Double Effect Principle
Withholding/withdrawing treatment from neonates: legislation and official guidelines across Europe. (1/19)
Representatives from eight European countries compared the legal, ethical and professional settings within which decision making for neonates takes place. When it comes to limiting treatment there is general agreement across all countries that overly aggressive treatment is to be discouraged. Nevertheless, strong emphasis has been placed on the need for compassionate care even where cure is not possible. Where a child will die irrespective of medical intervention, there is widespread acceptance of the practice of limiting aggressive treatment or alleviating suffering even if death may be hastened as a result. Where the infant could be saved but the future outlook is bleak there is more debate, but only two countries have tested the courts with such cases. When it comes to the active intentional ending of life, the legal position is standard across Europe; it is prohibited. However, recognising those intractable situations where death may be lingering and unpleasant, Dutch paediatricians have reported that they do sometimes assist babies to die with parental consent. Two cases have been tried through the courts and recent official recommendations have set out standards by which such actions may be assessed. (+info)Death--whose decision? Euthanasia and the terminally ill. (2/19)
In Australia and Oregon, USA, legislation to permit statutory sanctioned physician-assisted dying was enacted. However, opponents, many of whom held strong religious views, were successful with repeal in Australia. Similar opposition in Oregon was formidable, but ultimately lost in a 60-40% vote reaffirming physician-assisted dying. This paper examines the human dilemma which arises when technological advances in end-of-life medicine conflict with traditional and religious sanctity-of-life values. Society places high value on personal autonomy, particularly in the United States. We compare the potential for inherent contradictions and arbitrary decisions where patient autonomy is either permitted or forbidden. The broader implications for human experience resulting from new legislation in both Australia and Oregon are discussed. We conclude that allowing autonomy for the terminally ill, within circumscribed options, results in fewer ethical contradictions and greater preservation of dignity. (+info)At the coalface: medical ethics in practice. A double dose of double effect. (3/19)
This paper presents a clinically orientated illustration of the doctrine of double effect. The case of an elderly gentleman with advanced cancer is discussed, with particular emphasis on two dilemmas encountered during the terminal phase of his illness. The author describes how the doctrine of double effect was applied to help the team make some complex management decisions. (+info)Are medical ethicists out of touch? Practitioner attitudes in the US and UK towards decisions at the end of life. (4/19)
OBJECTIVES: To assess whether UK and US health care professionals share the views of medical ethicists about medical futility, withdrawing/withholding treatment, ordinary/extraordinary interventions, and the doctrine of double effect. DESIGN, SUBJECTS AND SETTING: A 138-item attitudinal questionnaire completed by 469 UK nurses studying the Open University course on "Death and Dying" was compared with a similar questionnaire administered to 759 US nurses and 687 US doctors taking the Hastings Center course on "Decisions near the End of Life". RESULTS: Practitioners accept the relevance of concepts widely disparaged by bioethicists: double effect, medical futility, and the distinctions between heroic/ordinary interventions and withholding/withdrawing treatment. Within the UK nurses' group a "rationalist" axis of respondents who describe themselves as having "no religion" are closer to the bioethics consensus on withholding and withdrawing treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Professionals' beliefs differ substantially from the recommendations of their professional bodies and from majority opinion in bioethics. Bioethicists should be cautious about assuming that their opinions will be readily accepted by practitioners. (+info)Two challenges to the double effect doctrine: euthanasia and abortion. (5/19)
The validity of the double effect doctrine is examined in euthanasia and abortion. In these two situations killing is a method of treatment. It is argued that the doctrine cannot apply to the care of the dying. Firstly, doctors are obliged to harm patients in order to do good to them. Secondly, patients should make their own value judgments about being mutilated or killed. Thirdly, there is little intuitive moral difference between direct and indirect killing. Nor can the doctrine apply to abortion. Doctors kill fetuses as a means of treating the mother. They also kill them as an inevitable side effect of other treatment. Drawing a moral distinction between the direct and the indirect killing gives counterintuitive results. It is suggested that pragmatic rules, not ethics, govern practices around euthanasia and cause it to be more restricted than abortion. (+info)On genies and bottles: scientists' moral responsibility and dangerous technology R&D. (6/19)
(+info)Occupational turnover intentions among substance abuse counselors. (7/19)
(+info)Euthanasia and the doctors--a rejection of the BMA's report. (8/19)
The working party on euthanasia set up by the British Medical Association produced its report in 1988 (1). The first of its terms of reference was 'to examine the ethical problems relating to euthanasia, terminal illness, and suicide' and as far as active voluntary euthanasia (AVE) is concerned it failed conspicuously to do its job. The purpose of this article is not to restate the case for AVE but to examine the reason for the failure. (Figures in square brackets refer to sections in the report.) (+info)The Double Effect Principle is a doctrine in moral and medical philosophy that allows an action that causes a serious harm, such as the death of a human being, as a side effect of promoting some good end. The principle states that an action having two effects -- one good and one bad -- may be morally permissible if the following conditions are met:
1. The action itself must be morally good or neutral.
2. The bad effect must not be the means by which the good effect is achieved.
3. The intention of the person performing the action must be to achieve the good effect, with the bad effect being an unintended side effect.
4. The good effect must be proportionate to the bad effect.
In medical contexts, the Double Effect Principle is often invoked in debates about end-of-life care and the use of potentially life-shortening treatments. For example, a doctor may administer pain-relieving drugs that also have the side effect of shortening the patient's life, if their primary intention is to alleviate the patient's suffering and not to cause their death. The principle is controversial and has been subject to much debate and criticism in bioethics.
Ethics is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. In the medical field, ethics refers to the principles that guide doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals in making decisions about patient care. These principles often include respect for autonomy (the right of patients to make their own decisions), non-maleficence (doing no harm), beneficence (acting in the best interests of the patient), and justice (fairness in the distribution of resources). Medical ethics may also involve considerations of confidentiality, informed consent, and end-of-life decision making.
Principle of double effect
Lucius Iwejuru Ugorji
Catholic theology of sexuality
Intention
Timothy E. Quill
John Bodkin Adams
Catholic Church and abortion
Richard Huxtable
Abortion law
Beginning of pregnancy controversy
Double jeopardy
Seana Shiffrin
Plank of Carneades
Double-track railway
Double-slit experiment
Lesser of two evils principle
Huygens-Fresnel principle
Palliative sedation
Criticism of the theory of relativity
Huygens principle of double refraction
R v Adams (1957)
Debits and credits
Excommunication of Margaret McBride
Double mass analysis
Euthanasia in the United States
Max Otte
Thomism
Peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonist
Medical ethics
Vaccine hesitancy
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Thomas Aquinas1
- The first known example of double-effect reasoning is Thomas Aquinas' treatment of homicidal self-defense, in his work Summa Theologica. (wikipedia.org)
Doctrine2
- The principle of double effect - also known as the rule of double effect, the doctrine of double effect, often abbreviated as DDE or PDE, double-effect reasoning, or simply double effect - is a set of ethical criteria which Christian philosophers have advocated for evaluating the permissibility of acting when one's otherwise legitimate act may also cause an effect one would otherwise be obliged to avoid. (wikipedia.org)
- Woods and Graven offer a four-point definition of what they call the 'Doctrine of Double Effect': 1. (springer.com)
Moral6
- Trolley problem - a moral dilemma exploring the principle of double effect Competing harms and necessity - similar theories in law Lesser of two evils principle Summa Theologiae, IIa-IIae Q. 64, art. (wikipedia.org)
- 7 T. A. Cavanaugh, Double-Effect Reasoning: Doing Good and Avoiding Evil, p.36, Oxford: Clarendon Press Mark Timmons, Moral Theory: An Introduction (Rowman & Littlefield 2003 ISBN 978-0-8476-9768-7), p. 80 McIntyre, Alison (2004-07-28). (wikipedia.org)
- But, again, the lesser evil is not the only moral principle involved. (traditioninaction.org)
- Another very important moral principle to be applied in this election is the principle of double effect , which in this case supersedes and overrules the first. (traditioninaction.org)
- But the Christian also acknowledges a potential double effect, for every moral act can lead to consequences not intended, but unavoidable. (apologetics315.com)
- To be fair, a couple of libertarians (one of whom is running for office) wrote me and stated that their informed ideological brethren understand that law must have a moral basis, such as the "non-aggression principle. (americanthinker.com)
Reasoning1
- Conducted during a half-year sabbatical, in the Fall of 2014, Cavanaugh completed and had accepted for publication an article, "DER and Policy: The Recommendation of a Topic," which appeared in a special issue of the American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly devoted to Double-effect Reasoning. (usfca.edu)
Fundamental3
- One of my core interests in teaching is to bring my students to recognize fundamental philosophical and theological principles, and to learn to think from those principles, so that they are able to "see the forest instead of all the little trees" in their theological endeavors. (dspt.edu)
- Sweden has an almost three-century-long tradition of openness, whose principles are enshrined in the state's fundamental laws. (lu.se)
- The health strategies are based on the fundamental principle that health, constituting physical, mental and social well being, is a prerequisite for the enjoyment of life and for optimal productivity. (who.int)
Placebo-controlled1
- Methods Randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial comparing a 12-week programme of using a GTN or placebo patch in combination with eccentric squats on a decline board. (bmj.com)
Intend the bad effect1
- 2. The agent may not positively intend the bad effect but may foresee it (and allow it to happen) but if there were a means to achieve the good effect without the bad effect then that would be the preferred option. (springer.com)
Intention3
- The intention must be the achieving of only the good effect, with the bad effect being only an unintended side effect. (wikipedia.org)
- Two rival interpretations of the findings, which take diametrically opposed views of the helpfulness of the concept of intention and the Principle of Double Effect, are outlined. (springer.com)
- Analyses were performed following the intention-to-treat principle. (bmj.com)
Ethical2
- To further clarify what is meant by business integrity and ethics, the Module starts by discussing basic ethical principles that apply in corporations. (unodc.org)
- For example, Elegido (1996) refers to six basic ethical principles that apply to businesses: solidarity, efficiency, rationality, fairness, refraining from willingly harming others, and role-responsibility. (unodc.org)
Harm6
- the good effect outweighs the bad effect in circumstances sufficiently grave to justify causing the bad effect and the agent exercises due diligence to minimize the harm. (wikipedia.org)
- Smith is at his best when describing the incoherence or incompleteness of what are supposed to be the leading candidates for agreed-upon bases for political debate: freedom, autonomy, equality, neutrality, reciprocity, Martha Nussbaum's "capabilities approach," or John Stuart Mill's harm principle. (commonwealmagazine.org)
- Similarly, in the chapter on the harm principle, Smith argues that there is less than meets the eye. (commonwealmagazine.org)
- The basic idea of the harm principle is familiar to everyone, even if you haven't sat through sophomore philosophy: crudely put, coercive legislation that restricts liberty is justified only when the proscribed conduct imposes some harm on other persons. (commonwealmagazine.org)
- Smith's argument is that the harm principle is question-begging because the ascription of "harm" requires setting some baseline of what does or does not constitute a harm-a baseline that the harm principle itself does not provide and upon which the principle is parasitic. (commonwealmagazine.org)
- The harm principle is of little help in deciding whether possession of pornography, for example, should be prohibited by law. (commonwealmagazine.org)
Philosophy1
- This principle has a long history in liberal social philosophy, which begins with the assumption that individuals should enjoy the maximum amount of freedom consistent with everybody enjoying the same liberties, as philosopher John Rawls put it. (crisismagazine.com)
Vaccines1
- As noted in Part I, given the already dubious efficacy of these novel vaccines, the emerging adverse side effects weigh more heavily in the balance when assessing their utility, and thus the purported "grave necessity" justifying their use despite their "remote" origins in abortion. (lifesitenews.com)
Sufficiently1
- 4. The good effect must be sufficiently important to compensate for the allowing of the bad effect. (springer.com)
Arguments1
- In their use of the distinction between intent and foresight without intent, advocates of double effect make three arguments. (wikipedia.org)
Distinction1
- Two distinctions that do make a difference: The action/omission distinction and the principle of double effect. (springer.com)
Ethics2
- Principles of biomedical ethics (6th ed. (springer.com)
- Ethics approval This study adheres to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. (bmj.com)
Decrease2
- Taking hops along with estrogen might decrease the effects of estrogen. (medlineplus.gov)
- Alternatively, for every 3-dB decrease in noise level, the allowable exposure time is doubled, as shown in the table below. (cdc.gov)
Justify1
- The principle of double effect is used to justify the administration of medication to relieve pain even though it may lead to the unintended, although foreseen, consequence of hastening death by causing respiratory depression, says a paper published by the International Association for Hospice and Palliative Care. (ibtimes.com)
Side8
- So, for example, the principle is invoked to hold as ethically out of bounds the terror bombing of non-combatants having as its goal victory in a legitimate war, while holding as ethically in bounds an act of strategic bombing that similarly harms non-combatants with foresight as a side effect of destroying a legitimate military target. (wikipedia.org)
- This analysis provides a quantitative, physiologically consistent view of the early and late stages of PD, the effect of main therapeutic medications, and potential side effects. (jneurosci.org)
- While upsetting to, relatives, these side effects are temporary and the mental changes often bring relief to patients by decreasing their awareness of suffering. (cpforlife.org)
- It can cause side effects such as stomach upset, nausea, and vomiting. (webmd.com)
- Taking iron supplements with food seems to reduce side effects. (webmd.com)
- Higher doses can cause stomach side effects such as nausea and vomiting and may even increase the risk for preterm birth. (webmd.com)
- This could change the effects and side effects of these medications. (medlineplus.gov)
- Using it along with other supplements with similar effects might increase estrogen-like effects and side effects. (medlineplus.gov)
Adverse2
- Tumor Lysis and Cytokine Release Syndromes Adverse effects are common in patients receiving any cancer therapy, particularly cytopenias, gastrointestinal effects, and tumor lysis and cytokine release syndromes. (msdmanuals.com)
- Some data suggest erythropoietin use can have adverse effects on cancer prognosis and is prothrombotic. (msdmanuals.com)
Patients3
- We must eliminate this policy on the terminally ill since the word "terminal" has many definitions and it is too illusive or subjective to be used in policies affecting those patients in whom death is imminent. (cpforlife.org)
- All policies affecting the medical treatment of patients whose death is imminent need to safeguard the patient and/or significant power of attorney that if the patient's .condition changes and death is not imminent all hydration, nutrition and appropriate medical treatment will be re-initiated ("imminent" defined as the relation to death of a patient in an irreversible, persistent" catabolic state of irreversible respiratory or metabolic acidosis. (cpforlife.org)
- 3 , 4 In elite sports characterised by high demands on the knee extensors, such as volleyball, basketball and athletics, as many of 40-50% of patients are affected. (bmj.com)
Basic1
- Basic Principles Governing Suppression. (cdc.gov)
People4
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Double Effect Principle" by people in this website by year, and whether "Double Effect Principle" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ucdenver.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Double Effect Principle" by people in Profiles. (ucdenver.edu)
- Although most people are familiar with the liberal articulation of the principle, the principle has its roots in Christian thought. (crisismagazine.com)
- Taking it along with other supplements with similar effects might cause too much sleepiness and/or slowed breathing in some people. (medlineplus.gov)
Change2
- Financial results discussed in this release are adjusted for the effects of an enhanced pension offer, the cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle, certain charges and a gain on the sale of an investment. (verizon.com)
- Although the trial court initially relied on a misconstruction of the statute defining the "pecuniary gain" aggravating circumstance, reliance on an error of law does not change the double jeopardy effects of a judgment that amounts to an acquittal on the merits of the issue in the sentencing proceeding -- whether death was the appropriate punishment for respondent's offense. (justia.com)
Action1
- 3. The good effect must be produced directly by the action, and not by the bad effect. (springer.com)
Areas2
- Vitamin D can play an important role in brain health and function, and exert various neuroprotective effects in brain areas essential for cognition. (bmj.com)
- Percentage scores ed in affected areas and broadcast media coverage on local for each respondent were ranked and classifi ed as above television and radio. (cdc.gov)
Health1
- NIOSH establishes recommended exposure limits (RELs) to protect workers against the health effects of exposure to hazardous substances and agents encountered in the workplace. (cdc.gov)
Good effect1
- The bad effect must not be the means by which one achieves the good effect. (wikipedia.org)
Major1
- Major export sectors were not affected. (scoop.co.nz)
Idea3
- The principle of double effect is based on the idea that there is a morally relevant difference between an "intended" consequence of an act and one that is foreseen by the actor but not calculated to achieve their motive. (wikipedia.org)
- Be is the latest ebook from creative young magician Kyle MacNeill, and contains 7 commercial card effects, 2 new sleights, and one troubleshooting idea. (lybrary.com)
- 1. Instant Repeat Collectors - Using this great little nugget of an idea, you can instantly repeat and Instant collectors effect - after the first phase has taken place, you then show the selections, remove them, the spectator shuffles them into the pack, and then the collectors cards instantly collect them once more. (lybrary.com)
Phase1
- The first phase (SABRE Proof-of-Principle or PoP) aims to develop and test radio-pure NaI(Tl) crystals in an active veto detector at LNGS. (infn.it)
Result3
- To strengthen the reliability of the result against possible seasonal systematic effects, we currently plan twin full-scale experiments, one in the northern hemisphere at LNGS, in Italy, and one in the southern hemisphere inside the Stawell gold mine in Victoria, Australia, which is being converted into an underground laboratory (SUPL). (infn.it)
- Decreases in RBCs result from a direct effect of the cancer (especially in blood and bone marrow cancers such as leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma) and from effects of cancer therapy, especially conventional cancer (chemotherapy) drugs. (msdmanuals.com)
- Decreases in platelets result from a direct effect of the cancer (especially blood and bone marrow cancers such as leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma) and from effects of cancer therapy, especially conventional chemotherapy drugs. (msdmanuals.com)
Medical1
- Double Effect Principle" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ucdenver.edu)
Improve1
- This double measurement will improve disentangling any subtle effect due to cosmic muons, which have an opposite seasonal modulation in the two hemispheres. (infn.it)
Treatment3
- Generalised estimated equation was used to analyse the treatment, time and treatment×time effect. (bmj.com)
- 0.01) but no effect for treatment×time (p=0.80). (bmj.com)
- A survey conducted in 2 affected and 3 unaffected sures, avian infl uenza information sources and knowledge provinces found that greater knowledge about reducing ex- of appropriate preventive measures, poultry and animal posure was associated with higher socioeconomic status, handling, food and generic hygiene, and human infl uenza residence in affected provinces, and not owning backyard knowledge and treatment seeking. (cdc.gov)
Form1
- This justification is generally a form of the principle of double effect. (blogspot.com)
Data1
- Data were double-entered by Afghanistan was to cull all poultry within a 3-km radius, using Microsoft Access (Microsoft, Redmond, WA, USA) restrict poultry movement and importation, and conduct in- and analyzed by using Stata 8 software (Stata Corporation, tensive infl uenza-like illness surveillance and information, College Station, TX, USA). (cdc.gov)
Trial1
- The capital sentencing proceeding in Arizona shares the characteristics of the Missouri proceeding that made it resemble a trial for purposes of the Double Jeopardy Clause. (justia.com)
Social1
- Both hypothesises are tested by placing the principles of openness and privacy within Ricoeur's concept of social imaginary, animated by ideology and utopia as opposing and coexisting forces. (lu.se)
Policy1
- The main guiding principles and the strategic directions of this HSSDP are also the guiding principles and strategic directions of Macro-policy of Eritrea. (who.int)
Death2
- On respondent's mandatory appeal, the Arizona Supreme Court held that, under Bullington, respondent's death sentence violated the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment, and ordered that the sentence be reduced to life imprisonment without possibility of parole for 25 years. (justia.com)
- The Double Jeopardy Clause prohibits Arizona from sentencing respondent to death. (justia.com)
Survey1
- Socioeconomic quintiles (SEQs) were defi ned by We conducted a survey of knowledge, attitudes, and prac- principle components analysis using employment, educa- tices (KAPs) regarding avian infl uenza in Afghanistan. (cdc.gov)
Life1
- Thus, there is a need to explicitly focus attention on a religiously inspired principle that has been used in the courts and that holds within it a very explicit vindication of a sanctity of life perspective. (taylorfrancis.com)