Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.
Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.
Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.
Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.
Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.
Family of INSECT VIRUSES containing two subfamilies: Eubaculovirinae (occluded baculoviruses) and Nudibaculovirinae (nonoccluded baculoviruses). The Eubaculovirinae, which contain polyhedron-shaped inclusion bodies, have two genera: NUCLEOPOLYHEDROVIRUS and GRANULOVIRUS. Baculovirus vectors are used for expression of foreign genes in insects.
Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.
An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.
A genus of owlet moths of the family Noctuidae. These insects are used in molecular biology studies during all stages of their life cycle.
Yeast-like ascomycetous fungi of the family Saccharomycetaceae, order SACCHAROMYCETALES isolated from exuded tree sap.
The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.
Inbred BALB/c mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been selectively bred to be genetically identical to each other, making them useful for scientific research and experiments due to their consistent genetic background and predictable responses to various stimuli or treatments.
The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.
Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.
A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.
The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Gene silencing: plants and viruses fight it out. (1/4747)

Plants can become 'immune' to attack by viruses by degrading specific viral RNA, but some plant viruses have evolved the general capacity to suppress this resistance mechanism.  (+info)

The molecular basis of multiple vector insertion by gene targeting in mammalian cells. (2/4747)

Gene targeting using sequence insertion vectors generally results in integration of one copy of the targeting vector generating a tandem duplication of the cognate chromosomal region of homology. However, occasionally the target locus is found to contain >1 copy of the integrated vector. The mechanism by which the latter recombinants arise is not known. In the present study, we investigated the molecular basis by which multiple vectors become integrated at the chromosomal immunoglobulin mu locus in a murine hybridoma. To accomplish this, specially designed insertion vectors were constructed that included six diagnostic restriction enzyme markers in the Cmu region of homology to the target chromosomal mu locus. This enabled contributions by the vector-borne and chromosomal Cmu sequences at the recombinant locus to be ascertained. Targeted recombinants were isolated and analyzed to determine the number of vector copies integrated at the chromosomal immunoglobulin mu locus. Targeted recombinants identified as bearing >1 copy of the integrated vector resulted from a Cmu triplication formed by two vector copies in tandem. Examination of the fate of the Cmu region markers suggested that this class of recombinant was generated predominantly, if not exclusively, by two targeted vector integration events, each involving insertion of a single copy of the vector. Both vector insertion events into the chromosomal mu locus were consistent with the double-strand-break repair mechanism of homologous recombination. We interpret our results, taken together, to mean that a proportion of recipient cells is in a predetermined state that is amenable to targeted but not random vector integration.  (+info)

Adventitial delivery minimizes the proinflammatory effects of adenoviral vectors. (3/4747)

PURPOSE: Adenovirus-mediated arterial gene transfer is a promising tool in the study of vascular biology and the development of vascular gene therapy. However, intraluminal delivery of adenoviral vectors causes vascular inflammation and neointimal formation. Whether these complications could be avoided and gene transfer efficiency maintained by means of delivering adenoviral vectors via the adventitia was studied. METHODS: Replication-defective adenoviral vectors encoding a beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) gene (AdRSVnLacZ) or without a recombinant gene (AdNull) were infused into the lumen or the adventitia of rabbit carotid arteries. Two days after infusion of either AdRSVnLacZ (n = 8 adventitial, n = 8 luminal) or AdNull (n = 4 luminal), recombinant gene expression was quantitated by histochemistry (performed on tissue sections) and with a beta-gal activity assay (performed on vessel extracts). Inflammation caused by adenovirus infusion was assessed 14 days after infusion of either AdNull (n = 6) or vehicle (n = 6) into the carotid adventitia. Inflammation was assessed by means of examination of histologic sections for the presence of neointimal formation and infiltrating T cells and for the expression of markers of vascular cell activation (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1). To measure the systemic immune response to adventitial infusion of adenovirus, plasma samples (n = 3) were drawn 14 days after infusion of AdNull and assayed for neutralizing antibodies. RESULTS: Two days after luminal infusion of AdRSVnLacZ, approximately 30% of luminal endothelial cells expressed beta-gal. Similarly, 2 days after infusion of AdRSVnLacZ to the adventitia, approximately 30% of adventitial cells expressed beta-gal. beta-gal expression was present in the carotid adventitia, the internal jugular vein adventitia, and the vagus nerve perineurium. Elevated beta-gal activity (50- to 80-fold more than background; P <.05) was detected in extracts made from all AdRSVnLacZ-transduced arteries. The amount of recombinant protein expression per vessel did not differ significantly between vessels transduced via the adventitia (17.1 mU/mg total protein [range, 8.1 to 71.5]) and those transduced via a luminal approach (10.0 mU/mg total protein [range, 3.9 to 42.6]). Notably, adventitial delivery of AdNull did not cause neointimal formation. In addition, vascular inflammation in arteries transduced via the adventitia (ie, T-cell infiltrates and ICAM-1 expression) was confined to the adventitia, sparing both the intima and media. Antiadenoviral neutralizing antibodies were present in all rabbits after adventitial delivery of AdNull. CONCLUSION: Infusion of adenoviral vectors into the carotid artery adventitia achieves recombinant gene expression at a level equivalent to that achieved by means of intraluminal vector infusion. Because adventitial gene transfer can be performed by means of direct application during open surgical procedures, this technically simple procedure may be more clinically applicable than intraluminal delivery. Moreover, despite the generation of a systemic immune response, adventitial infusion had no detectable pathologic effects on the vascular intima or media. For these reasons, adventitial gene delivery may be a particularly useful experimental and clinical tool.  (+info)

Excess of high activity monoamine oxidase A gene promoter alleles in female patients with panic disorder. (4/4747)

A genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of panic disorder has been demonstrated by clinical genetic studies. Molecular genetic studies have focused on candidate genes suggested by the molecular mechanisms implied in the action of drugs utilized for therapy or in challenge tests. One class of drugs effective in the treatment of panic disorder is represented by monoamine oxidase A inhibitors. Therefore, the monoamine oxidase A gene on chromosome X is a prime candidate gene. In the present study we investigated a novel repeat polymorphism in the promoter of the monoamine oxidase A gene for association with panic disorder in two independent samples (German sample, n = 80; Italian sample, n = 129). Two alleles (3 and 4 repeats) were most common and constituted >97% of the observed alleles. Functional characterization in a luciferase assay demonstrated that the longer alleles (3a, 4 and 5) were more active than allele 3. Among females of both the German and the Italian samples of panic disorder patients (combined, n = 209) the longer alleles (3a, 4 and 5) were significantly more frequent than among females of the corresponding control samples (combined, n = 190, chi2 = 10.27, df = 1, P = 0.001). Together with the observation that inhibition of monoamine oxidase A is clinically effective in the treatment of panic disorder these findings suggest that increased monoamine oxidase A activity is a risk factor for panic disorder in female patients.  (+info)

Mapping the genetic determinants of pathogenicity and plaque phenotype in swine vesicular disease virus. (5/4747)

A series of recombinant viruses were constructed using infectious cDNA clones of the virulent J1'73 (large plaque phenotype) and the avirulent H/3'76 (small plaque phenotype) strains of swine vesicular disease virus to identify the genetic determinants of pathogenicity and plaque phenotype. Both traits could be mapped to the region between nucleotides (nt) 2233 and 3368 corresponding to the C terminus of VP3, the whole of VP1, and the N terminus of 2A. In this region, there are eight nucleotide differences leading to amino acid changes between the J1'73 and the H/3'76 strains. Site-directed mutagenesis of individual nucleotides from the virulent to the avirulent genotype and vice versa indicated that A at nt 2832, encoding glycine at VP1-132, and G at nt 3355, encoding arginine at 2APRO-20, correlated with a large-plaque phenotype and virulence in pigs, irrespective of the origin of the remainder of the genome. Of these two sites, 2APRO-20 appeared to be the dominant determinant for the large-plaque phenotype but further studies are required to elucidate their relative importance for virulence in pigs.  (+info)

Intranasal delivery of recombinant parvovirus-like particles elicits cytotoxic T-cell and neutralizing antibody responses. (6/4747)

We previously demonstrated that chimeric porcine parvovirus-like particles (PPV:VLP) carrying heterologous epitopes, when injected intraperitoneally into mice without adjuvant, activate strong CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses specific for the foreign epitopes. In the present study, we investigated the immunogenicity of PPV:VLP carrying a CD8(+) T-cell epitope from the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) administered by mucosal routes. Mice immunized intranasally with recombinant PPV:VLP, in the absence of adjuvant, developed high levels of PPV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and/or IgA in their serum, as well as in mucosal sites such as the bronchoalveolar and intestinal fluids. Antibodies in sera from mice immunized parenterally or intranasally with PPV:VLP were strongly neutralizing in vitro. Intranasal immunization with PPV:VLP carrying the LCMV CD8(+) T-cell epitope also elicited a strong peptide-specific cytotoxic-T-cell (CTL) response. In contrast, mice orally immunized with recombinant PPV:VLP did not develop any antibody or CTL responses. We also showed that mice primed with PPV:VLP are still able to develop strong CTL responses after subsequent immunization with chimeric PPV:VLP carrying a foreign CD8(+) T-cell epitope. These results highlight the attractive potential of PPV:VLP as a safe, nonreplicating antigen carrier to stimulate systemic and mucosal immunity after nasal administration.  (+info)

Detection and induction of equine infectious anemia virus-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses by use of recombinant retroviral vectors. (7/4747)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) appear to be critical in resolving or reducing the severity of lentivirus infections. Retroviral vectors expressing the Gag/Pr or SU protein of the lentivirus equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) were constructed and used to evaluate EIAV-specific CTL responses in horses. Three promoters, cytomegalovirus, simian virus SV40, and Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MoMSV) long terminal repeat (LTR), were used, and there was considerable variation in their ability to direct expression of Gag/Pr and SU. Vectors expressing EIAV proteins under the direction of MoMSV LTR and using the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) Env for internalization were efficient at transducing equine kidney (EK) target cells and were effective targets for EIAV-specific CTL lysis. CTL from EIAV-infected horses caused lysis of retroviral vector-transduced EK cells expressing either Gag/Pr or SU in an ELA-A-restricted manner. In contrast, lysis of recombinant vaccinia virus-infected EK cells expressing Gag/Pr and SU/TM was often non-LA-A restricted. Five horses were immunized by direct intramuscular injection with a mixture of retroviral vectors expressing Gag/Pr or SU, and one responded with EIAV-specific CTL. This result indicates that retroviral vector stimulation of CTL in horses needs to be optimized, perhaps by inclusion of appropriate cytokine genes in the constructs. However, the studies demonstrated that retroviral vector-transduced target cells were very effective for in vitro dissection of EIAV-specific CTL responses.  (+info)

Reovirus virion-like particles obtained by recoating infectious subvirion particles with baculovirus-expressed sigma3 protein: an approach for analyzing sigma3 functions during virus entry. (8/4747)

Structure-function studies with mammalian reoviruses have been limited by the lack of a reverse-genetic system for engineering mutations into the viral genome. To circumvent this limitation in a partial way for the major outer-capsid protein sigma3, we obtained in vitro assembly of large numbers of virion-like particles by binding baculovirus-expressed sigma3 protein to infectious subvirion particles (ISVPs) that lack sigma3. A level of sigma3 binding approaching 100% of that in native virions was routinely achieved. The sigma3 coat in these recoated ISVPs (rcISVPs) appeared very similar to that in virions by electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction. rcISVPs retained full infectivity in murine L cells, allowing their use to study sigma3 functions in virus entry. Upon infection, rcISVPs behaved identically to virions in showing an extended lag phase prior to exponential growth and in being inhibited from entering cells by either the weak base NH4Cl or the cysteine proteinase inhibitor E-64. rcISVPs also mimicked virions in being incapable of in vitro activation to mediate lysis of erythrocytes and transcription of the viral mRNAs. Last, rcISVPs behaved like virions in showing minor loss of infectivity at 52 degrees C. Since rcISVPs contain virion-like levels of sigma3 but contain outer-capsid protein mu1/mu1C mostly cleaved at the delta-phi junction as in ISVPs, the fact that rcISVPs behaved like virions (and not ISVPs) in all of the assays that we performed suggests that sigma3, and not the delta-phi cleavage of mu1/mu1C, determines the observed differences in behavior between virions and ISVPs. To demonstrate the applicability of rcISVPs for genetic studies of protein functions in reovirus entry (an approach that we call recoating genetics), we used chimeric sigma3 proteins to localize the primary determinants of a strain-dependent difference in sigma3 cleavage rate to a carboxy-terminal region of the ISVP-bound protein.  (+info)

Recombinant DNA is a term used in molecular biology to describe DNA that has been created by combining genetic material from more than one source. This is typically done through the use of laboratory techniques such as molecular cloning, in which fragments of DNA are inserted into vectors (such as plasmids or viruses) and then introduced into a host organism where they can replicate and produce many copies of the recombinant DNA molecule.

Recombinant DNA technology has numerous applications in research, medicine, and industry, including the production of recombinant proteins for use as therapeutics, the creation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for agricultural or industrial purposes, and the development of new tools for genetic analysis and manipulation.

It's important to note that while recombinant DNA technology has many potential benefits, it also raises ethical and safety concerns, and its use is subject to regulation and oversight in many countries.

Recombinant proteins are artificially created proteins produced through the use of recombinant DNA technology. This process involves combining DNA molecules from different sources to create a new set of genes that encode for a specific protein. The resulting recombinant protein can then be expressed, purified, and used for various applications in research, medicine, and industry.

Recombinant proteins are widely used in biomedical research to study protein function, structure, and interactions. They are also used in the development of diagnostic tests, vaccines, and therapeutic drugs. For example, recombinant insulin is a common treatment for diabetes, while recombinant human growth hormone is used to treat growth disorders.

The production of recombinant proteins typically involves the use of host cells, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells, which are engineered to express the desired protein. The host cells are transformed with a plasmid vector containing the gene of interest, along with regulatory elements that control its expression. Once the host cells are cultured and the protein is expressed, it can be purified using various chromatography techniques.

Overall, recombinant proteins have revolutionized many areas of biology and medicine, enabling researchers to study and manipulate proteins in ways that were previously impossible.

Recombinant fusion proteins are artificially created biomolecules that combine the functional domains or properties of two or more different proteins into a single protein entity. They are generated through recombinant DNA technology, where the genes encoding the desired protein domains are linked together and expressed as a single, chimeric gene in a host organism, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells.

The resulting fusion protein retains the functional properties of its individual constituent proteins, allowing for novel applications in research, diagnostics, and therapeutics. For instance, recombinant fusion proteins can be designed to enhance protein stability, solubility, or immunogenicity, making them valuable tools for studying protein-protein interactions, developing targeted therapies, or generating vaccines against infectious diseases or cancer.

Examples of recombinant fusion proteins include:

1. Etaglunatide (ABT-523): A soluble Fc fusion protein that combines the heavy chain fragment crystallizable region (Fc) of an immunoglobulin with the extracellular domain of the human interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R). This fusion protein functions as a decoy receptor, neutralizing IL-6 and its downstream signaling pathways in rheumatoid arthritis.
2. Etanercept (Enbrel): A soluble TNF receptor p75 Fc fusion protein that binds to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and inhibits its proinflammatory activity, making it a valuable therapeutic option for treating autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and psoriasis.
3. Abatacept (Orencia): A fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) linked to the Fc region of an immunoglobulin, which downregulates T-cell activation and proliferation in autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.
4. Belimumab (Benlysta): A monoclonal antibody that targets B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) protein, preventing its interaction with the B-cell surface receptor and inhibiting B-cell activation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
5. Romiplostim (Nplate): A fusion protein consisting of a thrombopoietin receptor agonist peptide linked to an immunoglobulin Fc region, which stimulates platelet production in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).
6. Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp): A hyperglycosylated erythropoiesis-stimulating protein that functions as a longer-acting form of recombinant human erythropoietin, used to treat anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease or cancer.
7. Palivizumab (Synagis): A monoclonal antibody directed against the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which prevents RSV infection and is administered prophylactically to high-risk infants during the RSV season.
8. Ranibizumab (Lucentis): A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody fragment that binds and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), used in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and other ocular disorders.
9. Cetuximab (Erbitux): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), used in the treatment of colorectal cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.
10. Adalimumab (Humira): A fully humanized monoclonal antibody that targets tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease.
11. Bevacizumab (Avastin): A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to VEGF-A, used in the treatment of various cancers, including colorectal, lung, breast, and kidney cancer.
12. Trastuzumab (Herceptin): A humanized monoclonal antibody that targets HER2/neu receptor, used in the treatment of breast cancer.
13. Rituximab (Rituxan): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to CD20 antigen on B cells, used in the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and rheumatoid arthritis.
14. Palivizumab (Synagis): A humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to the F protein of respiratory syncytial virus, used in the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants.
15. Infliximab (Remicade): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
16. Natalizumab (Tysabri): A humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to α4β1 integrin, used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease.
17. Adalimumab (Humira): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.
18. Golimumab (Simponi): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and ulcerative colitis.
19. Certolizumab pegol (Cimzia): A PEGylated Fab' fragment of a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets TNF-α, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and Crohn's disease.
20. Ustekinumab (Stelara): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-12 and IL-23, used in the treatment of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and Crohn's disease.
21. Secukinumab (Cosentyx): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17A, used in the treatment of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
22. Ixekizumab (Taltz): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17A, used in the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.
23. Brodalumab (Siliq): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-17 receptor A, used in the treatment of psoriasis.
24. Sarilumab (Kevzara): A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets the IL-6 receptor, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
25. Tocilizumab (Actemra): A humanized monoclonal antibody that targets the IL-6 receptor, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, giant cell arteritis, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell-induced cytokine release syndrome.
26. Siltuximab (Sylvant): A chimeric monoclonal antibody that targets IL-6, used in the treatment of multicentric Castleman disease.
27. Satralizumab (Enspryng): A humanized monoclonal antibody that targets IL-6 receptor alpha, used in the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
28. Sirukumab (Plivensia): A human monoclonal antibody that targets IL-6, used in the treatment

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Molecular cloning is a laboratory technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This process involves several steps:

1. Isolation: The first step in molecular cloning is to isolate the DNA sequence of interest from the rest of the genomic DNA. This can be done using various methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, or hybridization.
2. Vector construction: Once the DNA sequence of interest has been isolated, it must be inserted into a vector, which is a small circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently in a host cell. Common vectors used in molecular cloning include plasmids and phages.
3. Transformation: The constructed vector is then introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterial or yeast cell, through a process called transformation. This can be done using various methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation.
4. Selection: After transformation, the host cells are grown in selective media that allow only those cells containing the vector to grow. This ensures that the DNA sequence of interest has been successfully cloned into the vector.
5. Amplification: Once the host cells have been selected, they can be grown in large quantities to amplify the number of copies of the cloned DNA sequence.

Molecular cloning is a powerful tool in molecular biology and has numerous applications, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, functional analysis of genes, and genetic engineering.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

A genetic vector is a vehicle, often a plasmid or a virus, that is used to introduce foreign DNA into a host cell as part of genetic engineering or gene therapy techniques. The vector contains the desired gene or genes, along with regulatory elements such as promoters and enhancers, which are needed for the expression of the gene in the target cells.

The choice of vector depends on several factors, including the size of the DNA to be inserted, the type of cell to be targeted, and the efficiency of uptake and expression required. Commonly used vectors include plasmids, adenoviruses, retroviruses, and lentiviruses.

Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently in bacteria. They are often used as cloning vectors to amplify and manipulate DNA fragments. Adenoviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect a wide range of host cells, including human cells. They are commonly used as gene therapy vectors because they can efficiently transfer genes into both dividing and non-dividing cells.

Retroviruses and lentiviruses are RNA viruses that integrate their genetic material into the host cell's genome. This allows for stable expression of the transgene over time. Lentiviruses, a subclass of retroviruses, have the advantage of being able to infect non-dividing cells, making them useful for gene therapy applications in post-mitotic tissues such as neurons and muscle cells.

Overall, genetic vectors play a crucial role in modern molecular biology and medicine, enabling researchers to study gene function, develop new therapies, and modify organisms for various purposes.

'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.

While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.

E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.

Synthetic vaccines are artificially produced, designed to stimulate an immune response and provide protection against specific diseases. Unlike traditional vaccines that are derived from weakened or killed pathogens, synthetic vaccines are created using synthetic components, such as synthesized viral proteins, DNA, or RNA. These components mimic the disease-causing agent and trigger an immune response without causing the actual disease. The use of synthetic vaccines offers advantages in terms of safety, consistency, and scalability in production, making them valuable tools for preventing infectious diseases.

Genetic recombination is the process by which genetic material is exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA during meiosis, resulting in new combinations of genes on each chromosome. This exchange occurs during crossover, where segments of DNA are swapped between non-sister homologous chromatids, creating genetic diversity among the offspring. It is a crucial mechanism for generating genetic variability and facilitating evolutionary change within populations. Additionally, recombination also plays an essential role in DNA repair processes through mechanisms such as homologous recombinational repair (HRR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).

A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.

Baculoviridae is a family of large, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect arthropods, particularly insects. The virions (virus particles) are enclosed in a rod-shaped or occlusion body called a polyhedron, which provides protection and stability in the environment. Baculoviruses have a wide host range within the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Hymenoptera (sawflies, bees, wasps, and ants), and Diptera (flies). They are important pathogens in agriculture and forestry, causing significant damage to insect pests.

The Baculoviridae family is divided into four genera: Alphabaculovirus, Betabaculovirus, Gammabaculovirus, and Deltabaculovirus. The two most well-studied and economically important genera are Alphabaculovirus (nuclear polyhedrosis viruses or NPVs) and Betabaculovirus (granulosis viruses or GVs).

Baculoviruses have a biphasic replication cycle, consisting of a budded phase and an occluded phase. During the budded phase, the virus infects host cells and produces enveloped virions that can spread to other cells within the insect. In the occluded phase, large numbers of non-enveloped virions are produced and encapsidated in a protein matrix called a polyhedron. These polyhedra accumulate in the infected insect's tissues, providing protection from environmental degradation and facilitating transmission to new hosts through oral ingestion or other means.

Baculoviruses have been extensively studied as models for understanding viral replication, gene expression, and host-pathogen interactions. They also have potential applications in biotechnology and pest control, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy vectors, and environmentally friendly insecticides.

A plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is separate from the chromosomal DNA of a bacterium or other organism. Plasmids are typically not essential for the survival of the organism, but they can confer beneficial traits such as antibiotic resistance or the ability to degrade certain types of pollutants.

Plasmids are capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA and can be transferred between bacteria through a process called conjugation. They often contain genes that provide resistance to antibiotics, heavy metals, and other environmental stressors. Plasmids have also been engineered for use in molecular biology as cloning vectors, allowing scientists to replicate and manipulate specific DNA sequences.

Plasmids are important tools in genetic engineering and biotechnology because they can be easily manipulated and transferred between organisms. They have been used to produce vaccines, diagnostic tests, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for various applications, including agriculture, medicine, and industry.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Gene expression is the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, such as a protein or RNA molecule. This process involves several steps: transcription, RNA processing, and translation. During transcription, the genetic information in DNA is copied into a complementary RNA molecule, known as messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then undergoes RNA processing, which includes adding a cap and tail to the mRNA and splicing out non-coding regions called introns. The resulting mature mRNA is then translated into a protein on ribosomes in the cytoplasm through the process of translation.

The regulation of gene expression is a complex and highly controlled process that allows cells to respond to changes in their environment, such as growth factors, hormones, and stress signals. This regulation can occur at various stages of gene expression, including transcriptional activation or repression, RNA processing, mRNA stability, and translation. Dysregulation of gene expression has been implicated in many diseases, including cancer, genetic disorders, and neurological conditions.

Sequence homology, amino acid, refers to the similarity in the order of amino acids in a protein or a portion of a protein between two or more species. This similarity can be used to infer evolutionary relationships and functional similarities between proteins. The higher the degree of sequence homology, the more likely it is that the proteins are related and have similar functions. Sequence homology can be determined through various methods such as pairwise alignment or multiple sequence alignment, which compare the sequences and calculate a score based on the number and type of matching amino acids.

Complementary DNA (cDNA) is a type of DNA that is synthesized from a single-stranded RNA molecule through the process of reverse transcription. In this process, the enzyme reverse transcriptase uses an RNA molecule as a template to synthesize a complementary DNA strand. The resulting cDNA is therefore complementary to the original RNA molecule and is a copy of its coding sequence, but it does not contain non-coding regions such as introns that are present in genomic DNA.

Complementary DNA is often used in molecular biology research to study gene expression, protein function, and other genetic phenomena. For example, cDNA can be used to create cDNA libraries, which are collections of cloned cDNA fragments that represent the expressed genes in a particular cell type or tissue. These libraries can then be screened for specific genes or gene products of interest. Additionally, cDNA can be used to produce recombinant proteins in heterologous expression systems, allowing researchers to study the structure and function of proteins that may be difficult to express or purify from their native sources.

An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) is a type of analytical biochemistry assay used to detect and quantify the presence of a substance, typically a protein or peptide, in a liquid sample. It takes its name from the enzyme-linked antibodies used in the assay.

In an ELISA, the sample is added to a well containing a surface that has been treated to capture the target substance. If the target substance is present in the sample, it will bind to the surface. Next, an enzyme-linked antibody specific to the target substance is added. This antibody will bind to the captured target substance if it is present. After washing away any unbound material, a substrate for the enzyme is added. If the enzyme is present due to its linkage to the antibody, it will catalyze a reaction that produces a detectable signal, such as a color change or fluorescence. The intensity of this signal is proportional to the amount of target substance present in the sample, allowing for quantification.

ELISAs are widely used in research and clinical settings to detect and measure various substances, including hormones, viruses, and bacteria. They offer high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility, making them a reliable choice for many applications.

"Spodoptera" is not a medical term, but a genus name in the insect family Noctuidae. It includes several species of moths commonly known as armyworms or cutworms due to their habit of consuming leaves and roots of various plants, causing significant damage to crops.

Some well-known species in this genus are Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm), Spodoptera litura (tobacco cutworm), and Spodoptera exigua (beet armyworm). These pests can be a concern for medical entomology when they transmit pathogens or cause allergic reactions. For instance, their frass (feces) and shed skins may trigger asthma symptoms in susceptible individuals. However, the insects themselves are not typically considered medical issues unless they directly affect human health.

"Pichia" is a genus of single-celled yeast organisms that are commonly found in various environments, including on plant and animal surfaces, in soil, and in food. Some species of Pichia are capable of causing human infection, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. These infections can include fungemia (bloodstream infections), pneumonia, and urinary tract infections.

Pichia species are important in a variety of industrial processes, including the production of alcoholic beverages, biofuels, and enzymes. They are also used as model organisms for research in genetics and cell biology.

It's worth noting that Pichia was previously classified under the genus "Candida," but it has since been reclassified due to genetic differences between the two groups.

Protein binding, in the context of medical and biological sciences, refers to the interaction between a protein and another molecule (known as the ligand) that results in a stable complex. This process is often reversible and can be influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration of the involved molecules.

In clinical chemistry, protein binding is particularly important when it comes to drugs, as many of them bind to proteins (especially albumin) in the bloodstream. The degree of protein binding can affect a drug's distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which in turn influence its therapeutic effectiveness and potential side effects.

Protein-bound drugs may be less available for interaction with their target tissues, as only the unbound or "free" fraction of the drug is active. Therefore, understanding protein binding can help optimize dosing regimens and minimize adverse reactions.

BALB/c is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The strain was developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London by Henry Baldwin and his colleagues in the 1920s, and it has since become one of the most commonly used inbred strains in the world.

BALB/c mice are characterized by their black coat color, which is determined by a recessive allele at the tyrosinase locus. They are also known for their docile and friendly temperament, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory.

One of the key features of BALB/c mice that makes them useful for research is their susceptibility to certain types of tumors and immune responses. For example, they are highly susceptible to developing mammary tumors, which can be induced by chemical carcinogens or viral infection. They also have a strong Th2-biased immune response, which makes them useful models for studying allergic diseases and asthma.

BALB/c mice are also commonly used in studies of genetics, neuroscience, behavior, and infectious diseases. Because they are an inbred strain, they have a uniform genetic background, which makes it easier to control for genetic factors in experiments. Additionally, because they have been bred in the laboratory for many generations, they are highly standardized and reproducible, making them ideal subjects for scientific research.

Vaccinia virus is a large, complex DNA virus that belongs to the Poxviridae family. It is the virus used in the production of the smallpox vaccine. The vaccinia virus is not identical to the variola virus, which causes smallpox, but it is closely related and provides cross-protection against smallpox infection.

The vaccinia virus has a unique replication cycle that occurs entirely in the cytoplasm of infected cells, rather than in the nucleus like many other DNA viruses. This allows the virus to evade host cell defenses and efficiently produce new virions. The virus causes the formation of pocks or lesions on the skin, which contain large numbers of virus particles that can be transmitted to others through close contact.

Vaccinia virus has also been used as a vector for the delivery of genes encoding therapeutic proteins, vaccines against other infectious diseases, and cancer therapies. However, the use of vaccinia virus as a vector is limited by its potential to cause adverse reactions in some individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems or certain skin conditions.

"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.

Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.

It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.

Cricetinae is a subfamily of rodents that includes hamsters, gerbils, and relatives. These small mammals are characterized by having short limbs, compact bodies, and cheek pouches for storing food. They are native to various parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Some species are popular pets due to their small size, easy care, and friendly nature. In a medical context, understanding the biology and behavior of Cricetinae species can be important for individuals who keep them as pets or for researchers studying their physiology.

Transfection is a term used in molecular biology that refers to the process of deliberately introducing foreign genetic material (DNA, RNA or artificial gene constructs) into cells. This is typically done using chemical or physical methods, such as lipofection or electroporation. Transfection is widely used in research and medical settings for various purposes, including studying gene function, producing proteins, developing gene therapies, and creating genetically modified organisms. It's important to note that transfection is different from transduction, which is the process of introducing genetic material into cells using viruses as vectors.

For example, plant DNA can be joined to bacterial DNA, or human DNA can be joined with fungal DNA. In addition, DNA sequences ... Preparation of DNA to be cloned, (4) Creation of recombinant DNA, (5) Introduction of recombinant DNA into the host organism, ( ... Animation illustrating construction of recombinant DNA and foreign protein production by recombinant bacteria Recombinant DNA ... Using recombinant DNA technology and synthetic DNA, any DNA sequence can be created and introduced into living organisms. ...
The Basics of Recombinant DNA Provides an introduction to the science behind recombinant DNA. The Recombinant DNA Debate ... "Recombinant DNA Technology and Its Social Transformation", p. 303 Wright, "Recombinant DNA Technology and Its Social ... One of these capacities was recombinant DNA technology. This technology entails the joining of DNA from different species and ... With eukaryotes, attempts to clone segments of DNA using recombinant DNA technology from warm-blooded vertebrates genomes were ...
"Recombinant DNA". Archived from the original on 2012-08-05. Retrieved 2010-04-11. "Insertional inactivation". Archived from the ... Insertional inactivation is a technique used in recombinant DNA engineering where a plasmid (such as pBR322) is used to disable ... If the DNA is inserted into a gene's enhancer region, the gene may be under-expressed - leading to a relative absence of its ... If the DNA is inserted into the middle of an essential gene, the effects on the cell will be drastic. Additionally, insertion ...
Sandhu, Sardul Singh (2010). Recombinant DNA Technology. I K International Publishing House. p. 116. ISBN 978-9380578446. ... IPTG is used as an inducer that binds to lac repressor releasing the DNA and allowing transcription. The presence of IPTG in ... "Blue/White Cloning of a DNA Fragment and Assay of β-Galactosidase" (PDF). Retrieved 2023-09-10. "5-Bromo-3-indolyl β-D- ... Joung J, Ramm E, Pabo C (2000). "A bacterial two-hybrid selection system for studying protein-DNA and protein-protein ...
One example of this use is in recombinant DNA production, when joining donor and vector DNA. EcoRI can exhibit non-site- ... DNA screening and deleting sections of DNA in vitro. Restriction enzymes, like EcoRI, that generate sticky ends of DNA are ... "Making recombinant DNA". An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. 7th Edition. "FAQs for EcoRI, Restriction Endonucleases, NEB". ... It is a restriction enzyme that cleaves DNA double helices into fragments at specific sites, and is also a part of the ...
Crampton, J. (1985). "Recombinant DNA methodology: edited by J.R. Dillon, A. Nasim and E.R. Nestmann John Wiley and Sons, 1985 ... Dillon, J.R., NASIM, A., Nestmann, E.R. (1985). Recombinant DNA Methodology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Translated into ... In 1978 he was chairman of the organizing committee for the International Symposium on DNA repair, Mutation and Human III ...
Recombinant DNA Research. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health. ... King's experiences led to her involvement in the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee, ... suggesting how to gain public trust in deliberations around the potential of recombinant DNA technologies by enhancing ...
doi:10.1002/j.2326-1951.1978.tb01704.x. May, Robert M. (1977). "The recombinant DNA debate". Science. 198 (4322): 1144-1146. ... Man-Made Evolution is a 1977 book by science writer Nicholas Wade about the then-new and controversial field of recombinant DNA ... Medawar, P. B. (October 27, 1977). "Fear and DNA". The New York Review of Books. Walters, Ray (November 18, 1979). "Paperback ...
And where to look for that identity if not in our genes? Ruth also became a critic of recombinant DNA research, in a time when ... raceandgenomics.ssrc.org HUBBARD, R. (September 3, 1976). "Recombinant DNA: Unknown Risks". Science. 193 (4256): 834-836. ... Hubbard stated that if an epidemic caused by a recombinant organism were to break out, it would be almost impossible to ...
In the wake of the 1973 report of the first use of recombinant DNA techniques to introduce genes from one species into another ... Singer, M.; Berg, P. (July 16, 1976). "Recombinant DNA: NIH Guidelines". Science. 193 (4249): 186-188. Bibcode:1976Sci...193.. ... she raised concerns over the potential health effects and risks in the relatively new field of recombinant DNA technology. She ... and she helped to organize the 1975 Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA that resulted in guidelines for dealing with the ...
The use of recombinant DNA is an example of a reverse genetics, where researchers create a mutant genotype and analyze the ... Recombinant DNA is an important method of research in many fields, including neurogenetics. It is used to make alterations to ... By the late 1980s new advances in genetics such as recombinant DNA technology and reverse genetics allowed for the broader use ... Kuure-Kinsey M, McCooey B (Fall 2000). "The Basics of Recombinant DNA". RPI.edu. Ambrose, Victor (2011). Reverse Genetics. ...
Insert the individual DNA pieces into a plasmid. Pieces will insert randomly, allowing for different variations of recombinant ... He was later successful at developing the ice-minus strain of P. syringae through recombinant DNA technology as well. In 1983, ... Both strains of P. syringae occur naturally, but recombinant DNA technology has allowed for the synthetic removal or alteration ... Parrott, Carolyn C. (1993). "Recombinant DNA to Protect Crops". Archived from the original on September 18, 2012. Retrieved ...
He was later successful at producing the ice-minus strain of P. syringae through recombinant DNA technology, as well. Based on ... Parrott, Carolyn C. (1993). "Recombinant DNA to Protect Crops". Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Lindow, Steven ... savastanoi, although as a result of DNA-relatedness studies, it has been instated as a new species. It has three host-specific ... Gardan, L.; Shafik, H.; Belouin, S.; Broch, R.; Grimont, F.; Grimont, P. A. D. (1999). "DNA relatedness among the pathovars of ...
The complete sequences of 100 new cDNA clones from brain which can code for large proteins in vitro". DNA Research. 5 (1): 31-9 ... "Recombinant human laminin-10 (alpha5beta1gamma1). Production, purification, and migration-promoting activity on vascular ... The complete sequences of 60 new cDNA clones from brain which code for large proteins". DNA Research. 8 (4): 179-87. doi: ...
Falkow served on the first NIH Recombinant DNA committee to recommend policy guidelines for the use of recombinant DNA to the ... Recombinant DNA Regulation Act, 1977. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1977. Guest, Gerald B. (1976). "Status of the FDA's ... Many of Falkow's publications are referenced in the Recombinant DNA Regulation Act of 1977. Falkow worked with the FDA of the ... that led to a plan to develop recombinant DNA technology. This led to the first cloning of a bacterial virulence factor, the ...
Recombinant DNA: A Short Course. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0716714842. Hunt, D.; Tooze, J.; Kurz, D. (1983). DNA ... 1972). DNA Tumour Viruses. Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. ISBN 0879691425. Watson, J. D.; Tooze, J. (1981 ... The DNA Story. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0716715900. Watson, J. D.; Tooze, J.; Kurz, D. (1983). ...
Recombinant DNA techniques: An introduction. Addison Wesley Publishing Co., Reading Mass. Huang, N., Sutliff, T.D., Litts, J.C ... The course was accompanied by a laboratory manual entitled "Recombinant DNA Techniques: An Introduction" co-authored with Dr. ... Oversight and Review of Clinical Gene Transfer Protocols: Assessing the Role of the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee. ... Eukaryotic DNA fragments which act as promoters for a plasmid gene. Nature 277:324-325. West, R.W., Jr., R.L. Neve and R.L. ...
James Greene (25 June 1998). Recombinant DNA Principles and Methodologies. CRC Press. pp. 278-. ISBN 978-0-8247-9989-2. v t e ( ... Buoyant density of DNA changes with its GC content. The term "satellite DNA" refers to small bands of repetitive DNA sequences ... Isopycnic Satellite DNA Dumont, Marc G.; Murrell, J. Colin (June 2005). "Stable isotope probing - linking microbial identity to ... Buoyant density of the majority of DNA is 1.7g/cm3 which is equal to density of 6M CsCl solution. ...
Pradhan S, Bacolla A, Wells RD, Roberts RJ (November 1999). "Recombinant human DNA (cytosine-5) methyltransferase. I. ... is placed at the linker DNA. Methylations can take place within this linker DNA (as shown in the Figure) but not on any DNA ... This enzyme is responsible for de novo DNA methylation. Such function is to be distinguished from maintenance DNA methylation ... While de novo DNA methylation modifies the information passed on by the parent to the progeny, it enables key epigenetic ...
... recombinant tPA is recommended. tPA was first produced by recombinant DNA techniques at Genentech in 1982. Tissue-type ... TPA) Produced By Recombinant DNA Techniques". Biology Discussion. 1982-07-23. Archived from the original on 2018-09-13. ... "Pharmaceutical Products of Recombinant DNA Technology". Biology Discussion. 2015-09-21. Retrieved 2017-12-10. Pennica D, Holmes ... tPA can be manufactured using recombinant biotechnology techniques, producing types of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator ...
Watson, James D.; Gilman, Michael; Witkowski, Jan; Zoller, Mark (1998). Recombinant DNA (Second (7th printing) ed.). New York: ... A QTL is a region in the DNA genome that effects, or is associated with, quantitative phenotypic traits. ...
Recombinant DNA is used for a wide range of applications. The traditional method for creating recombinant DNA typically ... Recombinant DNA are DNA biomolecules that contain genetic sequences that are not native to the organism's genome. Using ... Ligases then joins the sticky ends to the corresponding sticky ends of the foreign DNA fragments creating a recombinant DNA ... Gam functions to protect the DNA insert from being destroyed by native nucleases within the cell. Recombinant DNA can be ...
Johnson, Irving S. (1983-02-11). "Human Insulin from Recombinant DNA Technology". Science. 219 (4585): 632-637. Bibcode:1983Sci ... A small piece of DNA is extracted from a circular form of bacterial or yeast DNA called a plasmid. A scientist will extract ... Then, a scientist will insert the human gene for insulin into the gap left by the extracted DNA. This plasmid is now considered ... Modifying a person's non-heritable DNA with the goal of improving one's medical condition is generally accepted and has a ...
"BRENDA: 3.1.30.1". Eun, HM (1996). "Nucleases". Enzymology primer for recombinant DNA technology. Academic Press. pp. 145-232. ... An excess of the enzyme is required to degrade double-stranded DNA or RNA and DNA-RNA hybrids, and in this case, AT-rich ... Nuclease MB is a specific DNA and RNA exo-endonuclease which will degrade single-stranded extensions from the ends of DNA and ... The enzyme degrades single-stranded DNA or RNA to nucleoside 5'-monophosphates, but does not digest double-stranded DNA, double ...
... examples include gene editing or recombinant DNA technology, to have their disease-causing ability inhibited. This helps in ... live recombinant vaccines. Even though it may sound the same, the pivotal difference is those live recombinant vaccines contain ... long-lasting immunity and recombinant vaccines' genetically engineered precision and safety. Live recombinant vaccines can be ... Another live recombinant vaccine by GSK is called Shingrix. The indication of Shingrix is for adults of ages 50 and older with ...
"The Recombinant DNA of the Mash-Up". The New York Times. January 6, 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2023. "Sample the sounds of ...
"The Recombinant DNA of the Mash-Up". The New York Times. 6 January 2011. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. ...
"The Recombinant DNA of the Mash-Up". The New York Times. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2022. "The Pre-History Of Mashups ... "The Recombinant DNA of the Mash-Up". The New York Times. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2023. Wang, Oliver (20 March 2012 ...
Recombinant DNA Part C. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 101. pp. 635-644. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(83)01044-7. ISBN 9780121820015. ...
"The Recombinant DNA of the Mash-Up". The New York Times. 6 January 2011. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. ...
For example, plant DNA can be joined to bacterial DNA, or human DNA can be joined with fungal DNA. In addition, DNA sequences ... Preparation of DNA to be cloned, (4) Creation of recombinant DNA, (5) Introduction of recombinant DNA into the host organism, ( ... Animation illustrating construction of recombinant DNA and foreign protein production by recombinant bacteria Recombinant DNA ... Using recombinant DNA technology and synthetic DNA, any DNA sequence can be created and introduced into living organisms. ...
... is a DNA repair enzyme. Eliminates carry-over contamination in PCR. Order from Sigma-Aldrich. ... Heat-labile Cod Uracil-DNA Glycosylase (Triton-free) ... Uracil-DNA Glycosylase, heat-labile, recombinant from marine ... Uracil-DNA glycosylases are DNA repair enzymes that participate in the base excision repair pathway.. Uracil DNA Glycosylase, ... Uracil-DNA glycosylases?Structural and functional perspectives on an essential family of DNA repair enzymes ...
... Trond Erik Vee Aune trondaun at biotech.REMOVETHISBEFOREREPLYING.ntnu ... Next message: Recombinant work with in AT rich bacillus DNA in E. coli ... Next message: Recombinant work with in AT rich bacillus DNA in E. coli ... We have general problems with cloning and manipulations of Bacillus DNA (AT-rich!) in E. coli (DH5 alpha), related to DNA ...
For more details on any event found on the calendar, please click on the date to view the event name at the bottom of the screen. To view more detail on a specific event, please click on the name of the event at the bottom of the calendar page.. ...
Consider the implications of recombinant DNA as a new technology. What concerns might the scientific community have had then ... Physicians, scientists, lawyers, ethicists, and others gathered to draft guidelines for safe applications of recombinant DNA ... a pioneer of recombinant DNA technology, at a conference center at Asilomar State Beach in California. ... about recombinant DNA technology? Might those same concerns exist today? ...
The DNA vaccine expresses the polyprotein VP2-VP4-VP3 of IBDV. SPF and fertile broiler eggs with maternal antibodies were ... The DNA vaccine had no detrimental effect on hatchability or first week post-hatch survival. In ovo vaccination generated ... This system for in ovo delivery was used to determine the efficacy of a plasmid DNA vaccine against IBDV in 18-day-old embryos ... A second approach in the control of IBDV used a recombinant attenuated vaccine administered in ovo to 18-day-old embryos. The ...
As recombinant DNA engineering exposed its practical potency during the 1970s, support for molecular biological science section ... Introduction The recombinant DNA techniques were foremost demonstrated in 1972, the parent field of molecular biological ... The new recombinant Deoxyribonucleic acid or offspring phages transporting the recombinant DNA molecule depends on the vector ... The recombinant molecules do non hold covalent bond on rear sugar medieties, the DNA ligase used to seal the sugar molecules ...
Start Over You searched for: Subject DNA, Recombinant ✖ Remove constraint Subject: DNA, Recombinant Subject Genetic Research ✖ ... Risk, Regulation, and Scientific Citizenship: The Controversy over Recombinant DNA Research. *The Science Administrator as ... Risk, Regulation, and Scientific Citizenship: The Controversy over Recombinant DNA Research4 ...
Noncompetitive inhibition of recombinant rat DNA polymerase beta using dTTP as substrate by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis. ...
... and a recombinant DNA (recDNA) were cloned from a single tomato plant from Indonesia with leaf cu... ... Two begomoviruses (Java virus-1 and Java virus-2), two satellite DNAs (DNAβ01 and DNAβ02), and a recombinant DNA (recDNA) were ... 5The Natural Occurrence of Two Distinct Begomoviruses Associated with DNAβ and a Recombinant DNA in a Tomato Plant from ... The Natural Occurrence of Two Distinct Begomoviruses Associated with DNAβ and a Recombinant DNA in a Tomato Plant from ...
... recombinant DNA) was compared with that of purified porcine insulin (PPI) in seven male subjects with previously trea ... The therapeutic efficacy of human insulin (recombinant DNA) was compared with that of purified porcine insulin (PPI) in seven ... The Therapeutic Efficacy of Human Insulin (recombinant DNA) in Patients with Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus: A Comparative ... recombinant DNA) in Patients with Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus: A Comparative Study with Purified Porcine Insulin. ...
Recombinant vaccinia virus, recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), and recombinant fowlpox were comparable in their ... Recombinant poxvirus boosting of DNA-primed rhesus monkeys augments peak but not memory T lymphocyte responses.. Publication , ... "Recombinant poxvirus boosting of DNA-primed rhesus monkeys augments peak but not memory T lymphocyte responses." Proc Natl Acad ... "Recombinant poxvirus boosting of DNA-primed rhesus monkeys augments peak but not memory T lymphocyte responses." Proc Natl Acad ...
The two cDNA clones were engineered by standard recombinant DNA techniques and were finally purified by CsCl banding. The ... Characterization of recombinant Flaviviridae viruses possessing a small reporter tag. J. Virol. 2018, 92, e01582-17. [Google ... DNA Cloning. We constructed two reporter-encoding full-length cDNA clones (designated pZIKV-eGFP and pZIKV-nLUC) of ZIKV MR-766 ... Generation of a recombinant West Nile virus stably expressing the Gaussia luciferase for neutralization assay. Virus Res. 2016 ...
MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics. 1998;14:817-8. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar ... Anderson JP, Rodrigo AG, Learn GH, Madan A, Delahunty C, Coon M, Testing the hypothesis of a recombinant origin of human ... With so many recombinant viruses present at the cusp of the global HIV epidemic, at least some of the recombinant viruses in ... of the strains represented recombinant viruses; 32% of these appeared to be unique recombinants, except where indicated in ...
Guidelines for Recombinant DNA Research were issued in June 1976. They assigned each type of recombinant DNA experiment a ... Recombinant DNA is a technique of major importance in basic biomedical research and, increasingly, in industrial applications. ... NIH supports experiments to assess recombinant DNA risks and publishes and updates a plan for a risk assessment program. ... Talbot, B (1983). Development Of The National Institutes Of Health Guidelines For Recombinant DNA Research. 98(4). Talbot, B " ...
de:Rekombinante DNA el:Ανασυνδυασμένο DNA io:Rikombino it:DNA ricombinante nl:Recombinant DNA ... Nathan P. Kaplan, Nathan P. Colowick, Ray Wu (1980). Recombinant DNA, Volume 68: Volume 68: Recombinant Dna Part F (Methods in ... Recombinant DNA is a form of artificial DNA that is engineered through the combination or insertion of one or more DNA strands ... Fact Sheet Describing Recombinant DNA and Elements Utilizing Recombinant DNA Such as Plasmids and Viral Vectors, and the ...
NATIVE AMERICAN DNA Is Just Not That Into You. Disclosure What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up Like a raisin in the ... The Best DNA Tests for Native American Ancestry. DISCLOSURE STATEMENT Source: www.dnasoa.com Section I. INTRODUCTION If this is ... The Best DNA Tests for African-descended Peoples. Disclosure Source: www.biodiscover.com If youre of African descent and ... Welcome to the ROOTS section of my blog, where I focus on general and personal Genealogical and/or DNA stories of my interest ...
Category: Recombinant Proteins. Histo-Clear. *Posted on July 6, 2021. Histo-Clear II, like its predecessor Histo-Clear, is a ... Heterochiral DNA with Complementary Strands in α-D and β-D Configuration: H-Bonded and Silver Mediated Base Pairs with Impact ... Heterochiral DNA with Complementary Strands in α-D and β-D Configuration: H-Bonded and Silver Mediated Base Pairs with Impact ... DNA-specific immunoglobulin E in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of youngsters with human adenovirus. *Posted on August 22, 2020. ...
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Oocyte shuttle, a recombinant protein transporting donor DNA into the Xenopus oocyte in situ Duri Rungger 0000-0001-6637-5583 ... Transport of DNA from oocyte cytoplasm to nucleus. To document the binding of biotinylated DNA by the core streptavidin (Sano ... C,D) Biotinylated Reco-σ (DNA*) linked to OS6 protein was injected into four females. After two days, DNA was extracted from ... C,D) Biotinylated Reco-σ (DNA*) linked to OS6 protein was injected into four females. After two days, DNA was extracted from ...
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology has resulted in breakthroughs in crop and animal biotechnology. The power of rDNA technology ... Preparation of DNA. For recombinant DNA procedures to work, a pure DNA sample must be obtained. The challenge is that plant and ... Figure 1. Recombinant DNA is made from combining DNA from different sources. Image by Walter Suza.. Advances in molecular ... To join DNA molecules together, an enzyme called DNA ligase is used. The enzyme DNA ligase is used to seal together restriction ...
Recombinant DNA is artificially created by inserting parts of one DNA strand into another. At its most basic, recombinant DNA ... Recombinant DNA is a type of DNA that is artificially created by inserting a strand or more of DNA into a different set of DNA ... DNA. Recombinant DNA is used to try to introduce very specific features into crops, bacteria, and animals, usually to make them ... Recombinant DNA may be used to introduce specific features into crops, such as drought resistance. At its most basic, it just ...
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Techniques used in recombinant dna technology 4. Basic steps involved in rec dna technology or. Steps in recombinant dna ... Recombinant dna technology finds applications in all life sciences and industry advent of recombinant dna technology has led to ... 2 recombinant dna technology rdna and its applications. Tools for recombinant dna technology 3. 1 applications in crop ... Recombinant Dna Technology And Its Applications applications of recombinant dna technology slideshare is important information ...
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On DNA.Land (below), a free DNA utility aimed at crowdsourcing genomic data, you are assigned 21% Native American and most ... This also includes ancient DNA samples like Anzik Clovis child and Kennewick Man (see Estes Ancient DNA Matches -- what do they ... 7) The reason why a DNA test using only minimum Native American reference samples can pick up your Native American admixture is ... 5) You probably share NO genetic relationship with ancient or modern Native American reference populations utilized by DNA ...
Gevoeligheid en toepassingen van de PCR Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism-methode La PCR Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism est une méthode utilisée pour identifier et détecter des mutations et est maintenant bien connue pour ses nombreuses functions sur les êtres vivants. Cet article discutera des détails expérimentaux, des limites et de la sensibilité de la méthode PCR de polymorphisme de conformation monobrin par rapport. Read More ...
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The technology used to view cut segments of DNA and compare them to each other is called: \ DNA sequencing \ Gel ... What are the steps in forensic DNA analysis? To answer Answers (1) ... it some of the experiments on the Dische Reaction yielded a purple solution for the deoxyribose standard solution while the DNA ...
  • Formation of recombinant DNA requires a cloning vector, a DNA molecule that replicates within a living cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • The two DNA molecule sites can crossbreed to each other through their reconciliation gluey ends to organize a recombinant molecule. (free-essays.us)
  • In transmutation, recombinant DNA molecule enters into bacteriums cells. (free-essays.us)
  • In transduction, the recombinant molecule is combined with phage caput and tail proteins from one cell to another utilizing bacteriophage vector. (free-essays.us)
  • Berg suggested that Mertz begin by isolating two of the three-part-trivalent-recombinant DNA molecule he had recently proposed. (sciencenewshubb.com)
  • He wanted the DNA to contain the genetic information encoding most of the functions of SV40, all of the functions of the E. coli galactose (gal) operon, and the minimal parts of bacteriophage lambda required for autonomous replication as a circular DNA molecule, i.e., a plasmid, in E. coli . (sciencenewshubb.com)
  • I knew I could take SV40 DNA, cut it with EcoRI to make it into a linear molecule, and then put it back into monkey cells to see if anything happened," Mertz explained. (sciencenewshubb.com)
  • But when it enters E. coli , the linear DNA gets converted to a circular molecule because the viral DNA has sticky-or cohesive-ends," said Mertz. (sciencenewshubb.com)
  • The combination of a DNA fragment with a plasmid or vector DNA backbone generates a recombinant DNA molecule, which can be used to study DNA fragments of interest, such as genes. (addgene.org)
  • An in ovo delivery system for plasmid DNA vaccines was evaluated by studying parameters, such as the route of delivery (air cell vs amniotic cavity), transfection reagent (IFA+DMSO vs polyethylenimine), dose of plasmid DNA (1 to 100 µg/egg), and the nature of humoral immune responses. (umd.edu)
  • An optimal response was detected when embryos were inoculated with 60 µg of plasmid DNA. (umd.edu)
  • This system for in ovo delivery was used to determine the efficacy of a plasmid DNA vaccine against IBDV in 18-day-old embryos. (umd.edu)
  • Broilers vaccinated with plasmid DNA or IBDV-protein boost exhibited partial protection against IBDV-STC strain, whereas, vaccinated SPF chicks were not protected and exhibited severe microscopic lesions after challenge. (umd.edu)
  • We explored this issue in the simian human immunodeficiency virus/rhesus monkey model in the course of assessing the relative immunogenicity of vaccine regimens that included a cytokine-augmented plasmid DNA prime and a boost with DNA or recombinant pox vectors. (duke.edu)
  • Moreover, whereas the magnitude of the peak vaccine-elicited T lymphocyte responses in the recombinant pox virus-boosted monkeys was substantially greater than that seen in the monkeys immunized with plasmid DNA alone, the magnitudes of recombinant pox boosted CTL responses decayed rapidly and were comparable to those of the DNA-alone-vaccinated monkeys by the time of viral challenge. (duke.edu)
  • [1] In terms of genetic modification , recombinant DNA is produced through the addition of relevant DNA into an existing organismal genome , such as the plasmid of bacteria, to code for or alter different traits for a specific purpose, such as immunity. (wikidoc.org)
  • [1] In the classical instance, the use of recombinant DNA provides the initial cell from which the host organism is then expected to recapitulate when it undergoes further cell division, with bacteria remaining a prime example due to the use of viral vectors in medicine that contain recombinant DNA inserted into a structure known as a plasmid . (wikidoc.org)
  • In the introduction of useful genes into the plasmid, the bacteria are then used as a viral vector, which are encouraged to reproduce so as to recapitulate the altered DNA within other cells it infects, and increase the amount of cells with the recombinant DNA present within them. (wikidoc.org)
  • I then purified this plasmid cloning vector that had the gal operon and showed that I could take the purified DNA and reintroduce it back into E. coli using a method that [Stanford biochemist] Dale Kaiser's lab had recently developed," Mertz reported. (sciencenewshubb.com)
  • Like the bacterial chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA is replicated upon cell division, and each daughter cell receives at least one copy of the plasmid. (addgene.org)
  • By the 1970s the combined discoveries of restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, and gel electrophoresis allowed for the ability to move specific fragments of DNA from one context to another, such as from a chromosome to a plasmid. (addgene.org)
  • Recombinant dna technology market size status and forecast 2018 2025 this report focuses on the global recombinant dna technology status future forecast growth opportunity key market and key players. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • The new report by Expert Market Research titled, 'Global Recombinant DNA Technology Market Trends, Size, Share, Growth, Report and Forecast 2023-2028', gives an in-depth analysis of the global recombinant DNA technology market, assessing the market based on its segments like applications, manufacturing process and major regions. (cryptocoingap.com)
  • In 1975, the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA was organized. (pearson.com)
  • In 1975, the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA was organized by Paul Berg, a pioneer of recombinant DNA technology, at a conference center at Asilomar State Beach in California. (pearson.com)
  • Forty two years ago, in February 1975, the Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA [1] established guiding principles for safe conduct of experiments utilizing recombinant DNA technology, which facilitated the creation of a biotechnology industry in the 1980s. (cdc.gov)
  • The Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA concluded that (1) containment should be made an essential consideration in the experimental design and (2) the effectiveness of the containment should match the estimated risk as closely as possible [1]. (cdc.gov)
  • Proteins that can result from the expression of recombinant DNA within living cells are termed recombinant proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The giver DNA is separated from molecular components of the cell such as proteins, RNA, lipoids and saccharides. (free-essays.us)
  • To engineer organisms or produce valuable proteins, scientists create recombinant DNA constructs by combining DNA from different sources. (biotecnika.org)
  • Over the next 100 years, many significant discoveries lead to the conclusions that genes encode proteins and reside on chromosomes, which are composed of DNA. (addgene.org)
  • These findings culminated in the central dogma of molecular biology, that proteins are translated from RNA, which is transcribed from DNA. (addgene.org)
  • Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) that bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recombinant DNA is possible because DNA molecules from all organisms share the same chemical structure, differing only in the nucleotide sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recombinant DNA molecules are sometimes called chimeric DNA because they can be made of material from two different species like the mythical chimera. (wikipedia.org)
  • The DNA sequences used in the construction of recombinant DNA molecules can originate from any species. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, DNA sequences that do not occur anywhere in nature can be created by the chemical synthesis of DNA and incorporated into recombinant DNA molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • The recombinant molecules do non hold covalent bond on rear sugar medieties, the DNA ligase used to seal the sugar molecules and anchor which creates phosphodiester bonds at the functions.DNA ligase widely used in lab and it is derived from the bactriophage T4. (free-essays.us)
  • These are DNA molecules that contain strands from multiple animals, named after the mythological creature that contained various animal parts. (allthescience.org)
  • Techniques in chemistry enable isolation and purification of cellular components, such as DNA, but practically this isolation is only feasible for relatively short DNA molecules. (addgene.org)
  • In 1972, he used new gene splicing techniques to create the first recombinant DNA molecules, but in 1974, in what became known as the "Berg letter", he warned of the dangers inherent in experimenting with recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid. (nndb.com)
  • Synthetic biology is playing an increasing role in the commercial bioeconomy as providers of biological designs, optimized biological molecules, laboratory suppliers of customer-specified DNA, RNA, enzymes and cell-cloning services, and in drug development. (cdc.gov)
  • These principles of biosafety laid the foundation for the NIH Guidelines for Research involving Recombinant or Synthetic Nucleic Acid Molecules, the primary biosafety guidelines in use today [2]. (cdc.gov)
  • They published their findings in a 1974 paper entitled "Construction of Biologically Functional Bacterial Plasmids in vitro ", which described a technique to isolate and amplify genes or DNA segments and insert them into another cell with precision, creating a transgenic bacterium . (wikidoc.org)
  • [2] Through the use of recombinant DNA, genes that are identified as important can be amplified and isolated for use in other species or applications, where there may be some form of genetic illness or discrepancy, and provides a different approach to complex biological problem solving. (wikidoc.org)
  • Plasmids are extrachromosomal self-replicating circular forms of DNA present in most bacteria, such as Escherichia coli (E. Coli), containing genes related to catabolism and metabolic activity, [1] and allowing the carrier bacterium to survive and reproduce in conditions present within other species and environments. (wikidoc.org)
  • The use of plasmids is also key within gene therapy , where their related viruses are used as cloning vectors or carriers, which are means of transporting and passing on genes in recombinant DNA through viral reproduction throughout an organism. (wikidoc.org)
  • They are small, self-replicating pieces of DNA that scientists use to carry and replicate genes of interest. (biotecnika.org)
  • While the regions affected in recombinant chromosome 8 includes hundreds of genes, researchers are working to determine which genes play a role in the signs and symptoms of this condition. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Plasmids are fragments of double-stranded DNA that typically carry genes and can replicate independently from chromosomal DNA. (addgene.org)
  • Plasmids that are used most commonly in the field of recombinant DNA technology have been optimized for their use of studying and manipulating genes. (addgene.org)
  • Molecular cloning is the laboratory process used to create recombinant DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Vectors are generally derived from plasmids or viruses, and represent relatively small segments of DNA that contain necessary genetic signals for replication, as well as additional elements for convenience in inserting foreign DNA, identifying cells that contain recombinant DNA, and, where appropriate, expressing the foreign DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • From two or three short gene regions, 37% of the strains represented recombinant viruses, multiple infections, or both, which suggests that if whole genome sequences were available, most of these strains would have mosaic genomes. (cdc.gov)
  • The restriction enzymes used in recombinant dna technology play a major role in determining the location at which the desired gene is inserted into the vector genome. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • So basically the process involves introducing a foreign piece of dna into the genome which contains our gene of interest. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • Recombinant dna technology is a technique which changes the phenotype of an organism host when a genetically altered vector is introduced and integrated into the genome of the organism. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • It could then be transfected back into higher organism cells in culture to see whether expression of the gal operon occurred and to determine what functions of the SV40 life cycle still happened when the cloning vector sequence was inserted at different locations throughout the SV40 DNA genome. (sciencenewshubb.com)
  • In order to isolate a particular gene from human chromosomal DNA, it would be necessary to isolate a sequence of a few hundred or few thousand basepairs from the entire human genome. (addgene.org)
  • Digesting the human genome with restriction enzymes would yield about two million DNA fragments, which is far too many to separate from each other for the purposes of isolating one specific DNA sequence. (addgene.org)
  • Employing the DNA blot analysis only one COMT-encoding gene was found in the rat genome. (lu.se)
  • Using recombinant DNA technology and synthetic DNA, any DNA sequence can be created and introduced into living organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Consider the implications of recombinant DNA as a new technology. (pearson.com)
  • What concerns might the scientific community have had then about recombinant DNA technology? (pearson.com)
  • Recombinant DNA technology was made possible by the discovery of restriction endonucleases by Werner Arber , Daniel Nathans , and Hamilton Smith , for which they received the 1978 Nobel Prize in Medicine. (wikidoc.org)
  • Recombinant dna technology applications 1. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • applications of recombinant dna technology slideshare is important information accompanied by photo and HD pictures sourced from all websites in the world. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • Don't forget to bookmark applications of recombinant dna technology slideshare using Ctrl + D (PC) or Command + D (macos). (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • Techniques used in recombinant dna technology 4. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • Basic steps involved in rec dna technology or. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • Steps in recombinant dna technology. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • Recombinant dna technology finds applications in all life sciences and industry advent of recombinant dna technology has led to spectacular advances in medical science 3. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • 2 recombinant dna technology rdna and its applications. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • Tools for recombinant dna technology 3. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • Chapter 13 applications of recombinant dna technology. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • The below mentioned article will highlight the three important applications of recombinant dna technology. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • In this article we will discuss about recombinant dna technology 1steps in recombinant dna technology 2. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • The study objectives are to present the recombinant dna technology development in united states europe and china. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • Recombination dna technology or rdna technology is a sophisticated molecular biology developed to produce essential biologicals on wide scale to match the demands of the huge population. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • R dna technology uses palindromic sequences and leads to the production of sticky and blunt ends. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • Guidelines for the use and safety of genetic engineering techniques or recombinant DNA technology. (who.int)
  • This obstacle has been overcome by the field of recombinant DNA technology, which enables the preparation of more managable (i.e., smaller) DNA fragments. (addgene.org)
  • The biosafety concerns about synthetic biology and its gene-editing tools are similar to the concerns lodged about recombinant DNA technology when it emerged in mid-1970s. (cdc.gov)
  • Filgrastim is a recombinant, non-pegylated human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) analogue manufactured by recombinant DNA technology. (janusinfo.se)
  • Hepatitis B vaccine is produced using recombinant DNA technology. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This procedure of section is called a DNA palindrome which explains the both strands have same nucleotide sequence but antiparallel placement. (free-essays.us)
  • The DNA vaccine expresses the polyprotein VP2-VP4-VP3 of IBDV. (umd.edu)
  • The DNA vaccine had no detrimental effect on hatchability or first week post-hatch survival. (umd.edu)
  • A second approach in the control of IBDV used a recombinant attenuated vaccine administered in ovo to 18-day-old embryos. (umd.edu)
  • The vaccine did not cause bursal damage and fully protected SPF chicks vaccinated in ovo with 2.3x103 pfu and broiler embryos that received a full dose of the recombinant vaccine. (umd.edu)
  • A non-live, recombinant influenza virus vaccine not requiring isolation or growth in hen's eggs was licensed in 2013. (cdc.gov)
  • The inclusion types of HBV inactivated vaccines are criteria were: age 6-12 years and having re- available, plasma-derived vaccine and re- ceived the full course of hepatitis B vaccine combinant DNA vaccine [6]. (who.int)
  • DNA vaccine (10 µg) and with a schedule ministered to the parents or caretakers of the of 2, 4 and 6 months in age [7]. (who.int)
  • The ChAdOx1-S [recombinant] vaccine uses a DNA adenovirus vector to elicit antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. (who.int)
  • This vaccine cannot cause hepatitis B virus infection because no potentially infectious viral DNA or complete viral particles are produced during this process. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Libyans was 2.18% and 2.20% in 2004 recombinant hepatitis B vaccine at the tive. (who.int)
  • The DNA segments can be combined by using a variety of methods, such as restriction enzyme/ligase cloning or Gibson assembly. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another student in Berg's lab, John Morrow, had just shown that the restriction enzyme EcoRI (that he had obtained from Herbert Boyer's lab where this enzyme had been discovered) cleaved SV40 DNA once at a unique site. (sciencenewshubb.com)
  • At the time, scientists assumed that all restriction enzymes probably left blunt ends when they cut DNA because the one restriction enzyme with a cleavage site that had been sequenced to date was blunt. (sciencenewshubb.com)
  • The restriction system destroys invading DNA in bacteria. (sciencenewshubb.com)
  • This turned out to be a defining moment in discovering that cleavage of DNA with the EcoRI restriction enzyme generates cohesive ends. (sciencenewshubb.com)
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, contains the genetic instructions that make each living organism unique. (biotecnika.org)
  • Because of the importance of DNA in the replication of new structures and characteristics of living organisms, it has widespread importance in recapitulating via viral or non-viral vectors, both desirable and undesirable characteristics of a species to achieve characteristic change or to counteract effects caused by genetic or imposed disorders that have effects upon cellular or organismal processes. (wikidoc.org)
  • What are Cloning Vectors and Recombinant DNA Constructs? (biotecnika.org)
  • Scientists harness the power of cloning vectors and recombinant DNA constructs to engineer organisms, develop life-saving drugs, and study the fundamental mechanisms of life. (biotecnika.org)
  • This article explores the essential building blocks of biotech: cloning vectors and recombinant DNA constructs, shedding light on how they are used to unlock the secrets of DNA. (biotecnika.org)
  • This article delves into two essential components of biotech: cloning vectors and recombinant DNA constructs. (biotecnika.org)
  • Before we delve into cloning vectors and recombinant DNA, let's refresh our knowledge of DNA. (biotecnika.org)
  • It is one of two most widely used methods, along with polymerase chain reaction (PCR), used to direct the replication of any specific DNA sequence chosen by the experimentalist. (wikipedia.org)
  • The complementary DNA is prepared from messenger RNA of retroviruses utilizing particular enzyme contrary RNA polymerase. (free-essays.us)
  • Recombinant Cenarchaeum symbiosum DNA polymerase II large subunit (polC), partial is available at Gentaur for Next week Delivery. (orlaproteins.com)
  • Possesses two activities: a DNA synthesis (polymerase) and an exonucleolytic activity that degrades single-stranded DNA in the 3'- to 5'-direction. (orlaproteins.com)
  • One of the biggest mileposts, readying of HUMAN INSULIN utilizing recombinant DNA engineering. (free-essays.us)
  • The therapeutic efficacy of human insulin (recombinant DNA) was compared with that of purified porcine insulin (PPI) in seven male subjects with previously treated insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • In the method known as microinjection, the new DNA is actually injected right into the nucleus of a cell, rather than having a bacterium introduce it. (allthescience.org)
  • For example, plant DNA can be joined to bacterial DNA, or human DNA can be joined with fungal DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amplifying the recombinant dna transforming the recombinant dna into a bacterial host strain. (inceptiontechnology.net)
  • Purification of DNA from bacterial and animal cells, manipulation of purified DNA. (rnpd.in)
  • Recombinant DNA differs from genetic recombination in that the former results from artificial methods while the latter is a normal biological process that results in the remixing of existing DNA sequences in essentially all organisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • In most cases, organisms containing recombinant DNA have apparently normal phenotypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is used in genetic modification to create completely new organisms by adding artificial bits or bits of DNA from other organisms to an existing creature. (allthescience.org)
  • gene cloning in medicine (pharmaceutical agents such as insulin, growth hormone, plasminogen activator, clotting factors, interferon, recombinant gene therapy for genetic diseases). (rnpd.in)
  • Plasmids are circular pieces of DNA found in bacteria. (biotecnika.org)
  • Typically plasmids contain the minimum essential DNA sequences for this purpose, which includes a DNA replication origin, an antibiotic-resistance gene, and a region in which exogenous DNA fragments can be inserted. (addgene.org)
  • In the presence of DNAβ01, these viruses induced mild leaf curl symptoms in tomato plants. (apsnet.org)
  • We propose that the HIV epidemic was established in Central Africa by the early 1980s and that some recombinant viruses most likely seeded the early global epidemic. (cdc.gov)
  • The group M viruses can be subdivided into 9 subtypes, A-D, F-H, J, and K, and at least 14 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) ( http://hiv-web.lanl.gov ). (cdc.gov)
  • When recombinant DNA encoding a protein is introduced into a host organism, the recombinant protein is not necessarily produced. (wikipedia.org)
  • That is, the DNA may simply be replicated without expression, or it may be transcribed and translated and a recombinant protein is produced. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, changes may be needed to the coding sequences as well, to optimize translation, make the protein soluble, direct the recombinant protein to the proper cellular or extracellular location, and stabilize the protein from degradation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The newly developed oocyte shuttle protein contains a streptavidin moiety that tightly binds biotinylated DNA. (biologists.com)
  • Injected intravenously into adult Xenopus females, the protein-DNA complex is rapidly transported through the bloodstream and, within the ovary, the vitellogenin ligand present in the protein binds to the receptors at the surface of the oocytes. (biologists.com)
  • This protein is a DNA glycosylase enzyme involved in base excision repair. (biofargo.com)
  • These operations are made possible by recent advances in DNA synthesis and DNA sequencing, providing standardized DNA "parts," modular protein assemblies, and engineering models. (cdc.gov)
  • XM02 (filgrastim ed. note) active substance is a recombinant protein, which is very similar to naturally occurring human G-CSF. (janusinfo.se)
  • One is that molecular cloning involves replication of the DNA within a living cell, while PCR replicates DNA in the test tube, free of living cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The other difference is that cloning involves cutting and pasting DNA sequences, while PCR amplifies by copying an existing sequence. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recombinant DNA involves four procedures. (free-essays.us)
  • At its most basic, it just involves putting strands of DNA together that wouldn't otherwise appear that way. (allthescience.org)
  • Mertz chose Paul Berg as her mentor in December 1970 because he was just starting to figure out how to construct recombinant DNA containing simian virus 40 (SV40) that could be replicated and possibly expressed in E. coli . (sciencenewshubb.com)
  • Uracil DNA Glycosylase, also known as UNGor UDG, is an enzyme that hydrolyses the N-glycosylic bond between the deoxyribose sugar and the base in uracil-containing DNA leaving an abasic(apyrimidinic) site in DNA. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The enzyme is produced in a recombinant E. coli (ung-) strain that contains a modified Cod UNGgene. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • One Unit is defined as the amount of enzyme that liberates 1 nmol Uracil per hour from Uracil-labelled DNA at 37 °C in 70 mm Tris-HCI pH 8.0 (@25 °C), 10 mM NaCI, 1 mM EDTA and 0.1 mg/ml BSA. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • The use of cloning is interrelated with Recombinant DNA in classical biology, as the term "clone" refers to a cell or organism derived from a parental organism, [1] with modern biology referring to the term as a collection of cells derived from the same cell that remain identical. (wikidoc.org)
  • Their original paper described a method to use this DNA to create transgenic bacteria. (allthescience.org)
  • Recombinant DNA is used to try to introduce very specific features into crops, bacteria, and animals, usually to make them more beneficial to humans, although sometimes simply as a demonstration of a technique, or sometimes as an artistic statement. (allthescience.org)
  • Therefore, Mertz began a side project looking at the infectivity of different forms of the viral DNA. (sciencenewshubb.com)
  • The choice of vector for molecular cloning depends on the choice of host organism, the size of the DNA to be cloned, and whether and how the foreign DNA is to be expressed. (wikipedia.org)
  • The recombinant DNA techniques were foremost demonstrated in 1972, the parent field of molecular biological science was about entirely an academic field of research. (free-essays.us)
  • As recombinant DNA engineering exposed its practical potency during the 1970s, support for molecular biological science section began to utilize bit by bit more from the private instead than the public sector ( Susan. (free-essays.us)
  • The Business Research Company's global market reports are now updated with the latest market sizing information for the year 2023 and forecasted to 2032 The Business Research Company's DNA Repair Drugs Global Market Report 2023 identifies rising prevalence of cancer is expected to propel the growth of the DNA repair drug market. (openpr.com)
  • Recombinant vaccinia virus, recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), and recombinant fowlpox were comparable in their immunogenicity. (duke.edu)
  • Recombinant DNA is a form of artificial DNA that is engineered through the combination or insertion of one or more DNA strands, thereby combining DNA sequences that would not normally occur together. (wikidoc.org)
  • Heterochiral DNA with H-bonded and silver mediated base pairs was constructed utilizing complementary strands with nucleosides in α-D or β-D configuration. (cdna-clone.com)
  • These could simply be multiple strands of cloned DNA from the same organism, combined to create something new or different. (allthescience.org)
  • By combining two or more different strands of DNA, scientists are able to create a new strand of DNA. (amimusicandarts.com)
  • The recombinant porcine sequence product (Obizur) is less likely to be affected by the antibodies against human FVIII that are present in people with acquired hemophilia A. Recombinant FVIII porcine sequence is specifically indicated for treatment of bleeding episodes in adults with acquired hemophilia. (medscape.com)
  • We have general problems with cloning and manipulations of Bacillus DNA (AT-rich! (bio.net)
  • Recombinant Bacillus cereus UV DNA damage endonuclease (uvsE) - 20 ug - 1 kit is backordered and will ship as soon as it is back in stock. (karlan.com)
  • The Datasheet of Recombinant for Bacillus is available from Karlan upon request. (karlan.com)
  • Heat-labile Cod Uracil-DNA Glycosylase prevents carry-over contamination in PCR, qPCR, RT-qPCR, and RT-LAMP assays. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • GloFish are a type of zebrafish with recombinant DNA. (wikidoc.org)
  • Results of search for 'su:{DNA, Recombinant. (who.int)
  • Following transplantation into the host organism, the foreign DNA contained within the recombinant DNA construct may or may not be expressed. (wikipedia.org)
  • We would be happy to know if anyone knows certain general tricks (appropriate E. coli host, growth temperature, DNA preparation, etc) that is useful when working with such DNA? (bio.net)
  • Once introduced into E. coli and replicated there to high copy number, the plan was to purify lots of this recombinant DNA. (sciencenewshubb.com)
  • Recombinant DNA is the general name for a piece of DNA that has been created by combining two or more fragments from different sources. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ligase is chiefly used to fall in two DNA fragments and the procedure called as ligation. (free-essays.us)
  • These tools are essential to the field of recombinant DNA, in which many identical DNA fragments can be generated. (addgene.org)
  • EC 2.1.1.6) was determined from rat cDNA and genomic libraries were screened with DNA probes and specific antiserum. (lu.se)
  • The generic group of ChAdOx1-S [recombinant] vaccines includes AstraZeneca/AZD1222 and SII/Covishield vaccines. (who.int)
  • WHO SAGE interim recommendations on the AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccines refer to a generic group of ChAdOx1-S [recombinant] vaccines against COVID-19. (who.int)
  • the mechanism of action of active metabolites may involve cross-linking of DNA, which may interfere with the growth of normal and neoplastic cells. (medscape.com)
  • Recently the research workers developed complementary DNA from chemical procedure. (free-essays.us)
  • Scientists have harnessed these tiny structures to carry foreign DNA into host cells, making them a crucial tool in biotech research. (biotecnika.org)
  • In order to carry out any DNA manipulation a large variety of enzymes and specialised techniques are used. (monash.edu)
  • The future for recombinant DNA in medicine: potential for treating genetic diseases. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In the world of biotechnology, the ability to manipulate DNA is at the heart of countless groundbreaking discoveries and innovations. (biotecnika.org)
  • At its core, biotechnology relies on our understanding of DNA and the tools we use to manipulate it. (biotecnika.org)
  • Overexpression of the complementary DNA for human glutamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase in mesangial cells enhances glucose-induced fibronectin synthesis and transcription factor cyclic adenosine monophosphate-responsive element binding phosphorylation. (cdna-clone.com)
  • Processes of Recombinant DNA TechnologyIt involve. (askfilo.com)