Antibodies reactive with various types of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma antigens or bovine leukemia virus antigens.
Antigens associated with the DELTARETROVIRUS; HTLV-I ANTIGENS and HTLV-II ANTIGENS belong to this group.
Infections caused by the HTLV or BLV deltaretroviruses. They include human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED).
Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).
A genus in the family RETROVIRIDAE consisting of exogenous horizontally-transmitted viruses found in a few groups of mammals. Infections caused by these viruses include human B- or adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA, T-CELL, ACUTE, HTLV-I-ASSOCIATED), and bovine leukemia (ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS). The type species is LEUKEMIA VIRUS, BOVINE.
The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.
Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.
Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.
The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.
Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.
A measure of the binding strength between antibody and a simple hapten or antigen determinant. It depends on the closeness of stereochemical fit between antibody combining sites and antigen determinants, on the size of the area of contact between them, and on the distribution of charged and hydrophobic groups. It includes the concept of "avidity," which refers to the strength of the antigen-antibody bond after formation of reversible complexes.
Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.
Antibodies which react with the individual structural determinants (idiotopes) on the variable region of other antibodies.
Local surface sites on antibodies which react with antigen determinant sites on antigens (EPITOPES.) They are formed from parts of the variable regions of FAB FRAGMENTS.
Antibodies reactive with HIV ANTIGENS.
Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.
Immunoglobulins induced by antigens specific for tumors other than the normally occurring HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS.
Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.
Autoantibodies directed against various nuclear antigens including DNA, RNA, histones, acidic nuclear proteins, or complexes of these molecular elements. Antinuclear antibodies are found in systemic autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren's syndrome, scleroderma, polymyositis, and mixed connective tissue disease.

Human T cell leukemia virus type I-associated myelopathy in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. (1/51)

A case of human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP) with 14-year history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is reported. For 9 years, the numbness of the feet and sacral region progressed with occasional urinary incontinence and constipation. She was admitted to hospital due to gait disturbance and aggravation of SLE and the diagnosis of HAM/TSP was confirmed, indicating that HTLV-1 infection is associated with the development of not only HAM/TSP but also SLE.  (+info)

The HTLV receptor is a widely expressed protein. (2/51)

The receptor for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was found to be expressed on a broad range of cell lines derived from multiple species. Receptor expression was assessed using human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles, pseudotyped with the HTLV-1 envelope glycoprotein, and expressing luciferase under the control of an SV40 enhancer and promoter. Infection by pseudotyped virus was blocked with neutralizing antibodies to HTLV-1, and infection was dependent on the presence of the cleavage and fusogenic sequences in the envelope protein precursor. Trypsin treatment of susceptible target lymphocytes reduced entry. Entry was partially resistant to ammonium chloride.  (+info)

Human T cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus infection in pregnant women in the United Kingdom: population study. (3/51)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of human T cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV) infection in pregnant women in the United Kingdom. DESIGN: Population study. SUBJECTS: Guthrie card samples from babies born in 1997-8. Samples were linked to data on mother's age and ethnic status and parents' country of birth and then anonymised. SETTING: North Thames Regional Health Authority. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of antibodies against HTLV in eluates tested by gelatin particle agglutination assay and results confirmed by immunoblot. RESULTS: Of 126 010 samples tested, 67 had confirmed antibodies to HTLV (59 HTLV-I, 2 HTLV-II, 6 untyped) and six had indeterminate results. Seroprevalence was 17.0 per 1000 (95% confidence interval 9.2 to 28.3) in infants whose mothers were born in the Caribbean, 3.2/1000 (1.5 to 5.9) with mothers born in west and central Africa, and 6.8/1000 (3.1 to 12.9) in infants of black Caribbean mothers born in non-endemic regions. In infants with no known risk (both parents born in non-endemic regions and mother not black Caribbean) seroprevalence was 0.06-0.12 per 1000. Mother's country of birth, father's country of birth, and mother's ethnic status were all independently associated with neonatal seroprevalence. An estimated 223 (95% confidence interval 110 to 350) of the 720 000 pregnant women each year in the United Kingdom are infected with HTLV. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HTLV and HIV infections in pregnant women in the United Kingdom are comparable. The cost effectiveness of antenatal HTLV screening should be evaluated, and screening of blood donations should be considered.  (+info)

Prevalence of HIV-1/2, HTLV-I/II, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Treponema pallidum and Trypanosoma cruzi among prison inmates at Manhuacu, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. (4/51)

The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-(1/2)), human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I/II), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Treponema pallidum and Trypanosoma cruzi among 63 male prisoners in Manhuacu, Minas Gerais, Brazil and to compare this with data from eligible blood donors. The positive results were as follows: 11/63 (17.5%) for HBV, 5/63 (7.4%) for syphilis, 4/63 (6.3%) for HCV, 3/63 (4.8%) for Chagas' disease, 2/63 (3.2%) for HIV-1/2 and 1/63 (1.6%) for HTLV-I/II. The seroprevalence in prisoners was higher than among blood donors, mainly for antibodies to HIV-1/2, HCV and HBV. This is probably due to low social economic level, illiteracy, higher proportion with a prior history of intravenous drug use and/or unsafe sexual behavior. Therefore, these prisoners constitute a high-risk group and routine screening and counseling are recommended.  (+info)

The HTLV-I orfI protein is recognized by serum antibodies from naturally infected humans and experimentally infected rabbits. (5/51)

The mechanism of T-cell transformation by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), though not completely understood, appears to involve the interactions of several viral and cellular proteins. One of these viral proteins, p12(I), encoded by HTLV-I orfI, is a weak oncogene that binds the 16-kDa subunit of the vacuolar ATPase and interacts with the immature beta and gamma(c) chains of the IL-2 receptor. We have expressed the singly spliced orfI cDNA in the baculovirus system and used the recombinant protein as a tool to assess the presence of antibodies in naturally or experimentally infected hosts. In addition, rabbit antisera were raised against various p12(I) synthetic peptides and used to identify three antigenic regions within p12(I), one between the two putative transmembrane regions of p12(I) and two at the carboxy-terminus of the protein. More importantly, sera from a naturally infected human (1 of 32) and experimentally infected rabbits (9 of 20) recognized the rp12(I), demonstrating orfI expression and immunogenicity in vivo. Taken together these data provide the first evidence of orfI expression during HTLV-I infections.  (+info)

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 gag indeterminate western blot patterns in Central Africa: relationship to Plasmodium falciparum infection. (6/51)

To gain insight on the significance of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) indeterminate serological reactivities, we studied villagers of South Cameroon, focusing on a frequent and specific HTLV-1 Gag indeterminate profile (HGIP) pattern (gag p19, p26, p28, and p30 without p24 or Env gp21 and gp46). Among the 102 sera studied, 29 from all age groups had a stable HGIP pattern over a period of 4 years. There was no epidemiological evidence for sexual or vertical transmission of HGIP. Seventy-five percent of HGIP sera reacted positively on MT2 HTLV-1-infected cells by immunofluorescence assay. However, we could not isolate any HTLV-1 virus or detect the presence of p19 Gag protein in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from individuals with strong HGIP reactivity. PCR experiments conducted with primers for HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 (HTLV-1/2 primers) encompassing different regions of the virus did not yield HTLV-1/2 proviral sequences from individuals with HGIP. Using 11 peptides corresponding to HTLV-1 or HTLV-2 immunodominant B epitopes in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, one epitope corresponding to the Gag p19 carboxyl terminus was identified in 75% of HGIP sera, while it was recognized by only 41% of confirmed HTLV-1-positive sera. A positive correlation between HTLV-1 optical density values and titers of antibody to Plasmodium falciparum was also demonstrated. Finally, passage of sera through a P. falciparum-infected erythrocyte-coupled column was shown to specifically abrogate HGIP reactivity but not the HTLV-1 pattern, suggesting the existence of cross-reactivity between HTLV-1 Gag proteins and malaria-derived antigens. These data suggest that in Central Africa, this frequent and specific Western blot is not caused by HTLV-1 infection but could instead be associated with P. falciparum infection.  (+info)

Prevalence of HTLV infection in pregnant women in Spain. (7/51)

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of HTLV infection among pregnant women in Spain. METHODS: A commercial ELISA incorporating HTLV-I and HTLV-II antigens was used for HTLV antibody screening. Repeatedly reactive samples were further examined by western blot. Moreover, confirmation with PCR was performed when cells were available. RESULTS: 20,366 pregnant women in 12 different Spanish cities were tested in a 3 year period (July 1996 to August 1999). 32 samples were repeatedly reactive by ELISA, and 10 of them were confirmed as positive by western blot (eight for HTLV-II and two for HTLV-I). In addition, three of 13 women who had an indeterminate western blot pattern yielded positive results for HTLV-II by PCR. All 11 HTLV-II infected women had been born in Spain, and all but one were former drug users. Seven of them were coinfected with HIV-1. One HTLV-I infected woman was from Peru, where HTLV is endemic and where she most probably was infected during sexual intercourse. CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of HTLV infection among pregnant women in Spain is 0.064% (13/20,366), and HTLV-II instead of HTLV-I is the most commonly found variant. A strong relation was found among HTLV-II infection and specific epidemiological features, such as Spanish nationality and injecting drug use. Although HTLV-II can be vertically transmitted, mainly through breast feeding, both the low prevalence of infection and its lack of pathogenicity would not support the introduction of HTLV antenatal screening in Spain.  (+info)

Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus, HIV and human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma viruses in injecting drug users in Tayside, Scotland, 1993-7. (8/51)

The prevalence of blood-borne viruses in injecting drug users (IDUs) in Tayside, Scotland was determined by testing serum samples from IDUs who underwent attributable HIV antibody testing during 1993-7. The prevalence of antibodies to HIV was 29/802, (3.6%); to hepatitis C virus (HCV) 451/691, (65.3%); and to human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma viruses type 1 and 2 (HTLV) 0/679, (0.0%). The prevalence of HIV and HCV antibodies were higher in subjects over the age of 25 (P = 0.03 and P = 0.001, respectively). During 1993-7 the prevalence of HCV fell only in younger female IDUs (P < 0.01). HIV prevalence has declined dramatically since 1985, when a rate of 40% was recorded in similar populations. Harm reduction measures have failed to control HCV the spread of infection among IDUs in Tayside, as indicated by the high proportion of antibody positive IDUs, particularly males under the age of 25. Future studies should address the nature and effective reduction of continuing risk taking among IDUs in Tayside.  (+info)

Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that include human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types 1 and 2, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and simian T-lymphotropic viruses. Antibodies against deltaretroviruses are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with one of these viruses.

Antibodies are formed when the immune system recognizes a foreign substance, such as a virus, as harmful. The immune system then produces specific proteins called antibodies to bind to and help neutralize or remove the foreign substance from the body. Detection of deltaretrovirus antibodies in an individual's blood can indicate a current or past infection with one of these viruses.

It is important to note that the presence of deltaretrovirus antibodies does not necessarily mean that the person has symptoms or will develop disease related to the virus. Some people with deltaretrovirus antibodies may never develop symptoms, while others may develop serious illnesses such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (HTLV-1) or neurological disorders (HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis).

If you suspect that you may have been exposed to a deltaretrovirus, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider for further evaluation and testing.

Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that include human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types 1 and 2, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and simian T-lymphotropic viruses. These viruses are characterized by the presence of the unique region (U) in their genome, which encodes several accessory proteins, including Tax, Rex, p12, p30, and p13.

Deltaretrovirus antigens refer to the proteins expressed by these viruses that can stimulate an immune response in infected individuals. The two main antigens of deltaretroviruses are:

1. Environmental Response Factor (ERF): Also known as p12 or p13, this protein is involved in viral replication and infectivity. It has been shown to induce the production of antibodies in infected individuals.
2. Transactivator X (Tax): This protein is a potent transcriptional activator that regulates viral gene expression and host cell signaling pathways. Tax is a major target of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and has been implicated in the development of HTLV-associated diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1 associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM).

Detection of deltaretrovirus antigens in clinical samples can be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of HTLV and BLV infections. However, the interpretation of these assays should be done with caution, as the presence of antibodies or CTLs against these antigens does not necessarily indicate active infection or disease.

Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that can cause chronic infections in humans and animals. The two main deltaretroviruses that infect humans are the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and Human T-cell Leukemia Virus type 2 (HTLV-2).

HTLV-1 is primarily transmitted through breastfeeding, sexual contact, and contaminated blood products. It can cause several diseases, including Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) and a neurological disorder called HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP).

HTLV-2 is primarily transmitted through intravenous drug use and sexual contact. While it has been associated with some diseases, such as neurological disorders and rare cases of leukemia, the link between HTLV-2 and disease is not as clear as it is for HTLV-1.

Deltaretrovirus infections can be diagnosed through blood tests that detect antibodies to the viruses or through genetic testing to detect the virus itself. There is currently no cure for deltaretrovirus infections, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) may help manage the infection and reduce the risk of transmission.

It's important to note that deltaretrovirus infections are relatively rare, and most people who are infected do not develop symptoms or disease. However, if you believe you may have been exposed to these viruses, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider for further evaluation and testing.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance, such as a bacterium or virus. They are capable of identifying and binding to specific antigens (foreign substances) on the surface of these invaders, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Antibodies are also known as immunoglobulins and come in several different types, including IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, each with a unique function in the immune response. They are composed of four polypeptide chains, two heavy chains and two light chains, that are held together by disulfide bonds. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains form the antigen-binding site, which is specific to a particular antigen.

Deltaretroviruses are a genus of retroviruses that include human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types 1 and 2, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), and simian T-lymphotropic viruses. These viruses are characterized by their ability to cause persistent infections and can lead to the development of various diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM).

The genome of deltaretroviruses contains two copies of single-stranded RNA, which are reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA during the replication process. The viral DNA is then integrated into the host cell's genome, leading to a lifelong infection.

Deltaretroviruses primarily infect CD4+ T cells and other immune cells, and transmission typically occurs through bodily fluids such as breast milk, blood, and sexual contact. Prevention measures include avoiding high-risk behaviors, screening blood products, and implementing strict infection control practices in healthcare settings.

Antibody specificity refers to the ability of an antibody to bind to a specific epitope or antigenic determinant on an antigen. Each antibody has a unique structure that allows it to recognize and bind to a specific region of an antigen, typically a small portion of the antigen's surface made up of amino acids or sugar residues. This highly specific binding is mediated by the variable regions of the antibody's heavy and light chains, which form a pocket that recognizes and binds to the epitope.

The specificity of an antibody is determined by its unique complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), which are loops of amino acids located in the variable domains of both the heavy and light chains. The CDRs form a binding site that recognizes and interacts with the epitope on the antigen. The precise fit between the antibody's binding site and the epitope is critical for specificity, as even small changes in the structure of either can prevent binding.

Antibody specificity is important in immune responses because it allows the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self antigens. This helps to prevent autoimmune reactions where the immune system attacks the body's own cells and tissues. Antibody specificity also plays a crucial role in diagnostic tests, such as ELISA assays, where antibodies are used to detect the presence of specific antigens in biological samples.

Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.

Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.

There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.

In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.

Bacterial antibodies are a type of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to an infection caused by bacteria. These antibodies are proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the bacterial cells, marking them for destruction by other immune cells. Bacterial antibodies can be classified into several types based on their structure and function, including IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE. They play a crucial role in the body's defense against bacterial infections and provide immunity to future infections with the same bacteria.

Monoclonal antibodies are a type of antibody that are identical because they are produced by a single clone of cells. They are laboratory-produced molecules that act like human antibodies in the immune system. They can be designed to attach to specific proteins found on the surface of cancer cells, making them useful for targeting and treating cancer. Monoclonal antibodies can also be used as a therapy for other diseases, such as autoimmune disorders and inflammatory conditions.

Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing a single type of immune cell, called a B cell, with a tumor cell to create a hybrid cell, or hybridoma. This hybrid cell is then able to replicate indefinitely, producing a large number of identical copies of the original antibody. These antibodies can be further modified and engineered to enhance their ability to bind to specific targets, increase their stability, and improve their effectiveness as therapeutic agents.

Monoclonal antibodies have several mechanisms of action in cancer therapy. They can directly kill cancer cells by binding to them and triggering an immune response. They can also block the signals that promote cancer growth and survival. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies can be used to deliver drugs or radiation directly to cancer cells, increasing the effectiveness of these treatments while minimizing their side effects on healthy tissues.

Monoclonal antibodies have become an important tool in modern medicine, with several approved for use in cancer therapy and other diseases. They are continuing to be studied and developed as a promising approach to treating a wide range of medical conditions.

Antibody formation, also known as humoral immune response, is the process by which the immune system produces proteins called antibodies in response to the presence of a foreign substance (antigen) in the body. This process involves several steps:

1. Recognition: The antigen is recognized and bound by a type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte or B cell, which then becomes activated.
2. Differentiation: The activated B cell undergoes differentiation to become a plasma cell, which is a type of cell that produces and secretes large amounts of antibodies.
3. Antibody production: The plasma cells produce and release antibodies, which are proteins made up of four polypeptide chains (two heavy chains and two light chains) arranged in a Y-shape. Each antibody has two binding sites that can recognize and bind to specific regions on the antigen called epitopes.
4. Neutralization or elimination: The antibodies bind to the antigens, neutralizing them or marking them for destruction by other immune cells. This helps to prevent the spread of infection and protect the body from harmful substances.

Antibody formation is an important part of the adaptive immune response, which allows the body to specifically recognize and respond to a wide variety of pathogens and foreign substances.

Neutralizing antibodies are a type of antibody that defends against pathogens such as viruses or bacteria by neutralizing their ability to infect cells. They do this by binding to specific regions on the surface proteins of the pathogen, preventing it from attaching to and entering host cells. This renders the pathogen ineffective and helps to prevent or reduce the severity of infection. Neutralizing antibodies can be produced naturally in response to an infection or vaccination, or they can be generated artificially for therapeutic purposes.

Antibody affinity refers to the strength and specificity of the interaction between an antibody and its corresponding antigen at a molecular level. It is a measure of how strongly and selectively an antibody binds to its target antigen. A higher affinity indicates a more stable and specific binding, while a lower affinity suggests weaker and less specific interactions. Affinity is typically measured in terms of the dissociation constant (Kd), which describes the concentration of antigen needed to achieve half-maximal binding to an antibody. Generally, a smaller Kd value corresponds to a higher affinity, indicating a tighter and more selective bond. This parameter is crucial in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic applications, such as immunoassays and targeted therapies, where high-affinity antibodies are preferred for improved sensitivity and specificity.

The Fluorescent Antibody Technique (FAT) is a type of immunofluorescence assay used in laboratory medicine and pathology for the detection and localization of specific antigens or antibodies in tissues, cells, or microorganisms. In this technique, a fluorescein-labeled antibody is used to selectively bind to the target antigen or antibody, forming an immune complex. When excited by light of a specific wavelength, the fluorescein label emits light at a longer wavelength, typically visualized as green fluorescence under a fluorescence microscope.

The FAT is widely used in diagnostic microbiology for the identification and characterization of various bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It has also been applied in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and certain cancers by detecting specific antibodies or antigens in patient samples. The main advantage of FAT is its high sensitivity and specificity, allowing for accurate detection and differentiation of various pathogens and disease markers. However, it requires specialized equipment and trained personnel to perform and interpret the results.

Anti-idiotypic antibodies are a type of immune protein that recognizes and binds to the unique identifying region (idiotype) of another antibody. These antibodies are produced by the immune system as part of a regulatory feedback mechanism, where they can modulate or inhibit the activity of the original antibody. They have been studied for their potential use in immunotherapy and vaccine development.

A binding site on an antibody refers to the specific region on the surface of the antibody molecule that can recognize and bind to a specific antigen. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances called antigens. They have two main functions: to neutralize the harmful effects of antigens and to help eliminate them from the body.

The binding site of an antibody is located at the tips of its Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of the antibody molecule. These regions contain unique amino acid sequences that determine the specificity of the antibody for a particular antigen. The binding site can recognize and bind to a specific epitope or region on the antigen, forming an antigen-antibody complex.

The binding between the antibody and antigen is highly specific and depends on non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and electrostatic attractions. This interaction plays a crucial role in the immune response, as it allows the immune system to recognize and eliminate pathogens and other foreign substances from the body.

HIV antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) in the body. These antibodies are designed to recognize and bind to specific parts of the virus, known as antigens, in order to neutralize or eliminate it.

There are several types of HIV antibodies that can be produced, including:

1. Anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-2 antibodies: These are antibodies that specifically target the HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses, respectively.
2. Antibodies to HIV envelope proteins: These antibodies recognize and bind to the outer envelope of the virus, which is covered in glycoprotein spikes that allow the virus to attach to and enter host cells.
3. Antibodies to HIV core proteins: These antibodies recognize and bind to the interior of the viral particle, where the genetic material of the virus is housed.

The presence of HIV antibodies in the blood can be detected through a variety of tests, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. A positive test result for HIV antibodies indicates that an individual has been infected with the virus, although it may take several weeks or months after infection for the antibodies to become detectable.

An epitope is a specific region on the surface of an antigen (a molecule that can trigger an immune response) that is recognized by an antibody, B-cell receptor, or T-cell receptor. It is also commonly referred to as an antigenic determinant. Epitopes are typically composed of linear amino acid sequences or conformational structures made up of discontinuous amino acids in the antigen. They play a crucial role in the immune system's ability to differentiate between self and non-self molecules, leading to the targeted destruction of foreign substances like viruses and bacteria. Understanding epitopes is essential for developing vaccines, diagnostic tests, and immunotherapies.

'Antibodies, Neoplasm' is a medical term that refers to abnormal antibodies produced by neoplastic cells, which are cells that have undergone uncontrolled division and form a tumor or malignancy. These antibodies can be produced in large quantities and may have altered structures or functions compared to normal antibodies.

Neoplastic antibodies can arise from various types of malignancies, including leukemias, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. In some cases, these abnormal antibodies can interfere with the normal functioning of the immune system and contribute to the progression of the disease.

In addition, neoplastic antibodies can also be used as tumor markers for diagnostic purposes. For example, certain types of monoclonal gammopathy, such as multiple myeloma, are characterized by the overproduction of a single type of immunoglobulin, which can be detected in the blood or urine and used to monitor the disease.

Overall, 'Antibodies, Neoplasm' is a term that encompasses a wide range of abnormal antibodies produced by neoplastic cells, which can have significant implications for both the diagnosis and treatment of malignancies.

Antibodies, protozoan, refer to the immune system's response to an infection caused by a protozoan organism. Protozoa are single-celled microorganisms that can cause various diseases in humans, such as malaria, giardiasis, and toxoplasmosis.

When the body is infected with a protozoan, the immune system responds by producing specific proteins called antibodies. Antibodies are produced by a type of white blood cell called a B-cell, and they recognize and bind to specific antigens on the surface of the protozoan organism.

There are five main types of antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each type of antibody has a different role in the immune response. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody and provides long-term immunity to previously encountered pathogens. IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection and is important for activating the complement system, which helps to destroy the protozoan organism.

Overall, the production of antibodies against protozoan organisms is a critical part of the immune response and helps to protect the body from further infection.

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are a type of autoantibody that target structures found in the nucleus of a cell. These antibodies are produced by the immune system and attack the body's own cells and tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. The presence of ANA is often used as a marker for certain autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, and polymyositis.

ANA can be detected through a blood test called the antinuclear antibody test. A positive result indicates the presence of ANA in the blood, but it does not necessarily mean that a person has an autoimmune disease. Further testing is usually needed to confirm a diagnosis and determine the specific type of autoantibodies present.

It's important to note that ANA can also be found in healthy individuals, particularly as they age. Therefore, the test results should be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical findings and symptoms.

A patient infected with HTLV can be diagnosed when antibodies against HTLV-1 are detected in the serum. HTLV-1 is a retrovirus ... belonging to the family retroviridae and the genus deltaretrovirus. It has a positive-sense RNA genome that is reverse ... antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera". Proceedings of the National Academy of ... these include parasitic infections and production of mucosal and humoral antibodies).[citation needed] In the central ...
... antibodies, viral MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.254.150 - deltaretrovirus antibodies MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.254.150.440 - ... antibodies MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.071 - antibodies, anti-idiotypic MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.107 - antibodies, ... antibodies, bispecific MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.143 - antibodies, blocking MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.167 - antibodies, ... antibodies, helminth MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.191 - antibodies, heterophile MeSH D12.776.377.715.548.114.224 - antibodies, ...
... antibodies, viral MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.114.254.150 - deltaretrovirus antibodies MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.114.254.150.440 - ... antibodies, viral MeSH D12.776.124.790.651.114.254.150 - deltaretrovirus antibodies MeSH D12.776.124.790.651.114.254.150.440 - ... antibodies MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.114.071 - antibodies, anti-idiotypic MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.114.089 - antibodies, ... antibodies, bispecific MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.114.143 - antibodies, blocking MeSH D12.776.124.486.485.114.167 - antibodies, ...
Rex is also common to all extant Deltaretrovirus. As it gets expressed, Rex binds mRNA to control the extent of splicing. HBZ ... A vaccine candidate that can elicit or boost anti-gp46 neutralizing antibody response may have a potential for prevention and ... Tanaka Y, Takahashi Y, Kodama A, Tanaka R, Saito M (2014). "Neutralizing antibodies against human T cell leukemia virus type-I ... HTLVs belong to the genus Deltaretrovirus. The only other recognized species in the genus is Bovine leukemia virus, an ...
Categories: Deltaretrovirus Antibodies Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, ...
HTLV-BLV ANTIBODIES. Deltaretrovirus Antibodies. HTLV-BLV ANTIGENS. Deltaretrovirus Antigens. RESINS. Resins, Plant. ...
HTLV-BLV ANTIBODIES. Deltaretrovirus Antibodies. HTLV-BLV ANTIGENS. Deltaretrovirus Antigens. RESINS. Resins, Plant. ...
HTLV-BLV ANTIBODIES. Deltaretrovirus Antibodies. HTLV-BLV ANTIGENS. Deltaretrovirus Antigens. RESINS. Resins, Plant. ...
HTLV-BLV ANTIBODIES. Deltaretrovirus Antibodies. HTLV-BLV ANTIGENS. Deltaretrovirus Antigens. RESINS. Resins, Plant. ...
HTLV-BLV ANTIBODIES. Deltaretrovirus Antibodies. HTLV-BLV ANTIGENS. Deltaretrovirus Antigens. RESINS. Resins, Plant. ...
HTLV-BLV ANTIBODIES. Deltaretrovirus Antibodies. HTLV-BLV ANTIGENS. Deltaretrovirus Antigens. RESINS. Resins, Plant. ...
HTLV-BLV ANTIBODIES. Deltaretrovirus Antibodies. HTLV-BLV ANTIGENS. Deltaretrovirus Antigens. RESINS. Resins, Plant. ...
HTLV-BLV ANTIBODIES. Deltaretrovirus Antibodies. HTLV-BLV ANTIGENS. Deltaretrovirus Antigens. RESINS. Resins, Plant. ...
HTLV-BLV ANTIBODIES. Deltaretrovirus Antibodies. HTLV-BLV ANTIGENS. Deltaretrovirus Antigens. RESINS. Resins, Plant. ...
HTLV-BLV ANTIBODIES. Deltaretrovirus Antibodies. HTLV-BLV ANTIGENS. Deltaretrovirus Antigens. RESINS. Resins, Plant. ...
HTLV-BLV ANTIBODIES. Deltaretrovirus Antibodies. HTLV-BLV ANTIGENS. Deltaretrovirus Antigens. RESINS. Resins, Plant. ...
HTLV-BLV ANTIBODIES. Deltaretrovirus Antibodies. HTLV-BLV ANTIGENS. Deltaretrovirus Antigens. RESINS. Resins, Plant. ...
The neutralizing function of the anti-HTLV-1 antibody is essential in preventing in vivo transmission of HTLV-1 to human T ... Dive into the research topics of The neutralizing function of the anti-HTLV-1 antibody is essential in preventing in vivo ...
Schmallenberg Virus Antibodies in Adult Cows and Maternal Antibodies in Calves [PDF - 314 KB - 2 pages] A. Elbers et al. Cite ... Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a deltaretrovirus, causes B-cell leukemia/lymphoma in cattle and is prevalent in herds globally. A ... Elbers A, Stockhofe N, van der Poel W. Schmallenberg Virus Antibodies in Adult Cows and Maternal Antibodies in Calves. Emerging ... Elbers A, Stockhofe N, van der Poel W. Schmallenberg Virus Antibodies in Adult Cows and Maternal Antibodies in Calves. Emerg ...
A patient infected with HTLV can be diagnosed when antibodies against HTLV-1 are detected in the serum. HTLV-1 is a retrovirus ... belonging to the family retroviridae and the genus deltaretrovirus. It has a positive-sense RNA genome that is reverse ... antigen in an ATL cell line and detection of antibodies to the antigen in human sera". Proceedings of the National Academy of ... these include parasitic infections and production of mucosal and humoral antibodies).[citation needed] In the central ...
T Cell Leukemia Lymphoma Virus Antibodies, Human use Deltaretrovirus Antibodies T Cell Leukemia Lymphoma Virus Antigens, Human ... T Cell Leukemia Virus I Antibodies, Adult use HTLV-I Antibodies T Cell Leukemia Virus I Antibodies, Human use HTLV-I Antibodies ... T-Cell Leukemia Virus I Antibodies, Adult use HTLV-I Antibodies T-Cell Leukemia Virus I Antibodies, Human use HTLV-I Antibodies ... T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma Virus Antibodies, Human use Deltaretrovirus Antibodies T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma Virus Antigens, Human ...
The monoclonal antibodies were effective in radioimmunoprecipitation of F-MuLV proteins, and one of the antibodies, 720, was ... New metabolic markers derived from gamma and deltaretrovirus envelope glycoproteins. [通常講演] ... Immunotoxins (ITs) are antibody-based reagents which generally consist of monoclonal antibodies(mAbs) and toxins or their ... Nephritogenic monoclonal antibodies obtained from an MRL/lpr and an MRL/gld mouse were shown to be bone marrow-derived and rich ...
Deltaretrovirus Antigens. Antigens associated with the DELTARETROVIRUS; HTLV-I ANTIGENS and HTLV-II ANTIGENS belong to this ... Antibody Specificity. The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with ... Antibodies, Neutralizing. Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, ... Antibody-mediated immune response. Humoral immunity is brought about by ANTIBODY FORMATION, resulting from TH2 CELLS activating ...
HTLV belongs to the Retroviridae family in the genus Deltaretrovirus. ... Antibodies to HTLV-1 were fount, and the vitreous specimen revealed flower cell infiltration with HTLV-1 DNA detected via ... All HTLV strains belong to the Retroviridae family in the genus Deltaretrovirus. Retroviruses are RNA viruses that use an ...
antibodies against ebv-vca (igm and igg) and ebna (igg) along with ifnα in patient sera were detected .... 2018. 29338588. ... north american big brown bats (eptesicus fuscus) harbor an exogenous deltaretrovirus.. bats are the reservoir for a large ... neutralizing antibodies against epstein-barr virus infection of b cells can protect from oral viral challenge in the rhesus ... the method is based on evaluation of igg and iga antibody levels to the capsid (vca) and early antigens (ea) of the epstein- ...
Campo, E., Jaffe, E. S., Cook, J. R., Quintanilla-Martinez, L., Swerdlow, S. H., Anderson, K. C., Brousset, P., Cerroni, L., de Leval, L., Dirnhofer, S., Dogan, A., Feldman, A. L., Fend, F., Friedberg, J. W., Gaulard, P., Ghia, P., Horwitz, S. M., King, R. L., Salles, G., San-Miguel, J., & 53 othersSeymour, J. F., Treon, S. P., Vose, J. M., Zucca, E., Advani, R., Ansell, S., Au, W. Y., Barrionuevo, C., Bergsagel, L., Chan, W. C., Cohen, J. I., dAmore, F., Davies, A., Falini, B., Ghobrial, I. M., Goodlad, J. R., Gribben, J. G., Hsi, E. D., Kahl, B. S., Kim, W. S., Kumar, S., LaCasce, A. S., Laurent, C., Lenz, G., Leonard, J. P., Link, M. P., Lopez-Guillermo, A., Mateos, M. V., Macintyre, E., Melnick, A. M., Morschhauser, F., Nakamura, S., Narbaitz, M., Pavlovsky, A., Pileri, S. A., Piris, M., Pro, B., Rajkumar, V., Rosen, S. T., Sander, B., Sehn, L., Shipp, M. A., Smith, S. M., Staudt, L. M., Thieblemont, C., Tousseyn, T., Wilson, W. H., Yoshino, T., Zinzani, P. L., Dreyling, M., Scott, D. W., ...
The polyclonal rabbit anti-human CD3 antibody (Dako Denmark A/S, Glostrup, Denmark) was diluted 1:200 in Dako antibody diluent ... Several retroviruses, including members of the genera Lentivirus, Gammaretrovirus, and Deltaretrovirus have been shown to cause ... A-D Immunohistochemical analysis was performed with staining with an antibody targeting CD3. Positivity (red granular staining ... For all animals with typical lesions of non-suppurative encephalitis, FFPE brain tissue slides were labeled with antibodies ...
HTLV belongs to the Retroviridae family in the genus Deltaretrovirus. ... and the quantity of maternal antibodies. Intrauterine infection is less common, about 5%. [52, 53, 54] ...
RESULTS: Serum analysis by antibody ELISA indicated that all four alpacas were positive for BVDV-specific antibodies between 35 ... Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a member of the family Retroviridae, genus Deltaretrovirus that has three important gene ... Induction of neutralizing antibody response against koala retrovirus (KoRV) and reduction in viral load in koalas following ... To evaluate the ability of the specific antibodies to detect NDV specific antigens, this study was conducted with a range of ...
Abstract Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) belongs to the genus, Deltaretrovirus of the family, Retroviridae and it is the causative ... A novel luciferase-linked antibody capture assay (LACA) for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens. ...
Humans , Deltaretrovirus Infections/physiopathology , Social Stigma , Prejudice , Stereotyping , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic ... Humans , Female , Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic , Deltaretrovirus Infections , Brazil/epidemiology , Infectious Disease ... HTLV-I Antibodies (10) HTLV-II Infections (10) Quality of Life (9) ...
... monoclonal antibodies phylogenetic analysis polymerase chain reaction review sequencing tick-borne encephalitis virus ... Deltaretrovirus: Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1). 3, 227-232 ... Monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutinin of influenza A/H7N3 ... monoclonal antibodies phylogenetic analysis polymerase chain reaction review sequencing tick-borne encephalitis virus ... Study of the prevalence of antibodies to some arboviruses in the population of the Republic of Guinea.* 5, 346-353 ...
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome*Antibody Deficiency Syndrome. *Deficiency Syndromes, Antibody. *Antibody Deficiency Syndromes ... Deltaretrovirus Infections. *Dysgammaglobulinemia. *HIV Infections. *Leukocyte-Adhesion Deficiency Syndrome. *Lymphopenia. * ...
  • HTLV-1 is a retrovirus belonging to the family retroviridae and the genus deltaretrovirus. (wikipedia.org)
  • All HTLV strains belong to the Retroviridae family in the genus Deltaretrovirus. (medscape.com)
  • In cattle, known retroviruses are bovine leukemia virus (BLV) of the genus Deltaretrovirus , bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) of the genus Lentivirus , and bovine foamy virus (BFV) of the genus Bovispumavirus [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Abstract Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) belongs to the genus, Deltaretrovirus of the family, Retroviridae and it is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis. (edu.vn)
  • Several retroviruses, including members of the genera Lentivirus , Gammaretrovirus , and Deltaretrovirus have been shown to cause disease in the CNS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Rates of prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies against HIV (anti-HIV), HCV (anti-HCV), and HTLV (anti-HTLV) were determined among 11,391 donors to five tissue banks in the United States. (nih.gov)
  • A patient infected with HTLV can be diagnosed when antibodies against HTLV-1 are detected in the serum. (wikipedia.org)
  • HTLV-1 is a retrovirus belonging to the family retroviridae and the genus deltaretrovirus. (wikipedia.org)
  • We interviewed 51 blood donors in four major US metropolitan areas subsequently found to have had antibodies to human T-cell lymphotropic virus (anti-HTLV) in late 1984-early 1985. (nih.gov)
  • HAA is thought to arise from direct infection of joints by HTLV-1, as evidenced by the detection of ATL-like T lymphocytes and HTLV-1 proviral DNA in the synovial fluid and synovial tissue, and higher titers of IgM antibodies against HTLV-1 in the synovial fluid. (medscape.com)
  • All HTLV strains belong to the Retroviridae family in the genus Deltaretrovirus. (medscape.com)
  • Antibodies to HTLV-1 were fount, and the vitreous specimen revealed flower cell infiltration with HTLV-1 DNA detected via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). (medscape.com)
  • The advent of immunoblotting, ≈100 times more sensitive than techniques of the 1970s ( 6 ), enabled the detection of antibodies reactive with recombinant purified BLV p24 capsid protein in serum samples from 39% of 257 self-selected human volunteers ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), a deltaretrovirus, causes B-cell leukemia/lymphoma in cattle and is prevalent in herds globally. (cdc.gov)
  • The Rapid Screening Test (RST) was used for the detection of Dengue-specific IgG and IgM antibodies. (bvsalud.org)
  • A previous finding of antibodies against BLV in humans led us to examine the possibility of human infection with BLV. (cdc.gov)
  • In these studies no antibodies against BLV were detected, prompting Burridge to conclude in his review article, "There is no epidemiological or serological evidence from human studies to indicate that BLV can infect man" ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The finding of antibodies to BLV in humans prompted us to investigate human tissues for evidence of infection with BLV by using liquid-phase PCR (L-PCR), sequencing, in situ PCR, and immunohistochemical (IHC) testing. (cdc.gov)
  • Les examens ont été réalisés au Centre d'Infectiologie Charles Mérieux (CICM) de Bamako avec le dépistage du génome des virus responsables de la Dengue, de la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift, et du Zika à l'aide de la technique de la RT-PCR en temps réel. (bvsalud.org)