Contraceptive devices placed high in the uterine fundus.
Intrauterine contraceptive devices that depend on the release of metallic copper.
Devices that diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
Chemical substances that prevent or reduce the probability of CONCEPTION.
Compounds, usually hormonal, taken orally in order to block ovulation and prevent the occurrence of pregnancy. The hormones are generally estrogen or progesterone or both.
Contraceptive devices used by females.
The shifting in position or location of an INTRAUTERINE DEVICE from its original placement.
Fixed drug combinations administered orally for contraceptive purposes.
Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in females. Use for female contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.
A hole or break through the wall of the UTERUS, usually made by the placement of an instrument or INTRAUTERINE DEVICES.
Spontaneous loss of INTRAUTERINE DEVICES from the UTERUS.
Intrauterine devices that release contraceptive agents.
Prevention of CONCEPTION by blocking fertility temporarily, or permanently (STERILIZATION, REPRODUCTIVE). Common means of reversible contraception include NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHODS; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS; or CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES.
A spectrum of inflammation involving the female upper genital tract and the supporting tissues. It is usually caused by an ascending infection of organisms from the endocervix. Infection may be confined to the uterus (ENDOMETRITIS), the FALLOPIAN TUBES; (SALPINGITIS); the ovaries (OOPHORITIS), the supporting ligaments (PARAMETRITIS), or may involve several of the above uterine appendages. Such inflammation can lead to functional impairment and infertility.
Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.
Behavior patterns of those practicing CONTRACEPTION.
Oral contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.
Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)
Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.
Health care programs or services designed to assist individuals in the planning of family size. Various methods of CONTRACEPTION can be used to control the number and timing of childbirths.
Polymeric materials (usually organic) of large molecular weight which can be shaped by flow. Plastic usually refers to the final product with fillers, plasticizers, pigments, and stabilizers included (versus the resin, the homogeneous polymeric starting material). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Infections with bacteria of the genus ACTINOMYCES.
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.
Migration of a foreign body from its original location to some other location in the body.
A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are nonmotile. Filaments that may be present in certain species are either straight or wavy and may have swollen or clubbed heads.
Removal of an implanted therapeutic or prosthetic device.
Chemical substances or agents with contraceptive activity in males. Use for male contraceptive agents in general or for which there is no specific heading.
Contraceptive devices used by males.
A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.
A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents.
A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.
A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
The hollow thick-walled muscular organ in the female PELVIS. It consists of the fundus (the body) which is the site of EMBRYO IMPLANTATION and FETAL DEVELOPMENT. Beyond the isthmus at the perineal end of fundus, is CERVIX UTERI (the neck) opening into VAGINA. Beyond the isthmi at the upper abdominal end of fundus, are the FALLOPIAN TUBES.
Contraceptive substances to be used after COITUS. These agents include high doses of estrogenic drugs; progesterone-receptor blockers; ANTIMETABOLITES; ALKALOIDS, and PROSTAGLANDINS.
The 3-methyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. It must be demethylated to be biologically active. It is used as the estrogen component of many combination ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.
A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for contraception.
Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent conception.
A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.
Unintended accidental pregnancy, including pregnancy resulting from failed contraceptive measures.
Procedures to block or remove all or part of the genital tract for the purpose of rendering individuals sterile, incapable of reproduction. Surgical sterilization procedures are the most commonly used. There are also sterilization procedures involving chemical or physical means.
Process that is gone through in order for a device to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required preclinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance. It is not restricted to FDA.
Pregnancy, usually accidental, that is not desired by the parent or parents.
A synthetic progestin that is derived from 17-hydroxyprogesterone. It is a long-acting contraceptive that is effective both orally or by intramuscular injection and has also been used to treat breast and endometrial neoplasms.
Means of postcoital intervention to avoid pregnancy, such as the administration of POSTCOITAL CONTRACEPTIVES to prevent FERTILIZATION of an egg or implantation of a fertilized egg (OVUM IMPLANTATION).
Chemical substances that are destructive to spermatozoa used as topically administered vaginal contraceptives.
The periodic shedding of the ENDOMETRIUM and associated menstrual bleeding in the MENSTRUAL CYCLE of humans and primates. Menstruation is due to the decline in circulating PROGESTERONE, and occurs at the late LUTEAL PHASE when LUTEOLYSIS of the CORPUS LUTEUM takes place.
A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and endometriosis. As a contraceptive, it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.
Intentional removal of a fetus from the uterus by any of a number of techniques. (POPLINE, 1978)
Contraceptive methods based on immunological processes and techniques, such as the use of CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES.
A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive.
Compounds that interact with PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of PROGESTERONE. Primary actions of progestins, including natural and synthetic steroids, are on the UTERUS and the MAMMARY GLAND in preparation for and in maintenance of PREGNANCY.
Pregnenes with one double bond or more than three double bonds which have undergone ring contractions or are lacking carbon-18 or carbon-19..
ETHINYL ESTRADIOL and NORGESTREL given in fixed proportions. It has proved to be an effective contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, COMBINED).
Methods of creating machines and devices.
Drugs administered orally and sequentially for contraceptive purposes.
Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to hormonal preparations.
Procedures that render the female sterile by interrupting the flow in the FALLOPIAN TUBE. These procedures generally are surgical, and may also use chemicals or physical means.
The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.
The period from onset of one menstrual bleeding (MENSTRUATION) to the next in an ovulating woman or female primate. The menstrual cycle is regulated by endocrine interactions of the HYPOTHALAMUS; the PITUITARY GLAND; the ovaries; and the genital tract. The menstrual cycle is divided by OVULATION into two phases. Based on the endocrine status of the OVARY, there is a FOLLICULAR PHASE and a LUTEAL PHASE. Based on the response in the ENDOMETRIUM, the menstrual cycle is divided into a proliferative and a secretory phase.
Freedom of equipment from actual or potential hazards.
Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL).
The number of offspring a female has borne. It is contrasted with GRAVIDITY, which refers to the number of pregnancies, regardless of outcome.
The female reproductive organs. The external organs include the VULVA; BARTHOLIN'S GLANDS; and CLITORIS. The internal organs include the VAGINA; UTERUS; OVARY; and FALLOPIAN TUBES.
Steroidal compounds related to PROGESTERONE, the major mammalian progestational hormone. Progesterone congeners include important progesterone precursors in the biosynthetic pathways, metabolites, derivatives, and synthetic steroids with progestational activities.
Unsaturated derivatives of the steroid androstane containing at least one double bond at any site in any of the rings.
Small containers or pellets of a solid drug implanted in the body to achieve sustained release of the drug.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.
Variations of menstruation which may be indicative of disease.
Expendable and nonexpendable equipment, supplies, apparatus, and instruments that are used in diagnostic, surgical, therapeutic, scientific, and experimental procedures.
Pregnancy in human adolescent females under the age of 19.
Sexual activities of humans.
17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregna-3,6-diene-3,20-dione. A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.
Education which increases the knowledge of the functional, structural, and behavioral aspects of human reproduction.
Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.
Postcoital contraceptives which owe their effectiveness to synthetic preparations.
Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.
A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease.
Compounds that interact with ESTROGEN RECEPTORS in target tissues to bring about the effects similar to those of ESTRADIOL. Estrogens stimulate the female reproductive organs, and the development of secondary female SEX CHARACTERISTICS. Estrogenic chemicals include natural, synthetic, steroidal, or non-steroidal compounds.
Those characteristics that distinguish one SEX from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the OVARIES and TESTES and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction.
(6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator.
Blocking the process leading to OVULATION. Various factors are known to inhibit ovulation, such as neuroendocrine, psychological, and pharmacological agents.
Chemical substances which inhibit the process of spermatozoa formation at either the first stage, in which spermatogonia develop into spermatocytes and then into spermatids, or the second stage, in which spermatids transform into spermatozoa.

Contraceptive characteristics: the perceptions and priorities of men and women. (1/126)

CONTEXT: Despite the fact that choosing a contraceptive method is often a decision made by couples, little is known about how men and women differ in their perceptions of the characteristics of various method types, and in the importance that they attach to those characteristics when choosing a contraceptive method. METHODS: The data analyzed here are subsets from two companion surveys conducted in 1991--1,189 men aged 20-27 who were surveyed in the National Survey of Men and 740 women aged 20-27 who were surveyed in the National Survey of Women. Multivariate ordered logit analysis is used to examine how gender is related to both the importance that individuals assign to seven specific contraceptive characteristics when choosing a method, and to perceptions about the extent to which five common method types possess each of these characteristics. RESULTS: Women rank pregnancy prevention as the single most important contraceptive characteristic when choosing a method, with 90% citing it as "very important." The health risks associated with particular methods and protection from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are rated as the second most important characteristics by women (each mentioned as "very important" by 77%). In contrast, men consider STD prevention for themselves and their partner to be just as important as pregnancy protection (each mentioned as "very important" by 84-86%), and they rank STD prevention as more important than other health risks (by 72%). Women, but not men, rank both ease of use and the need to plan ahead as being more important characteristics than a method's interference with sexual pleasure. Both men and women have an accurate understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of particular methods, but differ enough in their perceptions to alter the relative attractiveness of each method. In particular, women have more favorable perceptions than men about the pill, being somewhat more likely than men to believe that the pill is "very good" at preventing pregnancy (75% vs. 67%) and to say that it is very good at not interfering with sexual pleasure (82% vs. 76%). In contrast, women have generally less favorable perceptions than men about other reversible methods, including the condom: Women were less likely than men to consider the condom very good at pregnancy prevention (29% vs. 46%) or at having no need for advance planning (22% vs. 38%). Gender differences in perceptions about the specific characteristics of contraceptive methods often vary by marital status. CONCLUSIONS: Men and women have somewhat different priorities when choosing a contraceptive method. Despite many similarities between women and men in their perceptions about the characteristics of each method type, numerous differences between them may have an important influence on how couples make their method choices.  (+info)

Correlation of behaviors with microbiological changes in vaginal flora. (2/126)

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is characterized by dramatic changes in the vaginal ecosystem. Women without evidence of vaginal infection may exhibit transient changes in their flora. We prospectively followed up women by using diaries and self-obtained vaginal smears to correlate behaviors with changes in flora. The majority of women (38/51, 78%) had significant, although transient, changes. Behaviors associated with unstable flora were a history of BV, a greater number of partners, and more frequent episodes of receptive oral sex. Only the latter remained significantly associated in the multivariate analysis. Variables that were associated with day-to-day variability in the flora included use of vaginal medication, menses, greater number of partners, spermicide use, more frequent vaginal intercourse, and less frequent use of condoms. Only a minority of women (11/51, 22%) maintained a "normal" lactobacillus-predominant flora. Factors associated with instability of the flora are similar to those epidemiologically associated with BV.  (+info)

Effects of contraceptive method on the vaginal microbial flora: a prospective evaluation. (3/126)

A prospective evaluation of 331 university women who were initiating use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), a cervical cap, diaphragm-spermicide, or other spermicidal methods was done to assess the effects of commonly used contraceptive methods on the vaginal flora. Vaginal introital cultures were performed at baseline and then weekly for 1 month. The prevalence of Escherichia coli vaginal colonization and of abnormal vaginal Gram stain scores (Nugent criteria) increased significantly among women using a cervical cap or diaphragm-spermicide but not among women using OCPs. Women with E. coli colonization were significantly more likely to have an abnormal Nugent score and an absence of lactobacilli. In a multivariate model, use of spermicidal contraception in the preceding week was associated with an abnormal Nugent score and with colonization with E. coli, Enterococcus species, and anaerobic gram-negative rods. Thus, spermicidal methods of contraception are associated with alterations of the vaginal microflora that consequently may predispose women to genitourinary infections.  (+info)

A prospective study of asymptomatic bacteriuria in sexually active young women. (4/126)

BACKGROUND: Asymptomatic bacteriuria is common in young women, but little is known about its pathogenesis, natural history, risk factors, and temporal association with symptomatic urinary tract infection. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 796 sexually active, nonpregnant women from 18 through 40 years of age over a period of six months for the occurrence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (defined as at least 10(5) colony-forming units of urinary tract pathogens per milliliter). The women were patients at either a university student health center or a health maintenance organization. Periodic urine cultures were taken, daily diaries were kept, and regularly scheduled interviews were performed. Escherichia coli strains were tested for hemolysin, the papG genotype, and the ribosomal RNA type. RESULTS: The prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (the proportion of urine cultures with bacteriuria in asymptomatic women) was 5 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 4 percent to 6 percent) among women in the university group and 6 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 5 percent to 8 percent) among women in the health-maintenance-organization group. Persistent asymptomatic bacteriuria with the same E. coli strain was rare. Symptomatic urinary tract infection developed within one week after 8 percent of occasions on which a culture showed asymptomatic bacteriuria, as compared with 1 percent of occasions when asymptomatic bacteriuria was not found (P<0.001). Asymptomatic bacteriuria was associated with the same risk factors as for symptomatic urinary tract infection, particularly the use of a diaphragm plus spermicide and sexual intercourse. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic bacteriuria in young women is common but rarely persists. It is a strong predictor of subsequent symptomatic urinary tract infection.  (+info)

Efficacy, tolerability and acceptability of a novel contraceptive vaginal ring releasing etonogestrel and ethinyl oestradiol. (5/126)

A novel contraceptive vaginal ring releasing etonogestrel 120 microg and ethinyl oestradiol 15 microg daily over a period of 3 weeks was tested. Each ring was used for one cycle, comprising 3 weeks of ring use followed by a 1 week ring-free period. This 1 year, multicentre study assessed the contraceptive efficacy, cycle control, tolerability and acceptability of the contraceptive. Altogether, 1145 women were exposed to the vaginal ring for 12,109 cycles (928 woman-years). Six pregnancies occurred during treatment, giving a Pearl Index of 0.65 (95% confidence interval 0.24--1.41). Cycle control was very good, since irregular bleeding was rare (2.6--6.4% of evaluable cycles) and withdrawal bleeding (mean duration 4.7--5.3 days) occurred in 97.9--99.4% of evaluable cycles. Compliance to the prescribed regimen was high with criteria being fulfilled in 90.8% of cycles. The ring was well tolerated. The majority of women considered this new contraceptive method easy to use, and it offers an effective, convenient, well-accepted and novel method for hormonal contraception.  (+info)

Current status of fertility control methods in India. (6/126)

Approximately 48.2% of couples of 15 to 49 years of age practice family planning methods in India. Female sterilization accounts for 34.2%, with male sterilization declining from 3.4% in 1992-93 to 1.9% in 1998-99. Use of the condom increased to 3.1% from 2.4%. There is an urgent need for research to develop new contraceptive modalities especially for men and also for women and to make existing methods more safe, affordable and acceptable. Current efforts in India to develop a male contraceptive are mainly directed towards (i) development of antispermatogenic agents to suppress sperm production, (ii) prevention of sperm maturation, (iii) prevention of sperm transport through vas deferens or rendering these sperm infertile and (iv) prevention of sperm deposition. Research work in the field of prevention of sperm transport through vas deferens has made significant advances. Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) disturbed the electrical charge of spermatozoa leading to acrosome rupture and consequent loss in fertilizing ability of sperm. A multicentre phase-III clinical trial using SMA is continuing and it is hoped that the SMA approach would be available in the near future as an indigenously developed injectable intra-vasal male contraceptive. The safety and efficacy of available oral contraceptives were evaluated. An indigenously developed oral contraceptive 'Centchorman', which is a nonsteroidal, weakly estrogenic but potently antiestrogenic, was found to be safe and effective and is now being marketed in India since 1991 as a 'once a week' pill. Cyclofem and Mesigyna have been recommended as injectable contraceptives with proper counselling and service delivery by Indian studies. It has been recommended that these injectable contraceptives be added to the existing range of contraceptive methods available in the National Family Planning Programme. Based on the Indian studies CuT 200 was also recommended. Studies have indicated the advantage of intrauterine devices (IUD); they are long acting, relatively easily removed and fertility returns rapidly after their removal. Recent studies have recommended CuT 200 for use up to 5 years. The combination of some plant products i.e. Embelia ribes, Borax and Piper longum has been found to be safe and effective as a female contraceptive and the results of phase-I clinical trials are encouraging. Research work is going on in the country in various areas with special reference to hormonal contraceptive - a three monthly injectable contraceptive, immuno-contraceptives, antiprogestins, etc.  (+info)

The diaphragm with and without spermicide for contraception: a Cochrane review. (7/126)

BACKGROUND: The diaphragm is usually used with a spermicide. However, some practitioners have suggested that spermicides offer no additional contraceptive protection and have advocated alternative guidelines for the use of diaphragms. The objective of this review was to compare the effectiveness, safety and acceptability of the diaphragm with and without spermicide. METHODS AND RESULTS: We searched Medline, Embase, Popline, CINAHL, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and reference lists of relevant articles. In addition, we contacted experts in the field to identify unpublished studies. Randomized controlled trials comparing women of reproductive age using the diaphragm with and without spermicide as the sole contraceptive method that reported clinical outcomes were selected. Two reviewers independently extracted data on outcomes and trial characteristics and any discrepancies were resolved by consensus or by consultation with the third reviewer. The results of the one identified study are presented descriptively. We identified only one study. No significant difference was found in the pregnancy rates (with typical use or consistent use) or discontinuation rates between the diaphragm-with-spermicide and diaphragm-without-spermicide groups. There was a trend towards higher pregnancy rates in the diaphragm-without-spermicide group. However, this study failed to recruit the planned number of participants and was consequently underpowered. CONCLUSIONS: As only one underpowered study was identified, we cannot distinguish between the contraceptive effectiveness of the diaphragm with and without spermicide. We cannot draw any conclusion at this point; further research is needed.  (+info)

Ovarian function with a novel combined contraceptive vaginal ring. (8/126)

BACKGROUND: NuvaRing is a combined contraceptive vaginal ring designed for 3 weeks continuous use followed by a 1 week ring-free period. The present study evaluated ovarian function in women who were instructed to either adhere to, or deviate from, the recommended regimen of use. METHODS: In this open-label, randomized study, 45 women aged between 18 and 35 years used NuvaRing for one cycle in which the ring was used according to the recommended regimen. Women in group A (n = 15) then continued with a 'normal' 3 week period of ring use after which the restoration of ovarian function-i.e. the time to ovulation-for each woman was determined by daily vaginal ultrasound and serum hormone levels. For women in group B (n = 15), the second cycle consisted of only 3 consecutive days of ring use, after which each woman was monitored until ovulation. Women in group C (n = 15) were not permitted to start a second 'normal' cycle until a follicle with a diameter of 13 mm was observed by vaginal ultrasound; subsequently, the development of these follicles during the second cycle of ring use was monitored daily. RESULTS: Irrespective of the length of the second cycle, 3 weeks (group A) versus 3 days (group B), a new cohort of follicles needed to be recruited and the time to ovulation after ring removal was similar (19 versus 17 days). The median time needed to develop a follicle up to 13 mm in diameter (group C) was 11 days (range 8-21 days); none of the women ovulated after insertion of the second ring. CONCLUSION: NuvaRing is a highly effective, reversible method of hormonal contraception. Ovulation, at least until the stage of a 13 mm dominant follicle, is prevented and as little as 3 consecutive days of NuvaRing use interferes with follicle growth.  (+info)

An Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a long-acting, reversible contraceptive device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. It is a small T-shaped piece of flexible plastic with strings attached to it for removal. There are two types of IUDs available: hormonal and copper. Hormonal IUDs release progestin, which thickens cervical mucus and thins the lining of the uterus, preventing sperm from reaching and fertilizing an egg. Copper IUDs, on the other hand, produce an inflammatory reaction in the uterus that is toxic to sperm and eggs, preventing fertilization.

IUDs are more than 99% effective at preventing pregnancy and can remain in place for several years, depending on the type. They are easily removable by a healthcare provider if a woman wants to become pregnant or choose another form of contraception. IUDs do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so it is important to use condoms in addition to an IUD for protection against STIs.

In summary, Intrauterine Devices are small, T-shaped plastic devices that are inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. They come in two types: hormonal and copper, both of which work by preventing fertilization. IUDs are highly effective, long-acting, and reversible forms of contraception.

An Intrauterine Device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. The copper IUD is a type of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) that releases copper ions, which are toxic to sperm and egg, preventing fertilization. It is one of the most effective forms of birth control available, with a failure rate of less than 1%.

The copper IUD can be used by women who have previously given birth as well as those who have not. It can be inserted up to five days after unprotected intercourse as emergency contraception to prevent pregnancy. Once inserted, the copper IUD can remain in place for up to ten years, although it can be removed at any time if a woman wants to become pregnant or for other reasons.

Copper IUDs are also used as an effective treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding and can be used to manage endometriosis-associated pain. Common side effects of copper IUDs include heavier and longer menstrual periods, cramping during insertion, and irregular periods during the first few months after insertion. However, these side effects usually subside over time.

It is important to note that while copper IUDs are highly effective at preventing pregnancy, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, it is still recommended to use condoms or other barrier methods of protection during sexual activity to reduce the risk of STIs.

Contraceptive devices are medical products or tools specifically designed to prevent pregnancy by blocking or interfering with the fertilization of an egg by sperm, or the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. There are various types of contraceptive devices available, each with its own mechanism of action and efficacy rate. Here are some common examples:

1. Intrauterine Devices (IUDs): These are small, T-shaped devices made of plastic or copper that are inserted into the uterus by a healthcare professional. IUDs can prevent pregnancy for several years and work by affecting the movement of sperm and changing the lining of the uterus to make it less receptive to implantation.
2. Contraceptive Implants: These are small, flexible rods that are inserted under the skin of the upper arm by a healthcare professional. The implant releases hormones that prevent ovulation and thicken cervical mucus to block sperm from reaching the egg.
3. Diaphragms and Cervical Caps: These are flexible, dome-shaped devices made of silicone or rubber that are inserted into the vagina before sex. They cover the cervix and prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
4. Male and Female Condoms: These are thin sheaths made of latex, polyurethane, or other materials that are placed over the penis (male condom) or inside the vagina (female condom) during sex to prevent sperm from entering the body.
5. Spermicides: These are chemicals that kill or disable sperm and can be used alone or in combination with other contraceptive methods such as condoms, diaphragms, or cervical caps. They come in various forms, including foams, creams, gels, films, and suppositories.

It's important to note that while contraceptive devices are effective at preventing pregnancy, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Using condoms is the best way to reduce the risk of STIs during sexual activity.

Contraceptive agents are substances or medications that are used to prevent pregnancy by interfering with the normal process of conception and fertilization or the development and implantation of the fertilized egg. They can be divided into two main categories: hormonal and non-hormonal methods.

Hormonal contraceptive agents include combined oral contraceptives (COCs), progestin-only pills, patches, rings, injections, and implants. These methods work by releasing synthetic hormones that mimic the natural hormones estrogen and progesterone in a woman's body. By doing so, they prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thin the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Non-hormonal contraceptive agents include barrier methods such as condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and sponges, which prevent sperm from reaching the egg by creating a physical barrier. Other non-hormonal methods include intrauterine devices (IUDs), which are inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy, and fertility awareness-based methods, which involve tracking ovulation and avoiding intercourse during fertile periods.

Emergency contraceptive agents, such as Plan B or ella, can also be used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex or contraceptive failure. These methods work by preventing or delaying ovulation, preventing fertilization, or preventing implantation of a fertilized egg.

It's important to note that while contraceptive agents are effective at preventing pregnancy, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Using condoms in addition to other forms of contraception can help reduce the risk of STIs.

Oral contraceptives, also known as "birth control pills," are medications taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They contain synthetic hormones that mimic the effects of natural hormones estrogen and progesterone in a woman's body, thereby preventing ovulation, fertilization, or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus.

There are two main types of oral contraceptives: combined pills, which contain both estrogen and progestin, and mini-pills, which contain only progestin. Combined pills work by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant. Mini-pills work mainly by thickening cervical mucus and changing the lining of the uterus.

Oral contraceptives are highly effective when used correctly, but they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It is important to use them consistently and as directed by a healthcare provider. Side effects may include nausea, breast tenderness, headaches, mood changes, and irregular menstrual bleeding. In rare cases, oral contraceptives may increase the risk of serious health problems such as blood clots, stroke, or liver tumors. However, for most women, the benefits of using oral contraceptives outweigh the risks.

Contraceptive devices for females refer to medical products designed to prevent pregnancy by blocking or interfering with the sperm's ability to reach and fertilize an egg. Some common examples of female contraceptive devices include:

1. Diaphragm: A shallow, flexible dome made of silicone that is inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse to cover the cervix and prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
2. Cervical Cap: Similar to a diaphragm but smaller in size, the cervical cap fits over the cervix and creates a barrier to sperm entry.
3. Intrauterine Device (IUD): A small, T-shaped device made of plastic or copper that is inserted into the uterus by a healthcare professional. IUDs can prevent pregnancy for several years and work by changing the chemistry of the cervical mucus and uterine lining to inhibit sperm movement and implantation of a fertilized egg.
4. Contraceptive Sponge: A soft, round sponge made of polyurethane foam that contains spermicide. The sponge is inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse and covers the cervix to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.
5. Female Condom: A thin, flexible pouch made of polyurethane or nitrile that is inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse. The female condom creates a barrier between the sperm and the cervix, preventing pregnancy and reducing the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
6. Vaginal Ring: A flexible ring made of plastic that is inserted into the vagina for three weeks at a time to release hormones that prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, and thin the lining of the uterus.
7. Contraceptive Implant: A small, flexible rod made of plastic that is implanted under the skin of the upper arm by a healthcare professional. The implant releases hormones that prevent ovulation and thicken cervical mucus to prevent pregnancy for up to three years.

It's important to note that while these contraceptive devices can be highly effective at preventing pregnancy, they do not protect against STIs. Using condoms in addition to other forms of contraception is recommended to reduce the risk of both pregnancy and STIs.

Intrauterine Device (IUD) migration is a medical condition where the IUD, a long-acting reversible contraceptive device placed inside the uterus, moves from its original position. Normally, an IUD is designed to remain in the uterus, with the vertical strings attached to it trailing down through the cervix into the vagina, allowing for easy removal or checking of its position.

IUD migration refers to the unintended movement of the device, either partially or completely, outside the uterine cavity. This may occur due to various reasons such as a weakened uterus, infection, or anatomical abnormalities. The migration can lead to complications like perforation of the uterus, damage to nearby organs, and difficulty in removing or locating the IUD. Regular check-ups with healthcare providers are essential to ensure that the IUD remains in its proper place and to address any potential issues early on.

Oral combined contraceptives, also known as "the pill," are a type of hormonal birth control that contain a combination of synthetic estrogen and progestin. These hormones work together to prevent ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thicken cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thin the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Combined oral contraceptives come in various brands and forms, such as monophasic, biphasic, and triphasic pills. Monophasic pills contain the same amount of hormones in each active pill, while biphasic and triphasic pills have varying amounts of hormones in different phases of the cycle.

It is important to note that oral combined contraceptives do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and should be used in conjunction with condoms for safer sex practices. Additionally, there are potential risks and side effects associated with oral combined contraceptives, including an increased risk of blood clots, stroke, and heart attack, especially in women who smoke or have certain medical conditions. It is essential to consult a healthcare provider before starting any hormonal birth control method to determine if it is safe and appropriate for individual use.

Contraceptive agents, female, are medications or devices specifically designed to prevent pregnancy in women. They work by interfering with the normal process of ovulation, fertilization, or implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. Some common examples of female contraceptive agents include:

1. Hormonal methods: These include combined oral contraceptives (COCs), progestin-only pills, patches, vaginal rings, and hormonal implants. They contain synthetic forms of the female hormones estrogen and/or progesterone, which work by preventing ovulation, thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, or thinning the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.
2. Intrauterine devices (IUDs): These are small, T-shaped devices made of plastic or copper that are inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider. They release hormones or copper ions that interfere with sperm movement and prevent fertilization or implantation.
3. Barrier methods: These include condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and sponges. They work by physically preventing sperm from reaching the egg.
4. Emergency contraception: This includes medications such as Plan B or Ella, which can be taken up to 5 days after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy. They work by delaying ovulation or preventing fertilization of the egg.
5. Fertility awareness-based methods (FABMs): These involve tracking a woman's menstrual cycle and avoiding sexual intercourse during her fertile window. Some FABMs also involve using barrier methods during this time.

It is important to note that different contraceptive agents have varying levels of effectiveness, side effects, and risks. Women should consult with their healthcare provider to determine the best method for their individual needs and circumstances.

Uterine perforation is a medical condition that refers to the piercing or puncturing of the uterine wall. This can occur during various medical procedures such as dilatation and curettage (D&C), insertion of an intrauterine device (IUD), or during childbirth. It can also be caused by trauma or infection. Uterine perforation can lead to serious complications, such as bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding organs. If left untreated, it can be life-threatening. Symptoms of uterine perforation may include severe abdominal pain, heavy vaginal bleeding, fever, and signs of shock. Immediate medical attention is required for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Intrauterine Device (IUD) expulsion is a medical condition that refers to the unintentional and partial or complete removal of an IUD from the uterus after its initial insertion. This can occur spontaneously or as a result of manipulation, and it may happen soon after insertion or even several months or years later.

IUD expulsion is more common in women who have not previously given birth, and it can increase the risk of unintended pregnancy and other complications. Symptoms of IUD expulsion may include irregular menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, or the absence of the IUD strings in the vagina. If a woman suspects that her IUD has been expelled, she should contact her healthcare provider for further evaluation and management.

An intrauterine device (IUD) is a small, T-shaped birth control device that is inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy. A medicated IUD is a type of IUD that contains hormones, which are released slowly over time to provide additional benefits beyond just contraception.

There are two types of medicated IUDs available in the US market: levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and the copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD). The LNG-IUS releases a progestin hormone called levonorgestrel, which thickens cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching the egg, thins the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant, and can also inhibit ovulation in some women. The Cu-IUD is non-hormonal and works by releasing copper ions that create a toxic environment for sperm, preventing them from reaching the egg.

Medicated IUDs are highly effective at preventing pregnancy, with typical use failure rates of less than 1% per year. They can remain in place for several years, depending on the brand, and can be removed at any time by a healthcare provider if a woman wants to become pregnant or experience side effects. Common side effects of medicated IUDs may include irregular menstrual bleeding, cramping, and spotting between periods, although these tend to improve over time.

Contraception is the use of various devices, methods, or medications to prevent pregnancy. The term is derived from the Latin words "contra" meaning "against" and "conceptio" meaning "conception." Contraceptive methods can be broadly categorized into temporary and permanent methods. Temporary methods include barriers such as condoms, diaphragms, cervical caps, and sponges; hormonal methods like the pill, patch, ring, injection, and emergency contraception; and fertility awareness-based methods that involve tracking ovulation and avoiding intercourse during fertile periods. Permanent methods include surgical procedures such as tubal ligation for women and vasectomy for men.

The primary goal of contraception is to prevent the sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg, thereby preventing pregnancy. However, some contraceptive methods also offer additional benefits such as reducing the risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and regulating menstrual cycles. It's important to note that while contraception can prevent pregnancy, it does not protect against STIs, so using condoms is still recommended for individuals who are at risk of contracting STIs.

When choosing a contraceptive method, it's essential to consider factors such as effectiveness, safety, ease of use, cost, and personal preferences. It's also important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate method based on individual health history and needs.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the reproductive organs in women, specifically the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. It is often caused by an infection that ascends from the cervix or vagina into the upper genital tract. The infectious agents are usually sexually transmitted bacteria such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis, but other organisms can also be responsible.

Symptoms of PID may include lower abdominal pain, irregular menstrual bleeding, vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor, fever, painful sexual intercourse, or pain in the lower back. However, some women with PID may not experience any symptoms at all. If left untreated, PID can lead to serious complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.

Diagnosis of PID is typically based on a combination of clinical findings, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to eradicate the infection and may also include pain management and other supportive measures. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary for more intensive treatment or if complications arise.

Oral hormonal contraceptives, also known as "birth control pills," are a type of medication that contains synthetic hormones (estrogen and/or progestin) that are taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They work by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

There are several different types of oral hormonal contraceptives, including combined pills that contain both estrogen and progestin, and mini-pills that only contain progestin. These medications are usually taken daily for 21 days, followed by a seven-day break during which menstruation occurs. Some newer formulations may be taken continuously with no break.

It's important to note that while oral hormonal contraceptives are highly effective at preventing pregnancy when used correctly, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, it is still important to use barrier methods of protection, such as condoms, during sexual activity to reduce the risk of STIs.

As with any medication, oral hormonal contraceptives can have side effects and may not be suitable for everyone. It's important to discuss any medical conditions, allergies, or medications you are taking with your healthcare provider before starting to take oral hormonal contraceptives.

Contraception behavior refers to the actions and decisions made by individuals or couples to prevent pregnancy. This can include the use of various contraceptive methods, such as hormonal birth control (e.g., pills, patches, rings), barrier methods (e.g., condoms, diaphragms), intrauterine devices (IUDs), and natural family planning techniques (e.g., fertility awareness-based methods).

Contraception behavior can be influenced by various factors, including personal beliefs, cultural norms, relationship dynamics, access to healthcare services, and knowledge about contraceptive options. It is an important aspect of sexual and reproductive health, as it allows individuals and couples to plan their families and make informed choices about whether and when to have children.

It's worth noting that while the term "contraception behavior" typically refers to actions taken specifically to prevent pregnancy, some contraceptive methods may also provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). For example, condoms are effective at preventing both pregnancy and STIs when used consistently and correctly.

Oral contraceptives, also known as "birth control pills," are synthetic hormonal medications that are taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They typically contain a combination of synthetic versions of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone, which work together to inhibit ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thicken cervical mucus (making it harder for sperm to reach the egg), and thin the lining of the uterus (making it less likely that a fertilized egg will implant).

There are several different types of oral contraceptives, including combination pills, progestin-only pills, and extended-cycle pills. Combination pills contain both estrogen and progestin, while progestin-only pills contain only progestin. Extended-cycle pills are a type of combination pill that are taken for 12 weeks followed by one week of placebo pills, which can help reduce the frequency of menstrual periods.

It's important to note that oral contraceptives do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs), so it's still important to use barrier methods like condoms if you are at risk for STIs. Additionally, oral contraceptives can have side effects and may not be suitable for everyone, so it's important to talk to your healthcare provider about the potential risks and benefits before starting to take them.

Salpingitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the fallopian tubes, which are the pair of narrow tubes that transport the egg from the ovaries to the uterus during ovulation. This condition can occur due to various reasons, including bacterial infections (such as chlamydia or gonorrhea), pelvic inflammatory disease, or complications following surgical procedures.

Acute salpingitis is characterized by symptoms like lower abdominal pain, fever, vaginal discharge, and irregular menstrual bleeding. Chronic salpingitis may not present any noticeable symptoms, but it can lead to complications such as infertility, ectopic pregnancy, or fallopian tube damage if left untreated. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection and, in severe cases, surgery to remove or repair damaged tissues.

Uterine hemorrhage, also known as uterine bleeding or gynecological bleeding, is an abnormal loss of blood from the uterus. It can occur in various clinical settings such as menstruation (known as menorrhagia), postpartum period (postpartum hemorrhage), or in non-pregnant women (dysfunctional uterine bleeding). The bleeding may be light to heavy, intermittent or continuous, and can be accompanied by symptoms such as pain, dizziness, or fainting. Uterine hemorrhage is a common gynecological problem that can have various underlying causes, including hormonal imbalances, structural abnormalities, coagulopathies, and malignancies. It is important to seek medical attention if experiencing heavy or prolonged uterine bleeding to determine the cause and receive appropriate treatment.

Family planning services refer to comprehensive healthcare programs and interventions that aim to help individuals and couples prevent or achieve pregnancies, according to their desired number and spacing of children. These services typically include:

1. Counseling and education: Providing information about various contraceptive methods, their effectiveness, side effects, and appropriate use. This may also include counseling on reproductive health, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and preconception care.
2. Contraceptive services: Making a wide range of contraceptive options available to clients, including barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms), hormonal methods (pills, patches, injectables, implants), intrauterine devices (IUDs), and permanent methods (tubal ligation, vasectomy).
3. Screening and testing: Offering STI screening and testing, as well as cervical cancer screening for eligible clients.
4. Preconception care: Providing counseling and interventions to help women achieve optimal health before becoming pregnant, including folic acid supplementation, management of chronic conditions, and avoidance of harmful substances (tobacco, alcohol, drugs).
5. Fertility services: Addressing infertility issues through diagnostic testing, counseling, and medical or surgical treatments when appropriate.
6. Menstrual regulation: Providing manual vacuum aspiration or medication to safely and effectively manage incomplete miscarriages or unwanted pregnancies within the first trimester.
7. Pregnancy options counseling: Offering unbiased information and support to help individuals make informed decisions about their pregnancy, including parenting, adoption, or abortion.
8. Community outreach and education: Engaging in community-based initiatives to increase awareness of family planning services and promote reproductive health.
9. Advocacy: Working to remove barriers to accessing family planning services, such as policy changes, reducing stigma, and increasing funding for programs.

Family planning services are an essential component of sexual and reproductive healthcare and contribute significantly to improving maternal and child health outcomes, reducing unintended pregnancies, and empowering individuals to make informed choices about their reproductive lives.

"Plastics" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in a broader context, plastics can refer to a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that are used in various medical applications due to their durability, flexibility, and ability to be molded into different shapes. Some examples include:

1. Medical devices such as catheters, implants, and surgical instruments.
2. Packaging for medical supplies and pharmaceuticals.
3. Protective barriers like gloves and gowns used in medical settings.
4. Intraocular lenses and other ophthalmic applications.

It's important to note that the term "plastics" is not a medical term per se, but rather a general category of materials with diverse uses across different industries, including healthcare.

Actinomycosis is a type of infection caused by bacteria that are normally found in the mouth, intestines, and female genital tract. These bacteria can cause abscesses or chronic inflammation if they infect body tissues, often after trauma or surgery. The infection typically affects the face, neck, or chest, and can spread to other parts of the body over time. Symptoms may include swelling, redness, pain, and the formation of pus-filled abscesses that may discharge a characteristic yellowish granular material called "sulfur granules." Treatment typically involves long-term antibiotic therapy, often requiring high doses and intravenous administration. Surgical drainage or removal of infected tissue may also be necessary in some cases.

Menorrhagia is a medical term used to describe abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual periods. It's often characterized by the loss of an excessive amount of menstrual blood (usually more than 80 ml) and can last longer than normal, typically over seven days. This condition can have significant impacts on a woman's quality of life, causing fatigue, distress, and restrictions in daily activities due to the need for frequent pad or tampon changes.

The causes of menorrhagia are varied and can include hormonal imbalances, uterine fibroids or polyps, endometrial hyperplasia, pelvic inflammatory disease, pregnancy complications, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions such as coagulopathies or thyroid disorders. In some cases, the cause may remain undetermined even after a thorough evaluation.

Treatment options for menorrhagia depend on the underlying cause and range from medication management with hormonal therapies, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or tranexamic acid to procedural interventions like endometrial ablation, hysteroscopic resection of polyps or fibroids, or ultimately hysterectomy in severe cases. It is essential for individuals experiencing menorrhagia to consult with their healthcare provider to determine the best course of action based on their specific situation and medical history.

Foreign-body migration is a medical condition that occurs when a foreign object, such as a surgical implant, tissue graft, or trauma-induced fragment, moves from its original position within the body to a different location. This displacement can cause various complications and symptoms depending on the type of foreign body, the location it migrated to, and the individual's specific physiological response.

Foreign-body migration may result from insufficient fixation or anchoring of the object during implantation, inadequate wound healing, infection, or an inflammatory reaction. Symptoms can include pain, swelling, redness, or infection at the new location, as well as potential damage to surrounding tissues and organs. Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques like X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs to locate the foreign body, followed by a surgical procedure to remove it and address any resulting complications.

Actinomyces is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are normal inhabitants of the human mouth, colon, and urogenital tract. Under certain conditions, such as poor oral hygiene or tissue trauma, these bacteria can cause infections known as actinomycosis. These infections often involve the formation of abscesses or granulomas and can affect various tissues, including the lungs, mouth, and female reproductive organs. Actinomyces species are also known to form complex communities called biofilms, which can contribute to their ability to cause infection.

"Device Removal" in a medical context generally refers to the surgical or nonsurgical removal of a medical device that has been previously implanted in a patient's body. The purpose of removing the device may vary, depending on the individual case. Some common reasons for device removal include infection, malfunction, rejection, or when the device is no longer needed.

Examples of medical devices that may require removal include pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), artificial joints, orthopedic hardware, breast implants, cochlear implants, and intrauterine devices (IUDs). The procedure for device removal will depend on the type of device, its location in the body, and the reason for its removal.

It is important to note that device removal carries certain risks, such as bleeding, infection, damage to surrounding tissues, or complications related to anesthesia. Therefore, the decision to remove a medical device should be made carefully, considering both the potential benefits and risks of the procedure.

Contraceptive agents for males are substances or methods that are used to prevent pregnancy by reducing the likelihood of fertilization. These can include:

1. Barrier methods: Condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides create a physical barrier that prevents sperm from reaching the egg.
2. Hormonal methods: Testosterone and progestin hormone therapies can decrease sperm production and reduce fertility.
3. Intrauterine devices (IUDs) for men: These are still in the experimental stage, but they involve placing a device in the male reproductive tract to prevent sperm from reaching the female reproductive system.
4. Withdrawal method: This involves the man withdrawing his penis from the vagina before ejaculation, although this is not a highly reliable form of contraception.
5. Fertility awareness methods: These involve tracking the woman's menstrual cycle and avoiding sexual intercourse during her fertile period.
6. Sterilization: Vasectomy is a surgical procedure that blocks or cuts the vas deferens, preventing sperm from leaving the body. It is a permanent form of contraception for men.

It's important to note that no contraceptive method is 100% effective, and individuals should consult with their healthcare provider to determine which option is best for them based on their personal needs, lifestyle, and medical history.

Contraceptive devices for males are designed to prevent pregnancy by blocking, killing, or inhibiting the movement of sperm. These devices include:

1. Condoms: Thin sheaths made of latex, polyurethane, or polyisoprene that fit over the penis during sexual intercourse to collect semen and prevent it from entering the partner's body. They also provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
2. Diaphragms: Soft, dome-shaped rubber devices fitted to cover the cervix inside the vagina. When used with spermicides, they can help prevent pregnancy by blocking the entry of sperm into the uterus.
3. Cervical Cap: A smaller, thimble-like cup made of silicone or latex that fits over the cervix to block sperm from entering the uterus. It is often used with spermicides for added effectiveness.
4. Spermicides: Chemicals that kill or immobilize sperm. They come in various forms, such as foams, creams, gels, films, and suppositories, and can be used alone or in combination with other barrier methods like condoms, diaphragms, or cervical caps.
5. Vasectomy: A surgical procedure for male sterilization that involves cutting and sealing the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to the prostate gland. This prevents sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Although vasectomies are considered permanent, in some cases, they can be reversed through surgery or other medical procedures.

It is important to note that while these contraceptive devices can significantly reduce the risk of pregnancy, they may not provide complete protection against STIs. Using multiple methods, like condoms and spermicides together, can increase overall effectiveness in preventing both pregnancy and STIs. Always consult a healthcare professional for personalized advice on contraceptive options.

Ethinyl estradiol is a synthetic form of the hormone estrogen that is often used in various forms of hormonal contraception, such as birth control pills. It works by preventing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus to make it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg. Ethinyl estradiol may also be used in combination with other hormones to treat menopausal symptoms or hormonal disorders.

It is important to note that while ethinyl estradiol can be an effective form of hormonal therapy, it can also carry risks and side effects, such as an increased risk of blood clots, stroke, and breast cancer. As with any medication, it should only be used under the guidance and supervision of a healthcare provider.

Desogestrel is a synthetic form of progestin, which is a female sex hormone. It is used in various forms of hormonal contraception such as birth control pills, patches, and vaginal rings to prevent pregnancy. Desogestrel works by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Desogestrel is also used in some hormone replacement therapies (HRT) to treat symptoms of menopause such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. It may be prescribed alone or in combination with estrogen.

Like all hormonal contraceptives, desogestrel has potential side effects, including irregular menstrual bleeding, headaches, mood changes, breast tenderness, and nausea. In rare cases, it may also increase the risk of blood clots, stroke, or heart attack. It is important to discuss the risks and benefits of desogestrel with a healthcare provider before using it.

**Norgestrel** is a synthetic form of the naturally occurring hormone **progesterone**. It is a type of **progestin**, which is often used in various forms of hormonal birth control to prevent pregnancy. Norgestrel works by thickening cervical mucus, making it more difficult for sperm to reach and fertilize an egg. Additionally, norgestrel can also prevent ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries) and thin the lining of the uterus, which makes it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Norgestrel is available in various forms, such as oral contraceptive pills, emergency contraceptives, and hormonal intrauterine devices (IUDs). It's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any hormonal birth control method to discuss potential benefits, risks, and side effects.

Here are some medical definitions related to norgestrel:

1. **Progestin**: A synthetic form of the naturally occurring hormone progesterone, used in various forms of hormonal birth control and menopausal hormone therapy. Progestins can have varying levels of androgenic, estrogenic, and anti-estrogenic activity. Norgestrel is a type of progestin.
2. **Progesterone**: A naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the ovaries during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Progesterone plays a crucial role in preparing the uterus for pregnancy and maintaining a healthy pregnancy. Norgestrel is a synthetic form of progesterone.
3. **Hormonal birth control**: A method of preventing pregnancy that uses hormones to regulate ovulation, thicken cervical mucus, or thin the lining of the uterus. Hormonal birth control methods include oral contraceptive pills, patches, rings, injections, implants, and intrauterine devices (IUDs).
4. **Emergency contraception**: A form of hormonal birth control used to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sex or contraceptive failure. Emergency contraception is typically more effective when taken as soon as possible after unprotected intercourse, but it can still be effective up to 120 hours afterward. Norgestrel is one of the active ingredients in some emergency contraceptive pills.
5. **Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT)**: A form of hormone replacement therapy used to alleviate symptoms associated with menopause, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. MHT typically involves using estrogen and progestin or a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Norgestrel is a type of progestin that can be used in MHT.
6. **Androgenic**: Describing the effects of hormones, such as testosterone and some progestins, that are associated with male characteristics, such as facial hair growth, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass. Norgestrel has weak androgenic activity.
7. **Estrogenic**: Describing the effects of hormones, such as estradiol and some selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), that are associated with female characteristics, such as breast development and menstrual cycles. Norgestrel has weak estrogenic activity.
8. **Antiestrogenic**: Describing the effects of hormones or drugs that block or oppose the actions of estrogens. Norgestrel has antiestrogenic activity.
9. **Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)**: A type of drug that acts as an estrogen agonist in some tissues and an estrogen antagonist in others. SERMs can be used to treat or prevent breast cancer, osteoporosis, and other conditions associated with hormonal imbalances. Norgestrel is not a SERM but has antiestrogenic activity.
10. **Progestogen**: A synthetic or natural hormone that has progesterone-like effects on the body. Progestogens can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and irregular menstrual cycles. Norgestrel is a type of progestogen.
11. **Progesterone**: A natural hormone produced by the ovaries during the second half of the menstrual cycle. Progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy and regulates the menstrual cycle. Norgestrel is a synthetic form of progesterone.
12. **Progestin**: A synthetic hormone that has progesterone-like effects on the body. Progestins can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and irregular menstrual cycles. Norgestrel is a type of progestin.
13. **Progestational agent**: A drug or hormone that has progesterone-like effects on the body. Progestational agents can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and irregular menstrual cycles. Norgestrel is a type of progestational agent.
14. **Progestogenic**: Describing the effects of hormones or drugs that mimic or enhance the actions of progesterone. Norgestrel has progestogenic activity.
15. **Progesterone receptor modulator (PRM)**: A type of drug that binds to and activates or inhibits the progesterone receptors in the body. PRMs can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is a type of PRM.
16. **Progestogenic activity**: The ability of a drug or hormone to mimic or enhance the actions of progesterone in the body. Norgestrel has progestogenic activity.
17. **Progesterone antagonist**: A drug that blocks the action of progesterone in the body. Progesterone antagonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is not a progesterone antagonist.
18. **Progestogenic antagonist**: A drug that blocks the action of progestogens in the body. Progestogenic antagonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is not a progesterone antagonist.
19. **Progesterone agonist**: A drug that enhances the action of progesterone in the body. Progesterone agonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is a progesterone agonist.
20. **Progestogenic agonist**: A drug that enhances the action of progestogens in the body. Progesterogenic agonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is a progesterone agonist.
21. **Progesterone receptor modulator**: A drug that binds to the progesterone receptor and can either activate or inhibit its activity. Progesterone receptor modulators can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is a progesterone receptor modulator.
22. **Progestogenic receptor modulator**: A drug that binds to the progesterone receptor and can either activate or inhibit its activity. Progesterogenic receptor modulators can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is a progesterone receptor modulator.
23. **Progestin**: A synthetic form of progesterone that is used in hormonal contraceptives and menopausal hormone therapy. Progestins can be either progesterone agonists or antagonists, depending on their chemical structure and activity at the progesterone receptor. Norgestrel is a progestin.
24. **Progesterone antagonist**: A drug that binds to the progesterone receptor and inhibits its activity. Progesterone antagonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Norgestrel is not a progesterone antagonist.
25. **Progestogenic antagonist**: A drug that binds to the progesterone receptor and inhibits its activity. Progesterogenic antagonists can be used to treat various medical conditions, such as endometriosis, uterine fibro

Levonorgestrel is a synthetic form of the natural hormone progesterone, which is used in various forms of birth control and emergency contraceptives. It works by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Medically, Levonorgestrel is classified as a progestin and is available in various forms, including oral tablets, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and emergency contraceptive pills. It may also be used to treat endometriosis, irregular menstrual cycles, and heavy menstrual bleeding.

It's important to note that while Levonorgestrel is a highly effective form of birth control when used correctly, it does not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Therefore, condoms should still be used during sexual activity if there is any risk of STI transmission.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum. It has a thick, middle layer called the myometrium, which is composed of smooth muscle tissue, and an inner lining called the endometrium, which provides a nurturing environment for the fertilized egg to develop into a fetus during pregnancy.

The uterus is where the baby grows and develops until it is ready for birth through the cervix, which is the lower, narrow part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. The uterus plays a critical role in the menstrual cycle as well, by shedding its lining each month if pregnancy does not occur.

Postcoital contraceptives, also known as emergency contraception, are methods used to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse has already occurred. These methods are most effective when used within 24 hours of unprotected sex, but can still be effective up to 120 hours (5 days) after.

There are two main types of postcoital contraceptives:

1. Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs): These are high-dose hormonal pills that contain levonorgestrel or ulipristal acetate. Levonorgestrel ECPs are available over-the-counter in many countries, while ulipristal acetate ECPs require a prescription.
2. Copper intrauterine device (IUD): This is a small T-shaped device made of copper that is inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider. The copper IUD can be used as emergency contraception up to 5 days after unprotected sex, and it also provides ongoing contraception for up to 10 years.

It's important to note that postcoital contraceptives are not intended for regular use as a primary form of contraception. They should only be used in emergency situations where other methods of contraception have failed or were not used. It is also recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before using any form of emergency contraception.

Mestranol is a synthetic form of estrogen, which is a female sex hormone used in oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy. It works by preventing the release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and altering the cervical mucus and the lining of the uterus to make it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg or for an already established pregnancy to be implanted.

Mestranol is typically combined with a progestin in birth control pills, such as those known as the "combined oral contraceptives." It's important to note that mestranol has largely been replaced by ethinyl estradiol, which is a more commonly used form of synthetic estrogen in hormonal medications.

As with any medication, there are potential risks and side effects associated with the use of mestranol, including an increased risk of blood clots, stroke, and certain types of cancer. It's essential to consult with a healthcare provider before starting or changing any hormonal medication.

Norethindrone is a synthetic form of progesterone, a female hormone that is produced naturally in the ovaries. It is used as a medication for various purposes such as:

* Preventing pregnancy when used as a birth control pill
* Treating endometriosis
* Managing symptoms associated with menopause
* Treating abnormal menstrual bleeding

Norethindrone works by thinning the lining of the uterus, preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovary), and changing the cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg. It is important to note that norethindrone should be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can have side effects and may interact with other medications.

A contraceptive vaccine is a type of immunocontraception that uses the immune system to prevent pregnancy. It is a relatively new field of research and development, and there are currently no licensed contraceptive vaccines available on the market. However, several experimental vaccines are in various stages of preclinical and clinical testing.

Contraceptive vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against specific proteins or hormones that play a critical role in reproduction. By neutralizing these targets, the vaccine can prevent fertilization or inhibit the implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus.

For example, one approach is to develop vaccines that target the zona pellucida (ZP), a glycoprotein layer surrounding mammalian eggs. Antibodies generated against ZP proteins can prevent sperm from binding and fertilizing the egg. Another strategy is to create vaccines that generate antibodies against hormones such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced during pregnancy. By blocking hCG, the vaccine can prevent the maintenance of pregnancy and induce a miscarriage.

While contraceptive vaccines have shown promise in preclinical studies, several challenges remain before they can be widely adopted. These include issues related to safety, efficacy, duration of protection, and public acceptance. Additionally, there are concerns about the potential for accidental cross-reactivity with other proteins or hormones, leading to unintended side effects.

Overall, contraceptive vaccines represent a promising area of research that could provide long-acting, reversible, and user-friendly contraception options in the future. However, further studies are needed to address the remaining challenges and ensure their safe and effective use.

Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from Latin: *cuprum*) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Copper is found as a free element in nature, and it is also a constituent of many minerals such as chalcopyrite and bornite.

In the human body, copper is an essential trace element that plays a role in various physiological processes, including iron metabolism, energy production, antioxidant defense, and connective tissue synthesis. Copper is found in a variety of foods, such as shellfish, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and organ meats. The recommended daily intake of copper for adults is 900 micrograms (mcg) per day.

Copper deficiency can lead to anemia, neutropenia, impaired immune function, and abnormal bone development. Copper toxicity, on the other hand, can cause nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and in severe cases, liver damage and neurological symptoms. Therefore, it is important to maintain a balanced copper intake through diet and supplements if necessary.

Unplanned pregnancy is a pregnancy that is not intended or expected by the woman or couple. It is also sometimes referred to as an "unintended" or "unwanted" pregnancy. This can occur when contraceptive methods fail or are not used, or when there is a lack of knowledge about or access to effective family planning resources. Unplanned pregnancies can present various physical, emotional, and social challenges for the individuals involved, and may also have implications for public health and societal well-being. It's important to note that unplanned pregnancies can still result in wanted and loved children, but the circumstances surrounding their conception may bring additional stressors and considerations.

Reproductive sterilization is a surgical procedure that aims to prevent reproduction by making an individual unable to produce viable reproductive cells or preventing the union of sperm and egg. In males, this is often achieved through a vasectomy, which involves cutting and sealing the vas deferens, the tubes that carry sperm from the testicles to the urethra. In females, sterilization is typically performed via a procedure called tubal ligation, where the fallopian tubes are cut, tied, or sealed, preventing the egg from traveling from the ovaries to the uterus and blocking sperm from reaching the egg. These methods are considered permanent forms of contraception; however, in rare cases, reversals may be attempted with varying degrees of success.

"Device approval" is a term used to describe the process by which a medical device is determined to be safe and effective for use in patients by regulatory authorities, such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The approval process typically involves a rigorous evaluation of the device's design, performance, and safety data, as well as a review of the manufacturer's quality systems and labeling.

The FDA's Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) is responsible for regulating medical devices in the United States. The CDRH uses a risk-based classification system to determine the level of regulatory control needed for each device. Class I devices are considered low risk, Class II devices are moderate risk, and Class III devices are high risk.

For Class III devices, which include life-sustaining or life-supporting devices, as well as those that present a potential unreasonable risk of illness or injury, the approval process typically involves a premarket approval (PMA) application. This requires the submission of comprehensive scientific evidence to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the device.

For Class II devices, which include moderate-risk devices such as infusion pumps and powered wheelchairs, the approval process may involve a premarket notification (510(k)) submission. This requires the manufacturer to demonstrate that their device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device that is already legally marketed in the United States.

Once a medical device has been approved for marketing, the FDA continues to monitor its safety and effectiveness through post-market surveillance programs. Manufacturers are required to report any adverse events or product problems to the FDA, and the agency may take regulatory action if necessary to protect public health.

Unwanted pregnancy is a situation where a person becomes pregnant despite not planning or desiring to conceive at that time. This can occur due to various reasons such as lack of access to effective contraception, failure of contraceptive methods, sexual assault, or a change in circumstances that makes the pregnancy untimely or inconvenient. Unwanted pregnancies can have significant physical, emotional, and socioeconomic impacts on individuals and families. It is important to address unwanted pregnancies through comprehensive sexuality education, access to affordable and effective contraception, and supportive services for those who experience unintended pregnancies.

Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) is a synthetic form of the natural hormone progesterone, which is often used in various medical applications. It is a white to off-white crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water, and freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and methanol.

Medically, MPA is used as a prescription medication for several indications, including:

1. Contraception: As an oral contraceptive or injectable solution, it can prevent ovulation, thicken cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and alter the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.
2. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT): In postmenopausal women, MPA can help manage symptoms associated with decreased estrogen levels, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. It may also help prevent bone loss (osteoporosis).
3. Endometrial hyperplasia: MPA can be used to treat endometrial hyperplasia, a condition where the lining of the uterus becomes too thick, which could potentially lead to cancer if left untreated. By opposing the effects of estrogen, MPA helps regulate the growth of the endometrium.
4. Gynecological disorders: MPA can be used to treat various gynecological disorders, such as irregular menstrual cycles, amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), and dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
5. Cancer treatment: In some cases, MPA may be used in conjunction with other medications to treat certain types of breast or endometrial cancer.

As with any medication, Medroxyprogesterone Acetate can have side effects and potential risks. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation, dosage, and monitoring when considering this medication.

Postcoital contraception, also known as emergency contraception, refers to methods used to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse has already occurred. These methods are typically used in situations where regular contraception has failed or was not used, such as in cases of condom breakage or forgotten birth control pills.

There are two main types of postcoital contraception:

1. Emergency contraceptive pill (ECP): Also known as the "morning-after pill," this is a hormonal medication that can be taken up to 5 days after unprotected sex, but it is most effective when taken within 72 hours. There are two types of ECPs available: progestin-only and combined estrogen-progestin. The progestin-only pill is preferred because it has fewer side effects and is just as effective as the combined pill.
2. Copper intrauterine device (IUD): This is a small, T-shaped device made of flexible plastic and copper that is inserted into the uterus by a healthcare provider. The IUD can be inserted up to 5 days after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy. It is the most effective form of emergency contraception available, and it also provides ongoing protection against pregnancy for up to 10 years, depending on the type of IUD.

It's important to note that postcoital contraception should not be used as a regular method of contraception, but rather as a backup in case of emergencies. It is also not effective in preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Regular contraceptive methods, such as condoms and hormonal birth control, are the best ways to prevent unintended pregnancies and STIs.

Spermatocidal agents are substances or chemicals that have the ability to destroy or inhibit sperm cells, making them non-functional. These agents are often used in spermicides, which are a type of contraceptive method. Spermicides work by physically blocking the cervix and killing any sperm that come into contact with the spermicidal agent. Common spermatocidal agents include Nonoxynol-9, Benzalkonium chloride, and Chlorhexidine gluconate. It's important to note that while spermicides can provide some protection against pregnancy, they are not considered a highly effective form of birth control when used alone.

Menstruation is the regular, cyclical shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) in women and female individuals of reproductive age, accompanied by the discharge of blood and other materials from the vagina. It typically occurs every 21 to 35 days and lasts for approximately 2-7 days. This process is a part of the menstrual cycle, which is under the control of hormonal fluctuations involving follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estrogen, and progesterone.

The menstrual cycle can be divided into three main phases:

1. Menstruation phase: The beginning of the cycle is marked by the start of menstrual bleeding, which signals the breakdown and shedding of the endometrium due to the absence of pregnancy and low levels of estrogen and progesterone. This phase typically lasts for 2-7 days.

2. Proliferative phase: After menstruation, under the influence of rising estrogen levels, the endometrium starts to thicken and regenerate. The uterine lining becomes rich in blood vessels and glands, preparing for a potential pregnancy. This phase lasts from day 5 until around day 14 of an average 28-day cycle.

3. Secretory phase: Following ovulation (release of an egg from the ovaries), which usually occurs around day 14, increased levels of progesterone cause further thickening and maturation of the endometrium. The glands in the lining produce nutrients to support a fertilized egg. If pregnancy does not occur, both estrogen and progesterone levels will drop, leading to menstruation and the start of a new cycle.

Understanding menstruation is essential for monitoring reproductive health, identifying potential issues such as irregular periods or menstrual disorders, and planning family planning strategies.

Norethynodrel is a synthetic progestin, which is a type of female sex hormone. It is not commonly used in modern medicine. In the past, it was used in some oral contraceptives to prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation and altering the cervical mucus and endometrium. Norethynodrel is no longer widely used due to the development of newer and more effective progestins.

Induced abortion is a medical procedure that intentionally terminates a pregnancy before the fetus can survive outside the womb. It can be performed either surgically or medically through the use of medications. The timing of an induced abortion is typically based on the gestational age of the pregnancy, with different methods used at different stages.

The most common surgical procedure for induced abortion is vacuum aspiration, which is usually performed during the first trimester (up to 12-13 weeks of gestation). This procedure involves dilating the cervix and using a vacuum device to remove the pregnancy tissue from the uterus. Other surgical procedures, such as dilation and evacuation (D&E), may be used in later stages of pregnancy.

Medical abortion involves the use of medications to induce the termination of a pregnancy. The most common regimen involves the use of two drugs: mifepristone and misoprostol. Mifepristone works by blocking the action of progesterone, a hormone necessary for maintaining pregnancy. Misoprostol causes the uterus to contract and expel the pregnancy tissue. This method is typically used during the first 10 weeks of gestation.

Induced abortion is a safe and common medical procedure, with low rates of complications when performed by trained healthcare providers in appropriate settings. Access to induced abortion varies widely around the world, with some countries restricting or prohibiting the practice entirely.

Immunologic contraception refers to the use of the immune system to prevent pregnancy. This is achieved by stimulating the production of antibodies against specific proteins or hormones that are essential for fertilization and implantation of a fertilized egg in the uterus. The most well-known example of immunologic contraception is the development of a vaccine that would induce an immune response against human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a hormone produced during pregnancy. By neutralizing hCG, the immune system could prevent the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. However, this approach is still in the experimental stage and has not yet been approved for use in humans.

Ethynodiol diacetate is a synthetic form of progestin, which is a female sex hormone. It is used in various pharmaceutical products, such as birth control pills, to prevent pregnancy by preventing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg.

Ethynodiol diacetate works by mimicking the effects of natural progesterone in the body, which helps regulate the menstrual cycle and prepare the uterus for pregnancy. When used as a contraceptive, ethynodiol diacetate is often combined with estrogen to create a hormonal balance that prevents ovulation and fertilization.

It's important to note that while ethynodiol diacetate is generally considered safe and effective when taken as directed, it can have side effects and may not be suitable for everyone. Women who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have certain medical conditions should consult with their healthcare provider before taking any medication containing this ingredient.

Progestins are a class of steroid hormones that are similar to progesterone, a natural hormone produced by the ovaries during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. They are often used in hormonal contraceptives, such as birth control pills, shots, and implants, to prevent ovulation and thicken the cervical mucus, making it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg. Progestins are also used in menopausal hormone therapy to alleviate symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness. Additionally, progestins may be used to treat endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and breast cancer. Different types of progestins have varying properties and may be more suitable for certain indications or have different side effect profiles.

Norpregnenes are a class of steroids that are produced by the metabolism of progesterone and other pregnanes. They are characterized by the absence of a double bond between carbons 4 and 5, and the presence of a ketone group at carbon 3. Some examples of norpregnenes include dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione, and pregnenolone. These steroids are important intermediates in the biosynthesis of various hormones, including cortisol, aldosterone, androgens, and estrogens. They play a role in various physiological processes such as sexual development, immune function, and stress response.

Ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination is a formulation that contains a synthetic version of the female sex hormones, estrogen (ethinyl estradiol) and progestin (norgestrel), which are used in various forms of hormonal contraception.

This combination works by preventing ovulation (the release of an egg from the ovaries), thickening cervical mucus to make it harder for sperm to reach the egg, and thinning the lining of the uterus to make it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant.

Ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination is commonly used in oral contraceptives (birth control pills), as well as in some forms of hormonal patches and rings. It is important to note that while this combination is highly effective at preventing pregnancy, it can also increase the risk of certain health problems, such as blood clots, stroke, and breast cancer, especially in women who smoke or have other risk factors.

Therefore, it is essential for individuals using hormonal contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol-norgestrel combination to discuss their medical history and any potential risks with their healthcare provider before starting this form of birth control.

Equipment design, in the medical context, refers to the process of creating and developing medical equipment and devices, such as surgical instruments, diagnostic machines, or assistive technologies. This process involves several stages, including:

1. Identifying user needs and requirements
2. Concept development and brainstorming
3. Prototyping and testing
4. Design for manufacturing and assembly
5. Safety and regulatory compliance
6. Verification and validation
7. Training and support

The goal of equipment design is to create safe, effective, and efficient medical devices that meet the needs of healthcare providers and patients while complying with relevant regulations and standards. The design process typically involves a multidisciplinary team of engineers, clinicians, designers, and researchers who work together to develop innovative solutions that improve patient care and outcomes.

Oral contraceptives, sequential, are a type of birth control medication that involves taking two different hormonal preparations in a specific sequence to mimic the natural menstrual cycle. The first hormone preparation contains estrogen and is taken for 16-21 days, followed by a second hormone preparation containing both estrogen and progestin for 7 days. This regimen causes the lining of the uterus to thin, making it less likely for a fertilized egg to implant, and also thickens cervical mucus, which can prevent sperm from reaching the egg. Sequential oral contraceptives are not commonly used in the United States due to their higher risk of side effects compared to other forms of oral contraceptives.

Postcoital hormonal contraceptives, also known as emergency contraceptives, are methods used to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse has already occurred. These contraceptives contain hormones and are intended for use in emergency situations where regular contraception has failed or was not used, such as in cases of condom breakage or unprotected sex.

The most common type of postcoital hormonal contraceptive is the emergency contraceptive pill (ECP), which contains a high dose of synthetic progestin or a combination of progestin and estrogen. The ECP works by preventing ovulation, inhibiting fertilization, or altering the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.

The ECP is most effective when taken as soon as possible after unprotected sex, ideally within 72 hours, but may still be effective up to 120 hours (5 days) after intercourse. However, the effectiveness of the ECP decreases over time, and it is not as effective as regular methods of contraception.

It's important to note that postcoital hormonal contraceptives are not intended for routine use as a primary method of contraception and should only be used in emergency situations. They do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and should not be used as a substitute for regular condom use or other forms of protection.

If you have any concerns about postcoital hormonal contraceptives or need advice on the best method of contraception for you, it's important to speak with a healthcare provider.

Tubal sterilization, also known as female sterilization or tubal ligation, is a permanent form of birth control for women. It involves blocking, sealing, or removing the fallopian tubes, which prevents the sperm from reaching and fertilizing the egg. This procedure can be performed surgically through various methods such as cutting and tying the tubes, using clips or rings to block them, or removing a portion of the tube (known as a partial salpingectomy). Tubal sterilization is considered a highly effective form of contraception with a low failure rate. However, it does not protect against sexually transmitted infections and should be combined with condom use for that purpose. It's important to note that tubal sterilization is a permanent procedure and cannot be easily reversed.

Fertility is the natural ability to conceive or to cause conception of offspring. In humans, it is the capacity of a woman and a man to reproduce through sexual reproduction. For women, fertility usually takes place during their reproductive years, which is from adolescence until menopause. A woman's fertility depends on various factors including her age, overall health, and the health of her reproductive system.

For men, fertility can be affected by a variety of factors such as age, genetics, general health, sexual function, and environmental factors that may affect sperm production or quality. Factors that can negatively impact male fertility include exposure to certain chemicals, radiation, smoking, alcohol consumption, drug use, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Infertility is a common medical condition affecting about 10-15% of couples trying to conceive. Infertility can be primary or secondary. Primary infertility refers to the inability to conceive after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse, while secondary infertility refers to the inability to conceive following a previous pregnancy.

Infertility can be treated with various medical and surgical interventions depending on the underlying cause. These may include medications to stimulate ovulation, intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), or surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities.

The menstrual cycle is a series of natural changes that occur in the female reproductive system over an approximate 28-day interval, marking the body's preparation for potential pregnancy. It involves the interplay of hormones that regulate the growth and disintegration of the uterine lining (endometrium) and the release of an egg (ovulation) from the ovaries.

The menstrual cycle can be divided into three main phases:

1. Menstrual phase: The cycle begins with the onset of menstruation, where the thickened uterine lining is shed through the vagina, lasting typically for 3-7 days. This shedding occurs due to a decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels, which are hormones essential for maintaining the endometrium during the previous cycle.

2. Follicular phase: After menstruation, the follicular phase commences with the pituitary gland releasing follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). FSH stimulates the growth of several ovarian follicles, each containing an immature egg. One dominant follicle usually becomes selected to mature and release an egg during ovulation. Estrogen levels rise as the dominant follicle grows, causing the endometrium to thicken in preparation for a potential pregnancy.

3. Luteal phase: Following ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and estrogen to further support the endometrial thickening. If fertilization does not occur within approximately 24 hours after ovulation, the corpus luteum will degenerate, leading to a decline in hormone levels. This drop triggers the onset of menstruation, initiating a new menstrual cycle.

Understanding the menstrual cycle is crucial for monitoring reproductive health and planning or preventing pregnancies. Variations in cycle length and symptoms are common among women, but persistent irregularities may indicate underlying medical conditions requiring further evaluation by a healthcare professional.

Equipment safety in a medical context refers to the measures taken to ensure that medical equipment is free from potential harm or risks to patients, healthcare providers, and others who may come into contact with the equipment. This includes:

1. Designing and manufacturing the equipment to meet safety standards and regulations.
2. Properly maintaining and inspecting the equipment to ensure it remains safe over time.
3. Providing proper training for healthcare providers on how to use the equipment safely.
4. Implementing safeguards, such as alarms and warnings, to alert users of potential hazards.
5. Conducting regular risk assessments to identify and address any potential safety concerns.
6. Reporting and investigating any incidents or accidents involving the equipment to determine their cause and prevent future occurrences.

"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices" (HKAP) is a term used in public health to refer to the knowledge, beliefs, assumptions, and behaviors that individuals possess or engage in that are related to health. Here's a brief definition of each component:

1. Health Knowledge: Refers to the factual information and understanding that individuals have about various health-related topics, such as anatomy, physiology, disease processes, and healthy behaviors.
2. Attitudes: Represent the positive or negative evaluations, feelings, or dispositions that people hold towards certain health issues, practices, or services. These attitudes can influence their willingness to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors.
3. Practices: Encompass the specific actions or habits that individuals engage in related to their health, such as dietary choices, exercise routines, hygiene practices, and use of healthcare services.

HKAP is a multidimensional concept that helps public health professionals understand and address various factors influencing individual and community health outcomes. By assessing and addressing knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, or unhealthy practices, interventions can be designed to promote positive behavior change and improve overall health status.

In medical terms, parity refers to the number of times a woman has given birth to a viable fetus, usually defined as a pregnancy that reaches at least 20 weeks' gestation. It is often used in obstetrics and gynecology to describe a woman's childbearing history and to assess potential risks associated with childbirth.

Parity is typically categorized as follows:

* Nulliparous: A woman who has never given birth to a viable fetus.
* Primiparous: A woman who has given birth to one viable fetus.
* Multiparous: A woman who has given birth to more than one viable fetus.

In some cases, parity may also consider the number of pregnancies that resulted in stillbirths or miscarriages, although this is not always the case. It's important to note that parity does not necessarily reflect the total number of pregnancies a woman has had, only those that resulted in viable births.

Female genitalia refer to the reproductive and sexual organs located in the female pelvic region. They are primarily involved in reproduction, menstruation, and sexual activity. The external female genitalia, also known as the vulva, include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and the external openings of the urethra and vagina. The internal female genitalia consist of the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. These structures work together to facilitate menstruation, fertilization, pregnancy, and childbirth.

Progesterone congeners refer to synthetic or naturally occurring compounds that are structurally similar to progesterone, a steroid hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis. These compounds have similar chemical structures to progesterone and may exhibit similar physiological activities, although they can also have unique properties and uses. Examples of progesterone congeners include various synthetic progestins used in hormonal contraceptives and other medical treatments.

Androstenes are a group of steroidal compounds that are produced and released by the human body. They are classified as steroids because they contain a characteristic carbon skeleton, called the sterane ring, which consists of four fused rings arranged in a specific structure. Androstenes are derived from cholesterol and are synthesized in the gonads (testes and ovaries), adrenal glands, and other tissues.

The term "androstene" refers specifically to compounds that contain a double bond between the 5th and 6th carbon atoms in the sterane ring. This double bond gives these compounds their characteristic chemical properties and distinguishes them from other steroidal compounds.

Androstenes are important in human physiology because they serve as precursors to the synthesis of sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen. They also have been found to play a role in the regulation of various bodily functions, including sexual behavior, mood, and cognition.

Some examples of androstenes include androstenedione, which is a precursor to both testosterone and estrogen; androstenediol, which can be converted into either testosterone or estrogen; and androsterone, which is a weak androgen that is produced in the body as a metabolite of testosterone.

It's worth noting that androstenes are sometimes referred to as "pheromones" because they have been found to play a role in chemical communication between individuals of the same species. However, this use of the term "pheromone" is controversial and not universally accepted, as it has been difficult to demonstrate conclusively that humans communicate using chemical signals in the same way that many other animals do.

A drug implant is a medical device that is specially designed to provide controlled release of a medication into the body over an extended period of time. Drug implants can be placed under the skin or in various body cavities, depending on the specific medical condition being treated. They are often used when other methods of administering medication, such as oral pills or injections, are not effective or practical.

Drug implants come in various forms, including rods, pellets, and small capsules. The medication is contained within the device and is released slowly over time, either through diffusion or erosion of the implant material. This allows for a steady concentration of the drug to be maintained in the body, which can help to improve treatment outcomes and reduce side effects.

Some common examples of drug implants include:

1. Hormonal implants: These are small rods that are inserted under the skin of the upper arm and release hormones such as progestin or estrogen over a period of several years. They are often used for birth control or to treat conditions such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids.
2. Intraocular implants: These are small devices that are placed in the eye during surgery to release medication directly into the eye. They are often used to treat conditions such as age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy.
3. Bone cement implants: These are specially formulated cements that contain antibiotics and are used to fill bone defects or joint spaces during surgery. The antibiotics are released slowly over time, helping to prevent infection.
4. Implantable pumps: These are small devices that are placed under the skin and deliver medication directly into a specific body cavity, such as the spinal cord or the peritoneal cavity. They are often used to treat chronic pain or cancer.

Overall, drug implants offer several advantages over other methods of administering medication, including improved compliance, reduced side effects, and more consistent drug levels in the body. However, they may also have some disadvantages, such as the need for surgical placement and the potential for infection or other complications. As with any medical treatment, it is important to discuss the risks and benefits of drug implants with a healthcare provider.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Medical Definition:

"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.

Menstruation disturbances, also known as menstrual disorders, refer to any irregularities or abnormalities in a woman's menstrual cycle. These disturbances can manifest in various ways, including:

1. Amenorrhea: The absence of menstrual periods for three consecutive cycles or more in women of reproductive age.
2. Oligomenorrhea: Infrequent or light menstrual periods that occur at intervals greater than 35 days.
3. Dysmenorrhea: Painful menstruation, often accompanied by cramping, pelvic pain, and other symptoms that can interfere with daily activities.
4. Menorrhagia: Heavy or prolonged menstrual periods that last longer than seven days or result in excessive blood loss, leading to anemia or other health complications.
5. Polymenorrhea: Abnormally frequent menstrual periods that occur at intervals of 21 days or less.
6. Metrorrhagia: Irregular and unpredictable vaginal bleeding between expected menstrual periods, which can be caused by various factors such as hormonal imbalances, infections, or structural abnormalities.

Menstruation disturbances can have significant impacts on a woman's quality of life, fertility, and overall health. They may result from various underlying conditions, including hormonal imbalances, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, uterine fibroids, endometriosis, or sexually transmitted infections. Proper diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause are essential for managing menstruation disturbances effectively.

'Equipment and Supplies' is a term used in the medical field to refer to the physical items and materials needed for medical care, treatment, and procedures. These can include a wide range of items, such as:

* Medical equipment: This includes devices and machines used for diagnostic, monitoring, or therapeutic purposes, such as stethoscopes, blood pressure monitors, EKG machines, ventilators, and infusion pumps.
* Medical supplies: These are consumable items that are used once and then discarded, such as syringes, needles, bandages, gowns, gloves, and face masks.
* Furniture and fixtures: This includes items such as hospital beds, examination tables, chairs, and cabinets that are used to create a functional medical space.

Having the right equipment and supplies is essential for providing safe and effective medical care. The specific items needed will depend on the type of medical practice or facility, as well as the needs of individual patients.

Pregnancy in adolescence, also known as teenage pregnancy, refers to a pregnancy that occurs in females under the age of 20. This can be further categorized into early adolescent pregnancy (occurring between ages 10-14), middle adolescent pregnancy (occurring between ages 15-17), and late adolescent pregnancy (occurring between ages 18-19). Teenage pregnancy is associated with higher risks of complications for both the mother and the baby, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and increased risk of neonatal mortality. Additionally, teenage mothers are more likely to drop out of school and face socioeconomic challenges.

Sexual behavior refers to any physical or emotional interaction that has the potential to lead to sexual arousal and/or satisfaction. This can include a wide range of activities, such as kissing, touching, fondling, oral sex, vaginal sex, anal sex, and masturbation. It can also involve the use of sexual aids, such as vibrators or pornography.

Sexual behavior is influenced by a variety of factors, including biological, psychological, social, and cultural influences. It is an important aspect of human development and relationships, and it is essential to healthy sexual functioning and satisfaction. However, sexual behavior can also be associated with risks, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies, and it is important for individuals to engage in safe and responsible sexual practices.

It's important to note that sexual behavior can vary widely among individuals and cultures, and what may be considered normal or acceptable in one culture or context may not be in another. It's also important to recognize that all individuals have the right to make informed decisions about their own sexual behavior and to have their sexual rights and autonomy respected.

Megestrol is a synthetic progestin, which is a type of female hormone. It is used to treat certain types of cancer, such as breast cancer and endometrial cancer, in postmenopausal women. Megestrol works by blocking the effects of estrogen, a female hormone that can promote the growth of some breast and endometrial cancers.

Megestrol is also used to treat anorexia (loss of appetite) and cachexia (wasting syndrome) in people with AIDS or cancer. It works by increasing appetite and promoting weight gain.

Megestrol is available as a tablet or a suspension that is taken by mouth, usually two to four times a day. The dosage depends on the condition being treated and the individual patient's response to therapy. Common side effects of megestrol include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, breast tenderness, and changes in menstrual periods.

It is important to note that megestrol can cause serious side effects, such as blood clots, fluid retention, and increased risk of certain types of infections. Patients should discuss the risks and benefits of megestrol therapy with their healthcare provider before starting treatment.

Sex education is a systematic instruction or information regarding human sexuality, including human reproduction, sexual anatomy and physiology, sexually transmitted infections, sexual activity, sexual orientation, emotional relations, reproductive health, and safe sex, among other topics. It is usually taught in schools but can also be provided by healthcare professionals, parents, or community organizations. The aim of sex education is to equip individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to make informed decisions about their sexual health and relationships while promoting responsible and respectful attitudes towards sexuality.

"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:

1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.

Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.

Postcoital contraceptives, also known as emergency contraceptives, are methods used to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse. The synthetic postcoital contraceptive is a type of emergency contraception that contains synthetic hormones, such as levonorgestrel or ulipristal acetate. These hormones work by preventing ovulation, inhibiting fertilization, or altering the lining of the uterus to prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.

The most common synthetic postcoital contraceptive is the levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pill (LNG-ECP), which contains a high dose of the synthetic hormone levonorgestrel. It is usually taken as a single dose within 72 hours (3 days) of unprotected sexual intercourse, but it is most effective when taken as soon as possible after intercourse.

Another synthetic postcoital contraceptive is ulipristal acetate, which is also taken as a single dose but within 120 hours (5 days) of unprotected sexual intercourse. Ulipristal acetate works by delaying ovulation and preventing the fertilized egg from implanting in the uterus.

It's important to note that synthetic postcoital contraceptives are not intended for regular use as a primary form of birth control, but rather as an emergency measure to prevent pregnancy after unprotected sexual intercourse or contraceptive failure. They should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider and should not be used in place of regular contraception.

"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.

For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.

It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.

A condom is a thin sheath that covers the penis during sexual intercourse. It is made of materials such as latex, polyurethane, or lambskin and is used as a barrier method to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Condoms work by collecting semen when the man ejaculates, preventing it from entering the woman's body. They come in various sizes, shapes, textures, and flavors to suit individual preferences. It is important to use condoms correctly and consistently to maximize their effectiveness.

Estrogens are a group of steroid hormones that are primarily responsible for the development and regulation of female sexual characteristics and reproductive functions. They are also present in lower levels in males. The main estrogen hormone is estradiol, which plays a key role in promoting the growth and development of the female reproductive system, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and breasts. Estrogens also help regulate the menstrual cycle, maintain bone density, and have important effects on the cardiovascular system, skin, hair, and cognitive function.

Estrogens are produced primarily by the ovaries in women, but they can also be produced in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands and fat cells. In men, estrogens are produced from the conversion of testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, through a process called aromatization.

Estrogen levels vary throughout a woman's life, with higher levels during reproductive years and lower levels after menopause. Estrogen therapy is sometimes used to treat symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness, or to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. However, estrogen therapy also carries risks, including an increased risk of certain cancers, blood clots, and stroke, so it is typically recommended only for women who have a high risk of these conditions.

"Sex characteristics" refer to the anatomical, chromosomal, and genetic features that define males and females. These include both primary sex characteristics (such as reproductive organs like ovaries or testes) and secondary sex characteristics (such as breasts or facial hair) that typically develop during puberty. Sex characteristics are primarily determined by the presence of either X or Y chromosomes, with XX individuals usually developing as females and XY individuals usually developing as males, although variations and exceptions to this rule do occur.

Medroxyprogesterone is a synthetic form of the natural hormone progesterone, which is a female sex hormone produced by the corpus luteum during the menstrual cycle and by the placenta during pregnancy. As a medication, medroxyprogesterone is used to treat a variety of conditions, including:

* Abnormal menstrual bleeding
* Endometrial hyperplasia (overgrowth of the lining of the uterus)
* Contraception (birth control)
* Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women
* Prevention of breast cancer in high-risk women
* Treatment of certain types of cancer, such as endometrial and renal cancers

Medroxyprogesterone works by binding to progesterone receptors in the body, which helps to regulate the menstrual cycle, maintain pregnancy, and prevent the growth of some types of cancer. It is available in various forms, including tablets, injectable solutions, and depot suspensions for intramuscular injection.

It's important to note that medroxyprogesterone can have significant side effects, and its use should be monitored by a healthcare provider. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should not take medroxyprogesterone, and it may interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your doctor of all medications you are taking before starting medroxyprogesterone.

Ovulation inhibition is a term used in reproductive medicine to describe the prevention or delay of ovulation, which is the release of a mature egg from the ovaries during the menstrual cycle. This can be achieved through various means, such as hormonal contraceptives (birth control pills, patches, rings), injectable hormones, or intrauterine devices (IUDs) that release hormones.

Hormonal contraceptives typically contain synthetic versions of the hormones estrogen and progestin, which work together to inhibit the natural hormonal signals that trigger ovulation. By suppressing the surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), these methods prevent the development and release of a mature egg from the ovaries.

In addition to preventing ovulation, hormonal contraceptives can also thicken cervical mucus, making it more difficult for sperm to reach the egg, and thin the lining of the uterus, reducing the likelihood of implantation in case fertilization does occur. It is important to note that while ovulation inhibition is a reliable method of birth control, it may not provide protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Spermatogenesis-blocking agents are a class of medications or substances that inhibit or block the process of spermatogenesis, which is the production of sperm in the testicles. These agents can work at various stages of spermatogenesis, including reducing the number of spermatozoa (sperm cells) or preventing the formation of mature sperm.

Examples of spermatogenesis-blocking agents include:

1. Hormonal agents: Certain hormones or hormone-like substances can interfere with the production of sperm. For example, analogs of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and antiandrogens can suppress the release of testosterone and other hormones necessary for spermatogenesis.
2. Alkylating agents: These are chemotherapy drugs that can damage DNA and prevent the division and multiplication of cells, including sperm cells. Examples include cyclophosphamide and busulfan.
3. Other chemicals: Certain industrial chemicals, such as ethylene glycol ethers and dibromochloropropane (DBCP), have been shown to have spermatogenesis-blocking properties.
4. Radiation therapy: High doses of radiation can also damage the testicles and inhibit sperm production.

It's important to note that spermatogenesis-blocking agents are often used for medical purposes, such as treating cancer or preventing pregnancy, but they can have significant side effects and should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

1988). "New insights on the mode of action of intrauterine contraceptive devices in women". Fertil Steril. 49 (5): 768-773. doi ... If this happens a woman is not protected from pregnancy. Expulsion is more common in younger women, women who have not had ... "Popular contraceptive device Mirena target of lawsuits in Canada, U.S". CTV. 21 May 2014. Archived from the original on 26 ... Various thread collector devices or simple forceps may then be used to try to grasp the device through the cervix. In the rare ...
The drug was approved as a female oral contraceptive, the first in the U.S., in May 1960. G.D. Searle and company profited ... The Comstock Laws thus basically criminalized contraceptive devices and instruments used in abortion procedures. The ... Fully one-third of the wage gains women have made since the 1960s are the result of access to oral contraceptives." ... Junod, S. W. (2002). "Women's Trials: The Approval of the First Oral Contraceptive Pill in the United States and Great Britain ...
"Denying Coverage of Contraceptives Harms Women". National Women's Law Center. November 2, 2011. Archived from the original on ... Highly effective contraceptives, such as intrauterine devices (IUDs), are underused in the United States. Increasing use of ... Cost to the user is one factor preventing many US women from using more effective contraceptives. Making contraceptives ... and no women. Some people[who?] see the matter as primarily one of women's health, such as the National Women's Law Center. ...
Malthusian belt: A contraceptive device worn by women. When Huxley was writing Brave New World, organizations such as the ... In the novel, the eponymous character devises the contraceptive techniques (Malthusian belt) that are practiced by women of the ... From one helicopter a young woman emerges who is implied to be Lenina. John, at the sight of a woman he both adores and loathes ... She is part of the 30% of the female population that are not freemartins (sterile women). Lenina is promiscuous and popular but ...
The SILCS diaphragm, a "one size fits most" contraceptive device. The device differs from traditional latex diaphragms in that ... The Woman's Condom, a female condom designed to be easier to use effectively, less noisy and more comfortable other female ... "Woman's Condom: Expanding Options for Dual Protection". Women Deliver website. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. ... In South Africa, PATH leads a five-year project to improve the health and development of 750,000 pregnant women and children by ...
Contraceptive implants may cause irregular bleeding which some women find unacceptable as a side effect ("Irregular bleeding ... They include injections, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and subdermal contraceptive implants. They are the most effective ... They work in women of any age and number of births. Women may consider family planning advice beforehand. LARC methods include ... Nonhormonal intrauterine device with copper (US - ParaGard) Subdermal contraceptive implant (US - Nexplanon/Implanon/Implanon ...
Chinnatamby, S. (September 25, 1965). Intrauterine Contraceptive Device and Population. British Medical Journal, 2, 5464, 756. ... At the end of her life, she bequeathed her home in Colombo to the University of Colombo, for use as residence for women ... In 1964, she led trials of intrauterine devices at Colombo North Hospital, and in 1968, she began trials of Depo-Provera. In ... Siva Chinnatamby (c.1921/3 - 2000) was a Sri Lankan obstetrician who pioneered the use of modern contraceptives in the country ...
She enthusiastically promotes condoms as the best all-around contraceptive device. After discussing the merits of prophylactics ... She was then commissioned by the president of the Federation of Cuban Women, Vilma Espín, to review international literature ... Books such as "Man and Woman, Intimate by Dr. Siegfried Schabl, which dealt with the subject of homosexuality comprehensively ... Lois M. Smith, "Progress, Science and Myth: The Health Education of Cuban Women", Cuban Studies Vol. 19. University of ...
... comparing the effectiveness and safety of the device with other surgical contraceptive methods. Women and doctors were required ... About 750,000 women have received the device worldwide. Initial trials found about 4% of women had tubal perforation, expulsion ... In 2023, the device was the subject of a class action lawsuit in Australia. Over 1000 women joined the suit claiming that the ... Essure was a device for female sterilization. It is a metal coil which when placed into each fallopian tube induces fibrosis ...
... the use of contraceptive devices is permitted if the marital partners agree. All the Islamic schools of law from the tenth to ... Women Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries Women in Arab societies Women in Christianity Women in ... men and the women, the men and the women who give Sadaqat, the men and the women who fast, the men and the women who guard ... men and women, the believers: men and women, the Qanit: men and the women, the men and women who are truthful, the men and the ...
Contraceptive Devices Displayed on Channel 4 Vivacious Joan Rivers Brightens Own Show". The New York Times. GOOD television ... American women comedians, American women film directors, American women film producers, American women memoirists, American ... As a female comic, Rivers felt indebted to, but also very distinct from, other female standups and comedians including Phyllis ... Before her death, she filmed a part, along with other female comedians, for the documentary MAKERS: Women in Comedy, which ...
... on a study comparing the performance of the Woman's Condom and the FC2 Female Condom. Other contraceptive devices include Lea's ... CONRAD conducted studies leading to the regulatory approval of several contraceptive devices. CONRAD supported PATH Program for ... "Comparative crossover study of the PATH Woman's Condom and the FC Female Condom®". Contraception. 78 (6): 465-473. doi:10.1016/ ... "Lea's Shield: a study of the safety and efficacy of a new vaginal barrier contraceptive used with and without spermicide. - ...
Tone, Andrea (2001). Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 9780809038169. ... Women have created and patented vaginal syringes for use as birth control as early as the 1879 model developed by Ann Palmer. ... Women used different types of spermicides with the vaginal syringes including alum, chloride of zinc, baking soda, vinegar, ... The vaginal syringe as a method of birth control was available to women in the early nineteenth century. In the 1860s, Henry ...
... intrauterine contraceptive device-associated infection; pelvic inflammatory disease, which may include pelvic cellulitis and ... with the female genital tract locations, P. acnes with a foreign body, and Peptostreptococcus spp. with all infection sources, ... Female genital tract infections caused by anaerobic bacteria are polymicrobial and include: soft-tissue perineal, vulvar and ... Long bones osteomyelitis is often caused by trauma, hematogenic spread, or the presence of a prosthetic device.[citation needed ...
Bailey MJ (1 February 2006). "More Power to the Pill: The Impact of Contraceptive Freedom on Women's Life Cycle Labor Supply". ... An equally large industry has emerged to provide contraceptive devices designed to prevent conception. Their effectiveness in ... This fertile window varies from woman to woman, just as the ovulation date often varies from cycle to cycle for the same woman ... This is considered the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life. The predicted effect of age on female fertility in women ...
These methods include the use of implants or intrauterine devices (IUDs) as well as permanent methods like female or male ... Women with a higher proportion of sons are also more likely to use contraceptive methods explaining the decrease in fertility. ... Despite the increased prevalence of contraceptives, unplanned pregnancies are still a major concern with married women having ... Knowledge on emergency contraceptive pills among married women was found to be very low. Reportedly, only 14% ever heard of it ...
On appeal, her conviction was reversed because contraceptive devices could legally be promoted to cure and prevent disease. A ... 5,860 abortions for black women aged 15-19, 4,670 abortions for Hispanic women aged 15-19, and 760 abortions for women of all ... A few women withheld the names of the abortion providers. In the 1960s, a woman named Mason attending Ohio State visited a ... It found that while some women were upset by the protesters, none of the 300 women changed their minds as a result of ...
Women who use oral contraceptives for a longer duration may have a slightly lower rate of pregnancy than do women using oral ... A contraceptive sponge set inside its open package. The current intrauterine devices (IUD) are small devices, often 'T'-shaped ... McCann CR (2010). "Women as Leaders in the Contraceptive Movement". In O'Connor K (ed.). Gender and Women's Leadership: A ... the United Nations launched the Every Woman Every Child movement to assess the progress toward meeting women's contraceptive ...
This risk reduction continues for at least fifteen years after contraceptive use has been stopped. Obese women may need higher ... Progestin is present in the combined oral contraceptive pill and the hormonal intrauterine device (IUD). Combined oral ... Instead, women, particularly menopausal women, should be aware of the symptoms and risk factors of endometrial cancer. A ... In the United States, white women have a higher survival rate than black women, who tend to develop more aggressive forms of ...
Unwanted pregnancy was a distinct possibility since there were no commonly available contraceptive drugs or devices. The ... telling the women they were safe because he did not believe the Whites would kill women. The chief and the women all lost their ... starved for female company, paid extravagant fees to associate with women or buy products that were made by women. There are ... Native American women, and rapidly arriving immigrant women from all over the world. At first, the numbers of immigrant women ...
On appeal, her conviction was reversed on the grounds that contraceptive devices could legally be promoted for the cure and ... Burma: Women gain the right to stand for election. Uruguay: Legal majority for married women. Uruguay: Married women granted ... 1942 Russia: Women formally accepted into the military. Venezuela: Legal majority for married women. Venezuela: Married women ... It is also known as the Married Women's Citizenship Act or the Women's Citizenship Act). Previously, a woman lost her United ...
To protect his sexual partner from these animals, Minos used a goat's bladder as a female condom.: 18 Contraceptives fell out ... When U.S. customs confiscated the package as illegal contraceptive devices, Sanger helped file a lawsuit. In 1936, a federal ... There were still a few state laws against buying and selling contraceptives, and advertising condoms as birth control devices ... 108 Couples in colonial America relied on female-controlled methods of contraception if they used contraceptives at all. The ...
Non-hormonal contraceptive methods include the copper intrauterine device (ParaGard), male and female condoms, male and female ... They state that providing over the counter contraceptives could increase overall contraceptive accessibility for young women of ... The ACA coverage of female contraception has been noted to be beneficial for women. From 2012 to 2016, the percentage of women ... and Hispanic women (67%). In 2002, contraceptive use saved almost US$19 billion in direct medical costs. Contraceptive use has ...
Tone, Andrea (2002). Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America. New York: Hill and Wang. p. 188. ISBN 0-8090- ... picking apart the dumbest notions that a young man or woman might be exposed to as they come of age, with topics ranging from ... Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America. New York: Hill and Wang. p. 50. ISBN 0-8090-3816-1. Koerner, ... condom and other contraceptive availability, HIV and STD testing, student peer groups, sexual assault programs and resources, ...
Retailers were subjected to raids, with womb veils among the contraceptive devices confiscated. Although contraceptive ... Other terms for the contraceptive diaphragm were "female preventatives", "female protectors", "Victoria's protectors", and the ... Rotter also described how to make a homemade device from a rubber ball. The Comstock ban on advertising contraceptive devices, ... See Chesler, Woman of Valor, p. 70 online and Hoolihan, An Annotated Catalogue, pp. 335-337; also Tone, Devices and Desires, p ...
Emergency contraceptive pills To make an informed choice, women must know that ECPs-like the birth control pill, patch, ring, ... An intrauterine device (IUD), also known as intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD or ICD) or coil, is a small, often T-shaped ... According to the U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, published by the CDC, women and adolescents under the ... Grimes, D.A. (2007). Hatcher, R.A.; Nelson, T.J.; Guest, F.; Kowal, D. (eds.). "Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)". Contraceptive ...
Today, oral contraceptives, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and male and female condoms are available for free at public health ... Although abortion is not permitted, other methods of contraceptives such as oral contraceptives, condoms, and tubal ligation ... This method suggests women should observe symptoms in her body that indicate whether she is fertile or infertile, and this will ... Women who can afford expensive but safe abortions at private practices and hospitals are the only ones who remain unaffected. ...
... and patient acceptability of the intrauterine Copper T-380A contraceptive device". International Journal of Women's Health. 2: ... United States Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use. Being a nulliparous women (women who have never given birth) ... The device itself carries no increased risk of PID beyond the time of insertion. Cramping: Some women can feel cramping during ... This device was somewhat large, causing discomfort to a large proportion of women users, and had a hard plastic tail, causing ...
"The contraceptive patch" (in French). "Male condom" (in French). "Spermicides" (in French). "Intrauterine device" (in French ... While it is the most used mean of contraception, it is important to note that, in France, fewer women are using the pill. This ... The contraceptive implant is a small stick put in place under the skin. The implant contains the same hormones as contraceptive ... The French government will provide access to birth control pills, intrauterine devices, contraceptive patches and injectable ...
A History of Contraceptives in America, Hill and Wang, pp 127-128. *Tone, Andrea, "A Medical Fit for Contraceptives", in Women ... Devices and Desires: ... control advocates that manufactured high-quality contraceptives ...
Trashy: Womans Art Work Using Old Contraceptive Device Splits Opinion. By Alice Gibbs On 3/17/22 at 6:05 AM EDT. ... A picture of the womans framed IUD and message.The joke art-work using her old contraceptive device has divided opinion online ... A womans inventive artwork made from her old contraceptive device has divided opinion online. ... but especially younger women, rising.. An IUD is a small T-shaped plastic or copper device inserted into the womb by a doctor ...
Intrauterine contraceptive device fitted to pregnant woman Date: 15 Oct 2004 In 1999, during her second pregnancy, a 19-year- ... If a device is fitted after implantation a woman is exposed to an increased risk of infection and miscarriage. Therefore, it ... On 29 May 2003 Dr B fitted an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) for Ms A (aged 23 years). Neither of them was aware that ... If Dr B had taken a contraceptive history from Ms A to remind himself of her previous experiences with contraceptive measures, ...
A female contraceptive device that can only be removed along with one or more organs was a bad idea from th... ... A female contraceptive device that can only be removed along with one or more organs was a bad idea from the beginning, ... A female contraceptive device that can only be removed along with one or more organs was a bad idea from the beginning, ... It was a contraceptive device used by thousands of Aussie women, but many say Essure left them in extreme pain, needing ...
... after more than 1000 women claimed to have f... ... a permanent female contraceptive device, have commenced in the ... More than 1000 women join class action over permanent contraceptive device. By Amelia Hirst,7 months ago ... Women who currently have Essure in place may continue to confidently rely on the device. Bayer will continue to support women ... after more than 1000 women claimed to have fallen victim to a permanent contraceptive device. (ACA). The reports have included ...
HIV infection For women with HIV infection who are not clinically well or not receiving ARV therapy, this condition is ... Summary of classifications for hormonal contraceptive methods and intrauterine devices*. Condition. Cu-IUD. LNG-IUD. Implants. ... Hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine devices do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human ... CDC Contraceptive Guidance for Health Care Providers * US Medical Eligiblity Criteria (US MEC) for Contraceptive Use ...
She had another device fitted but when she and her husband David, 61, decided to have children two years later, the second ... A woman was left unable to have children after her contraceptive coil which she was told had fallen out was left inside her - ... Woman left unable to have children after contraceptive coil left inside her for 29 years. ... Jayne Huddleston was told by a GP in 1990 that the device she had fitted around a year earlier had fallen out. ...
Jaydess IUCDIt is a small device that is inserted into the womb by a doctor. The effectiveness of this ... IUCD devices available: NovaT Copper IUD, Mirena IUCD, ... Female Wellness and Menopause Management. *Womens Health Check ... IUCD devices available: NovaT Copper IUD, Mirena IUCD, Jaydess IUCD. It is a small device that is inserted into the womb by a ... It can be left in the womb for 3-5 years depending on the type of intra uterine device used. ...
Contraceptive Drugs, Contraceptive Devices, and Others), By Gender (Male & Female) By Distribution Channel (Healthcare ... UK-based Start-up in the Medical Devices Sector "Thank you for sending the market report and data. It looks quite comprehensive ... Contraceptives Market Size, Share & COVID-19 Impact Analysis, By Product ( ...
Contraceptive adherence among HIV-infected women in Malawi: a randomized controlled trial of the copper intrauterine device and ... Contraceptive adherence among HIV-infected women in Malawi: a randomized controlled trial of the copper intrauterine device and ... Women who experienced heavy menstruation and first-time contraceptive users were more likely to be nonadherent. Among ongoing ... To evaluate contraceptive adherence to the copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) and the injectable depot medroxyprogesterone ...
... missed taking oral contraceptive pills, or been forced to have sex against their will. For these women, emergency contraception ... Many women and girls around the world have experienced contraception failure, ... Methods of emergency contraception are the copper-bearing intrauterine devices (IUDs) and the emergency contraceptive pills. ... Ensuring Women Have A Rights-Based Access To Emergency Contraceptives Is Vital. Tuesday, 8 September 2020, 5:23 pm. Article: ...
The contraceptives come in the form of intrauterine devices or an arm implant that prevents pregnancy for up to three, five or ... DeRight works with A Step Ahead to offer free long-term contraceptives to women in the Chattanooga area.. Skylar DeRight holds ... DeRight works with A Step Ahead to offer free long-term contraceptives to women in the Chattanooga area.. ... A Step Ahead Chattanooga is working to change that statistic by giving women access to long-acting, reversible contraceptives, ...
Contraceptive Sponge. The contraceptive sponge, also known as the birth control sponge, is a soft saucer-shaped device made ... Financial Help for Pregnant Women. Lets review the various sources of financial help for pregnant women that may be available ...
A microchip implant for women containing 16 years worth of contraceptives readies for pre-clinical testing next year ... medical devicesbionicswomen contraceptivesHuman OSmedical technologycontraceptionwireless chips ... Contraceptive Implant Hands Women Remote Control A microchip implant for women containing 16 years worth of contraceptives ... medical devicesbionicswomen contraceptivesHuman OSmedical technologycontraceptionwireless chips ...
Percent of women aged 15-49 currently using long-acting reversible contraception (Intrauterine device or contraceptive implant ... Percent of women aged 15-49 currently using male sterilization: 5.6%. Source: Current Contraceptive Status Among Women Aged 15- ... Current Contraceptive Status among Women Aged 15-49: United States, 2015-2017 ... Percent of women aged 15-49 currently using female sterilization: 18.1%. * ...
The contraceptive device is noted at the lower uterine segment just above the cervix in subamniotic location. No penetration to ... "pregnancy-with-intrauterine-contraceptive-device-3","modality":"Ultrasound","series":[{"id":54086702,"content_type":"image/jpeg ... El-Feky M, Pregnancy with intrauterine contraceptive device. Case study, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 30 Nov 2023) https://doi. ... Gender: Female Antenatal scan 20 wk gestation. From the case: Pregnancy with intrauterine contraceptive device ...
... intrauterine devices, subdermal contraceptiveimplants, and vasectomies. Women who had been sterilized were excluded. Not ... Background A "contraceptive vital sign" (routine intake assessment of women�s pregnancy intentions and contraceptive use) could ... Notes: Contraceptive vital sign data and electronic health record data were collected between October 1, 2008, and April 14, ... When women with documented nonuse of contraception were prescribed potential teratogens, family planning services were provided ...
Contraceptive Devices Market , 2021 Size, Share, Growth Insights, Trends, Opportunity, Key Players, Revenue, Competitive ... Contraceptives devices for female are expected to lead the contraceptives devices market during the forecast period. ... Contraceptive Devices Industry is segmented By Product Type (Male & Female Contraceptive Devices, Technology (Hormonal & ... 4 Global Contraceptive Devices Market Analysis by Regions. 4.1 Global Contraceptive Devices Sales, Revenue and Market Share by ...
And recent changes to TRICARE policies help make sure youll have easy, convenient, and timely access to contraceptive services ... TRICARE covers a full range of contraceptive methods, regardless of which health plan you have. ... Walk-In Contraceptive Services Womens Health Contraceptive Care Contraceptive Care Reproductive Health Article ... Could state abortion laws affect the use of IUDs (Intrauterine Devices)? A: DOD will continue providing IUDs and other ...
... non-Hispanic white women were more than two-times as likely to use birth control pills as their method of contraception than ... Long-acting reversible contraceptives include contraceptive implants and intrauterine devices (IUD)." Citation formats ... Share of women using contraceptives in the Netherlands 2017, by type. *Share of U.S. women who ever used selected contraceptive ... Contraceptive methods used in France 2018 *Number of contraceptive methods used by sexually experienced U.S. woman 2006-2010, ...
What should I do? Answer: An intrauterine device (IUD) is a great birth control option for some women. IUDs are inserted by… ... In college, getting a long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) was in vogue. It seemed like everywhere I went, women were ... but pregnancy prevention may not be an individual womans most important consideration in choosing a contraceptive. ... LARCs, i.e., Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives By NWHN Staff , Aug 14, 2015 , Comments Off on LARCs, i.e., Long-Acting ...
... explains the interplay between the federal and state contraceptive coverage laws and the implications for employers and women. ... This issue brief provides an update on the status of the continuing litigation on the federal contraceptive requirement and ... many states had enacted contraceptive equity laws that required plans to treat contraceptives in the same way they covered ... a woman enrolled in a fully-insured employer plan that includes outpatient drugs and devices would be guaranteed contraceptive ...
Intrauterine contraceptive device. Urologic disorders include the following:. * Bladder neoplasm. * Chronic urinary tract ... It affects approximately 1 in 7 women. [2] In one study of reproductive-aged women in primary care practices, the reported ... encoded search term (Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women) and Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women What to Read Next on Medscape ... A profile of women with chronic pelvic pain. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1990 Mar. 33(1):130-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
Exams on girls and young women are most likely unnecessary. ... Used an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD).. *Received the ... Young women who had a Pap test were 7 times more likely to report also receiving a BPE, compared with young women who did not ... Young women who used a hormonal contraception method other than an IUD were 75% more likely to receive a Pap test and 31% more ... Young women who had been screened for a sexually transmitted infection were 4 times more likely to receive a Pap test and 60% ...
1988). "New insights on the mode of action of intrauterine contraceptive devices in women". Fertil Steril. 49 (5): 768-773. doi ... If this happens a woman is not protected from pregnancy. Expulsion is more common in younger women, women who have not had ... "Popular contraceptive device Mirena target of lawsuits in Canada, U.S". CTV. 21 May 2014. Archived from the original on 26 ... Various thread collector devices or simple forceps may then be used to try to grasp the device through the cervix. In the rare ...
... warns against using metrics that measure contraceptive care quality as the proportion of all women or postpartum women in a ... 450: increasing use of contraceptive implants and intrauterine devices to reduce unintended pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;114 ... The Contraceptive CHOICE Project: recruiting women at highest risk for unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection ... 1. Daniels K, Mosher WD, Jones J. Contraceptive methods women have ever used: United States, 1982-2010. Natl Health Stat Rep. ...
Contraception and fertility are shrouded in popular mythology and many women do not appreciate either their risk of conception ... Pregnancy in women aged 40 and above is frequently unplanned and the legal abortion rate is high in this age group. ... Contraceptive Devices, Male / statistics & numerical data * Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / standards * Female * Humans ... Many women over the age of 40 years, especially those in their late 40s, do not fully understand that they may remain at risk ...
Contraceptive Agents, Female / therapeutic use* * Cost-Benefit Analysis * Female * Humans * Intrauterine Devices, Medicated* ... Setting: Women who presented in primary care. Participants: A total of 571 women with HMB. A purposeful sample of 27 women who ... Women had high expectations of a prompt effect from medical treatments. Conclusions: The LNG-IUS, compared with usual medical ... 2 Birmingham Womens Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK.. *3 Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University ...
Medicines360 and Camargo Pharmaceutical Services Gain FDA Approval for Intrauterine Contraceptive Device. 1/19/2016 ... Study Finds Z-CAN Program, Supported by Medicines360, Increased Use of LARCs by Women in Puerto Rico During Zika Outbreak. 1/29 ... Medicines360 Announces New Partnership With Marie Stopes International To Expand Access To Its Hormonal IUD To Women In Kenya, ... Medicines360 And Population Services International Announce New Partnership To Expand Access To Hormonal IUDs To Women In ...
  • On 29 May 2003 Dr B fitted an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) for Ms A (aged 23 years). (hdc.org.nz)
  • Contraceptive devices for female are available in different types, among which the report emphasizes on the rising uptake of intrauterine contraceptive devices. (medgadget.com)
  • Used an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD). (cdc.gov)
  • Postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device (PPIUCD) is safe method of contraception, but with low acceptability rate. (lww.com)
  • While many insurance plans will cover IUDs, users were still frequently left out of pocket due to charges for the product before the passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010 which has eliminated these costs for many women. (newsweek.com)
  • Methods of emergency contraception are the copper-bearing intrauterine devices (IUDs) and the emergency contraceptive pills. (scoop.co.nz)
  • Both birth control implants and IUDs are LARCs, or Long Acting Reversible Contraceptives, meaning these methods last for an extended period of time, are highly effective, and work without user action, but cannot be controlled or terminated by the user. (nwhn.org)
  • Over the last few years, there has been a surge in the promotion of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) such as intrauterine devices (IUDs) and implants like Nexplanon. (nwhn.org)
  • In women with bicornuate uterus and in need of contraception, two IUDs are generally applied (one in each horn) due to lack of evidence of efficacy with only one IUD. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intrauterine devices (IUDs) and the subdermal implant-together called long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs)-are the most effective contraceptive methods available in the United States. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • 4 LARC methods, which include intrauterine devices (IUDs) and the subdermal implant, are highly effective with failure rates of less than 1% and high continuation and satisfaction rates. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • The Contraceptive CHOICE project is a prospective cohort of more than 9,000 women aged 14 to 45 years who were given the freedom to choose a contraceptive method from IUDs, implant, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) injection, pills, patch, or ring without the limitation of financial, provider, or logistical barriers. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • Some 4.8 million women use IUDs or implants in the U.S., leading to as many as 5,000 to 20,000 unplanned pregnancies a year. (sciencefriday.com)
  • According to one expert at the time, "Sometimes these [cheaper IUDs] were claimed to be made of solid gold in order to enhance the price, and a few practitioners took economic advantage of the need and ignorance of women. (hli.org)
  • Copper has been proven to be the active agent in these IUDs because identical devices are ineffective without the element. (hli.org)
  • For example, injections, implants or intrauterine devices (IUDs). (caymanparent.com)
  • Other methods have more than 100 million users worldwide, and two of them involve hormones: oral contraceptive pills (151 million users) and intrauterine devices (IUDs) (159 million users). (medscape.com)
  • Overall, nearly half (45.2%) of contraceptive users rely on long-acting or permanent methods like IUDs, implants, or sterilization, whereas an almost even amount (46.1%) use short-acting methods (eg, pill, injectables, condoms). (medscape.com)
  • Long-acting reversible contraceptives include contraceptive implants and intrauterine devices (IUD). (statista.com)
  • According to data analyzed by the Kaiser Family Foundation, 14 percent of women aged 15 to 44 who use contraception used an IUD in 2015-2017, with utilization among all women, but especially younger women, rising. (newsweek.com)
  • Health-care providers can use the summary table as a quick reference guide to the classifications for hormonal contraceptive methods and intrauterine contraception to compare classifications across these methods ( Box K1 ) ( Table K1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Many women and girls around the world have experienced contraception failure, missed taking oral contraceptive pills, or been forced to have sex against their will. (scoop.co.nz)
  • For these women, emergency contraception is a safe and effective method that reduces the risk of pregnancy. (scoop.co.nz)
  • Emergency contraception is an effective reproductive health intervention, which could protect millions of women from unintended pregnancy. (scoop.co.nz)
  • Emergency contraception can be used in a number of situations- like unprotected intercourse, concerns about possible contraceptive failure, incorrect/ improper use of contraceptives, and in cases of sexual assault when a woman has not been protected by any effective contraception. (scoop.co.nz)
  • However, a copper-bearing IUD should not be inserted for emergency contraception following sexual assault as the woman may be at high risk of a sexually transmitted infection such as chlamydia and gonorrhoea, warns Prof Dawson. (scoop.co.nz)
  • It is only after treatment for sexual assault, and only if the woman wishes to, can a copper IUD be inserted for long acting reversible contraception. (scoop.co.nz)
  • But in 2012, fewer than 12 percent of U.S. women used a LARC for contraception, according to the Guttmacher Institute, a research and policy organization that studies sexual and reproductive health. (timesfreepress.com)
  • Women may soon bid farewell to birth control pills and welcome a new type of contraception in the form of microchip implants. (ieee.org)
  • Change in proportion of visits with medical record documentation of contraception before and after introduction of the contraceptive vital sign. (annfammed.org)
  • What This Study Found A contraceptive vital sign improves documentation of pregnancy intentions and contraception in a manner that is acceptable to patients but has little effect on the rate of family planning counseling and prescribing of potentially teratogenic medications. (annfammed.org)
  • Specifically, the study of more than 2,304 women found documentation of contraception increased from 23% to 57% in the intervention group but remained 28% in the control group. (annfammed.org)
  • From 2017 to 2019, non-Hispanic white women were more than two-times as likely to use birth control pills as their method of contraception than either Hispanic or non-Hispanic black women. (statista.com)
  • This statistic shows the percentage of women in the United States who were currently using select methods of contraception from 2017 to 2019, by Hispanic origin and ethnicity. (statista.com)
  • Young women who used a hormonal contraception method other than an IUD were 75% more likely to receive a Pap test and 31% more likely to receive a BPE, compared with young women who did not use non-IUD hormonal contraception methods. (cdc.gov)
  • Following the Hobby Lobby ruling , the Obama Administration took the stand that almost all women had an entitlement to the contraceptive benefit and developed an " accommodation " to assure they would still get coverage, even if their employer had religious objections to contraception. (kff.org)
  • In the United States, 99% of presumed cisgender women report having ever used contraception. (apha.org)
  • Throughout this statement, we refer to potential contraceptive users as individuals or people rather than "women" because those who have the capacity to reproduce and need access to contraception include cisgender women and men and transgender, nonbinary, and gender expansive people. (apha.org)
  • Contraception and fertility are shrouded in popular mythology and many women do not appreciate either their risk of conception or the range of methods available to prevent conception. (nih.gov)
  • 1 About 95% of unintended pregnancies occur in women who are incorrectly, inconsistently, or not using contraception. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • 3 Birth control pills are the most popular form of contraception among US women with typical failure rates of 9% and continuation rates of 67% at 1 year. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • FP enables women to make decisions regarding the number, timing and spacing of pregnancies and enables better reproductive health outcomes through education about birth spacing and provision of contraception ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In sub-Saharan Africa, 66-92% of WLHIV reported not wanting another child and yet only 20-43% of these women were utilizing a form of contraception ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In 2015-2017, 64.9% of the 72.2 million women aged 15-49 in the United States were currently using contraception. (cdc.gov)
  • Oral contraceptives (OCs) were introduced in the 1960s as the most widely accepted contraception method in the world. (biomedcentral.com)
  • But no prescription drug or medical device works flawlessly, and people's use of contraception is inexact. (sciencefriday.com)
  • More than 47 million women of reproductive age in the United States use contraception and, depending on the birth control method, hundreds of thousands of unplanned pregnancies can occur each year. (sciencefriday.com)
  • Emergency contraception, including Plan B, is less effective in women weighing more than 165 pounds because the hormone in the medication is weight-dependent. (sciencefriday.com)
  • Data were collected on 10 working married women who are not using an ap- days (08.00 to 14.00), 1 day per week over propriate method of contraception even a 10-week period in 2001. (who.int)
  • In fact, this abortifacient action is so efficient that scientists recommending the IUD for "emergency contraception" note that only one in 1,100 women will remain pregnant after inserting the device from two days to two weeks after their last unprotected intercourse. (hli.org)
  • Treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding for up to 5 years in women who also choose to use an IUD for contraception. (drugs.com)
  • About one in six teenage women practicing contraception combine two methods, primarily the condom with another method (Guttmacher, 1998). (urbandictionary.com)
  • Most forms of nonpermanent contraception for women are either hormonal or barrier strategies such as diaphragms or condoms. (medscape.com)
  • Are you aware of recent research into hormonal contraception methods for women? (medscape.com)
  • These countries were selected because they have birth rates and abortion rates lower than the United States and because they have comparable data on contraception among married women from a large national survey. (cdc.gov)
  • Highly effective, reversible contraceptive methods or long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) include intrauterine devices and implants. (cdc.gov)
  • Note: Women using permanent contraception were included in the denominator for all estimates. (cdc.gov)
  • Of the women interviewed, 37% were currently using contraception. (who.int)
  • TRICARE covers a full range of contraceptive methods, regardless of which health plan you have. (health.mil)
  • Contraceptive Coverage under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has made access to the full range of contraceptive methods affordable to millions of women. (kff.org)
  • An IUD is a small T-shaped plastic or copper device inserted into the womb by a doctor or nurse to prevent pregnancy by not allowing the sperm to fertilize the egg. (newsweek.com)
  • In 1999, during her second pregnancy, a 19-year-old woman was referred by her usual doctor to another GP, as he did not practise obstetrics. (hdc.org.nz)
  • Dr B reported that although Ms A believed she had been menstruating throughout her pregnancy, it is possible for women to have vaginal bleeding or episodes of bleeding throughout pregnancy, which can be misconstrued as menstruation, although this is unusual. (hdc.org.nz)
  • The device, a metal coil, was inserted in each fallopian tube - designed to create scar tissue to prevent pregnancy. (9news.com.au)
  • The reports have included adverse events such as changes in menstrual bleeding, unintended pregnancy, chronic pain, perforation, migration of the device and allergy/hypersensitivity or immune-type reactions. (nine.com.au)
  • It offers a woman the last chance to prevent an unintended pregnancy. (scoop.co.nz)
  • Emergency contraceptive pills prevent pregnancy by preventing or delaying ovulation. (scoop.co.nz)
  • The contraceptives come in the form of intrauterine devices or an arm implant that prevents pregnancy for up to three, five or 10 years, and can be removed if a woman wants to become pregnant. (timesfreepress.com)
  • Some women prefer other forms of pregnancy prevention, but price and a lack of education among patients and providers limit access to LARCs, said Rachel Schulson, executive director of A Step Ahead Chattanooga. (timesfreepress.com)
  • Background A "contraceptive vital sign" (routine intake assessment of women�s pregnancy intentions and contraceptive use) could help spur preconception counseling and safe prescribing of teratogenic medications (drugs known to cause congenital malformations). (annfammed.org)
  • Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) are highly effective methods for preventing pregnancy, but pregnancy prevention may not be an individual woman's most important consideration in choosing a contraceptive. (nwhn.org)
  • 1] Since people often spend most of their reproductive years managing their sexual and reproductive health by preventing and delaying pregnancy,[2] preventing sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and managing menstrual cycles, contraceptive access is essential. (apha.org)
  • Pregnancy in women aged 40 and above is frequently unplanned and the legal abortion rate is high in this age group. (nih.gov)
  • Many women over the age of 40 years, especially those in their late 40s, do not fully understand that they may remain at risk for pregnancy. (nih.gov)
  • Pregnancy risks for this age group also include spontaneous abortion rates reaching 26%, with maternal morality being 4 times greater than for women aged 30-39. (nih.gov)
  • A wide range of methods is available, however, to prevent pregnancy in women during the period between the birth of their last desired child and the natural end of heir reproductive lives. (nih.gov)
  • The primary outcome of the review was contraceptive uptake and secondary outcomes included unmet need for FP, safer conception and unintended pregnancy. (frontiersin.org)
  • Charging Parties both allege that Respondents' failure to offer coverage for prescription contraceptive drugs and devices constitutes discrimination on the bases of sex and pregnancy in violation of Title VII. (reproductiverights.org)
  • Intrauterine devices can prevent pregnancy 99.6% of the time. (sciencefriday.com)
  • It im- lected randomly through a multistage proves health through adequate spacing of sampling technique (8 women were ex- birth and avoiding pregnancy at high-risk cluded from the original 538 selected be- maternal ages and high parities. (who.int)
  • In 1971, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a warning about the use of diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy after a relationship between exposure to this synthetic estrogen and the development of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix was found in young women whose mothers had taken diethylstilbestrol while they were pregnant. (aafp.org)
  • Women who took diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy have a slightly higher risk of breast cancer than the general population and therefore should be encouraged to have regular mammography. (aafp.org)
  • Women who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero may have structural reproductive tract anomalies, an increased infertility rate, and poor pregnancy outcomes. (aafp.org)
  • Because of the higher risk of spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy, and preterm delivery, obstetric consultation may be required for pregnant women who had in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure. (aafp.org)
  • The male offspring of women who took diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy have an increased incidence of genital abnormalities and a possibly increased risk of prostate and testicular cancer. (aafp.org)
  • Between 1938 and 1971, as many as 4 million women in the United States took diethylstilbestrol (DES), an oral synthetic non-steroidal estrogen, for the purpose of improving pregnancy outcomes. (aafp.org)
  • However, physicians continued to prescribe DES to pregnant women until at least 1971, when a connection was established between in utero DES exposure and the development of clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina and cervix in the daughters of women who had taken DES during pregnancy. (aafp.org)
  • The chance of pregnancy with internal (female) condoms during the first year is 5% with perfect use and 21% with typical use. (msdmanuals.com)
  • a) 'Abortion' means the use of an instrument, medicine, drug, or other substance or device with intent to terminate the pregnancy of a woman known to be pregnant for reasons other than to increase the probability of a live birth, to preserve the life or health of the child after live birth, or to remove a dead fetus. (scstatehouse.gov)
  • f) 'Pregnancy' means the condition of a woman carrying a fetus or embryo within her body as the result of conception. (scstatehouse.gov)
  • I'd like to welcome you to today's COCA call, Updated Interim Zika Clinical Guidance for Pregnant Women in Data on Contraceptive Use to Decrease Zika-Affected Pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
  • Women with PID are at increased risk of chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, and tubal infertility (3,4). (cdc.gov)
  • After one episode of PID, a woman's risk of ectopic pregnancy increases sevenfold compared with the risk for women who have no history of PID. (cdc.gov)
  • CARD 3 lists contraceptive methods that some people use to prevent pregnancy or to prevent sexually transmitted diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • Women were considered at risk for unintended pregnancy if they were not currently pregnant, did not want a pregnancy, were sexually active (not abstinent), and did not report another reason they could not get pregnant (i.e., had a same sex partner, had a hysterectomy/oopherectomy, or were infertile). (cdc.gov)
  • In keeping with the goal of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to develop uniform contraceptive labeling, focus groups were conducted to determine a presentation format most useful to the consumer for contraceptive pregnancy rates. (cdc.gov)
  • Caution Urged for Obesity Drugs and Birth Control Pills GLP-1 agonists can interfere with oral contraceptives, making an unintended pregnancy more likely. (medscape.com)
  • Hormonal contraceptives and intrauterine devices do not protect against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and women using these methods should be counseled that consistent and correct use of the male latex condom reduces the risk for transmission of HIV and other STDs. (cdc.gov)
  • With the advent of advanced technology, hormonal contraceptives are likely to lead the contraceptive devices market. (medgadget.com)
  • BPEs are not recommended before prescribing most hormonal contraceptives (including birth control pills), or during screening for sexually transmitted infections. (cdc.gov)
  • It is important to diagnose the type of headache a person has and to choose hormonal contraceptives accordingly. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Hormonal contraceptives can regulate the menstrual cycle. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In addition, since the ACA was passed, a number of states have enacted laws that basically codify in state legislation the ACA benefit rules (requiring all plans to cover, without cost-sharing each of the 18 FDA approved contraceptive methods). (kff.org)
  • Workers and dependents of exempt employers do not have coverage for either some or all FDA approved contraceptive methods. (kff.org)
  • In India, emergency contraceptive pills were introduced in 2002 by the government's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and were made an over the counter drug in 2005. (scoop.co.nz)
  • However, one should not forget that, as the name suggests, emergency contraceptive pills are to be used in an emergency for a contraceptive accident, and not as an ongoing family planning method , following every act of sexual intercourse. (scoop.co.nz)
  • This study also confirmed significantly higher contraceptive failure rates for pills, patch, and ring users compared with DMPA, IUD, and implant users. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • Additionally, the study demonstrated higher failure rates of pills, patch, and ring in adolescents than in older women using the same methods. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • In addition, the electronic data recorded substantially more episodes in which women missed pills on two or more consecutive days (88 vs. 30). (guttmacher.org)
  • For every million women taking pills, 70,000 unplanned pregnancies could occur in a year. (sciencefriday.com)
  • Pills that a woman takes every day. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs), which are hormonal pills which the woman takes as soon as possible after unprotected intercourse. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Commonly referred to as 'the pill', contraceptive pills contain hormones which prevent women from ovulating. (caymanparent.com)
  • The fingernail-size microchip implant holds enough 30-microgram daily doses of levonorgestrel-a hormone already used in several contraceptives-to last for 16 years. (ieee.org)
  • Women who received the implant under the skin of buttocks, upper arm or abdomen would also get a remote control that allows them to halt or restart the implant whenever they like, according to MIT Technology Review . (ieee.org)
  • By comparison, existing contraceptive implants require a trip to the local clinic or hospital for removal if a woman wants to stop using the implant. (ieee.org)
  • 7 An initial analysis of 7,486 women showed more than 75% chose an IUD or implant as their contraceptive method. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • Her own devices: Is a contraceptive implant making us sick? (kcrw.com)
  • A Step Ahead Chattanooga is working to change that statistic by giving women access to long-acting, reversible contraceptives, often called LARCs, regardless of their insurance status or ability to pay. (timesfreepress.com)
  • There was no difference in the use of female sterilization or long-acting reversible contraceptives between women of various ethnicity. (statista.com)
  • Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) are not only highly effective, they are appropriate under a variety of conditions. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • They are often referred to as the 'morning after pill' which is not correct because women do not have to wait till the morning to use emergency contraceptives. (scoop.co.nz)
  • There has been increased attention and funding in recent years for long-acting reversible contraceptive methods (LARCs). (nwhn.org)
  • While LARCs are part of a well-balanced mix of contraceptive options, there are concerning practices when it comes to who is targeted for long-acting methods and the way in which counseling is provided. (nwhn.org)
  • Despite the few contraindications to the use of LARC methods and their proven safety and efficacy, only about 8.5% of women in the United States use LARCs. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • Plans in the Health Insurance Marketplace ® must cover contraceptive methods and counseling for all women, as prescribed by a health care provider. (healthcare.gov)
  • Health plans sponsored by certain exempt religious employers, like churches and other houses of worship, don't have to cover contraceptive methods and counseling. (healthcare.gov)
  • While a number of states had contraceptive equity laws that required plans to cover some or all methods, cost-sharing typically applied. (kff.org)
  • The U.S. CDC does not recommend any hormonal method as a first choice of contraceptive for nursing mothers, although progestin-only methods, such as Mirena, may be used with close follow-up or when the benefits outweigh the risks. (wikipedia.org)
  • Coercive practices can manifest in a variety of ways and include but are not limited to forced sterilization, provider preference for some contraceptive methods over others, disregard for patient preferences, incentives for the uptake of specific methods, and policies that influence the ability to stop using a contraceptive method at will. (apha.org)
  • 6] Evidence indicates that these barriers are especially limiting for accessing long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) methods as a result of their high up-front cost, lack of knowledge among potential users, and need for clinician training in insertion and removal. (apha.org)
  • 6 Yet when women seeking birth control understand the benefits of LARC methods and see providers who are willing to initiate these methods, they tend to choose them preferentially. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
  • A data visualization of how the number of women on various birth control methods and the corresponding failure rates project potential unplanned pregnancies in the first year of use. (sciencefriday.com)
  • Some factors to consider when discussing contraceptive methods include whether they want to take it daily, existing health issues such as a predisposition to migraines or a family history of high blood pressure, and any potential side effects. (caymanparent.com)
  • In addition, us- be interviewed and another 98 women ing contraceptives has been shown to Methods were not interviewed as they claimed promote a woman's sense of autonomy Study design to be outside the eligible age range, and increase her ability to make deci- away from home or sick. (who.int)
  • includes her ability to space, delay or knowledge and attitudes toward family limit children, as well as her experience planning methods among rural women Data collection with infertility, child loss or planned in the southern region of Jordan. (who.int)
  • Some of these include diaphragms & sponges, vaginal rings, sub-dermal implants, and female condoms. (medgadget.com)
  • I purchased at the local drugstore several forms of birth control (condoms, contraceptive sponge and vaginal suppositories). (uexpress.com)
  • Vaginal contraceptive ring (for example: NuvaRing®) 12. (cdc.gov)
  • Female condom, vaginal pouch 16. (cdc.gov)
  • A combined oral contraceptive pill regime consisting of ethinyl estradiol plus levonorgestrel is also used. (scoop.co.nz)
  • Military pharmacies and the TRICARE pharmacy benefit cover oral emergency contraceptives, such as Plan B One-Step and ella. (health.mil)
  • However, Respondent A's plan excludes coverage for prescription contraceptive drugs and devices, whether they are used for birth control or for other medical purposes.Charging Party A wishes to use oral contraceptives for birth control purposes. (reproductiverights.org)
  • Based on her medical history, Charging Party A also wishes to use oral contraceptives to alleviate the symptoms of dysmenorrhea and pre-menstrual syndrome and to prevent the development of ovarian cancer.Charging Party B, a registered nurse, began her employment with Respondent B on May 1, 1999. (reproductiverights.org)
  • There is little evidence as to whether the use of oral contraceptives(OC) during the fertile years affects the development of postmenopausal hypertension. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Depending on the type of pill, oral contraceptives may trigger acne in some women but suppress it in others. (webmd.com)
  • Oral contraceptives are now safer, with fewer side effects. (sciencefriday.com)
  • According to the most recent data available, more than 6.5 million women ages 15 to 49 use oral contraceptives, leading to about 460,000 unplanned pregnancies. (sciencefriday.com)
  • They also argue the two principal symptoms said to result from use of the device - chronic pelvic pain and abnormal uterine bleeding - are commonly experienced by women of reproductive age. (9news.com.au)
  • Expanding the range of choices for girls and women to prevent unintended pregnancies, depending upon their specific realities and unique contexts, is critical if we are deliver on sexual and reproductive health related goals and targets. (scoop.co.nz)
  • Coercive interpersonal, institutional, and structural practices and policies contradicting human rights-based and person-centered approaches often impact contraceptive access and reproductive self-determination. (apha.org)
  • Contraceptive use can improve health outcomes and reduce health and health care disparities, including reducing the risk of developing certain reproductive cancers,[3] preventing STIs,[4] and treating medical conditions. (apha.org)
  • Overall, integrated facilities have the potential of improving reproductive health of women accessing HIV services in LMICs. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, these studies have mainly considered current use of OC in young women of reproductive age. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pelvic Inflammatory Disease is defined as the acute or chronic inflammation of the female reproductive organs. (health-disease.org)
  • She is involved in developing clinical guidance for healthcare providers caring for pregnant women and women of reproductive age with possible exposure to Zika virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Ketogenic Diet Short-Term May Benefit Women With PCOS Meta-analysis showed improvements in reproductive hormone levels and weight loss. (medscape.com)
  • Big Geographic Access Gaps for Oncofertility Services in US A recent study uncovered significant geographic disparities in access to fertility preservation services for young women of reproductive age in the US. (medscape.com)
  • Reproductive Technologies Not Tied to Maternal CVD No increase in risk for cardiovascular disease was seen among women who gave birth after in vitro fertilization or the use of other assisted reproductive technologies. (medscape.com)
  • Reproductive health for a woman to gather information related to use, by trained interviewers at their home. (who.int)
  • In college, getting a long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) was in vogue. (nwhn.org)
  • You'll have access to contraceptive services without a copayment, coinsurance, or deductible when they are provided by an in-network provider. (healthcare.gov)
  • And recent changes to TRICARE policies help make sure you'll have easy, convenient, and timely access to contraceptive services. (health.mil)
  • In 2014, the reporting of adverse effects emerged and in a statement to A Current Affair, a Therapeutic Goods Administration spokesperson said 'the TGA [had] received 114 reports associated with the Essure device,' as of 13 April 2023. (nine.com.au)
  • Use of female condoms can provide protection from transmission of STDs, although data are limited. (cdc.gov)
  • Female condoms can also help prevent STDs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Spermicides should be used with condoms and other barrier contraceptives that do not already contain them. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Latex condoms are the only contraceptive method that helps protect against all common sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Female sterilization declined and use of the pill increased with higher education. (cdc.gov)
  • No birth control, short of a complete female sterilization, has a 0.00% failure rate. (sciencefriday.com)
  • Female sterilizing operation (such as tubal sterilization and hysterectomy) 4. (cdc.gov)
  • Worldwide , female sterilization is the most common contraceptive method, with more than 23% of women using this long-term strategy as of 2019, or about 219 million women globally. (medscape.com)
  • Data not available on use of male and female sterilization in France in 2000. (cdc.gov)
  • Bayer stands behind the safety and efficacy of Essure which is supported by an extensive body of research (including 10 clinical trials and over 70 real-world observational studies), undertaken by Bayer and independent medical researchers, involving more than 270,000 women over the past two decades. (nine.com.au)
  • This study evaluates the feasibility and efficacy of using a contraceptive vital sign in primary care. (annfammed.org)
  • All sorts of factors interfere with contraceptive efficacy, said Sitruk-Ware. (sciencefriday.com)
  • At 1 year of follow up, none of the women conceived again showing the efficacy to be 100% as a contraceptive. (lww.com)
  • The Family Planning Association approved list of contraceptives : based on available data on efficacy and acceptability. (who.int)
  • The focus group study obtained consumer reactions to several model contraceptive efficacy tables and graphs. (cdc.gov)
  • To utilize focus groups to garner reactions (perceptions, opinions, beliefs, and attitudes) and preferences from women about the format and content of the two different model contraceptive efficacy tables. (cdc.gov)
  • Spironolactone Effective Treatment for Women With HS, Study The anti-androgenic agent is used to treat HS in women, but there is a paucity of data on its efficacy and whether certain patient characteristics influence response. (medscape.com)
  • Contraceptives such as the condom, Depo-Provera, diaphragm , IUD ( intrauterine device), and the pill are effective more than 80% of the time. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Women in France use the IUD (22%) to a greater extent than women in the United States (5%), whereas the male condom is used by partners of approximately 25% of married women in Spain and the United Kingdom, nearly twice the percentage found in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Let's review the various sources of financial help for pregnant women that may be available to you. (americanpregnancy.org)
  • Emergency contraceptives do not cause an abortion if the woman is already pregnant nor do they harm a developing embryo. (scoop.co.nz)
  • The American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians do not recommend performing BPEs in women who are not pregnant and are not having health problems. (cdc.gov)
  • Advantages: Considered one of the most effective forms of reversible birth control Can be used while breastfeeding (see also nursing mothers) No preparations needed before sex, though routine checking of the device strings by patient and physician is advised to ensure proper placement remains intact 90% of users who wish to become pregnant do so within 24 months of removal. (wikipedia.org)
  • A surgery that prevents a woman from getting pregnant. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Although diethylstilbestrol has not been given to pregnant women in the United States for more than 30 years, its effects continue to be seen. (aafp.org)
  • 3 In 1971, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a warning against the use of DES in pregnant women. (aafp.org)
  • These factors may contribute to the wide range of adverse effects in the offspring of women who took DES while they were pregnant. (aafp.org)
  • A) Consent is required before the performance of an abortion from the pregnant woman in every case and in the case of a minor, it must be obtained pursuant to the provisions of Section 44-41-31. (scstatehouse.gov)
  • Being pregnant (11%) and breastfeeding (10%) were the most reported reasons for not using contraceptives. (who.int)
  • The contraceptive sponge, also known as the birth control sponge, is a soft saucer-shaped device made from polyurethane foam. (americanpregnancy.org)
  • A woman's inventive artwork made from her old contraceptive device has divided opinion online. (newsweek.com)
  • A picture of the woman's framed IUD and message.The joke art-work using her old contraceptive device has divided opinion online. (newsweek.com)
  • We say what's novel is putting a permanent device into a woman's anatomy which can't be removed without surgery, which is designed to elicit a chronic inflammatory response,' Forsyth said. (9news.com.au)
  • It's a device that should never have been designed, it should never have been released, it should never have been put in a woman's body,' Trounson said. (nine.com.au)
  • Barrier contraceptives physically block the sperm's access to a woman's uterus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Barrier contraceptives prevent sperm from entering a woman's uterus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Why isn't TRICARE waiving copayments for prescription contraceptives? (health.mil)
  • Before the ACA, coverage for prescription contraceptives was generally widespread in the private and public sectors, but not universal, and certainly not free of cost-sharing. (kff.org)
  • In 2000, a ruling by the Employment Equal Opportunity Commission found that employers that covered preventive prescription drugs and services but did not cover prescription contraceptives were in violation of the Civil Rights Act. (kff.org)
  • The following Commission Decision finds reasonable cause to believe that discrimination occured under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, in two charges challenging the exclusion of prescription contraceptives from a health insurance plan. (reproductiverights.org)
  • Women commonly cited partner's disapproval as an indication for discontinuation. (ihsn.org)
  • Levonorgestrel pill is the most commonly used emergency contraceptive pill and is effective if taken within 72 hours after unprotected sex. (scoop.co.nz)
  • Contraceptive Devices Industry is segmented By Product Type (Male & Female Contraceptive Devices, Technology (Hormonal & Barrier Contraceptives), Distribution Channel (Hospital Pharmacy, Retail Pharmacy, Clinics, Online Channels, Public Channel & NGO & Others) and Regional Forecast, 2018 - 2025. (medgadget.com)
  • The report further calculated the value of the contraceptives devices market as US$ 7013.8 Mn in the year 2018 and expected the market to reach US$ 11166.4 Mn by 2025. (medgadget.com)
  • Dr. William Gist, obstetrics and gynecology program director at the University of Tennessee College of Medicine-Chattanooga, said giving women the option to plan when and how often they have kids is ideal, because those women are more likely to have healthy pregnancies. (timesfreepress.com)
  • About half of unintended pregnancies result from not using protection, and the rest are due to contraceptive failure from incorrect or inconsistent use, according to a 2012 study in the New England Journal of Medicine. (timesfreepress.com)
  • There is substantial unmet need for family planning (FP) among women living with HIV (WLHIV), leading to unintended pregnancies and may contribute indirectly to increasing the risk of transmission of HIV. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, unintended pregnancies in women living with HIV (WLHIV) are associated with late presentation for antenatal care and therefore delayed access to ART for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and reduced adherence to ART, both of which increase the risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The rate of pregnancies has dropped from a peak of 117 for every 1,000 young women ages 15 to 19 in 1990, to 101 in 1995. (urbandictionary.com)
  • Using data from the 2015-2017 National Survey of Family Growth, a new NCHS report provides a snapshot of current contraceptive status, in the month of interview, among women aged 15-49 in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • use was also higher among women aged 30-39 (11.7%) compared with those aged 40-49. (cdc.gov)
  • As a result, Charging Party B is subject to the same exclusions from health coverage as Charging Party A. Charging Party B wishes to use Depo Provera, an injectible prescription contraceptive , for birth control purposes. (reproductiverights.org)
  • In addition to birth control, the hormonal IUD is used for prevention and treatment of: Heavy menstrual periods Endometriosis and chronic pelvic pain Adenomyosis and dysmenorrhea Anemia Endometrial hyperplasia (especially in pre-menopausal women who wish to maintain fertility in the treatment of endometrial hyperplasia) In some cases, use of a hormonal IUD may prevent a need for a hysterectomy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Women may only be secure of having reached the end of their ability to conceive after 1 year following the last menstrual period. (nih.gov)
  • To evaluate contraceptive adherence to the copper intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) and the injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) among women with HIV in Lilongwe, Malawi. (ihsn.org)
  • Since the nonprofit organization began less than three years ago, A Step Ahead Chattanooga, with the support of local providers, has connected more than 1,000 women with the most effective, nonpermanent birth control options. (timesfreepress.com)
  • A Step Ahead allows me to tell women that the best birth control is available to them. (timesfreepress.com)
  • The microchip technology's latest mission first came about when Bill Gates visited the MIT lab of Robert Langer and challenged researchers to come up with a birth control method that women could control themselves and would also last for many years. (ieee.org)
  • The new application for the microchips-each measuring 20 x 20 x 7 millimeters-could potentially revolutionize the level of control women have over their birth control technologies. (ieee.org)
  • The biggest difference that the MicroCHIPS technology brings comes from giving women control over starting and stopping birth control regimens that can otherwise work for years without requiring regular attention. (ieee.org)
  • This further makes hospital pharmacies one of the leading source for birth control devices. (medgadget.com)
  • Answer: An intrauterine device (IUD) is a great birth control option for some women. (nwhn.org)
  • The hormonal IUD is a long-acting reversible contraceptive, and is considered one of the most effective forms of birth control. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some injectable contraceptives and intrauterine birth control devices ( IUD ) may also cause acne. (webmd.com)
  • Others may find it difficult and embarrassing to talk to their partners about birth control or contraceptives. (urbandictionary.com)
  • In the United States, estimated direct medical costs for outpatient visits for chronic pelvic pain (women aged 18-50 y) is approximately $881.5 million per year. (medscape.com)
  • Millions of bimanual pelvic exams and Pap tests performed on girls and young women in the United States are most likely unnecessary. (cdc.gov)
  • The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends BPEs only if young women have a medical history or certain symptoms like pelvic pain and unusual bleeding. (cdc.gov)
  • Prevalence of potentially unnecessary bimanual pelvic examinations and Papanicolaou tests among adolescent girls and young women aged 15-20 years in the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • Learn the detailed inner anatomy of the female pelvis with a life-size multi-part pelvic model. (3bscientific.com)
  • Each year approximately 1 million women in the United States experience an episode of symptomatic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (*) (1,2). (cdc.gov)
  • Prices for an IUD typically range from between $500 and $1,300, in addition to the cost of insertion, removal and confirmation that the device is properly placed. (newsweek.com)
  • In addition to providing no-cost contraceptives, A Step Ahead foots the bill for the medical exam, insertion and removal of the device should it need to come out or the woman want children. (timesfreepress.com)
  • May experience lighter periods (some women stop having periods completely, see also amenorrhea) Effective for up to three to eight years (depending on the IUD) Disadvantages: Irregular periods and spotting between periods often occurs after insertion This usually improves after three to six months. (wikipedia.org)
  • On 28 [June] 1999 Ms A saw Dr B for a postnatal check and contraceptive advice at which she requested an IUCD. (hdc.org.nz)
  • She believed she conceived this child while the IUCD was in situ, and Dr B reported that he did not find the device which he had fitted in August 1999. (hdc.org.nz)
  • WLHIV have a much higher unmet need for FP than HIV negative women ( 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • ABSTRACT In this descriptive study, the main objective was to determine the magnitude of unmet need for family planning among women of child-bearing age (15-49 years) in Dar Assalam. (who.int)
  • Ombada is subdivided into 3 tion, the unmet need group included: all fe- localities, Alamir, Abugaa and Dar Assalam, cund women who were married or living in which was randomly selected for this union, sexually active, not using any meth- stage. (who.int)
  • Concern about asymptomatic PID stems from high rates of PID sequelae such as tubal infertility among women with serologic evidence of previous sexually transmitted infections but no history of overt illness. (cdc.gov)
  • what is the mode of action of emergency contraceptives? (scoop.co.nz)
  • There is lot of misinformation surrounding emergency contraceptives. (scoop.co.nz)
  • Emergency contraceptives (e.g. (health.mil)
  • Does TRICARE cover emergency contraceptives? (health.mil)
  • What emergency contraceptives are covered and where can I get them? (health.mil)
  • Non-prescription emergency contraceptive. (health.mil)
  • Is there a copayment waiver for contraceptive services? (health.mil)
  • The Cayman Islands Health Services Authority Women's Health Clinic offers contraceptive advice and care, as well as routine pap smear screening for females who are sexually active. (caymanparent.com)
  • In the field, a total of 915 ever-mar- baseline data on the benefits of family Jordanian women, the prevalence of ried women were selected for interviews planning on women's health. (who.int)
  • Complications such as anaemia, abortion, preterm labour, PROM, PPH, low birth weight babies, and maternal mortality are more likely in women who conceive within 24 months of their previous birth. (lww.com)
  • A class action is being led by Victorian woman Patrice Turner, who at 32 underwent a hysterectomy five years after having the device inserted. (9news.com.au)
  • Immediately after the hysterectomy, including removal of the devices, her symptoms went away. (9news.com.au)
  • That would mean it would be very difficult to ever find a gynaecological device defective - and it's particularly problematic when the result is many young women ending up with a hysterectomy. (9news.com.au)
  • The woman inserts the ring into the vagina, where it continually releases hormones for three weeks. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The development scope, feasibility study, Contraceptive Devices market concentration, and maturity analysis is elaborated in this report. (medgadget.com)