Color Perception
Color
Speech Discrimination Tests
Color Vision
Speech Perception
Cochlear Implants
Lighting
Color Vision Defects
Rod-Cone Interaction
Perception
Contrast Sensitivity
Photic Stimulation
Psychophysics
Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells
Visual Cortex
Visual Fields
Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color
Visual Perception
Social Perception
Selective color constancy deficits after circumscribed unilateral brain lesions. (1/224)
The color of an object, when part of a complex scene, is determined not only by its spectral reflectance but also by the colors of all other objects in the scene (von Helmholtz, 1886; Ives, 1912; Land, 1959). By taking global color information into account, the visual system is able to maintain constancy of the color appearance of the object, despite large variations in the light incident on the retina arising from changes in the spectral content of the illuminating light (Hurlbert, 1998; Maloney, 1999). The neural basis of this color constancy is, however, poorly understood. Although there seems to be a prominent role for retinal, cone-specific adaptation mechanisms (von Kries, 1902; Poppel, 1986; Foster and Nascimento, 1994), the contribution of cortical mechanisms to color constancy is still unclear (Land et al., 1983; D'Zmura and Lennie, 1986). We examined the color perception of 27 patients with defined unilateral lesions mainly located in the parieto-temporo-occipital and fronto-parieto-temporal cortex. With a battery of clinical and specially designed color vision tests we tried to detect and differentiate between possible deficits in central color processing. Our results show that color constancy can be selectively impaired after circumscribed unilateral lesions in parieto-temporal cortex of the left or right hemisphere. Five of 27 patients exhibited significant deficits in a color constancy task, but all of the 5 performed well in color discrimination or higher-level visual tasks, such as the association of colors with familiar objects. These results indicate that the computations underlying color constancy are mediated by specialized cortical circuitry, which is independent of the neural substrate for color discrimination and for assigning colors to objects. (+info)Preretinopic changes in the colour vision of juvenile diabetics. (2/224)
AIMS: To examine the colour vision of juvenile patients suffering from diabetes mellitus without retinopathy in relation to metabolic and ophthalmic state. METHODS: Metameric matches, both Rayleigh (red/green) and Moreland (blue/green) were used to test the colour vision yearly of 10 juvenile patients. The patients were monitored over 4 years, and during the final year, their blood glucose level was determined directly after testing colour vision. An ophthalmic examination was performed on the day of colour vision testing and blood and urine were analysed regularly throughout the 4 years. Their results are compared with an aged matched control group of 20 subjects, seven of whom were retested after 9-16 months. RESULTS: After 4 years, the colour vision results show an enlarged matching range for the Moreland match, as well as a smaller increase in the matching range for the Rayleigh match. No significant correlation was found between blood glucose at the time of testing and any of the variables measured. CONCLUSION: The pattern of colour vision deficits in metameric matching shown by juvenile diabetics is consistent with postreceptoral alterations of the inner retina, at this preretinopic stage of disease. Duration of diabetes is correlated with both colour vision changes and morphological alteration of the retina. (+info)Analysis of red/green color discrimination in subjects with a single X-linked photopigment gene. (3/224)
Many subjects despite having only a single X-linked pigment gene (single-L/M-gene subjects) are able to make chromatic discriminations by Rayleigh matching, especially when large fields are used. We used a combination of psychophysics (Rayleigh match), electroretinograms (ERG), and molecular genetic techniques to rule out several possible explanations of this phenomenon. Use of rods for chromatic discrimination was unlikely since strong adapting fields were employed and the large-field match results were not consistent with rod participation. A putative mid- to long-wavelength photopigment that escapes detection by current molecular genetic analysis was ruled out by finding only a single L/M photopigment in flicker ERGs from 16 single-L/M-gene subjects. Large-field match results were not consistent with participation of S cones. Amino acid sequence polymorphisms in the S-pigment gene that might have shifted the S cone spectrum towards longer wavelengths were not found on sequencing. The mechanism of chromatic discrimination in the presence of a single photopigment therefore remains unknown. Further possible explanations such as variations in cone pigment density and retinal inhomogeneities are discussed. (+info)The spatial tuning of color and luminance peripheral vision measured with notch filtered noise masking. (4/224)
We have measured the spatial bandwidths of the bandpass red-green chromatic and luminance mechanisms at four locations in the nasal visual field (0, 10, 20 and 30 degrees) using a method of notch filtered noise masking which effectively removes the artifact of off-frequency looking for our stimuli. Detection thresholds were measured for luminance or isoluminant red-green Gaussian enveloped test gratings of 0.5 cpd embedded in 1/f noise. Firstly, thresholds were obtained as a function of increasing noise spectral density and were fitted using a standard noise masking model. These results support the existence across the visual field of independent, red-green chromatic and luminance mechanisms with similar sampling efficiencies. Secondly, we measured thresholds in notch filtered noise as a function of notch width and derived the spatial bandwidth of the detection mechanism. We find both color and luminance mechanisms have similar bandwidths which remain virtually constant across eccentricity. These results indicate strong overall similarities between the early processing of color and luminance vision, and lend support to the role of color as an 'intrinsic image' in spatial vision. The results are discussed in the light of the anchored channel and shifting channel models of peripheral contrast sensitivity and pattern detection. (+info)Evidence for the stochastic independence of the blue-yellow, red-green and luminance detection mechanisms revealed by subthreshold summation. (5/224)
We investigated the manner in which the outputs of the three postreceptoral mechanisms (red-green, blue-yellow and luminance) combine to determine contrast threshold. We used a subthreshold summation paradigm to test whether the combination of the postreceptoral mechanism outputs could be described by a probability summation model which assumes stochastic independence of the mechanisms, and determined the best fitting summation exponent. Stimuli were Gaussian enveloped 1 c/d sinusoidal gratings represented in a 3D cardinal space transformed from cone contrast axes, and normalized to detection threshold. The use of this space avoids the presence of elongated threshold contours, allowing a reliable model fit to include the less sensitive blue-yellow and luminance mechanisms. Our results were well fitted by the probability summation model and hence support the underlying stochastic independence of the three postreceptoral mechanisms. (+info)The oblique effect with colour defined motion throughout the visual field. (6/224)
We assessed the extent of the oblique effect (OE) and the meridional orientation effect (MOE) for a chromatic motion task using red/green gratings throughout an 80 degrees visual field. Four different stimulus orientations were tested. Generally, sensitivity to chromatic motion decreased with increasing eccentricity regardless of the visual field meridian. Also, sensitivity was highest for horizontal or vertical gratings, thus supporting the presence of an OE rather than of a MOE. The strength of the OE varied between subjects, but was present from the fovea to 20 degrees of eccentricity. At 40 degrees of eccentricity, chromatic motion was always perceived but the grating orientation did not consistently influence chromatic motion sensitivity. The present study confirmed our previous results on chromatic motion sensitivity and isoluminance ratios throughout the visual field. In addition, our data show that the chromatic system can exhibit OEs at lower spatial frequencies than is observed for the achromatic system. (+info)An fMRI version of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test reveals multiple color-selective areas in human ventral occipitotemporal cortex. (7/224)
Studies of patients with cerebral achromatopsia have suggested that ventral occipitotemporal cortex is important for color perception. We created a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) version of a clinical test commonly used to assess achromatopsia, the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test. The test required normal subjects to use color information in the visual stimulus to perform a color sequencing task. A modification of the test requiring ordering by luminance was used as a control task. Subjects were also imaged as they passively viewed colored stimuli. A limited number of areas responded more to chromatic than achromatic stimulation, including primary visual cortex. Most color-selective activity was concentrated in ventral occipitotemporal cortex. Several areas in ventral cortex were identified. The most posterior, located in posterior fusiform gyrus, corresponded to the area activated by passive viewing of colored stimuli. More anterior and medial color-selective areas were located in the collateral sulcus and fusiform gyrus. These more anterior areas were not identified in previous imaging studies which used passive viewing of colored stimuli, and were most active in our study when visual color information was behaviorally relevant, suggesting that attention influences activity in color-selective areas. The fMRI version of the Farnsworth-Munsell test may be useful in the study of achromatopsia. (+info)Colour vision: Is colour constancy real? (8/224)
Colour constancy is typically weaker in the laboratory than it seems in our everyday experience. New measurements using real-world stimuli show that colour constancy is in fact almost perfect, and that several different perceptual mechanisms contribute to achieving it. (+info)Color perception tests are a type of examination used to evaluate an individual's ability to perceive and distinguish different colors. These tests typically consist of a series of plates or images that contain various patterns or shapes displayed in different colors. The person being tested is then asked to identify or match the colors based on specific instructions.
There are several types of color perception tests, including:
1. Ishihara Test: This is a commonly used test for red-green color deficiency. It consists of a series of plates with circles made up of dots in different sizes and colors. Within these circles, there may be a number or symbol visible only to those with normal color vision or to those with specific types of color blindness.
2. Farnsworth D-15 Test: This test measures an individual's ability to arrange colored caps in a specific order based on their hue. It is often used to diagnose and monitor the progression of color vision deficiencies.
3. Hardy-Rand-Rittler (HRR) Test: This is another type of color arrangement test that measures an individual's ability to distinguish between different colors based on their hue, saturation, and brightness.
4. Color Discrimination Tests: These tests measure an individual's ability to distinguish between two similar colors that are presented side by side or in close proximity.
5. Anomaloscope Test: This is a more sophisticated test that measures the degree of color vision deficiency by asking the person to match the brightness and hue of two lights.
Color perception tests are often used in occupational settings, such as aviation, military, and manufacturing, where color discrimination is critical for safety and performance. They may also be used in educational and clinical settings to diagnose and monitor color vision deficiencies.
Color perception refers to the ability to detect, recognize, and differentiate various colors and color patterns in the visual field. This complex process involves the functioning of both the eyes and the brain.
The eye's retina contains two types of photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. Rods are more sensitive to light and dark changes and help us see in low-light conditions, but they do not contribute much to color vision. Cones, on the other hand, are responsible for color perception and function best in well-lit conditions.
There are three types of cone cells, each sensitive to a particular range of wavelengths corresponding to blue, green, and red colors. The combination of signals from these three types of cones allows us to perceive a wide spectrum of colors.
The brain then interprets these signals and translates them into the perception of different colors and hues. It is important to note that color perception can be influenced by various factors, including cultural background, personal experiences, and even language. Some individuals may also have deficiencies in color perception due to genetic or acquired conditions, such as color blindness or cataracts.
In the context of medical terminology, 'color' is not defined specifically with a unique meaning. Instead, it generally refers to the characteristic or appearance of something, particularly in relation to the color that a person may observe visually. For instance, doctors may describe the color of a patient's skin, eyes, hair, or bodily fluids to help diagnose medical conditions or monitor their progression.
For example, jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes that can indicate liver problems, while cyanosis refers to a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood. Similarly, doctors may describe the color of stool or urine to help diagnose digestive or kidney issues.
Therefore, 'color' is not a medical term with a specific definition but rather a general term used to describe various visual characteristics of the body and bodily fluids that can provide important diagnostic clues for healthcare professionals.
Speech discrimination tests are a type of audiological assessment used to measure a person's ability to understand and identify spoken words, typically presented in quiet and/or noisy backgrounds. These tests are used to evaluate the function of the peripheral and central auditory system, as well as speech perception abilities.
During the test, the individual is presented with lists of words or sentences at varying intensity levels and/or signal-to-noise ratios. The person's task is to repeat or identify the words or phrases they hear. The results of the test are used to determine the individual's speech recognition threshold (SRT), which is the softest level at which the person can correctly identify spoken words.
Speech discrimination tests can help diagnose hearing loss, central auditory processing disorders, and other communication difficulties. They can also be used to monitor changes in hearing ability over time, assess the effectiveness of hearing aids or other interventions, and develop communication strategies for individuals with hearing impairments.
Color vision is the ability to perceive and differentiate colors, which is a result of the way that our eyes and brain process different wavelengths of light. In the eye, there are two types of photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. While rods are more sensitive to low levels of light and help us see in dim conditions, cones are responsible for color vision.
There are three types of cone cells in the human eye, each containing a different type of pigment that is sensitive to specific wavelengths of light. One type of cone cell is most sensitive to short wavelengths (blue light), another is most sensitive to medium wavelengths (green light), and the third is most sensitive to long wavelengths (red light). When light enters the eye, it is absorbed by these pigments in the cones, which then send signals to the brain. The brain interprets these signals and translates them into the perception of color.
People with normal color vision can distinguish between millions of different colors based on the specific combinations of wavelengths that are present in a given scene. However, some people have deficiencies or abnormalities in their color vision, which can make it difficult or impossible to distinguish between certain colors. These conditions are known as color vision deficiencies or color blindness.
Speech perception is the process by which the brain interprets and understands spoken language. It involves recognizing and discriminating speech sounds (phonemes), organizing them into words, and attaching meaning to those words in order to comprehend spoken language. This process requires the integration of auditory information with prior knowledge and context. Factors such as hearing ability, cognitive function, and language experience can all impact speech perception.
Cochlear implants are medical devices that are surgically implanted in the inner ear to help restore hearing in individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. These devices bypass the damaged hair cells in the inner ear and directly stimulate the auditory nerve, allowing the brain to interpret sound signals. Cochlear implants consist of two main components: an external processor that picks up and analyzes sounds from the environment, and an internal receiver/stimulator that receives the processed information and sends electrical impulses to the auditory nerve. The resulting patterns of electrical activity are then perceived as sound by the brain. Cochlear implants can significantly improve communication abilities, language development, and overall quality of life for individuals with profound hearing loss.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "lighting" does not have a specific medical definition. In a general context, lighting refers to the arrangement or use of light sources to achieve a particular effect or atmosphere. However, if you are referring to a term in medicine that may be similar to "lighting," you might be thinking of "lumination" or "illumination," which refer to the act of providing or admitting light, especially for medical examination or surgical procedures. I hope this helps! If you have any other questions, please don't hesitate to ask.
Color vision defects, also known as color blindness, are conditions in which a person has difficulty distinguishing between certain colors. The most common types of color vision defects involve the inability to distinguish between red and green or blue and yellow. These deficiencies result from an alteration or absence of one or more of the three types of cone cells in the retina that are responsible for normal color vision.
In red-green color vision defects, there is a problem with either the red or green cones, or both. This results in difficulty distinguishing between these two colors and their shades. Protanopia is a type of red-green color vision defect where there is an absence of red cone cells, making it difficult to distinguish between red and green as well as between red and black or green and black. Deuteranopia is another type of red-green color vision defect where there is an absence of green cone cells, resulting in similar difficulties distinguishing between red and green, as well as between blue and yellow.
Blue-yellow color vision defects are less common than red-green color vision defects. Tritanopia is a type of blue-yellow color vision defect where there is an absence of blue cone cells, making it difficult to distinguish between blue and yellow, as well as between blue and purple or yellow and pink.
Color vision defects are usually inherited and present from birth, but they can also result from eye diseases, chemical exposure, aging, or medication side effects. They affect both men and women, although red-green color vision defects are more common in men than in women. People with color vision defects may have difficulty with tasks that require color discrimination, such as matching clothes, selecting ripe fruit, reading colored maps, or identifying warning signals. However, most people with mild to moderate color vision defects can adapt and function well in daily life.
Rod-cone interaction is a phenomenon in the visual system where rods and cones, the two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina, interact with each other to process visual information. Specifically, rods are more sensitive to light and are responsible for vision at low light levels (scotopic vision), while cones are less sensitive to light but can function at higher light levels and are capable of color discrimination (photopic vision).
In rod-cone interaction, signals from activated rods can influence the response of cones, particularly in mesopic conditions where both rods and cones are active. This interaction can affect the sensitivity, contrast sensitivity, and temporal resolution of visual perception. For example, the activation of rods can suppress the response of cones, leading to a reduction in color discrimination and an increase in light adaptation. Understanding rod-cone interactions is important for understanding the mechanisms of vision in normal and diseased states.
In the context of medicine and psychology, perception refers to the neurophysiological processes, cognitive abilities, and psychological experiences that enable an individual to interpret and make sense of sensory information from their environment. It involves the integration of various stimuli such as sight, sound, touch, taste, and smell to form a coherent understanding of one's surroundings, objects, events, or ideas.
Perception is a complex and active process that includes attention, pattern recognition, interpretation, and organization of sensory information. It can be influenced by various factors, including prior experiences, expectations, cultural background, emotional states, and cognitive biases. Alterations in perception may occur due to neurological disorders, psychiatric conditions, sensory deprivation or overload, drugs, or other external factors.
In a clinical setting, healthcare professionals often assess patients' perceptions of their symptoms, illnesses, or treatments to develop individualized care plans and improve communication and adherence to treatment recommendations.
Contrast sensitivity is a measure of the ability to distinguish between an object and its background based on differences in contrast, rather than differences in luminance. Contrast refers to the difference in light intensity between an object and its immediate surroundings. Contrast sensitivity is typically measured using specially designed charts that have patterns of parallel lines with varying widths and contrast levels.
In clinical settings, contrast sensitivity is often assessed as part of a comprehensive visual examination. Poor contrast sensitivity can affect a person's ability to perform tasks such as reading, driving, or distinguishing objects from their background, especially in low-light conditions. Reduced contrast sensitivity is a common symptom of various eye conditions, including cataracts, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration.
Photic stimulation is a medical term that refers to the exposure of the eyes to light, specifically repetitive pulses of light, which is used as a method in various research and clinical settings. In neuroscience, it's often used in studies related to vision, circadian rhythms, and brain function.
In a clinical context, photic stimulation is sometimes used in the diagnosis of certain medical conditions such as seizure disorders (like epilepsy). By observing the response of the brain to this light stimulus, doctors can gain valuable insights into the functioning of the brain and the presence of any neurological disorders.
However, it's important to note that photic stimulation should be conducted under the supervision of a trained healthcare professional, as improper use can potentially trigger seizures in individuals who are susceptible to them.
Psychophysics is not a medical term per se, but rather a subfield of psychology and neuroscience that studies the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions they produce. It involves the quantitative investigation of psychological functions, such as how brightness or loudness is perceived relative to the physical intensity of light or sound.
In medical contexts, psychophysical methods may be used in research or clinical settings to understand how patients with neurological conditions or sensory impairments perceive and respond to different stimuli. This information can inform diagnostic assessments, treatment planning, and rehabilitation strategies.
Retinal cone photoreceptor cells are specialized neurons located in the retina of the eye, responsible for visual phototransduction and color vision. They are one of the two types of photoreceptors, with the other being rods, which are more sensitive to low light levels. Cones are primarily responsible for high-acuity, color vision during daylight or bright-light conditions.
There are three types of cone cells, each containing different photopigments that absorb light at distinct wavelengths: short (S), medium (M), and long (L) wavelengths, which correspond to blue, green, and red light, respectively. The combination of signals from these three types of cones allows the human visual system to perceive a wide range of colors and discriminate between them. Cones are densely packed in the central region of the retina, known as the fovea, which provides the highest visual acuity.
Form perception, also known as shape perception, is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in the field of neuropsychology and sensory perception, form perception refers to the ability to recognize and interpret different shapes and forms of objects through visual processing. This ability is largely dependent on the integrity of the visual cortex and its ability to process and interpret information received from the retina.
Damage to certain areas of the brain, particularly in the occipital and parietal lobes, can result in deficits in form perception, leading to difficulties in recognizing and identifying objects based on their shape or form. This condition is known as visual agnosia and can be a symptom of various neurological disorders such as stroke, brain injury, or degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease.
Sensory thresholds are the minimum levels of stimulation that are required to produce a sensation in an individual, as determined through psychophysical testing. These tests measure the point at which a person can just barely detect the presence of a stimulus, such as a sound, light, touch, or smell.
There are two types of sensory thresholds: absolute and difference. Absolute threshold is the minimum level of intensity required to detect a stimulus 50% of the time. Difference threshold, also known as just noticeable difference (JND), is the smallest change in intensity that can be detected between two stimuli.
Sensory thresholds can vary between individuals and are influenced by factors such as age, attention, motivation, and expectations. They are often used in clinical settings to assess sensory function and diagnose conditions such as hearing or vision loss.
In the context of medical terminology, "light" doesn't have a specific or standardized definition on its own. However, it can be used in various medical terms and phrases. For example, it could refer to:
1. Visible light: The range of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye, typically between wavelengths of 400-700 nanometers. This is relevant in fields such as ophthalmology and optometry.
2. Therapeutic use of light: In some therapies, light is used to treat certain conditions. An example is phototherapy, which uses various wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) or visible light for conditions like newborn jaundice, skin disorders, or seasonal affective disorder.
3. Light anesthesia: A state of reduced consciousness in which the patient remains responsive to verbal commands and physical stimulation. This is different from general anesthesia where the patient is completely unconscious.
4. Pain relief using light: Certain devices like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units have a 'light' setting, indicating lower intensity or frequency of electrical impulses used for pain management.
Without more context, it's hard to provide a precise medical definition of 'light'.
The visual cortex is the part of the brain that processes visual information. It is located in the occipital lobe, which is at the back of the brain. The visual cortex is responsible for receiving and interpreting signals from the retina, which are then transmitted through the optic nerve and optic tract.
The visual cortex contains several areas that are involved in different aspects of visual processing, such as identifying shapes, colors, and movements. These areas work together to help us recognize and understand what we see. Damage to the visual cortex can result in various visual impairments, such as blindness or difficulty with visual perception.
Visual fields refer to the total area in which objects can be seen while keeping the eyes focused on a central point. It is the entire area that can be observed using peripheral (side) vision while the eye gazes at a fixed point. A visual field test is used to detect blind spots or gaps (scotomas) in a person's vision, which could indicate various medical conditions such as glaucoma, retinal damage, optic nerve disease, brain tumors, or strokes. The test measures both the central and peripheral vision and maps the entire area that can be seen when focusing on a single point.
Ultrasonography, Doppler, color is a type of diagnostic ultrasound technique that uses the Doppler effect to produce visual images of blood flow in vessels and the heart. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave in relation to an observer who is moving relative to the source of the wave. In this context, it refers to the change in frequency of the ultrasound waves as they reflect off moving red blood cells.
In color Doppler ultrasonography, different colors are used to represent the direction and speed of blood flow. Red typically represents blood flowing toward the transducer (the device that sends and receives sound waves), while blue represents blood flowing away from the transducer. The intensity or brightness of the color is proportional to the velocity of blood flow.
Color Doppler ultrasonography is often used in conjunction with grayscale ultrasound imaging, which provides information about the structure and composition of tissues. Together, these techniques can help diagnose a wide range of conditions, including heart disease, blood clots, and abnormalities in blood flow.
Visual perception refers to the ability to interpret and organize information that comes from our eyes to recognize and understand what we are seeing. It involves several cognitive processes such as pattern recognition, size estimation, movement detection, and depth perception. Visual perception allows us to identify objects, navigate through space, and interact with our environment. Deficits in visual perception can lead to learning difficulties and disabilities.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "hair color" is not a term that has a medical definition in the same way that a term like "myocardial infarction" (heart attack) does. Hair color can be described in various ways, such as being a natural hair color (like blonde, brunette, red, or black) or describing a change in hair color due to factors like aging (gray or white hairs) or hair dye usage.
However, it's worth noting that changes in hair color can sometimes be associated with certain medical conditions. For example, premature graying of the hair before the age of 30 can be a feature of certain genetic disorders or vitamin B12 deficiency. Similarly, some skin conditions like alopecia areata or vitiligo can cause patchy changes in hair color. But these associations don't provide a medical definition for 'hair color'.
Motion perception is the ability to interpret and understand the movement of objects in our environment. It is a complex process that involves multiple areas of the brain and the visual system. In medical terms, motion perception refers to the specific function of the visual system to detect and analyze the movement of visual stimuli. This allows us to perceive and respond to moving objects in our environment, which is crucial for activities such as driving, sports, and even maintaining balance. Disorders in motion perception can lead to conditions like motion sickness or difficulty with depth perception.
Social perception, in the context of psychology and social sciences, refers to the ability to interpret and understand other people's behavior, emotions, and intentions. It is the process by which we make sense of the social world around us, by observing and interpreting cues such as facial expressions, body language, tone of voice, and situational context.
In medical terminology, social perception is not a specific diagnosis or condition, but rather a cognitive skill that can be affected in various mental and neurological disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia. For example, individuals with autism may have difficulty interpreting social cues and understanding other people's emotions and intentions, while those with schizophrenia may have distorted perceptions of social situations and interactions.
Healthcare professionals who work with patients with cognitive or neurological disorders may assess their social perception skills as part of a comprehensive evaluation, in order to develop appropriate interventions and support strategies.
Depth perception is the ability to accurately judge the distance or separation of an object in three-dimensional space. It is a complex visual process that allows us to perceive the world in three dimensions and to understand the spatial relationships between objects.
Depth perception is achieved through a combination of monocular cues, which are visual cues that can be perceived with one eye, and binocular cues, which require input from both eyes. Monocular cues include perspective (the relative size of objects), texture gradients (finer details become smaller as distance increases), and atmospheric perspective (colors become less saturated and lighter in value as distance increases). Binocular cues include convergence (the degree to which the eyes must turn inward to focus on an object) and retinal disparity (the slight difference in the images projected onto the two retinas due to the slightly different positions of the eyes).
Deficits in depth perception can occur due to a variety of factors, including eye disorders, brain injuries, or developmental delays. These deficits can result in difficulties with tasks such as driving, sports, or navigating complex environments. Treatment for depth perception deficits may include vision therapy, corrective lenses, or surgery.
Eye color is a characteristic determined by variations in a person's genes. The color of the eyes depends on the amount and type of pigment called melanin found in the eye's iris.
There are three main types of eye colors: brown, blue, and green. Brown eyes have the most melanin, while blue eyes have the least. Green eyes have a moderate amount of melanin combined with a golden tint that reflects light to give them their unique color.
Eye color is a polygenic trait, which means it is influenced by multiple genes. The two main genes responsible for eye color are OCA2 and HERC2, both located on chromosome 15. These genes control the production, transport, and storage of melanin in the iris.
It's important to note that eye color can change during infancy and early childhood due to the development of melanin in the iris. Additionally, some medications or medical conditions may also cause changes in eye color over time.
1917 in science
Ludwig Mauthner
Aviation machinist's mate
Color psychology
Questioned document examination
Willibald Nagel
Holmgren's wool test
Christopher Tyler
Color blindness
Flatness (art)
Stanley Coren
Lea test
Test card
Kate Gordon Moore
Lüscher color test
Theory
Fovea centralis
Chromostereopsis
Elastic therapeutic tape
Just-noticeable difference
CIE 1931 color space
Racial discrimination
Color task
Autism and memory
Von Kries coefficient law
List of MeSH codes (E01)
Shades of Grey
Sarcophaga barbata
Sensory design
Crystal Pepsi
Rosé
Re: Test your color perception …post your results - Professional Video Alliance
1917 in science - Wikipedia
VMail Technology
Another Look at Bass Vision - In-Fisherman
Prevention and Treatment of Tuberculosis Among Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Principles of Therapy and ...
The American Orchid Society
Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology
TRANSCEND MEDIA SERVICE » Open Letter and Challenge for Rachel Maddow (Incomplete text deleted by Medium)
Pools, Spas & Hot Tubs: Maintaining Your Swimming Pool Water-As Easy as One…Two…Three! - WCP Online
Prevention and Treatment of Tuberculosis Among Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Principles of Therapy and...
20 Best Physician Assistant Programs In St. Louis, MO (2023 Updated) - Save Our Schools March
A New Angle to an Old Discussion | Stereophile.com
COLORLAB: Color Science in Matlab
ContractJobHunter powered by Contract Employment Weekly - F-15 Electronics Technician II-Mods - Job Description: Ability...
Optic Nerve Decompression Surgery - Medical Clinical Policy Bulletins | Aetna
Testing | Causes of Color
paizo.com - Community / Paizo Blog
Master of Design (M.Des.) Admissions in India
Kukka's "Chromarama" Tapestries For People Who See Color Differently - COOL HUNTING®
colour: A model for human colour/color perception
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
Weschsler Intelligence Scale For Children: 5th Ed (WISC-V) | Pearson
Surprising ways home color can save you money | CertainTeed
neuroscience - Nature of sight/ color perception? - Biology Stack Exchange
The best graphic design challenges for training your creativity - The Spreadshirt UK blog
An Overview Digital Images and Video: Display, Representations, and Standards | 2.1 Human Visual System and Color | InformIT
Summer 2021 Quarterly Report
Eye test: Download a free eye chart
Ultra-difficult color test is so hard only 1% of people can get a perfect score. - GOOD
Ishihara5
- Shinobu Ishihara publishes his color perception test. (wikipedia.org)
- We provide quality vision screening tests to measure your peripheral fields, your bilateral visual acuity, if you have either near- or far-sighted vision, and your ability to detect colors using the Ishihara color blindness test. (mchllp.com)
- The test consist of various colored ishihara plates on which multiple digits are printed, You just have to recognize the digits correctly to pass the test. (colorblindnesstest.org)
- One of the most well-known color blindness tests is the Ishihara Color Test, named after its creator, Dr. Shinobu Ishihara. (colorblindnesstest.org)
- It's important to note that color blindness tests, including the Ishihara Color Test, are screening tools rather than diagnostic tools. (colorblindnesstest.org)
Blindness test2
- Color blindness test is designed to assess an individual's ability to perceive and differentiate between different colors. (colorblindnesstest.org)
- Medical tests, procedures and therapies provided by KOA healthcare providers include visual acuity test, color blindness test, cover test, eye movement test, depth perception test, retinoscopy, refraction test, as well as autorefractor and abberrometer prescription estimate. (vitadox.com)
Peripheral vision5
- Sensory tests may test such areas as visual resolution or acuity, depth perception, peripheral vision, color vision, and pattern discrimination. (cdc.gov)
- Other tests measure depth perception, color vision, peripheral vision, eye muscle function, and how pupils respond to light. (wisconsinvision.com)
- Our optometrist performs several tests to evaluate depth perception, color vision, eye muscle capabilities, peripheral vision, and responsiveness to light. (yellowstone-optometry.com)
- Eye exams test visual acuity, detect central and peripheral vision dysfunction, determine how your eyes react to different light environments. (theeyedoctors.net)
- Additional eye tests that may be necessary can include depth perception, color vision, peripheral vision, and the pupils light-response. (theeyedoctors.net)
Glaucoma2
- Evaluation of acquired color vision deficiency in glaucoma using the Rabin cone contrast test. (nih.gov)
- Eye doctors also test for any signs of glaucoma, dry eye, cataracts, and other eye diseases. (theeyedoctors.net)
Acuity7
- The age of onset, duration of symptoms, visual acuity, and clinical features on fundus examination, color fundus photographs, and fundus autofluorescence images were recorded. (nih.gov)
- These probands did not have a congenital nystagmus, but had a progressive deterioration of visual acuity, color vision, and photopic electroretinogram, with onset in the second decade. (eyehospital.nl)
- requires testing visual acuity, depth, and color perception, as well as the ability to focus and coordinate the eyes. (vitadox.com)
- Acuity endpoints vary as to specific colors and visual perception group. (dyop.net)
- Our San Diego optometrist provides regular vision acuity test as part of a comprehensive eye exam. (yellowstone-optometry.com)
- Our Farmington optometrists provide regular vision acuity test as part of a comprehensive eye exam. (visionstreeteyecare.com)
- Number One Or Two) to determine your prescription to give you the best visual acuity possible.We provide regular vision acuity tests as part of a comprehensive eye exam. (wink-vision.com)
Acquired color vision def3
- Acquired color vision deficiency occurs as the result of ocular, neurologic, or systemic disease. (nih.gov)
- Traditionally, acquired color vision deficiency is considered a separate entity from congenital color vision deficiency, although emerging clinical and molecular genetic data would suggest a degree of overlap. (nih.gov)
- We review the pathophysiology of acquired color vision deficiency, the data on its prevalence, theories for the preponderance of acquired S-mechanism (or tritan) deficiency, and discuss tests of color vision. (nih.gov)
Depth perception test1
- Additional 1st grade screenings include: color vision test, depth perception test, and convex lens test. (smsd.us)
Ability to distinguish2
- It can also be used to enhance your ability to distinguish the colors. (redsea.gov.eg)
- It is a condition in which the ability to distinguish specific range of colors is average. (colorblindnesstest.org)
Diagnosis1
- Direct and consensual pupillary responses Diagnosis are tested. (msdmanuals.com)
Tuberculin skin2
- Adding to CDC's current recommendations for administering isoniazid preventive therapy to HIV-infected persons with positive tuberculin skin tests and to HIV-infected persons who were exposed to patients with infectious TB, this report also describes in detail the use of new short-course (i.e., 2 months) multidrug regimens (e.g., a rifamycin, such as rifampin or rifabutin, combined with pyrazinamide) to prevent TB in persons with HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
- Evidence of a current two-step tuberculin skin (TB) test or chest x-ray. (ccsf.edu)
Office includes testing eye funct1
- In addition to vision testing, an eye exam in our San Diego office includes testing eye functionality. (yellowstone-optometry.com)
Visual6
- A wide array of conditions may affect color vision, ranging from diseases of the ocular media through to pathology of the visual cortex. (nih.gov)
- Perhaps the most prevalent agent in this growing literature is styrene, for which numerous published studies have reported that exposure was associated with visual deficits, in particular, an acquired impairment of color perception. (nih.gov)
- Visual fields are tested by directed confrontation in all 4 visual quadrants. (msdmanuals.com)
- The show, which will be its debut on the small screen, will test the participants' knowledge and visual memory. (pragativadi.com)
- The visual dorsal pathway involves the perception of velocity. (psych.ac.cn)
- With background images and gradients, there are other issues beyond color, such as visual confusion caused by textures or shapes that interrupt the path of the letter shapes. (practicalecommerce.com)
Screening Test1
- To screen for the color vision group, select the FREE Dyop Color Screening Test above for use on a PC, iPad, or SmartPhone (iPhone or Android ). (dyop.net)
Differentiate1
- Tests that differentiate mood or feeling include the Multiple Adjective Affect Checklist and the Feeling Tone Checklist. (cdc.gov)
Evaluation6
- Exercise stress tests should be incorporated into the Fire Department's medical evaluation program. (cdc.gov)
- Behavioral tests used in evaluation of workers are summarized. (cdc.gov)
- A similar test, the Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES), also holds promise. (aao.org)
- This testing can include Keratometry, an Eye Health Evaluation, depth perception and color vision, etc. (conestogaeye.com)
- If someone shows signs of color vision deficiency on a test, further evaluation by an eye care professional is recommended for a more comprehensive assessment. (colorblindnesstest.org)
- All 16 survivors underwent clinical neurologic evaluation, and 14 also underwent intelligence testing. (nih.gov)
Eyesight2
- However, it's an excellent test to determine your color vision and determine whether you have the same colour vision as those who have better eyesight. (redsea.gov.eg)
- In the diagnostics lab, NEI technician Dessie Koutsandreas let kids try out different gadgets and tests for eyesight, color, glare and depth perception. (nih.gov)
Stimuli1
- Tests of the automaticity of reading: dilution of stroop effects by color-irrelevant stimuli. (bvsalud.org)
Deficiency4
- Ishihara's Color perception test charts are recognized internationally as highly reliable method of determining color deficiency. (kogland.com)
- Check if you have a color vision deficiency by taking our free online test. (colorblindnesstest.org)
- Based on the responses and the ability to identify the numbers or shapes, the test can provide information about the type and severity of color vision deficiency. (colorblindnesstest.org)
- Some opticians prefer to use a reverse color blind test to diagnose colour vision deficiency. (colorblindnesstest.org)
Distinguish1
- In these instances, a better description is "any situation where the only characteristic available to distinguish two elements is color. (practicalecommerce.com)
Exam2
- Your overall health, previous visits, and current symptoms will determine the specific tests included in your next eye exam. (wisconsinvision.com)
- A contact lens exam includes special tests to measure your pupil and iris, map your cornea, and evaluate your tear film. (wisconsinvision.com)
Glare1
- Your doctor may also test your color perception and sensitivity to glare . (1md.org)
Symptoms2
- To provide the best care for patients suffering from a possible concussion, we need to start moving away from the subjective assessment of symptoms like headache or blurry vision and develop more objective testing. (aao.org)
- There likely is a correlation between color perception and symptoms of dyslexia, migraines, and epilepsy. (dyop.net)
Diseases2
- A physical examination, negative TB test, and proof of immunity for specified communicable diseases. (ccsf.edu)
- A routine eye test is the first line of defense against common eye diseases, as well as early detection of many health issues. (conestogaeye.com)
Sensitivity1
- Tests of tactile sensitivity are used. (cdc.gov)
Dots5
- or Hardy-Rand-Ritter plates that have numbers or figures embedded in a field of specifically colored dots. (msdmanuals.com)
- This test uses a series of plates, each containing a circle of colored dots or we can say plates. (colorblindnesstest.org)
- Within these dots, numbers or shapes are hidden in a different color. (colorblindnesstest.org)
- The test subject is presented with a series of plates, each consisting of colored dots. (colorblindnesstest.org)
- Within these dots, a number or shape is embedded using dots of a different color. (colorblindnesstest.org)
Reaction6
- Motor tests emphasize the speed or accuracy of responding and include: tests of strength, finger and arm steadiness, coordination, simple reaction time, and choice reaction time. (cdc.gov)
- Many reports in the literature suggest that long-term exposure to styrene may exert a variety of effects on the nervous system, including increased choice reaction time and decreased performance of color discrimination and color arrangement tasks. (nih.gov)
- Sufficient information exists to perform a meta-analysis of these observations quantifying the relationships between exposure (estimated from biomarkers) and effects on two measures of central nervous system function: reaction time and color vision. (nih.gov)
- Statistically significant relationships were demonstrated between cumulative styrene exposure and increased choice reaction time as well as increased color confusion index. (nih.gov)
- This tests your speed reaction. (richardbarrow.com)
- Depth perception is essential for players who constantly need to monitor their reaction times. (kid-sight.org)
Prescribe2
- After testing, your doctor may prescribe different glasses or contact lenses. (1md.org)
- Depending on the results of your vision test, Dr. Anderson may prescribe corrective glasses, contacts, or eye exercises. (yellowstone-optometry.com)
Personality1
- Tests can be divided into two categories, questionnaires and personality tests that address what people say about themselves and performance tests that measure what they are able to do. (cdc.gov)
Assess4
- The success of the KD test lies in its ability to assess variance in saccades and other eye movements without the need for any specialized equipment. (aao.org)
- Your eye doctor may perform tests to assess how well your eyes are able to change focus and move/work in unison (eye teaming). (wisconsinvision.com)
- If a tool didn't recognize a problem because it misidentified the colors, you're typically stuck using your own eyes to assess suspicious areas of the page. (practicalecommerce.com)
- These tests help professionals assess the extent and nature of color vision deficiencies in individuals. (colorblindnesstest.org)
Darker2
- The darker the color, the more chlorine is present. (poolspanews.com)
- Conversely, darker colors could bring depth and intimacy to larger areas. (rosenberryrooms.com)
Contrast test1
- Rapid quantification of color vision: the cone contrast test. (nih.gov)
Detect2
- this test can detect nystagmus and palsies of ocular muscles. (msdmanuals.com)
- We will test your ability to see near and far, your ability to detect color, and more. (mchllp.com)
Diagnose2
- This test can help to diagnose asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), and other conditions that can affect your breathing. (mchllp.com)
- The test results enable Dr. Anderson to diagnose any underlying conditions that may be impairing the eyes ability to focus or work together. (yellowstone-optometry.com)
Cone1
- The cone photoreceptors function as pixelized biological receptors of color much like those of a digital video camera. (dyop.net)
Receptors1
- Alcohol, ammonia, and other irritants, which test the nociceptive receptors of the 5th (trigeminal) cranial nerve, are used only when malingering is suspected. (msdmanuals.com)
Measurement2
- This test, which has poten-tially concussed athletes read numbers in quick succession (a method called rapid au-tomatized naming), provides an objective measurement of the time needed to read numbers on a set of three cards. (aao.org)
- But because the measurement of luminosity is designed to compensate for problems in color perception, you may find yourself believing that two colors pass easily when they fail the test severely. (practicalecommerce.com)
Differences2
- I believe nothing new has been learned in these discussions for the last 30 years or so and they basically come down to the inability of people who hear sonic differences to prove this in an ABX-Test which is then often considered to be prove of the non-existence of sonic differences. (stereophile.com)
- However, studies have shown that there can be significant variations in readings from these kits due to differences in color perception between individual users. (poolspanews.com)
Emphasize1
- Warm paint colors blend seamlessly with styles that emphasize natural materials and create an inviting environment. (rosenberryrooms.com)
Tonometry1
- Tonometry is a test to measure your eye pressure. (wisconsinvision.com)
Diagnostic1
- Medical Clinic of Houston, LLP provides quality audiology and pulmonary diagnostic testing near me in Houston, TX, and the surrounding areas to ensure your hearing and breathing are in great shape. (mchllp.com)
Treatments4
- Learn more about color blindness, their treatments and which type of do you have. (colorblindnesstest.org)
- After completing these short tests, our doctors review the results and discusses an treatments with you. (visionstreeteyecare.com)
- To my friends who had the thymus irradiation as an infant, how concerned are you about tests and treatments that involve more radiation? (cancer.org)
- I highly doubt a surgeon would remove parathyroids without a good reason, but I also suspect unnecesary treatments and tests are done with impudence, these days. (cancer.org)
Affects1
- Dim light affects color & the ability to perceive differentiation. (colorblindnesstest.org)
Involve1
- Medical science failed us and left me with what I consider a healthy skepticism about supposedly "safe" tests and procedures today, especially, although not exclusively, if they involve radioactivity in any way. (cancer.org)
Assessment3
- Proponents of the MULES test cite its ability to take the KD test a step further by integrating color perception, object identification, conceptual representation, and artic-ulation into a successful concussion assessment tool. (aao.org)
- Without a baseline assessment, the results of these tests following injury are of course meaningless because you have nothing to compare them to," said Dr. Foroozan, who also serves as the primary eye care provider for Houston's professional basketball and soccer teams. (aao.org)
- Gain access to free and premium career assessment tests, useful content to help you navigate college and helpful internship guides to start your career journey. (finduniversity.ph)
Colour3
- Tests for Colour-Blindness. (wikipedia.org)
- The Cooe Colour Prediction Game is a great way to test your color perception. (redsea.gov.eg)
- This Cooe Colour Prediction Game is an excellent opportunity to have a little enjoyment and gain knowledge about the color. (redsea.gov.eg)
Results7
- Limitations and problems relating to the application of behavioral tests in workplace studies and the interpretation of the results are addressed. (cdc.gov)
- If a child develops amblyopia and it goes untreated, they will lose vision in one eye which often results in the loss of depth perception. (kid-sight.org)
- The test is only designed to be taken with the naked eye, and it will work only without colored lenses of any type and lead to accurate results. (colorblindnesstest.org)
- The results of these tests are portrayed as a fraction, with 20/20 being the standard for normal distance and reading vision. (yellowstone-optometry.com)
- After completing these short tests, Dr. Anderson reviews the results and discusses any necessary treatment options with you. (yellowstone-optometry.com)
- After completing these short tests, your provider will then review the results and discuss any necessary treatment options with you. (northbayeye.com)
- I check my semi-annual blood test results carefully to make sure all my numbers are in range. (cancer.org)
Glasses2
- Remove any glasses with colored lenses if you wore right now. (colorblindnesstest.org)
- Taking the online test with color-correcting glasses to "prove" that they work is a misconception and inaccurate. (colorblindnesstest.org)
Focal1
- The difference in the perception of color allows the eye to use those colors to create chromatic triangulation to regulate the focal length of the lens, with Blue , Green , and Red at increasing focal depths. (dyop.net)
Fail1
- You will fail if you look left or right or say the wrong color. (richardbarrow.com)
Crucial1
- KidSight's mission of preventing amblyopia ("lazy eye") is crucial in protecting depth perception. (kid-sight.org)
Rapid2
- And the published data supports its use: A recent meta-analysis of 15 studies assessed the ability of the test to iden-tify concussed athletes and concluded that rapid automatized naming is a critical dimension of mTBI testing. (aao.org)
- These types of rapid automatized naming tests-the KD version, especially-are becoming the sideline standard because they are easy to manage, fairly objective, and sup-ported by good research and evidence," said Prem S. Subramanian, MD, PhD, at the University of Colorado in Aurora. (aao.org)
Optometrists1
- Eye exams at The EyeDoctors Optometrists go beyond just simple vision tests. (theeyedoctors.net)
Clinical1
- We also briefly review the types of color vision deficiencies encountered in ocular disease, with an emphasis placed on larger or more detailed clinical investigations. (nih.gov)
Distances1
- An eye chart test is used to check your vision at varying distances. (1md.org)
Determine5
- Type of vision test used to determine COLOR VISION DEFECTS . (nih.gov)
- Our tests will determine whether you are having an issue with your hearing or breathing and help us to determine the best course of action if you are experiencing an issue with either. (mchllp.com)
- Our audiologists use audiometry testing to determine how well you can hear. (mchllp.com)
- Several other simple tests are completed to determine whether the eyes are focusing, moving, and working together properly. (yellowstone-optometry.com)
- At one station, kids built a mouse chromosome to determine its color. (nih.gov)
Ratio1
- Using the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines - WCAG - version 2.0, these contrasts are measured using an algorithm that compares the relative luminosity of the two colors and returns a ratio, which is to exceed WCAG's recommended minimum. (practicalecommerce.com)
Evaluations1
- Regular vision testing and evaluations ensure that you always have the clearest vision possible. (yellowstone-optometry.com)
Readings1
- So, if yours are compromised, the concern would be that you'd be experiencing high calcium (and phosphorus and magnesium) readings in a blood test. (cancer.org)
Check2
- While we passed many tests to check vision and color perception, we noticed how modern the equipment is. (prentkovych-agency.com)
- I said to myself I should test Dodow to check whether the thing works. (mydodow.com)
Conditions1
- The performance and quality of the skis convinced the two-time overall World Cup winner during a final test run in Zell am See in Austria at the end of January: "During testing, we are out on the slopes in a wide variety of piste and snow conditions to ensure that the skis work perfectly in all conditions. (porsche.com)