
Moral theologians call this the principle of double effect. The use of condoms to prevent disease is a more controversial and ... Prohibited acts with contraceptive effect include sterilization, condoms and other barrier methods, spermicides, coitus ... so long as the contraceptive effect is not directly intended for any motive whatsoever. For example, the use of female steroid ... Much of the Church's detailed doctrines derive from the principle that "sexual pleasure is morally disordered when sought for ...
The doctrine of double effect is a closely related principle. It states that there are cases in which the agent may not intend ... Many of the arguments directed at the intention principle also apply to the doctrine of double effect. Additional arguments ... But in otherwise equivalent cases it is permissible to harm others if this harm is a side effect, or a double effect, but not a ... McIntyre, Alison (2019). "Doctrine of Double Effect". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, ...
Quill has argued against the principle of double effect in bioethics. In 2013, the American Academy of Hospice and Palliative ... "Critique of the Double Effect". NPR All Things Considered. Retrieved 7 November 2011. "AAHPM Honors Hospice and Palliative ...
Adams's trial has had many effects on the English legal system. The first was establishing the principle of double effect that ... More recently, the double effect principle figured in two British murder trials. In 1990, Dr. Nigel Leigh Cox, a rheumatologist ... pain relief and double effect". Legal Studies. 17 (2): 327. doi:10.1111/j.1748-121X.1997.tb00410.x. S2CID 143186793. Surtees, p ... The trial also established the doctrine of double effect, whereby a doctor giving treatment with the aim of relieving pain may ...
The principle of double effect is frequently cited in relation to abortion. A doctor who believes abortion is always morally ... "Doctrine of Double Effect". In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2006 ed.). Retrieved 2007-08- ... and the Doctrine of Double Effect, the only moral action in an ectopic pregnancy where a woman's life is directly threatened is ... Using the Thomistic Principle of Totality (removal of a pathological part to preserve the life of the person) ...
"Is the Principle of Double Effect Still Relevant in End of Life Care?". Royal Society of Medicine. Archived from the original ...
In Malta, only indirect abortion is de facto allowed under the principle of double effect. Some examples of gestational age ... In practice only indirect abortion is allowed under the principle of double effect. The penal code prohibits abortion without ... allowing in such cases only indirect abortion under the principle of double effect. Depending on the capacity at each level of ... the Supreme Court ruled that indirect abortion done to save the woman's life was permitted under the principle of double effect ...
... citing the bioethical principle of double effect. Likewise, when a hormonal contraceptive is used with the intention of ... A related application of the principle of double effect is breastfeeding. Breastfeeding greatly suppresses ovulation, but ... The age of gametes at the time of fertilization has been shown to have no effect on miscarriage rates in most cases, but is a ... Age of gametes at the time of fertilization has been shown to have no effect on low birth weight or preterm delivery. A related ...
... with the same effect. Double jeopardy is not a principle of international law. It does not apply between different countries, ... "NSW seeks to scrap double jeopardy principle". The World Today. "Criminal Law Consolidation (Double Jeopardy) Amendment Act ... 11 September 2006 Double jeopardy man is given life, BBC News. 6 October 2006 "'Double jeopardy' man guilty of Vikki Thompson ... 11 September 2006 Man faces double jeopardy retrial, BBC News. 10 November 2005 The law of 'double jeopardy', BBC News. ...
... and the Fair Equality of Opportunity Principle," 72 Fordham Law Review 1643-75 (2004). "Speech, Death, and Double Effect," 78 ... Shiffrin, Seana (2003). "Race, labor, and the fair equality of opportunity principle" (PDF). Fordham Law Review.[permanent dead ...
Consequentialism Deontology Duress Necessity Principle of double effect Trolley problem Cicero, De officiis 3.89. Lactantius, ...
Generally, the left/right principle in a country is followed mostly on double track. On steam trains, the steam boiler often ... Railway lines in desert areas affected by sand dunes are sometimes built with the two tracks separated, so that if one is ... Because double and single track may use different signalling systems, it may be awkward and confusing to mix double and single ... The process of expanding a single track to double track is called duplication or doubling, unless the expansion is to restore ...
The Huygens-Fresnel principle is one such model; it states that each point on a wavefront generates a secondary wavelet, and ... This effect is known as interference. The interference fringe maxima occur at angles d θ n = n λ , n = 0 , 1 , 2 , … {\ ... ISBN 978-0-7167-0810-0. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Double-slit experiments. Double slit interference lecture by ... In the double-slit experiment, the two slits are illuminated by the quasi-monochromatic light of a single laser. If the width ...
Binary opposition Consequentialism Dilemma False dilemma Minimax Mouseland Necessary evil Principle of double effect Two wrongs ... The lesser of two evils principle, also referred to as the lesser evil principle and lesser-evilism, is the principle that when ... The principle of "the lesser of two evils" is sometimes jokingly (without regard for its strategic importance) changed to "the ... The principle is sometimes recalled in reference to binary political choices in democratic voting under a two-party system. The ...
... diffraction pattern Double-slit experiment Knife-edge effect Fermat's principle Fourier optics Surface equivalence principle ... Feynman defines the generalized principle in the following way: "Actually Huygens' principle is not correct in optics. It is ... In 1818, Fresnel showed that Huygens's principle, together with his own principle of interference could explain both the ... the reformulation of the Huygens-Fresnel principle for radiating current sources is known as surface equivalence principle. The ...
Uniform Rights of the Terminally Ill Act (United States) Principle of Double Effect Lipman AG (2013-10-11). "The IAHPC Manual ... Even though opioids tend to provide a comforting effect for recipients, there exists the risk of drug dependence and - to a ... As benzodiazepines suppress the activities of nerves in the brain, they also create a sedating effect which is utilized for ... Plumer's Principles and Practices of Intravenous Therapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. "National Hospice and Palliative Care ...
For example, the Sagnac effect is based on the independence of light speed from the source velocity, and the image of Double ... The foundations of relativity (such as the equivalence principle or the relativity principle) are not fictitious, but based on ... as demonstrated by De Sitter double star experiment, Sagnac effect, and many others (see emission theory). The velocity of ... These effects appear to be mathematically consistent as a whole, but in reality they allegedly are not true. Yet, this view was ...
A common effect that can be observed is the splitting of an incident ray into two rays when propagating in a birefringent ... While the Huygens' principle of double refraction explains the phenomenon of double refraction in an optically anisotropic ... Huygens principle of double refraction, named after Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens, explains the phenomenon of double ... Double refraction Electromagnetic wave equation Huygens-Fresnel principle Isotropy Polarization Poynting vector Wave vector al ...
R v Adams [1957] is an English case that established the principle of double effect applicable to doctors: that if a doctor " ... He made one legal direction that established the double effect principle in respect of the mens rea of murder. Where restoring ... this test would create liability in R v Adams but it did not for the legal excuse provided for by the doctrine of double effect ... English law Airedale NHS Trust v Bland - approving the case in the highest court, and adding further principles. R v Dyson [ ...
The totals show the net effect on the accounting equation and the double-entry principle, where the transactions are balanced. ... The basic principle is that the account receiving benefit is debited, while the account giving benefit is credited. For ... It is just a transfer to a proper bank account of record in the company's books, not affecting the ledger. To make it more ... When an asset (e.g. an espresso machine) has been acquired in a business, the transaction will affect the debit side of that ...
He did not believe the principle of double effect applied, saying the doctors intended to kill via dilation and curettage. " ... "principle of double effect", while the preceding Directive 45 in the same document explicitly states: "Abortion (that is, the ... Prusak, Bernard G. (August 2011). "Double effect, all over again: The case of Sister Margaret McBride". Theoretical Medicine ... Every procedure whose sole immediate effect is the termination of pregnancy before viability is an abortion, which, in its ...
If both stations are affected to the same extent by the same trends then a double mass curve should follow a straight line. A ... This technique is based on the principle that when each recorded data comes from the same parent population, they are ... An example of a double mass analysis is a "double mass plot", or "double mass curve". For this, points and/or a joining line ... Breaks in the double-mass curve of such variables are caused by changes in the relation between the variables. These changes ...
Assisted suicide in the United States Brittany Maynard Principle of double effect "States with Legal Physician-Assisted Suicide ... "D.C. physician-assisted suicide law goes into effect". www.washingtontimes.com. "Governor Mills signs 'Death with Dignity' bill ... became the 7th US state to allow assisted dying after the Governor of New Jersey signed the bill into law and went into effect ...
The effect of doubling private assets is based on the principle of compound interest and the possibility of earning an approx. ...
Of note is the principle of double effect, formulated in the Summa, II-II, Q.64, art.7, which is a justification of homicide in ... Aquinas says that the fundamental axioms of ontology are the principle of non-contradiction and the principle of causality. ... The principle of individuation, i.e., of numerical distinction of one individual from another with the same specific nature, is ... But we do prove it a posteriori, i.e., from the things that have been created, following an argument from the effects to the ...
The double bond between C7 and C8 is not required for the analgesic effect and reduction of the double bond will increase the ... There is another principle for the hydroxyl group on C6 as the removal enhances its activity. The increased activity is mainly ... OIC is one of the most common adverse effects caused by opioids, so the discovery of PAMORAs can prevent the effects that often ... His objective was to find a drug that could not pass the blood-brain-barrier, without affecting the analgesic effects of the ...
... as the effects of the two principles together often give rise to a double effect (further described in next section). Even ... Double effect refers to two types of consequences that may be produced by a single action, and in medical ethics it is usually ... The principles of autonomy and beneficence/non-maleficence may also be expanded to include effects on the relatives of patients ... Medical.Webends.com > Double effect Archived 2010-09-05 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved September 2010 Page 424 in:Tefferi, ...
The principle of double effect, originated by Thomas Aquinas, holds that actions with both good and bad consequences are ... Riots broke out on the day a vaccination law took effect; vaccination symbolized the most feared and most tangible aspect of a ... Adverse effects ascribed to vaccines typically have an unknown origin, an increasing incidence, some biological plausibility, ... The reason vaccines may be withheld if a child is moderately to severely ill is because certain expected side effects of ...
The principle of double effect - also known as the rule of double effect, the doctrine of double effect, often abbreviated as ... "Doctrine of Double Effect". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Wikiquote has quotations related to Principle of double effect ... Because advocates of double effect propose that consequentially similar acts can be morally different, double effect is most ... double-effect reasoning, or simply double effect - is a set of ethical criteria which Christian philosophers have advocated for ...
"Double Effect Principle" by people in this website by year, and whether "Double Effect Principle" was a major or minor topic of ... "Double Effect Principle" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Double Effect Principle*Double Effect Principle. *Effect Principle, Double. *Principle, Double Effect ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Double Effect Principle" by people in Profiles. ...
Tag: principle of double effect. Arguments for Just War. Reading Time: 5 minutes By Simon Falk, Catholic University of America ...
... law DOI link for The religiously inspired principle of ... Thus, there is a need to explicitly focus attention on a religiously inspired principle that has been used in the courts and ... double effect in English medical law. The religiously inspired principle of double effect in English medical law ...
This is known as the "principle of double effect." In general terms, this principle states that at times it may be permissible ... The Principle of Double Effect. There are cases that arise, however, in which even the most pro-life of doctors cannot find a ... unintended effect). Perhaps the most paradigmatic case of this principle in action is when doctors remove the fallopian tube of ... Indeed, as Catholics we can be proud that we hold true to fundamental moral principles that will build a more humane society. ...
This is sometimes referred to as the principle of double effect.. *The role-responsibility principle recognizes that the ... When the harm is merely an unintended side effect of an intended good effect, the business may be justified in taking the ... Transparency Internationals Business Principles on Countering Bribery, G20/OECD Principles of Corporate Governance and the ... These principles have been defined as follows:. *Solidarity manifests itself when one shows active interest in the good of ...
So to defend the Principle of Double Effect, a principle of ethics, we first need a sound understanding of the concepts of ... "Toward Understanding the Principle of Double Effect," Ethics, 90: 527-538.. *Bratman, Michael, 1987. Intention, Plans, and ... something we must grasp if we are to see what motivates the Principle or Doctrine of Double Effect (See SEP entry for more ... about the pros and cons of the Doctrine of Double Effect). Anscombe does not so much argue for the principle, as insist that it ...
... and the principle of double effect tries to capture these and other important issues. The principle of double effect also ... have been expressed in what is called the principle of double effect. The principle states that when an action has good and bad ... The principle of double effect expresses the importance of intentions and means to ends in moral actions. This is in keeping ... What Is Euthanasia- Intentional Action and the Principle of Double Effect When we evaluate the morality of someones action, we ...
... the principle of "double effect" applies. The priniciple of Double Effect is a philosophical construct whereby you have a ... So the principle of Double effect applies here too. There are other examples but I think you get the picture ... We could talk about the ends justifying the means, rationalization, double effect and such and have reasonable expectation that ... There are actually principles that are worth fighting for, and dying for…be that on a battlefield, or in a hospice bed. ...
It is 6 months in the making, and also contains a cool new principle of magic. From the Intro: Dont you just love it when an ... and contains 7 commercial card effects, 2 new sleights, and one troubleshooting idea. ... 1. Cheddar + Chutney - A double sandwich effect inspired by Dave Forrests Piccalilli. It obeys Joshua Jays principle of ... Blank You Very Much is a very interesting principle. The effect sounds like a miracle: Spectator places a freely thought of ...
395-0500 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE NYNEX ANNOUNCES EIGHTH STRAIGHT QUARTER OF DOUBLE-DIGIT NET INCOME GROWTH ... effect of change in. accounting principle 159.6 213.8 403.1 361.5. Cumulative effect of change. in accounting principle --- ... enhanced pension offer, the cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle,. certain charges and a gain on the sale of ... comparison is affected by 1996s storm-stimulated volumes and its additional leap-year. day. Access minutes of use increased ...
The Double-Effect Principle: From Thomas Aquinas to Its Current Meaning 119-129 Mario Macias ...
... which take diametrically opposed views of the helpfulness of the concept of intention and the Principle of Double Effect, are ... The action/omission distinction and the principle of double effect. Philosophy, 77, 211-233. ... Woods and Graven offer a four-point definition of what they call the Doctrine of Double Effect: 1. The act itself must be of ... 3. The good effect must be produced directly by the action, and not by the bad effect. The agent must not use a bad means to a ...
... lesser of two evils and principle of double effect ... This is an example of the principle of double effect. Applying ... Another very important moral principle to be applied in this election is the principle of double effect, which in this case ... But, again, the lesser evil is not the only moral principle involved. ... so that they cannot be accused of adhering to the immoral principle that the end justifies the means. Cordially, TIA ...
The principle of double effect : a history and philosophical defense /. Routledge, 2020.. Online resource ([BJ1500]). Check ... The principles of new ethics.. Routledge, 2020.. Online resource ([BJ117]). Check availability. ... Psychoanalytic insights into fundamentalism and conviction : the certainty principle /. Routledge, 2020.. Online resource ([ ...
The trial conduct adhered to strong research and ethical principles, high data completeness, and compliance by participants. ... Effect of high dose.... *Effect of high dose folic acid supplementation in pregnancy on pre-eclampsia (FACT): double blind, ... Effect of high dose folic acid supplementation in pregnancy on pre-eclampsia (FACT): double blind, phase III, randomised ... Effect of high dose folic acid supplementation in pregnancy on pre-eclampsia (FACT): double blind, phase III, randomised ...
But the Christian also acknowledges a potential double effect, for every moral act can lead to consequences not intended, but ... Article: Vaccines and the Christian Worldview: Principles for Christian Thinking in the Context of COVID *. ... https://albertmohler.com/2020/12/14/vaccines-and-the-christian-worldview-principles-for-christian-thinking-in-the-context-of- ...
Christian hospitals and consumers have long used the Principle of Double Effect and the Doctrine of Material Complicity to ... Both principles are carefully nuanced, but if we didnt have such principles, not only could we not give to Caesar whats ... Although most people are familiar with the liberal articulation of the principle, the principle has its roots in Christian ... This principle has a long history in liberal social philosophy, which begins with the assumption that individuals should enjoy ...
What made this double-wishbone suspension - also known as the Weissach axle - unique was its toe-in stabilising effect. This ... Power was transmitted according to the transaxle principle. To improve aerodynamics, the models were fitted with a front and ...
He introduced us to moral dilemmas, to the principle of double effect, to the reasoned choice of the lesser of two evils; he ... Some, who feel even Buchanan must know he is not presidential, think he runs only to assert a principle. But he has been ... Murray Kempton thinks that geniality prevents Buchanan from living down to his principles. He says things only a fanatic should ... all over the New Hampshire landscape denouncing George Bushs tax increase as the great betrayal of all conservative principle ...
This brings us to the familiar nexus of the Christian doctrine of just war and the principle of double effect. Double effect is ... But what if, as the principle of double effect suggests, they are wrong about the status of their normative commitments? What ... Double effect] articulates the common intuition that, though their effects are the same, accidental homicide and murder should ... double effect makes a crucial distinction between the effects of an act that the agent intends and those the agent accepts with ...
in articles 1 through 3. These are the Youngs Double Slit Experiment and the Photoelectric Effect. In article 4 he goes into ... I seem to recall that in P.A.M. Diracs book The Principles of Quantum Mechanics he says that supperposition is a reasonable ... When two of them ran an experiment designed to measure the effect of the Earths motion through the Ether on the speed of light ... dr_rocket said .... in P.A.M. Diracs book The Principles of Quantum Mechanics he says that supperposition is a reasonable ...
Ethics approval This study adheres to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was approved by the Ethics ... Effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on cognition and blood lipids: a 12-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled ... Effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on cognition and blood lipids: a 12-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled ... Vitamin D can play an important role in brain health and function, and exert various neuroprotective effects in brain areas ...
... is to create a double flywheel effect. In the research for Good to Great, my team and I uncovered the flywheel principle.1 In ... All great companies harness the flywheel effect.. Later, in Good to Great and the Social Sectors, I observed how the flywheel ... principle also applies to social sector institutions.2 But there is a big difference between business flywheels and social ...
I used a double stochastic phasic firing pattern as input to the model and investigated the effect of denervation on the number ... In principle, SM production is 0 in both pathways when subjected to tonic firing. However, since the stochastic elements of the ... 5A, effect of DAT inhibition in intact; dark red, 0 mg/kg; bright red, 6 mg/kg; orange, 15 mg/kg; Fig. 5B, effect of DAT ... 4E, compare black shade, l-dopa, and blue shade, control). The increased variability has a double effect. First, changes in D1 ...
Steffen describes the principle of double effect in the context of war, writing that ... The analogy between double effect in the killing of noncombatants and the procurement of an abortion is stronger than he thinks ... But here Steffen does not cite a single instance of the enormous literature on double effect and ectopic pregnancy, to take ... Further, only the exceptionless moral norm allows the basis for double effect thinking because, if we could simply violate the ...
Two distinctions that do make a difference: the action-omission distinction and the principle of double effect.. Philosophy, 77 ...
"Using the Imagination in Normative Moral Reasoning around the Principle of Double Effect to foster Doctrinal Development in ... Threat of Imminent Death in Pregnancy: A Role for Double Effect Reasoning. Theological Studies 72 (December 2011): 848-878. ... Magill, G. The Ethical Principle of Material Cooperation in Health Care. Prepared by G. Magill for a national association, 1995 ... Tom L. Beauchamp and James F. Childress, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. ...
The double jeopardy principle relevant to respondents case is the same as that invoked in Bullington: an acquittal on the ... Reliance on an error of law, however, does not change the double jeopardy effects of a judgment that amounts to an acquittal on ... Application of the Bullington principle renders respondents death sentence a violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause because ... reliance on an error of law does not change the double jeopardy effects of a judgment that amounts to an acquittal on the ...
  • The first known example of double-effect reasoning is Thomas Aquinas' treatment of homicidal self-defense, in his work Summa Theologica. (wikipedia.org)
  • The principle of double effect - also known as the rule of double effect, the doctrine of double effect, often abbreviated as DDE or PDE, double-effect reasoning, or simply double effect - is a set of ethical criteria which Christian philosophers have advocated for evaluating the permissibility of acting when one's otherwise legitimate act may also cause an effect one would otherwise be obliged to avoid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Woods and Graven offer a four-point definition of what they call the 'Doctrine of Double Effect': 1. (springer.com)
  • Trolley problem - a moral dilemma exploring the principle of double effect Competing harms and necessity - similar theories in law Lesser of two evils principle Summa Theologiae, IIa-IIae Q. 64, art. (wikipedia.org)
  • 7 T. A. Cavanaugh, Double-Effect Reasoning: Doing Good and Avoiding Evil, p.36, Oxford: Clarendon Press Mark Timmons, Moral Theory: An Introduction (Rowman & Littlefield 2003 ISBN 978-0-8476-9768-7), p. 80 McIntyre, Alison (2004-07-28). (wikipedia.org)
  • But, again, the lesser evil is not the only moral principle involved. (traditioninaction.org)
  • Another very important moral principle to be applied in this election is the principle of double effect , which in this case supersedes and overrules the first. (traditioninaction.org)
  • But the Christian also acknowledges a potential double effect, for every moral act can lead to consequences not intended, but unavoidable. (apologetics315.com)
  • To be fair, a couple of libertarians (one of whom is running for office) wrote me and stated that their informed ideological brethren understand that law must have a moral basis, such as the "non-aggression principle. (americanthinker.com)
  • Conducted during a half-year sabbatical, in the Fall of 2014, Cavanaugh completed and had accepted for publication an article, "DER and Policy: The Recommendation of a Topic," which appeared in a special issue of the American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly devoted to Double-effect Reasoning. (usfca.edu)
  • One of my core interests in teaching is to bring my students to recognize fundamental philosophical and theological principles, and to learn to think from those principles, so that they are able to "see the forest instead of all the little trees" in their theological endeavors. (dspt.edu)
  • Sweden has an almost three-century-long tradition of openness, whose principles are enshrined in the state's fundamental laws. (lu.se)
  • The health strategies are based on the fundamental principle that health, constituting physical, mental and social well being, is a prerequisite for the enjoyment of life and for optimal productivity. (who.int)
  • Methods Randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial comparing a 12-week programme of using a GTN or placebo patch in combination with eccentric squats on a decline board. (bmj.com)
  • 2. The agent may not positively intend the bad effect but may foresee it (and allow it to happen) but if there were a means to achieve the good effect without the bad effect then that would be the preferred option. (springer.com)
  • The intention must be the achieving of only the good effect, with the bad effect being only an unintended side effect. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two rival interpretations of the findings, which take diametrically opposed views of the helpfulness of the concept of intention and the Principle of Double Effect, are outlined. (springer.com)
  • Analyses were performed following the intention-to-treat principle. (bmj.com)
  • To further clarify what is meant by business integrity and ethics, the Module starts by discussing basic ethical principles that apply in corporations. (unodc.org)
  • For example, Elegido (1996) refers to six basic ethical principles that apply to businesses: solidarity, efficiency, rationality, fairness, refraining from willingly harming others, and role-responsibility. (unodc.org)
  • the good effect outweighs the bad effect in circumstances sufficiently grave to justify causing the bad effect and the agent exercises due diligence to minimize the harm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Smith is at his best when describing the incoherence or incompleteness of what are supposed to be the leading candidates for agreed-upon bases for political debate: freedom, autonomy, equality, neutrality, reciprocity, Martha Nussbaum's "capabilities approach," or John Stuart Mill's harm principle. (commonwealmagazine.org)
  • Similarly, in the chapter on the harm principle, Smith argues that there is less than meets the eye. (commonwealmagazine.org)
  • The basic idea of the harm principle is familiar to everyone, even if you haven't sat through sophomore philosophy: crudely put, coercive legislation that restricts liberty is justified only when the proscribed conduct imposes some harm on other persons. (commonwealmagazine.org)
  • Smith's argument is that the harm principle is question-begging because the ascription of "harm" requires setting some baseline of what does or does not constitute a harm-a baseline that the harm principle itself does not provide and upon which the principle is parasitic. (commonwealmagazine.org)
  • The harm principle is of little help in deciding whether possession of pornography, for example, should be prohibited by law. (commonwealmagazine.org)
  • This principle has a long history in liberal social philosophy, which begins with the assumption that individuals should enjoy the maximum amount of freedom consistent with everybody enjoying the same liberties, as philosopher John Rawls put it. (crisismagazine.com)
  • As noted in Part I, given the already dubious efficacy of these novel vaccines, the emerging adverse side effects weigh more heavily in the balance when assessing their utility, and thus the purported "grave necessity" justifying their use despite their "remote" origins in abortion. (lifesitenews.com)
  • 4. The good effect must be sufficiently important to compensate for the allowing of the bad effect. (springer.com)
  • In their use of the distinction between intent and foresight without intent, advocates of double effect make three arguments. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two distinctions that do make a difference: The action/omission distinction and the principle of double effect. (springer.com)
  • Principles of biomedical ethics (6th ed. (springer.com)
  • Ethics approval This study adheres to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. (bmj.com)
  • Taking hops along with estrogen might decrease the effects of estrogen. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Alternatively, for every 3-dB decrease in noise level, the allowable exposure time is doubled, as shown in the table below. (cdc.gov)
  • The principle of double effect is used to justify the administration of medication to relieve pain even though it may lead to the unintended, although foreseen, consequence of hastening death by causing respiratory depression, says a paper published by the International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care. (ibtimes.com)
  • So, for example, the principle is invoked to hold as ethically out of bounds the terror bombing of non-combatants having as its goal victory in a legitimate war, while holding as ethically in bounds an act of strategic bombing that similarly harms non-combatants with foresight as a side effect of destroying a legitimate military target. (wikipedia.org)
  • This analysis provides a quantitative, physiologically consistent view of the early and late stages of PD, the effect of main therapeutic medications, and potential side effects. (jneurosci.org)
  • While upsetting to, relatives, these side effects are temporary and the mental changes often bring relief to patients by decreasing their awareness of suffering. (cpforlife.org)
  • It can cause side effects such as stomach upset, nausea, and vomiting. (webmd.com)
  • Taking iron supplements with food seems to reduce side effects. (webmd.com)
  • Higher doses can cause stomach side effects such as nausea and vomiting and may even increase the risk for preterm birth. (webmd.com)
  • This could change the effects and side effects of these medications. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Using it along with other supplements with similar effects might increase estrogen-like effects and side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Tumor Lysis and Cytokine Release Syndromes Adverse effects are common in patients receiving any cancer therapy, particularly cytopenias, gastrointestinal effects, and tumor lysis and cytokine release syndromes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Some data suggest erythropoietin use can have adverse effects on cancer prognosis and is prothrombotic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We must eliminate this policy on the terminally ill since the word "terminal" has many definitions and it is too illusive or subjective to be used in policies affecting those patients in whom death is imminent. (cpforlife.org)
  • All policies affecting the medical treatment of patients whose death is imminent need to safeguard the patient and/or significant power of attorney that if the patient's .condition changes and death is not imminent all hydration, nutrition and appropriate medical treatment will be re-initiated ("imminent" defined as the relation to death of a patient in an irreversible, persistent" catabolic state of irreversible respiratory or metabolic acidosis. (cpforlife.org)
  • 3 , 4 In elite sports characterised by high demands on the knee extensors, such as volleyball, basketball and athletics, as many of 40-50% of patients are affected. (bmj.com)
  • Basic Principles Governing Suppression. (cdc.gov)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Double Effect Principle" by people in this website by year, and whether "Double Effect Principle" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Double Effect Principle" by people in Profiles. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Although most people are familiar with the liberal articulation of the principle, the principle has its roots in Christian thought. (crisismagazine.com)
  • Taking it along with other supplements with similar effects might cause too much sleepiness and/or slowed breathing in some people. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Financial results discussed in this release are adjusted for the effects of an enhanced pension offer, the cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle, certain charges and a gain on the sale of an investment. (verizon.com)
  • Although the trial court initially relied on a misconstruction of the statute defining the "pecuniary gain" aggravating circumstance, reliance on an error of law does not change the double jeopardy effects of a judgment that amounts to an acquittal on the merits of the issue in the sentencing proceeding -- whether death was the appropriate punishment for respondent's offense. (justia.com)
  • 3. The good effect must be produced directly by the action, and not by the bad effect. (springer.com)
  • Vitamin D can play an important role in brain health and function, and exert various neuroprotective effects in brain areas essential for cognition. (bmj.com)
  • Percentage scores ed in affected areas and broadcast media coverage on local for each respondent were ranked and classifi ed as above television and radio. (cdc.gov)
  • NIOSH establishes recommended exposure limits (RELs) to protect workers against the health effects of exposure to hazardous substances and agents encountered in the workplace. (cdc.gov)
  • The bad effect must not be the means by which one achieves the good effect. (wikipedia.org)
  • The principle of double effect is based on the idea that there is a morally relevant difference between an "intended" consequence of an act and one that is foreseen by the actor but not calculated to achieve their motive. (wikipedia.org)
  • Be is the latest ebook from creative young magician Kyle MacNeill, and contains 7 commercial card effects, 2 new sleights, and one troubleshooting idea. (lybrary.com)
  • 1. Instant Repeat Collectors - Using this great little nugget of an idea, you can instantly repeat and Instant collectors effect - after the first phase has taken place, you then show the selections, remove them, the spectator shuffles them into the pack, and then the collectors cards instantly collect them once more. (lybrary.com)
  • The first phase (SABRE Proof-of-Principle or PoP) aims to develop and test radio-pure NaI(Tl) crystals in an active veto detector at LNGS. (infn.it)
  • To strengthen the reliability of the result against possible seasonal systematic effects, we currently plan twin full-scale experiments, one in the northern hemisphere at LNGS, in Italy, and one in the southern hemisphere inside the Stawell gold mine in Victoria, Australia, which is being converted into an underground laboratory (SUPL). (infn.it)
  • Decreases in RBCs result from a direct effect of the cancer (especially in blood and bone marrow cancers such as leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma) and from effects of cancer therapy, especially conventional cancer (chemotherapy) drugs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Decreases in platelets result from a direct effect of the cancer (especially blood and bone marrow cancers such as leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma) and from effects of cancer therapy, especially conventional chemotherapy drugs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Double Effect Principle" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ucdenver.edu)
  • This double measurement will improve disentangling any subtle effect due to cosmic muons, which have an opposite seasonal modulation in the two hemispheres. (infn.it)
  • Generalised estimated equation was used to analyse the treatment, time and treatment×time effect. (bmj.com)
  • 0.01) but no effect for treatment×time (p=0.80). (bmj.com)
  • A survey conducted in 2 affected and 3 unaffected sures, avian infl uenza information sources and knowledge provinces found that greater knowledge about reducing ex- of appropriate preventive measures, poultry and animal posure was associated with higher socioeconomic status, handling, food and generic hygiene, and human infl uenza residence in affected provinces, and not owning backyard knowledge and treatment seeking. (cdc.gov)
  • This justification is generally a form of the principle of double effect. (blogspot.com)
  • Data were double-entered by Afghanistan was to cull all poultry within a 3-km radius, using Microsoft Access (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) restrict poultry movement and importation, and conduct in- and analyzed by using Stata 8 software (Stata Corporation, tensive infl uenza-like illness surveillance and information, College Station, TX, USA). (cdc.gov)
  • The capital sentencing proceeding in Arizona shares the characteristics of the Missouri proceeding that made it resemble a trial for purposes of the Double Jeopardy Clause. (justia.com)
  • Both hypothesises are tested by placing the principles of openness and privacy within Ricoeur's concept of social imaginary, animated by ideology and utopia as opposing and coexisting forces. (lu.se)
  • The main guiding principles and the strategic directions of this HSSDP are also the guiding principles and strategic directions of Macro-policy of Eritrea. (who.int)
  • On respondent's mandatory appeal, the Arizona Supreme Court held that, under Bullington, respondent's death sentence violated the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment, and ordered that the sentence be reduced to life imprisonment without possibility of parole for 25 years. (justia.com)
  • The Double Jeopardy Clause prohibits Arizona from sentencing respondent to death. (justia.com)
  • Socioeconomic quintiles (SEQs) were defi ned by We conducted a survey of knowledge, attitudes, and prac- principle components analysis using employment, educa- tices (KAPs) regarding avian infl uenza in Afghanistan. (cdc.gov)
  • Thus, there is a need to explicitly focus attention on a religiously inspired principle that has been used in the courts and that holds within it a very explicit vindication of a sanctity of life perspective. (taylorfrancis.com)