Diving
Decompression Sickness
Seals, Earless
Decompression
Spheniscidae
Barotrauma
Swimming
Embolism, Air
Dolphins
Sea Lions
Fur Seals
Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome
Inert Gas Narcosis
Drug Eruptions
Breath Holding
High Pressure Neurological Syndrome
Transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale using the Amplatzer septal occluder to prevent recurrence of neurological decompression illness in divers. (1/538)
OBJECTIVE: Large flap valve patent foramens may cause paradoxical thromboembolism and neurological decompression illness in divers. The ability of a self expanding Nitinol wire mesh device (Amplatzer septal occluder) to produce complete closure of the patent foramen ovale was assessed. PATIENTS: Seven adults, aged 18-60 years, who had experienced neurological decompression illness related to diving. Six appeared to have a normal atrial septum on transthoracic echocardiography, while one was found to have an aneurysm of the interatrial septum. METHODS: Right atrial angiography was performed to delineate the morphology of the right to left shunt. The defects were sized bidirectionally with a precalibrated balloon filled with dilute contrast. The largest balloon diameter that could be repeatedly passed across the septum was used to select the occlusion device diameter. Devices were introduced through 7 F long sheaths. All patients underwent transthoracic contrast echocardiography one month after the implant. RESULTS: Device placement was successful in all patients. Device sizes ranged from 9-14 mm. The patient with an aneurysm of the interatrial septum had three defects, which were closed with two devices. Right atrial angiography showed complete immediate closure in all patients. Median (range) fluoroscopy time was 13.7 (6-35) minutes. Follow up contrast echocardiography showed no right to left shunting in six of seven patients and the passage of a few bubbles in one patient. All patients have been allowed to return to diving. CONCLUSION: The Amplatzer septal occluder can close the large flap valve patent foramen ovale in divers who have experienced neurological decompression illness. Interatrial septal aneurysms with multiple defects may require more than one device. (+info)Experiment of nitrox saturation diving with trimix excursion. (2/538)
Depth limitations to diving operation with air as the breathing gas are well known: air density, oxygen toxicity, nitrogen narcosis and requirement for decompression. The main objectives of our experiment were to assess the decompression, counterdiffusion and performance aspect of helium-nitrogen-oxygen excursions from nitrox saturation. The experiment was carried out in a wet diving stimulator with "igloo" attached to a 2-lock living chamber. Four subjects of two teams of 2 divers were saturated at 25 msw simulated depth in a nitrogen oxygen chamber environment for 8 days, during which period they performed 32 divers-excursions to 60 or 80 msw pressure. Excursion gas mix was trimix of 14.6% oxygen, 50% helium and 35.4% nitrogen, which gave a bottom oxygen partial pressure of 1.0 bars at 60 msw and 1.3 at 80 msw. Excursions were for 70 min at 60 msw with three 10-min work periods and 40 min at 80 msw with two 10-min work periods. Work was on a bicycle ergometer at a moderate level. We calculated the excursion decompression with M-Values based on methods of Hamilton (Hamilton et al., 1990). Staged decompression took 70 min for the 60 msw excursion and 98 min for 80 msw, with stops beginning at 34 or 43 msw respectively. After the second dive day bubbles were heard mainly in one diver but in three divers overall, to Spencer Grade III some times. No symptoms were reported. Saturation decompression using the Repex procedures began at 40 msw and was uneventful: Grade II and sometimes III bubbles persisted in 2 of the four divers until 24 hr after surfacing. We conclude that excursions with mixture rich in helium can be performed effectively to as deep as 80 msw using these procedures. (+info)Development of diving capacity in emperor penguins. (3/538)
To compare the diving capacities of juvenile and adult emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri, and to determine the physiological variables underlying the diving ability of juveniles, we monitored diving activity in juvenile penguins fitted with satellite-linked time/depth recorders and examined developmental changes in body mass (Mb), hemoglobin concentration, myoglobin (Mb) content and muscle citrate synthase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. Diving depth, diving duration and time-at-depth histograms were obtained from two fledged juveniles during the first 2.5 months after their depature from the Cape Washingon colony in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. During this period, values of all three diving variables increased progressively. After 8-10 weeks at sea, 24-41 % of transmitted maximum diving depths were between 80 and 200 m. Although most dives lasted less than 2 min during the 2 month period, 8-25 % of transmitted dives in the last 2 weeks lasted 2-4 min. These values are lower than those previously recorded in adults during foraging trips. Of the physiological variables examined during chick and juvenile development, only Mb and Mb content did not approach adult values. In both near-fledge chicks and juveniles, Mb was 50-60 % of adult values and Mb content was 24-31 % of adult values. This suggests that the increase in diving capacity of juveniles at sea will be most dependent on changes in these factors. (+info)Heart rate and behavior of fur seals: implications for measurement of field energetics. (4/538)
Archival data loggers were used to collect information about depth, swimming speed, and heart rate in 23 free-ranging antarctic fur seals. Deployments averaged 9.6 +/- 5.6 days (SD) and totaled 191 days of recording. Heart rate averaged 108.7 +/- 17.7 beats/min (SD) but varied from 83 to 145 beats/min among animals. Morphometrics explained most variations in heart rate among animals. These interacted with diving activity and swimming speed to produce a complex relationship between heart rate and activity patterns. Heart rate was also correlated with behavior over time lags of several hours. There was significant (P < 0.05) variation among animals in the degree of diving bradycardia. On average, heart rate declined from 100-130 beats/min before the dive to 70-100 beats/min during submersion. On the basis of the relationship between heart rate and rate of oxygen consumption, the overall metabolic rate was 5.46 +/- 1.61 W/kg (SD). Energy expenditure appears to be allocated to different activities within the metabolic scope of individual animals. This highlights the possibility that some activities can be mutually exclusive of one another. (+info)Convective oxygen transport and tissue oxygen consumption in Weddell seals during aerobic dives. (5/538)
Unlike their terrestrial counterparts, marine mammals stop breathing and reduce their convective oxygen transport while performing activities (e.g. foraging, courtship, aggressive interactions, predator avoidance and migration) that require sustained power output during submergence. Since most voluntary dives are believed to remain aerobic, the goal of this study was to examine the potential importance of the dive response in optimizing the use of blood and muscle oxygen stores during dives involving different levels of muscular exertion. To accomplish this, we designed a numerical model based on Fick's principle that integrated cardiac output (Vb), regional blood flow, convective oxygen transport (Q(O2)), muscle oxymyoglobin desaturation and regional rates of oxygen consumption (VO2). The model quantified how the optimal matching or mismatching of QO2 to VO2 affected the aerobic dive limit (ADL). We chose an adult Weddell seal Leptonycotes weddellii on which to base our model because of available data on the diving physiology and metabolism of this species. The results show that the use of blood and muscle oxygen stores must be completed at the same time to maximize the ADL for each level of VO2. This is achieved by adjusting Vb (range 19-94 % of resting levels) and muscle QO2 according to the rate of muscle oxygen consumption (VMO2). At higher values of VMO2, Vb and muscle perfusion must increase to maintain an appropriate QO2/VO2 ratio so that available blood and muscle oxygen stores are depleted at the same time. Although the dive response does not sequester blood oxygen exclusively for brain and heart metabolism during aerobic dives, as it does during forced submersion, a reduction in Vb and muscle perfusion below resting levels is necessary to maximize the ADL over the range of diving VO2 (approximately 2-9 ml O2 min-1 kg-1). Despite the reduction in Vb, convective oxygen transport is adequate to maintain aerobic metabolism and normal function in the splanchnic organs, kidneys and other peripheral tissues. As a result, physiological homeostasis is maintained throughout the dive. The model shows that the cardiovascular adjustments known as the dive response enable the diving seal to balance the conflicting metabolic demands of (1) optimizing the distribution and use of blood and muscle oxygen stores to maximize the ADL over the normal range of diving VO2 and (2) ensuring that active muscle receives adequate oxygen as VMO2 increases. (+info)Diving and the risk of barotrauma. (6/538)
STUDY OBJECTIVES: Pulmonary barotrauma (PBT) of ascent is a feared complication in compressed air diving. Although certain respiratory conditions are thought to increase the risk of suffering PBT and thus should preclude diving, in most cases of PBT, risk factors are described as not being present. The purpose of our study was to evaluate factors that possibly cause PBT. DESIGN: We analyzed 15 consecutive cases of PBT with respect to dive factors, clinical and radiologic features, and lung function. They were compared with 15 cases of decompression sickness without PBT, which appeared in the same period. RESULTS: Clinical features of PBT were arterial gas embolism (n = 13), mediastinal emphysema (n = 1), and pneumothorax (n = 1). CT of the chest (performed in 12 cases) revealed subpleural emphysematous blebs in 5 cases that were not detected in preinjury and postinjury chest radiographs. A comparison of predive lung function between groups showed significantly lower midexpiratory flow rates at 50% and 25% of vital capacity in PBT patients (p < 0.05 and p < 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that divers with preexisting small lung cysts and/or end-expiratory flow limitation may be at risk of PBT. (+info)High aerobic capacities in the skeletal muscles of pinnipeds: adaptations to diving hypoxia. (7/538)
The objective was to assess the aerobic capacity of skeletal muscles in pinnipeds. Samples of swimming and nonswimming muscles were collected from Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus, n = 27), Northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus, n = 5), and harbor seals (Phoca vitulina, n = 37) by using a needle biopsy technique. Samples were either immediately fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde or frozen in liquid nitrogen. The volume density of mitochondria, myoglobin concentration, citrate synthase activity, and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase was determined for all samples. The swimming muscles of seals had an average total mitochondrial volume density per volume of fiber of 9.7%. The swimming muscles of sea lions and fur seals had average mitochondrial volume densities of 6.2 and 8.8%, respectively. These values were 1.7- to 2.0-fold greater than in the nonswimming muscles. Myoglobin concentration, citrate synthase activity, and beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase were 1.1- to 2. 3-fold greater in the swimming vs. nonswimming muscles. The swimming muscles of pinnipeds appear to be adapted for aerobic lipid metabolism under the hypoxic conditions that occur during diving. (+info)Functional and high-resolution computed tomographic studies of divers' lungs. (8/538)
OBJECTIVES: Several cross-sectional studies have described a decrease in the expiratory flow rates of divers. The objective of this study was to determine whether the combined application of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and lung function testing supports the reported development of small airway obstruction in divers. METHODS: Thirty-two navy divers, 27 commercial divers, and 48 referents matched for age and smoking history underwent pulmonary function testing and HRCT of the lungs supplemented by a limited number of expiratory scans. The commercial divers were older and dived longer than the navy divers. Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess the relevant correlations of age, height, pack-years of cigarette smoking, and indices of diving exposure with lung function parameters. RESULTS: The inspiratory vital capacity and forced vital capacity (FVC) were greater, while the FEV% [(100 x FEV10)FVC] and maximum expiratory flow (MEF) at 25% (MEF25) of the FVC were lower for the navy divers than for the referents. The lung volumes and expiratory airflow pattern did not differ between the commercial divers and the corresponding referents. The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV10), FEV%, MEF75, and MEF25 correlated negatively with the years of diving experience. This association was independent of age, height, and pack-years of cigarette smoking. For the majority of the divers and referents the expiratory HRCT revealed minor lobular air trapping without any difference between the groups. The HRCT did not show relevant morphologic abnormalities of small or large airways. CONCLUSIONS: The data confirm that diving may affect pulmonary function. However, there is no radiologic evidence for the development of small airway disease in these 2 subgroups of divers. (+info)The term "diving" is generally not used in the context of medical definitions. However, when referring to diving in relation to a medical or physiological context, it usually refers to the act of submerging the body underwater, typically for activities such as swimming, snorkeling, or scuba diving.
In a medical or physiological sense, diving can have specific effects on the human body due to changes in pressure, temperature, and exposure to water. Some of these effects include:
* Changes in lung volume and gas exchange due to increased ambient pressure at depth.
* Decompression sickness (DCS) or nitrogen narcosis, which can occur when dissolved gases form bubbles in the body during ascent from a dive.
* Hypothermia, which can occur if the water is cold and the diver is not adequately insulated.
* Barotrauma, which can occur due to pressure differences between the middle ear or sinuses and the surrounding environment.
* Other medical conditions such as seizures or heart problems can also be exacerbated by diving.
It's important for divers to undergo proper training and certification, follow safe diving practices, and monitor their health before and after dives to minimize the risks associated with diving.
Decompression sickness (DCS), also known as "the bends," is a medical condition that results from dissolved gases coming out of solution in the body's tissues and forming bubbles during decompression. This typically occurs when a person who has been exposed to increased pressure at depth, such as scuba divers or compressed air workers, ascends too quickly.
The elevated pressure at depth causes nitrogen to dissolve into the blood and tissues of the body. As the diver ascends and the pressure decreases, the dissolved gases form bubbles, which can cause symptoms ranging from joint pain and rashes to paralysis and death. The risk of DCS is influenced by several factors, including depth, duration of exposure, rate of ascent, and individual susceptibility.
Prevention of DCS involves following established dive tables or using a personal decompression computer to calculate safe ascent rates and decompression stops. Additionally, proper hydration, fitness, and avoiding alcohol and tobacco before diving can reduce the risk of DCS. Treatment typically involves administering oxygen and recompression therapy in a hyperbaric chamber.
Earless seals, also known as true seals or Phocidae, are a family of marine mammals that lack external ears. They have a streamlined body adapted for fast swimming, and their hind limbs are modified into flippers, which they use to move through the water. Earless seals have small ear holes on the sides of their heads, but they do not have an outer ear flap like other mammals. Instead, their middle and inner ears are well-developed for hearing underwater. They are found in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, and there are 18 species of earless seals, including the harbor seal, gray seal, and leopard seal.
Decompression, in the medical context, refers to the process of reducing pressure on a body part or on a tissue, organ, or fluid within the body. This is often used to describe procedures that are intended to relieve excessive pressure built up inside the body, such as:
1. Decompression sickness treatment: Also known as "the bends," this condition occurs when nitrogen bubbles form in the blood and tissues due to rapid decompression, typically during scuba diving. Decompression involves using a hyperbaric chamber to slowly reduce the pressure and allow the nitrogen to safely dissolve and be eliminated from the body.
2. Spinal decompression: This is a minimally invasive therapeutic treatment for managing pain in the spine, often used to alleviate pressure on nerves or discs within the spinal column. Decompression can be achieved through various methods, such as traction, motorized tables, or vacuum-created devices that gently stretch and realign the spine, promoting circulation and reducing pressure on compressed nerves.
3. Ear decompression: This procedure is used to equalize pressure in the middle ear during scuba diving or flying at high altitudes. It can be achieved by swallowing, yawning, or performing the Valsalva maneuver (pinching the nose and blowing gently). In some cases, a doctor may need to perform a myringotomy, which involves making a small incision in the eardrum to relieve pressure.
4. Decompression of body parts: This can be relevant in situations where a part of the body is subjected to increased pressure due to various reasons, such as compartment syndrome or edema. In these cases, decompression may involve surgical intervention to release the pressure and prevent further damage to tissues and nerves.
Please note that this list is not exhaustive, and there might be other medical scenarios where the term "decompression" is used in a similar context.
"Spheniscidae" is not a medical term, but a taxonomic category in zoology. It refers to the family of birds that includes penguins. The misinterpretation might have arisen because sometimes common names of animals are mistakenly used as scientific terms in a medical context. However, it's essential to use the correct and precise scientific terminology for accurate communication, especially in fields like medicine.
In medical terms, "immersion" is not a term with a specific clinical definition. However, in general terms, immersion refers to the act of placing something or someone into a liquid or environment completely. In some contexts, it may be used to describe a type of wound care where the wound is covered completely with a medicated dressing or solution. It can also be used to describe certain medical procedures or therapies that involve submerging a part of the body in a liquid, such as hydrotherapy.
Barotrauma is a type of injury that occurs when there is a difference in pressure between the external environment and the internal body, leading to damage to body tissues. It commonly affects gas-filled spaces in the body, such as the lungs, middle ear, or sinuses.
In medical terms, barotrauma refers to the damage caused by changes in pressure that occur rapidly, such as during scuba diving, flying in an airplane, or receiving treatment in a hyperbaric chamber. These rapid changes in pressure can cause the gas-filled spaces in the body to expand or contract, leading to injury.
For example, during descent while scuba diving, the pressure outside the body increases, and if the diver does not equalize the pressure in their middle ear by swallowing or yawning, the increased pressure can cause the eardrum to rupture, resulting in barotrauma. Similarly, rapid ascent while flying can cause the air in the lungs to expand, leading to lung overexpansion injuries such as pneumothorax or arterial gas embolism.
Prevention of barotrauma involves equalizing pressure in the affected body spaces during changes in pressure and avoiding diving or flying with respiratory infections or other conditions that may increase the risk of injury. Treatment of barotrauma depends on the severity and location of the injury and may include pain management, antibiotics, surgery, or hyperbaric oxygen therapy.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "swimming" is not typically considered a medical term. It refers to the act of moving through water using your arms and legs in a rhythmic pattern, often as a form of exercise, recreation, or competition. However, if you're referring to a medical condition related to swimming, such as "swimmer's ear" (otitis externa), I would be happy to provide a definition for that.
Swimmer's ear is a type of outer ear infection caused by water remaining in the ear after swimming or bathing, creating a moist environment that can lead to bacterial growth. It can also be caused by scratching or damaging the lining of the ear canal through the use of cotton swabs or other objects. Symptoms may include itching, redness, pain, and sometimes discharge from the ear. If left untreated, swimmer's ear can lead to more serious complications, such as hearing loss or damage to the inner ear.
An air embolism is a medical condition that occurs when one or more air bubbles enter the bloodstream and block or obstruct blood vessels. This can lead to various symptoms depending on the severity and location of the obstruction, including shortness of breath, chest pain, confusion, stroke, or even death.
Air embolisms can occur in a variety of ways, such as during certain medical procedures (e.g., when air is accidentally introduced into a vein or artery), trauma to the lungs or blood vessels, scuba diving, or mountain climbing. Treatment typically involves administering oxygen and supportive care, as well as removing the source of the air bubbles if possible. In severe cases, hyperbaric oxygen therapy may be used to help reduce the size of the air bubbles and improve outcomes.
"Dolphins" is a common name that refers to several species of marine mammals belonging to the family Delphinidae, within the larger group Cetacea. Dolphins are known for their intelligence, social behavior, and acrobatic displays. They are generally characterized by a streamlined body, a prominent dorsal fin, and a distinctive "smiling" expression created by the curvature of their mouths.
Although "dolphins" is sometimes used to refer to all members of the Delphinidae family, it is important to note that there are several other families within the Cetacea order, including porpoises and whales. Therefore, not all small cetaceans are dolphins.
Some examples of dolphin species include:
1. Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) - This is the most well-known and studied dolphin species, often featured in aquariums and marine parks. They have a robust body and a prominent, curved dorsal fin.
2. Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) - These dolphins are characterized by their hourglass-shaped color pattern and distinct, falcate dorsal fins. There are two subspecies: the short-beaked common dolphin and the long-beaked common dolphin.
3. Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris) - Known for their acrobatic behavior, spinner dolphins have a slender body and a long, thin beak. They are named for their spinning jumps out of the water.
4. Risso's Dolphin (Grampus griseus) - These dolphins have a unique appearance, with a robust body, a prominent dorsal fin, and a distinctive, scarred skin pattern caused by social interactions and encounters with squid, their primary food source.
5. Orca (Orcinus orca) - Also known as the killer whale, orcas are the largest dolphin species and are highly intelligent and social predators. They have a distinctive black-and-white color pattern and a prominent dorsal fin.
In medical terminology, "dolphins" do not have a specific relevance, but they can be used in various contexts such as therapy, research, or education. For instance, dolphin-assisted therapy is an alternative treatment that involves interactions between patients and dolphins to improve psychological and physical well-being. Additionally, marine biologists and researchers study dolphin behavior, communication, and cognition to understand their complex social structures and intelligence better.
I am not aware of a medical definition for the term "birds." Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, and lightweight but strong skeletons. Some birds, such as pigeons and chickens, have been used in medical research, but the term "birds" itself does not have a specific medical definition.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Sea Lions" are not a medical term or condition. Sea lions are marine mammals belonging to the family Otariidae, which also includes fur seals. They are characterized by their external ear flaps, robust bodies, and strong foreflippers which they use for movement both in water and on land.
If you're looking for medical definitions or information, I'd be happy to help with that as well. Could you please clarify your question?
I apologize for any confusion, but "Fur Seals" are not a medical term. They are a type of marine mammal classified under the family Otariidae, also known as eared seals. Fur seals have external ears and long foreflippers that allow them to move efficiently on land, in contrast to true seals (family Phocidae) which lack external ears and move awkwardly on land.
There are several species of fur seals, including the Northern fur seal (Callorhinus ursinus), the Southern fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri), the Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella), and a few others. These animals are known for their thick fur coats, which were once highly sought after by hunters for the fur trade.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help!
Clothing is not a medical term, but rather a general term used to describe items worn on the body for various reasons such as protection from the elements, modesty, or fashion. In a medical context, clothing may be referred to in relation to certain conditions or treatments that require special garments, such as compression stockings for deep vein thrombosis or protective gear for athletes. However, there is no specific medical definition for 'clothing'.
Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome (DHS), also known as Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), is a severe adverse drug reaction that can affect multiple organ systems in the body. It is characterized by a combination of skin rash, fever, lymph node enlargement, and internal organ involvement, such as hepatitis, nephritis, pneumonitis, or myocarditis.
The syndrome typically occurs within 2 to 6 weeks after starting a medication, but it can occur even several months later. The most commonly implicated drugs are aromatic anticonvulsants (e.g., carbamazepine, phenytoin, and phenobarbital), sulfonamides, dapsone, allopurinol, and abacavir.
The exact mechanism of DHS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve an immune-mediated reaction, possibly triggered by a genetic predisposition or altered drug metabolism. The diagnosis of DHS is based on clinical criteria, including the presence of skin rash, fever, lymphadenopathy, and internal organ involvement, as well as laboratory abnormalities such as eosinophilia and atypical lymphocytosis.
Treatment of DHS typically involves discontinuation of the offending drug, supportive care, and management of specific organ involvement. Corticosteroids are often used to suppress the immune response and reduce inflammation, but their efficacy is not well established. The prognosis of DHS varies depending on the severity of organ involvement and the timeliness of appropriate treatment.
Inert Gas Narcosis (IGN), also known as nitrogen narcosis or raptores narcosis, is a reversible alteration in consciousness, perception, and behavior that can occur in divers who breathe gas mixtures with high partial pressures of inert gases, such as nitrogen or helium, at depth. It is caused by the anesthetic effect of these gases on the central nervous system and is often described as feeling drunk or euphoric. The symptoms typically occur at depths greater than 30 meters (100 feet) and can include impaired judgment, memory, and coordination, which can increase the risk of accidents and injuries underwater. IGN is managed by ascending to shallower depths, where the partial pressure of the inert gas decreases, and by using gas mixtures with lower fractions of inert gases.
A "drug eruption" is a general term used to describe an adverse skin reaction that occurs as a result of taking a medication. These reactions can vary in severity and appearance, and may include symptoms such as rash, hives, itching, redness, blistering, or peeling of the skin. In some cases, drug eruptions can also cause systemic symptoms such as fever, fatigue, or joint pain.
The exact mechanism by which drugs cause eruptions is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve an abnormal immune response to the medication. There are many different types of drug eruptions, including morphilliform rashes, urticaria (hives), fixed drug eruptions, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), which is a severe and potentially life-threatening reaction.
If you suspect that you are experiencing a drug eruption, it is important to seek medical attention promptly. Your healthcare provider can help determine the cause of the reaction and recommend appropriate treatment. In some cases, it may be necessary to discontinue the medication causing the reaction and switch to an alternative therapy.
Eosinophilia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high concentration of eosinophils in the circulating blood. Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the immune system, particularly in fighting off parasitic infections and regulating allergic reactions. However, when their numbers become excessively high, they can contribute to tissue damage and inflammation.
Eosinophilia is typically defined as a count of more than 500 eosinophils per microliter of blood. Mild eosinophilia (up to 1,500 cells/μL) may not cause any symptoms and may be discovered during routine blood tests. However, higher levels of eosinophilia can lead to various symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, skin rashes, and organ damage, depending on the underlying cause.
The causes of eosinophilia are varied and can include allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune disorders, certain medications, and some types of cancer. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilia require identification and management of the underlying cause.
Breath holding is a physiological response where an individual holds their breath, intentionally or unintentionally, for a period of time. This can occur in various situations such as during swimming underwater, while lifting heavy weights, or in response to emotional stress or pain. In some cases, it can also be associated with certain medical conditions like seizures or syncope (fainting).
In the context of medical terminology, breath holding is often described as "voluntary" or "involuntary." Voluntary breath-holding is when an individual consciously chooses to hold their breath, while involuntary breath-holding occurs unconsciously, usually in response to a trigger such as a sudden increase in carbon dioxide levels or a decrease in oxygen levels.
It's important to note that prolonged breath-holding can be dangerous and may lead to hypoxia (lack of oxygen) and hypercapnia (excessive carbon dioxide), which can cause dizziness, loss of consciousness, or even more severe consequences such as brain damage or death. Therefore, it's essential not to hold one's breath for extended periods and seek medical attention if experiencing any symptoms related to breath-holding.
High pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS) is not a specific medical condition but rather a group of symptoms that can occur in deep sea divers during rapid decompression or ascent from great depths. It is caused by the increased pressure of nitrogen gas dissolved in the blood and tissues, which can affect the nervous system and cause various neurological symptoms.
HPNS is characterized by a range of symptoms including tremors, myoclonic jerks (involuntary muscle twitches), visual disturbances, nausea, dizziness, disorientation, and decreased mental performance. In severe cases, it can lead to seizures, loss of consciousness, and even death.
The exact mechanisms underlying HPNS are not fully understood, but it is believed that the high pressure causes changes in the membranes of nerve cells, leading to altered ion channel function and neurotransmitter release. The symptoms of HPNS can be minimized by using a slow decompression rate or by using gas mixtures that reduce the amount of nitrogen in the breathing gas.
Apnea is a medical condition defined as the cessation of breathing for 10 seconds or more. It can occur during sleep (sleep apnea) or while awake (wakeful apnea). There are different types of sleep apnea, including obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, and complex sleep apnea syndrome. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the airway becomes blocked during sleep, while central sleep apnea occurs when the brain fails to signal the muscles to breathe. Complex sleep apnea syndrome, also known as treatment-emergent central sleep apnea, is a combination of obstructive and central sleep apneas. Sleep apnea can lead to various complications, such as fatigue, difficulty concentrating, high blood pressure, heart disease, and stroke.
Mouth protectors, also known as mouthguards, are devices worn to protect the mouth, teeth, and gums from injury during physical activities or sports that involve body contact or the risk of falling. They typically cover the upper teeth and are designed to absorb and distribute the force of an impact, preventing damage to the teeth, jaw, and soft tissues of the mouth. Mouth protectors can be custom-made by dental professionals, or they can be purchased as prefabricated or boil-and-bite models in sports stores. Using a properly fitted mouth protector is essential for athletes participating in contact sports like football, hockey, basketball, and boxing, as well as non-contact activities such as skateboarding, rollerblading, and bicycling, where accidents or falls can still result in oral injuries.
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Diver12
- a 1990 song by Bruce Dickinson Diver (disambiguation) Dives (disambiguation) Divi (disambiguation) All pages with titles beginning with Diving All pages with titles containing diving This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Diving. (wikipedia.org)
- An atmospheric diving suit is a small one-person submersible with articulated limbs encasing the diver. (wikipedia.org)
- The underwater environment exerts major physiological stresses on the diver, which increase with depth, and appear to impose an absolute limit to diving depth at ambient pressure. (wikipedia.org)
- Low impact diving training has been shown to be effective in reducing diver contact with the bottom, the most common cause of reef damage. (wikipedia.org)
- Entry level diver training does not routinely put much emphasis on the skills of low impact diving. (wikipedia.org)
- If a diver is not being paid to participate in a diving project, does he/she have to comply with the regulations? (hse.gov.uk)
- Each diver must register at the Rock Harbor, Windigo, or Houghton Visitor Center before diving, and return completed permit after the trip. (nps.gov)
- Dive sites or boats must be marked with the standard diver down flag whenever divers are in the water. (nps.gov)
- The Shorecrest junior diver accomplished the feat with ease last week and surpassed the career-best point total that earned her a Class 3A/2A state diving title a year ago. (heraldnet.com)
- Your adventure as a scuba diver begins with your first dive. (barcelonaturisme.com)
- Diving in northwest Russia is sure to bring excitement to even the most seasoned diver. (divessi.com)
- Then, when you get there your dives will be the check-out dives that make you a certified diver. (ambergriscaye.com)
Scuba17
- Low impact diving is recreational scuba diving that is intended to minimise environmental impact by using techniques and procedures that reduce the adverse effects on the environment to the minimum that is reasonably practicable for the situation. (wikipedia.org)
- The techniques are intended to minimise the effects of recreational scuba diving activities on the environment. (wikipedia.org)
- HSE issues four types of diving qualification - HSE SCUBA, for commercial SCUBA diving, HSE Surface Supplied, for diving using surface supplied equipment, HSE Surface Supplied (Top-Up) for diving using Surface Supplied equipment in the offshore industry, and HSE Closed Bell for closed bell or saturation diving. (hse.gov.uk)
- These shops sell a range of equipment for scuba diving and snorkelling. (barbados.org)
- DiverWest - Scuba diving apparel including shirts, hats, jackets and sweaters. (barbados.org)
- Gulf Coast Scuba - The best little dive shop in Texas. (barbados.org)
- Lloyd Bailey's Scuba and Watersports - Official dealers for Dive Rite, Halcyon, OMS and other scuba diving and technical diving equipment. (barbados.org)
- The most innovative scuba diving accessories on the market today! (barbados.org)
- Scuba Dive in Maui, Hawaii! (barbados.org)
- Scuba World - Located in Queensland Australia, we can cater for all your diving needs. (barbados.org)
- ScubaLab test divers tried 21 new dive lights for this 2022 scuba diving light review. (scubadiving.com)
- Scuba diving has to be one of the greatest adventures of all. (nationalgeographic.com)
- Which of the following indicates scuba diving or snorkeling activity? (answers.com)
- What colored flag indicated scuba diving or snorkeling activity? (answers.com)
- Hi, I am a scuba instructor and recommend doing your resort dive with a reputable dive shop. (ambergriscaye.com)
- Follow any guidance from local instructors and officials before boating, scuba diving, or participating in water-related activities. (cdc.gov)
- Donned in full scuba gear and diving alone at the time of the incident, the victim was readying the swimming pool for its' annual Memorial Day Weekend opening when he was discovered apparently lifeless at the bottom of the pool by the country club activities director. (cdc.gov)
20231
- the fourth in our 2022 series of BOMA Deep Dives, highlights how we got to this point and key steps that can limit the potential recession's impact on 2023 budgets, lease changes and capital planning. (boma.org)
Centers1
- Book your fun dives, snorkelling trips and courses online with thousands of PADI Dive Centers. (padi.com)
20225
- Check out in our final Deep Dive of 2022 how to avoid cybersecurity threats posed when tenants sign their own technology agreements with different providers. (boma.org)
- A Time of Reinvention for Offices and Cities , the third in our 2022 series of BOMA Deep Dives, explores the role property professionals are taking in this time of major transformation and how commercial real estate is evolving during this latest stage of the pandemic recovery and beyond. (boma.org)
- The Industrial Sector: Taking Stock of Market Vitality , the second in our 2022 series of BOMA Deep Dives, not only explores the opportunities ahead for this sector, but also the headwinds-chief among them the rapid overdrive of consumer demand for goods brought about by COVID-19 and a market that has struggled to keep up. (boma.org)
- Raising Talent in the Midst of the Great Resignation , the first in our 2022 series of BOMA Deep Dives, explores the factors contributing to the industry's severe talent shortage and new approaches for attracting and retaining top performers in this tight labor market. (boma.org)
- The 2022 AKC Diving Dogs Premier Cup , held in collaboration with North American Diving Dogs, took place on April 2 at the World Equestrian Center in Ocala, Florida. (akc.org)
Divers13
- The Cave Diving Group is the representative body for Cave Divers in Great Britain and Northern Ireland. (cavedivinggroup.org.uk)
- The divers should be weighted correctly so that neutral buoyancy can be achieved with minimal inflation at any point in the planned dive. (wikipedia.org)
- Divers maintain neutral buoyancy throughout the dive to avoid requiring upward thrust to maintain depth, as downward fin-wash will disturb the bottom. (wikipedia.org)
- All divers must be fit and competent to dive. (hse.gov.uk)
- You will need to notify HSE that you are a dive contractor , have an adequate team size and ensure that the divers and supervisor have the appropriate diving qualification . (hse.gov.uk)
- If you are diving at work in the UK you must have a current certificate of medical fitness to dive issued by an HSE approved medical examiner of divers (AMED) . (hse.gov.uk)
- SHNEOR DIVERS - A Dive Charter, Supply and Manufacturing Company! (barbados.org)
- Smith Diving - The Minnesota Dive Shop With The Quality Difference - Serving Minneapolis divers for over 30 years. (barbados.org)
- Smith Diving - The Minnesota Dive Shop With The Quality Difference - NAUI Platinum Pro Facility serving Minnesota divers for more than 30 years. (barbados.org)
- A favorite among test divers with above-average across the board the HOG DL-20 dive light is a ScubaLab Best Buy for dive lights. (scubadiving.com)
- A favorite of test divers with great all-around performance, the Sherwood ST1000 dive light is a ScubaLab Testers Choice. (scubadiving.com)
- Much of Russia's ice diving takes place along the White and Barents Sea in the northwest, where adventurous and experienced divers can explore the mysterious ice-covered underwater world. (divessi.com)
- Diving in the Baltic Sea will allow divers to encounter fish species like flounder, smelt, cod, and sprat. (divessi.com)
Deeper3
- Care to dive a little deeper? (boma.org)
- That puts us in a position where we can take deeper dives into the data….EASD is a calmer meeting where you can really look at the details. (medscape.com)
- It has also conducted eight deep dive sessions to enrich deeper analysis and discussion on key issues. (who.int)
Swimming5
- Do I have to comply with the regulations if I am diving in a swimming pool or tank? (hse.gov.uk)
- The 2018 IHSA Boys Swimming & Diving State Finals are set to take place inside Evanston Township High School's Natatorium on Friday and Saturday, February 23-24. (ihsa.org)
- To assist with the activities of the Swimming & Diving team, participating in the growth and development of every student athlete, while promoting healthy lifestyles and interpersonal skills. (colby-sawyer.edu)
- Do NOT drink alcohol before or during swimming, diving, or boating. (cdc.gov)
- Athletic trainers (ATs) from participating high schools reported injuries from swimming and diving programs for the High School Reporting Information Online system. (cdc.gov)
Underwater3
- An atmospheric diving suit may be classified as a manned submersible and a self-propelled, manned, one-atmosphere underwater intervention device, but has also been classified as an atmospheric diving system. (wikipedia.org)
- An atmospheric diving suit is equipment intended primarily to isolate the occupant from the ambient pressure of the underwater environment, and provide any necessary life-support while the suit is in use. (wikipedia.org)
- Diving in Bora Bora is a magical experience full of colour, adventure and underwater life. (fourseasons.com)
Recreational7
- You do not need to notify HSE if you are diving under the Recreational Approved Code of Practice. (hse.gov.uk)
- If the instructor or dive guide is at work, then the Diving at Work Regulations will apply and the recreational ACOP should be followed. (hse.gov.uk)
- If I take photos or videos during a recreational training dive, do I have to comply with the Media ACOP? (hse.gov.uk)
- A. No - this is considered to be within a recreational diving project . (hse.gov.uk)
- If I take photos and sell them to a recreational diving magazine, do I have to comply with the Media ACOP? (hse.gov.uk)
- A. No. The recreational ACOP covers 'recreational journalism', which is specific to commissions, articles and photographs for the recreational diving press. (hse.gov.uk)
- Recreational diving instructors are allowed to comply with an alternative set of requirements. (cbia.com)
Deep9
- An ADS can enable diving at depths of up to 700 metres (2,300 ft) for many hours by eliminating the majority of significant physiological dangers associated with deep diving. (wikipedia.org)
- [2] An ADS can permit less skilled swimmers to complete deep dives, albeit at the expense of dexterity. (wikipedia.org)
- We had the exclusive deep dive on Saga Anderson, Alan Wake 2's new co-lead. (gamespot.com)
- Deep dives require specific equipment and experience. (nps.gov)
- BOMA International's Deep Dive series offers the expert insights and context you need to navigate the ever-evolving commercial real estate landscape. (boma.org)
- For the commercial real estate industry, there are two paths to data corruption and loss, we learn in BOMA International's latest Deep Dive, Something Phishy: How to Guard Against Cyberattacks . (boma.org)
- The team will use the Exosuit, made by the Vancouver-based company Nuytco Research, and other high-tech diving equipment to reach the bottom of the trench, which could be around 400 feet (120 m) deep. (yahoo.com)
- In this report, the second in a three-part series that dives deep into the Partner Loyalty Framework, we provide a detailed description of the operational elements required to support long-term partner loyalty. (forrester.com)
- Registration is open for the course "Deep Dive Code Analysis and Optimization", which will demonstrate how the latest Allinea code development and optimisation tools. (lu.se)
Unique freshwater2
- These mystical places are ancient limestone sinkholes with crystal-clear waters that are perfect for a unique freshwater diving experience. (divessi.com)
- If you are looking for a unique freshwater Russia diving experience, head north to the Republic of Karelia, home to over 28,000 lakes. (divessi.com)
Centre2
- Operated by our partners at DIVEASY, our on-site Dive Centre offers an array of diving options for guests of all experience levels. (fourseasons.com)
- Exploresub Barbados - The most friendly, professional dive centre in Barbados! (barbados.org)
Shallow water1
- Do NOT dive in shallow water. (cdc.gov)
Equipment2
- Also included in the directive are inspection procedures for before, during, and after dives, equipment maintenance, and recordkeeping requirements. (cbia.com)
- For the purposes of this guideline , a diving accident is defined as an event that is either potentially life -threatening or hazardous to health as a result of a reduction in ambient pressure while diving or in other hyperbaric atmospheres with and without diving equipment . (bvsalud.org)
Wrecks1
- To a large extent this is achieved by avoiding contact with sensitive reef life, [1] but it also applies to diving on historical wrecks and in caves with delicate rock formations . (wikipedia.org)
ACCIDENTS2
- S2k guideline for diving accidents. (bvsalud.org)
- The basic treatment scheme recommended for diving accidents is hyperbaric oxygenation at 280 kPa. (bvsalud.org)
20191
- Organization we worked with in the 2019 A2 Data Dive was with The City of Detroit to help them analyze restaurant health violations. (google.com)
Exosuit1
- Atmospheric diving suits in current use include the Newtsuit , Exosuit, Hardsuit and the WASP, all of which are self-contained hard suits that incorporate propulsion units. (wikipedia.org)
Permit4
- Personal compressor use is limited to designated times and locations as indicated on your dive permit. (nps.gov)
- For additional regulations, consult your dive permit. (nps.gov)
- See dive permit for mooring regulations. (nps.gov)
- Fishing is no longer allowed, and you have to get a permit to dive there. (nationalgeographic.com)
Resorts1
- PADI Dive Resorts for all budgets, in the best dive locations around the world. (padi.com)
Decompression1
- Understand the risks and potential injuries that may arise during or after diving, such as decompression sickness (DCS). (cdc.gov)
Site6
- PADI reminds you to adhere to the PADI Standard Safe Diving Practices and recommends that you consult a dive professional familiar with the site and its present conditions before diving. (padi.com)
- Anau is Bora Bora's most famous dive site, as it's a cleaning station for Manta rays (Fafapiti). (fourseasons.com)
- Coki Dive & Snorkel Center - Coral reef dive site w/all necessities! (barbados.org)
- The dive operator touted it as the must-see dive site, so, of course, we had to go. (nationalgeographic.com)
- We finally arrived at our dive site. (nationalgeographic.com)
- The key action statements on-site 100% oxygen first aid treatment , immobilization /no unnecessary movement , fluid administration and telephone consultation with a diving medicine specialist are recommended. (bvsalud.org)
Exempt1
- Scientific diving is exempt if the operations meet certain conditions. (cbia.com)
Reef5
- Located just out of the reef, this dive is all about seeing sharks. (fourseasons.com)
- When you're diving a coral reef, you're witness to an absolutely bewildering array of life. (nationalgeographic.com)
- The reef is only five mins away for wonderful diving, snorkeling, fishing, jet ski you name it. (ambergriscaye.com)
- The diving in Placencia is excellent, though the boat ride to the reef is much farther. (ambergriscaye.com)
- Diving in San Pedro is good, the reef is much closer. (ambergriscaye.com)
Suits1
- [3] It is not clear whether this would exclude servo-assisted limbs encasing those of the operator, as a powered exoskeleton, but it might be reasonable to include them as atmospheric diving suits. (wikipedia.org)
Experience5
- Dive guides are commonly certified at divemaster level, which includes rescue skills and relatively advanced buoyancy control skills, so they should generally already have the skills to avoid contact with the bottom, and they are usually familiar with the local environment through experience. (wikipedia.org)
- Share your love of diving, experience new adventures, expand your dive skills, and help save the ocean. (padi.com)
- Access to tools and resources at your fingertips, curated to enhance your diving experience. (padi.com)
- Diving in the cenotes of Mexico is definitely a breathtaking experience. (divessi.com)
- Featuring a custom physics engine with animated ragdoll physics, Flip Diving is the most dynamic and entertaining cliff diving experience ever created! (apple.com)
Series3
- a 2008 series of novels by Eto Mori Dive! (wikipedia.org)
- Diving into Love is the first book in the Starlight Ridge romance series. (barnesandnoble.com)
- Buy Diving into Love and start this small-town romance series today! (barnesandnoble.com)
Fiji2
- I've traveled the world over seeking cool places to dive, and Fiji is near the top of the list. (nationalgeographic.com)
- Something that always amazes me when diving in Fiji is the huge size of the schools of fish. (nationalgeographic.com)
Scientific1
- A treasure trove of bronze and marble statues, gold jewelry and ancient scientific instruments may be buried in sand, hundreds of feet below the Aegean Sea, and a team of explorers is going after the 2,000-year-old hoard using the most advanced diving suit ever built. (yahoo.com)
Suit3
- An atmospheric diving suit ( ADS ) is a small one-person articulated submersible which resembles a suit of armour , with elaborate pressure joints to allow articulation while maintaining an internal pressure of one atmosphere. (wikipedia.org)
- An atmospheric diving suit is a small submersible with a pressure hull which accommodates a single occupant at an internal pressure of about one atmosphere. (wikipedia.org)
- The team's secret weapon is a 6.5-foot-tall (2 meters), 530-pound (240 kilograms) metal diving suit equipped with 1.6-horsepower thrusters that can reach the extreme depths where the ship came to rest. (yahoo.com)
Type1
- This type of diving falls under the Diving at Work Regulations, and would come under the Inland/inshore ACOP . (hse.gov.uk)
Boats1
- Dive from trees, boats, trampolines and more! (apple.com)
Cliff2
Trip1
- In just her second year of diving, Shorecrest senior Kristina Bendiksen clinched a return trip to state with a seventh-place score of 283.05 at the district meet. (heraldnet.com)
Place4
- This incredible dive takes place south of the island within the inner lagoon. (fourseasons.com)
- When dives take place between sunset and sunrise, the flag must be illuminated. (nps.gov)
- The patio at NOSE DIVE is the perfect place to enjoy Greenville's beautiful Main Street. (opentable.com)
- Has anyone done the resort diving and any ideas on which place would be the better of the two? (ambergriscaye.com)
Resort1
- I think for the resort dive you will probably be taken to Hol Can off of Ambergris. (ambergriscaye.com)
ACCIDENT2
- Create healthcare diagrams like this example called Medical Exam - Diving Accident in minutes with SmartDraw. (smartdraw.com)
- This national consensus -based guideline (development grade S2k) presents the current state of knowledge and recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of diving accident victims. (bvsalud.org)
Operations2
Flip6
- One day I was scrolling across the App Store until my hench bodyguard recommended the artwork of flip diving. (apple.com)
- I loved flip diving so much that sometimes I would play 6 hours on end. (apple.com)
- I noticed that this may be a flip diving reference and sprinted over but it was a trap. (apple.com)
- The swat team sprinted over and brexit tackled me but however I remembered my flip diving instincts and did a perfect flip dive getting 5 flips and 10 entrance. (apple.com)
- My name is Jack, and if you're reading this, I challenge you to a flip-diving contest. (apple.com)
- I live in a world where there are two types of people: those who love flip diving and those who hate it. (apple.com)
Pose1
- Diving-related illnesses , especially those requiring a recompression chamber, pose a severe threat to life. (nps.gov)
Guide1
- Unbeknownst to me, this was because my dive guide was squeezing a water bottle-and its sound was mimicking an injured fish. (nationalgeographic.com)
Offers2
- NOSE DIVE also offers a wide selection of handcrafted beers and a carefully-constructed wine list. (opentable.com)
- Guests are also welcome to use the complimentary valet parking service Table 301 offers at Soby's (which is just across the street from NOSE DIVE). (opentable.com)
Water1
- Inflatable water bouncer diving! (apple.com)
World2
- The Cave Diving Group was formed in 1946 by the late Graham Balcombe, making it the longest running cave diving organisation and amateur diving club in the world. (cavedivinggroup.org.uk)
- All the information you need to plan your dive vacations anywhere in the world. (padi.com)
Videos1
- We're eagerly awaiting the game's launch ourselves, so much so that we've already published a ton of coverage on the game, including interviews with the studio and cast, more than a few theory-crafting articles, and some new videos to dive into like it's Cauldron Lake. (gamespot.com)
Vessels1
- What if I dive at work under yachts and small vessels to clean hulls and carry out minor repairs? (hse.gov.uk)
Commercial1
- Commercial fishing counts are from the Current Population Survey, commercial diving counts are from Occupational Employment and Wages tables, and all others are from the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages. (cdc.gov)