Infections with unicellular organisms formerly members of the subkingdom Protozoa. The infections may be experimental or veterinary.
Flagellate EUKARYOTES, found mainly in the oceans. They are characterized by the presence of transverse and longitudinal flagella which propel the organisms in a rotating manner through the water. Dinoflagellida were formerly members of the class Phytomastigophorea under the old five kingdom paradigm.

Growth characteristics of Heterosigma akashiwo virus and its possible use as a microbiological agent for red tide control. (1/633)

The growth characteristics of Heterosigma akashiwo virus clone 01 (HaV01) were examined by performing a one-step growth experiment. The virus had a latent period of 30 to 33 h and a burst size of 7.7 x 10(2) lysis-causing units in an infected cell. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the virus particles formed on the peripheries of viroplasms, as observed in a natural H. akashiwo cell. Inoculation of HaV01 into a mixed algal culture containing four phytoplankton species, H. akashiwo H93616, Chattonella antiqua (a member of the family Raphidophyceae), Heterocapsa triquetra (a member of the family Dinophyceae), and Ditylum brightwellii (a member of the family Bacillariophyceae), resulted in selective growth inhibition of H. akashiwo. Inoculation of HaV01 and H. akashiwo H93616 into a natural seawater sample produced similar results. However, a natural H. akashiwo red tide sample did not exhibit any conspicuous sensitivity to HaV01, presumably because of the great diversity of the host species with respect to virus infection. The growth characteristics of the lytic virus infecting the noxious harmful algal bloom-causing alga were considered, and the possibility of using this virus as a microbiological agent against H. akashiwo red tides is discussed.  (+info)

Amphidinolide B, a powerful activator of actomyosin ATPase enhances skeletal muscle contraction. (2/633)

Amphidinolide B caused a concentration-dependent increase in the contractile force of skeletal muscle skinned fibers. The concentration-contractile response curve for external Ca2+ was shifted to the left in a parallel manner, suggesting an increase in Ca2+ sensitivity. Amphidinolide B stimulated the superprecipitation of natural actomyosin. The maximum response of natural actomyosin to Ca2+ in superprecipitation was enhanced by it. Amphidinolide B increased the ATPase activity of myofibrils and natural actomyosin. The ATPase activity of actomyosin reconstituted from actin and myosin was enhanced in a concentration-dependent manner in the presence or absence of troponin-tropomyosin complex. Ca2+-, K+-EDTA- or Mg2+-ATPase of myosin was not affected by amphidinolide B. These results suggest that amphidinolide B enhances an interaction of actin and myosin directly and increases Ca2+ sensitivity of the contractile apparatus mediated through troponin-tropomyosin system, resulting in an increase in the ATPase activity of actomyosin and thus enhances the contractile response of myofilament.  (+info)

Freeze-fracture studies of the thecal membranes of Gonyaulax polyedra: circadian changes in the particles of one membrane face. (3/633)

Intramembrane faces were visualized in the marine dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polyedra by the freeze-fracture technique, in order to test a prediction of a membrane model for circadian oscillations--i.e;, that membrane particle distribution and size change with time in the circadian cycle. Cells from each of four cell suspensions in continuous light (500 1x, 20-21 degrees C) were frozen, without fixation or cryoprotection, at four circadian times in a cycle. This paper reports findings concerning the membranes associated with the theca, particularly the cytoplasmic membrane and the membrane of the large peripheral vesicle. While the number and size distribution of the particles of the PF face of the cytoplasmic membrane were constant with time, those of the EF face of the peripheral vesicle doubled in number at 18 h circadian time as compared with 06 h. Particles of the 120-A size class, in particular, were more numerous at 12 and 18 h circadian time than at 00 and 06 h. While the finding does not provide definitive confirmation of the membrane hypothesis for circadian rhythms, it is consistent with this model. It is suggested that the peripheral vesicle may be the site of bioluminescence in Gonyaulax.  (+info)

An octaene fatty acid, 4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25-octacosaoctaenoic acid (28:8n-3), found in marine oils. (4/633)

We report structure determination of an octaene fatty acid, 4,7,10, 13,16,19,22,25-octacosaoctaenoic acid (28:8n-3). The molecular weight and double bond locations were determined using acetonitrile chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS) and MS/MS and were confirmed by MS of hydrogenated and deuterogenated 28:8 and by argentation thin-layer chromatography. 28:8n-3 was 1.2 +/- 0.1%, in oil derived from the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii and a commercial polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrate derived from fish oils (0.16 +/- 0.01%), both components of human dietary supplements. It was not found in whole bovine retina, cultured Y79 human retinoblastoma cells, or neonate baboon cerebral cortex. The long chain polyunsaturates present in the C. cohnii oil suggest a possible route for 28:8n-3 biosynthesis similar to that for biosynthesis of 22:6n-3.  (+info)

Programmed cell death of the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense is mediated by CO(2) limitation and oxidative stress. (5/633)

The phytoplankton assemblage in Lake Kinneret is dominated in spring by a bloom of the dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense, which terminates sharply in summer [1]. The pH in Peridinium patches rises during the bloom to values higher than pH9 [2] and results in CO(2) limitation. Here we show that depletion of dissolved CO(2) (CO(2(dis))) stimulated formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced cell death in both natural and cultured Peridinium populations. In contrast, addition of CO(2) prevented ROS formation. Catalase inhibited cell death in culture, implicating hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) as the active ROS. Cell death was also blocked by a cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64, a treatment which stimulated cyst formation. Intracellular ROS accumulation induced protoplast shrinkage and DNA fragmentation prior to cell death. We propose that CO(2) limitation resulted in the generation of ROS to a level that induced programmed cell death, which resembles apoptosis in animal and plant cells. Our results also indicate that cysteine protease(s) are involved in processes that determine whether a cell is destined to die or to form a cyst.  (+info)

Cooccurrence of elevated urea levels and dinoflagellate blooms in temperate estuarine aquaculture ponds. (6/633)

In hybrid striped bass aquaculture ponds, dinoflagellate blooms were found on 10 of 14 occasions to co-occur with concentrations of urea in excess of 1.5 microM nitrogen. When urea levels were <1.5 microM nitrogen, on seven occasions, no evidence of dinoflagellate blooms was observed in these ponds.  (+info)

Evidence for an inorganic carbon-concentrating mechanism in the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium sp. (7/633)

The presence of a carbon-concentrating mechanism in the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium sp. was investigated. Its existence was postulated to explain how these algae fix inorganic carbon (C(i)) efficiently despite the presence of a form II Rubisco. When the dinoflagellates were isolated from their host, the giant clam (Tridacna gigas), CO(2) uptake was found to support the majority of net photosynthesis (45%-80%) at pH 8.0; however, 2 d after isolation this decreased to 5% to 65%, with HCO(3)(-) uptake supporting 35% to 95% of net photosynthesis. Measurements of intracellular C(i) concentrations showed that levels inside the cell were between two and seven times what would be expected from passive diffusion of C(i) into the cell. Symbiodinium also exhibits a distinct light-activated intracellular carbonic anhydrase activity. This, coupled with elevated intracellular C(i) and the ability to utilize both CO(2) and HCO(3)(-) from the medium, suggests that Symbiodinium sp. does possess a carbon-concentrating mechanism. However, intracellular C(i) levels are not as large as might be expected of an alga utilizing a form II Rubisco with a poor affinity for CO(2).  (+info)

Genetic analysis in the dinoflagellate (Crypthecodinium (Gyrodinium) cohnii: evidence for unusual meiosis. (8/633)

The atypical structure and behavior of dinoflagellate chromosomes suggests that the genetics of these organisms might show comparable peculiarities. We have begun genetic analysis of the neritic, marine heterotroph Crypthecodinium (Gyrodinium) cohnii by means of motility mutants that show complementation shortly after zygote formation, permitting identification of heterozygotes. Six mutations, conferring four microscopically distinguishable phenotypes, have been isolated and investigated. These "genes" were found to complement in double heterozygotes in all pairwise combinations, indicating that the lesions are recessive and non-allelic. Clones of all possible combinations of these factors have been established and each complements only those combinations expected on the assumption that there are six independent recessive mutant "genes." Tetrad analysis following isolation of over 200 complementing zygotes showed: (1) regular segregation with recovery of parental phenotypes and genotypes; (2) independent assortment, with one possible exception; (3) segregations that were always 1:1, that is, in all tetrads showing recombination, only the two reciprocal recombinant genotypes were found; there were no tetratypes. This behavior could result from centromere linkage or the absence of crossing over in an otherwise conventional meiosis, or it could result from an unusual one-division "meiosis." Some evidence is provided that favors the latter hypothesis.  (+info)

Protozoan infections in animals refer to diseases caused by the invasion and colonization of one or more protozoan species in an animal host's body. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that can exist as parasites and can be transmitted through various modes, such as direct contact with infected animals, contaminated food or water, vectors like insects, and fecal-oral route.

Examples of protozoan infections in animals include:

1. Coccidiosis: It is a common intestinal disease caused by several species of the genus Eimeria that affects various animals, including poultry, cattle, sheep, goats, and pets like cats and dogs. The parasites infect the epithelial cells lining the intestines, causing diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, and sometimes death in severe cases.
2. Toxoplasmosis: It is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii that can infect various warm-blooded animals, including humans, livestock, and pets like cats. The parasite forms cysts in various tissues, such as muscles, brain, and eyes, causing mild to severe symptoms depending on the host's immune status.
3. Babesiosis: It is a tick-borne disease caused by several species of Babesia protozoa that affect various animals, including cattle, horses, dogs, and humans. The parasites infect red blood cells, causing anemia, fever, weakness, and sometimes death in severe cases.
4. Leishmaniasis: It is a vector-borne disease caused by several species of Leishmania protozoa that affect various animals, including dogs, cats, and humans. The parasites are transmitted through the bite of infected sandflies and can cause skin lesions, anemia, fever, weight loss, and sometimes death in severe cases.
5. Cryptosporidiosis: It is a waterborne disease caused by the protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum that affects various animals, including humans, livestock, and pets like dogs and cats. The parasites infect the epithelial cells lining the intestines, causing diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dehydration.

Prevention and control of these diseases rely on various measures, such as vaccination, chemoprophylaxis, vector control, and environmental management. Public awareness and education are also essential to prevent the transmission and spread of these diseases.

Dinoflagellida is a large group of mostly marine planktonic protists, many of which are bioluminescent. Some dinoflagellates are responsible for harmful algal blooms (HABs), also known as "red tides," which can produce toxins that affect marine life and human health.

Dinoflagellates are characterized by two flagella, or whip-like structures, that they use for movement. They have complex cell structures, including a unique structure called the nucleomorph, which is the remnant of a former endosymbiotic event where another eukaryotic cell was engulfed and became part of the dinoflagellate's cell.

Dinoflagellates are important contributors to the marine food chain, serving as both primary producers and consumers. Some species form symbiotic relationships with other marine organisms, such as corals, providing them with nutrients in exchange for protection and other benefits.

Dinophyceae (Dinoflagellida). In: Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Begründet von A. Pascher. Band 6 (Ed. by H. Ettl,J. Gerloff, ...
These same dinoflagellates were first defined by Otto Bütschli in 1885 as the flagellate order Dinoflagellida. Botanists ... Dinoflagellida). Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Vol. 6. Fischer. ISBN 978-3-3340-0247-6. Fritz L, Triemer R (December 1985 ...
Paperna, Ilan (1984-04-15). "Chemical control of Amyloodinium ocellatum (Brown 1931) (Dinoflagellida) infections: In vitro ... Dinoflagellida)". Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée. 59 (1): 7-30. doi:10.1051/parasite/1984591007. ISSN 0003-4150. ...
... dinoflagellida MeSH B01.500.841.750.443.575.214.600 - pfiesteria piscicida MeSH B01.500.841.750.443.575.250 - euglenida MeSH ...
Dinophyceae (Dinoflagellida). In: Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Begründet von A. Pascher. Band 6 (Ed. by H. Ettl,J. Gerloff, ...
Animals, Ciguatera Poisoning, Ciguatoxins/analysis, Dinoflagellida, Mediterranean Sea, Spain. in Harmful Algae. volume. 99. ... Dinoflagellida; Mediterranean Sea; Spain}}, language = {{eng}}, pages = {{101913--101913}}, publisher = {{Elsevier}}, series ...
Corals of the family Acroporidae are key structural components of reefs that support the most diverse marine ecosystems. Due to increasing anthropogenic stresses, coral reefs are in decline. Along the coast of Okinawa, Japan, three different color morphs of Acropora tenuis have been recognized for d …
Dive into the research topics of Changes in coral microbial communities in response to a natural pH gradient. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
Sår i munnen barn - dinoflagellida.appclonerpremiumapk.site. String Quintet In E Flat Major Op.4 (: I Allegro Con Brio); 87. ...
Dive into the research topics of Plastid evolution: Gene transfer and the maintenance of stolen organelles. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...
keywords = "Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Antarctic Regions, Cold Temperature, Dinoflagellida, Ecosystem, Fossils, Ice ...
Lee, J. C., Su, S. Y., Changou, C. A., Yang, R. S., Tsai, K. S., Collins, M. T., Orwoll, E. S., Lin, C. Y., Chen, S. H., Shih, S. R., Lee, C. H., Oda, Y., Billings, S. D., Li, C. F., Nielsen, G. P., Konishi, E., Petersson, F., Carpenter, T. O., Sittampalam, K., Huang, H. Y., 及其他1Folpe, A. L., 11月 1 2016, 於: Modern Pathology. 29, 11, p. 1335-1346 12 p.. 研究成果: 雜誌貢獻 › 文章 › 同行評審 ...
Brown, 1931) (Dinoflagellida) infestation in captive stock of silver moony, Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus, 1758) Dani Thomas ...
Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2023). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway (taxonomic information republished from AlgaeBase with permission of M.D. Guiry). Dinophyceae. Accessed through: RAS (Eds.) (2023) Register of Antarctic Species at: https://ras.biodiversity.aq/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=19542 on 2023-10-03 ...
Dinosaur National Monument: see National Parks and Monuments (table). Source for information on Dinosaur National Monument: The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. dictionary.
My research interests cover a variety of topics within phytoplankton ecology and evolution. Currently my research focus is on understanding the processes underlying phytoplankton biogeography and algal blooms. My approach is to study these processes at the population level by investigating genetic diversity, population genetic and genomic structure, dispersal, and local adaptation.. Together with my research group and collaborators we are currently focusing on the following main topics; understanding population genetic structure, dispersal, and differentiation in a dinoflagellate species complex that has recently diverged into multiple species/ecotypes, a freshwater invasive nuisance species Gonyostomum semen, and in the green alga Chlamydomonas present in lakes. We are also exploring the where, when, and why of toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Particularly in the cyanobacterium Microcystis botrys, as well as the effect of extreme weather on cyanobacterial blooms. Moreover, in a collaborative ...
Dinoflagellida Medicine & Life Sciences 84% * red tide Earth & Environmental Sciences 73% * algal blooms Agriculture & Biology ...
Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bd 6: Dinophyceae (Dinoflagellida) [English] £67.50 £89.99 More Info ...
Amoebida was the dominant group, Kinetoplastida and Euglenida were the subdominant groups, Dinoflagellida, Chaenoflagellida, ...
The meaning of DINOHYUS is a genus of extinct giant pigs (family Entelodontidae) of the Lower Miocene of Nebraska some of which exceed the modern bison in size.
Dinoflagellida. Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more specific than "Apicomplexa". ...
Dinoflagellida. Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more specific than "Ciliophora". ...
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How To Pronounce Dinoflagellida. *How To Pronounce Dinoflaggelate. *How To Pronounce dinoflaxelado ...
... s occur throughout the world, affecting marine ecosystems in Scandinavia, Japan, the Caribbean, and the South Pacific. Scientists first documented a red tide along Floridas Gulf Coast in fall 1947, when residents of Venice, Florida, reported thousands of dead fish and a "stinging gas" in the air, according to Mote Marine Laboratory. However, Florida residents have reported similar events since the mid-1800s ...
Dinoceras Dinocerata dinoceratan dinoceratid Dinoceratidae Dinoflagellata Dinoflagellatae dinoflagellate Dinoflagellida dinomic ...
  • En el pasado, los Dinoflagellida se consideraban miembros de la clase Phytomastigophorea, dentro del antiguo paradigma de los cinco reinos. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dinoflagellida were formerly members of the class Phytomastigophorea under the old five kingdom paradigm. (bvsalud.org)