A technique with which an unknown region of a chromosome can be explored. It is generally used to isolate a locus of interest for which no probe is available but that is known to be linked to a gene which has been identified and cloned. A fragment containing a known gene is selected and used as a probe to identify other overlapping fragments which contain the same gene. The nucleotide sequences of these fragments can then be characterized. This process continues for the length of the chromosome.
An activity in which the body advances at a slow to moderate pace by moving the feet in a coordinated fashion. This includes recreational walking, walking for fitness, and competitive race-walking.
Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.
A genus of fungi in the family Ganodermataceae, order POLYPORALES, containing a dimitic hyphal system. It causes a white rot, and is a wood decomposer. Ganoderma lucidum (REISHI) is used in traditional Chinese medicine (MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL).
In a prokaryotic cell or in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, a structure consisting of or containing DNA which carries the genetic information essential to the cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Plasmids containing at least one cos (cohesive-end site) of PHAGE LAMBDA. They are used as cloning vehicles.
Mapping of the linear order of genes on a chromosome with units indicating their distances by using methods other than genetic recombination. These methods include nucleotide sequencing, overlapping deletions in polytene chromosomes, and electron micrography of heteroduplex DNA. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 5th ed)
The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Staining of bands, or chromosome segments, allowing the precise identification of individual chromosomes or parts of chromosomes. Applications include the determination of chromosome rearrangements in malformation syndromes and cancer, the chemistry of chromosome segments, chromosome changes during evolution, and, in conjunction with cell hybridization studies, chromosome mapping.
The female sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and all female gametes in human and other male-heterogametic species.
Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.
Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosome aberrations may result in CHROMOSOME DISORDERS.
The homologous chromosomes that are dissimilar in the heterogametic sex. There are the X CHROMOSOME, the Y CHROMOSOME, and the W, Z chromosomes (in animals in which the female is the heterogametic sex (the silkworm moth Bombyx mori, for example)). In such cases the W chromosome is the female-determining and the male is ZZ. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.
Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)
Very long DNA molecules and associated proteins, HISTONES, and non-histone chromosomal proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE). Normally 46 chromosomes, including two sex chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human cells. They carry the hereditary information of the individual.
Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.
The orderly segregation of CHROMOSOMES during MEIOSIS or MITOSIS.
A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
A specific pair GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.
A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of PLANTS.
Structures within the nucleus of fungal cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.
The medium-sized, submetacentric human chromosomes, called group C in the human chromosome classification. This group consists of chromosome pairs 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 and the X chromosome.
A specific pair of human chromosomes in group A (CHROMOSOMES, HUMAN, 1-3) of the human chromosome classification.
A specific pair of GROUP E CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
A specific pair of GROUP G CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
The alignment of CHROMOSOMES at homologous sequences.
Complex nucleoprotein structures which contain the genomic DNA and are part of the CELL NUCLEUS of MAMMALS.
A specific pair of GROUP D CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
A specific pair of GROUP B CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
The human male sex chromosome, being the differential sex chromosome carried by half the male gametes and none of the female gametes in humans.
A specific pair of GROUP C CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.
A specific pair of GROUP F CHROMOSOMES of the human chromosome classification.

A sequence-ready BAC clone contig of a 2.2-Mb segment of human chromosome 1q24. (1/186)

Human chromosomal region 1q24 encodes two cloned disease genes and lies within large genetic inclusion intervals for several disease genes that have yet to be identified. We have constructed a single bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone contig that spans over 2 Mb of 1q24 and consists of 78 clones connected by 100 STSs. The average density of mapped STSs is one of the highest described for a multimegabase region of the human genome. The contig was efficiently constructed by generating STSs from clone ends, followed by library walking. Distance information was added by determining the insert sizes of all clones, and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and genes were incorporated to create a partial transcript map of the region, providing candidate genes for local disease loci. The gene order and content of the region provide insight into ancient duplication events that have occurred on proximal 1q. The stage is now set for further elucidation of this interesting region through large-scale sequencing.  (+info)

Genomic organization and localization of the human CRMP-1 gene. (2/186)

The Collapsin Response Mediator Protein-1 (CRMP-1) is a brain specific protein considered to be involved in the collapsin-induced growth cone collapse during neural development. CRMP-1 belongs to the Unc-33 gene family. Here we report the genomic structure and the localization of the human CRMP-1 gene to chromosome 4p16.1. Sequence analysis revealed that the human CRMP-1 gene consists of 14 exons. We have also established sequencing assays for all its coding exons. This should permit the rapid screening for mutations to assess CRMP-1 role in genetic disorders mapped in the 4p16.1 region.  (+info)

Analyses of a polyhydroxyalkanoic acid granule-associated 16-kilodalton protein and its putative regulator in the pha locus of Paracoccus denitrificans. (3/186)

The polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA) granule-associated 16-kDa protein (GA16 protein) of Paracoccus denitrificans was identified, and its corresponding gene was cloned and analyzed at the molecular level. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of GA16 protein revealed that its structural gene is located downstream from the PHA synthase gene (phaCPd) cloned recently (S. Ueda, T. Yabutani, A. Maehara, and T. Yamane, J. Bacteriol. 178:774-779, 1996). Gene walking around phaCPd revealed two new open reading frames (ORFs) possibly related to PHA synthesis, one of which was the phaPPd gene, encoding GA16 protein, and the other was the phaRPd gene, encoding a protein that is putatively involved in the regulation of the expression of phaPPd. Overproduction of PhaPPd was observed in Escherichia coli carrying phaPPd, but the overproduction was not observed in the presence of phaRPd. Coexpression of phaPPd and PHA biosynthesis genes in E. coli caused increases in both the number of poly-(3-hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) granules and PHB content and caused decreases in both the size of the granules and the molecular weight of PHB. GA16 protein was considered a phasin protein. The phaRPd gene had significant similarities to stdC, a possible transcriptional factor of Comamonas testosteroni, as well as to other ORFs of unknown function previously found in other PHA-synthetic bacteria.  (+info)

Breaking colinearity in the mouse HoxD complex. (4/186)

Vertebrate Hox genes are activated in a spatiotemporal sequence that reflects their clustered organization. While this colinear relationship is a property of most metazoans with an anterior to posterior polarity, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Previous work suggested that Hox genes were made progressively available for transcription in the course of gastrulation, implying the existence of an element capable of initiating a repressive conformation, subsequently relieved from the clusters sequentially. We searched for this element by combining a genomic walk with successive transgene insertions upstream of the HoxD complex followed by a series of deletions. The largest deficiency induced posterior homeotic transformations coincidentally with an earlier activation of Hoxd genes. These data suggest that a regulatory element located upstream of the complex is necessary for setting up the early pattern of Hox gene colinear activation.  (+info)

The type II pullulanase of Thermococcus hydrothermalis: molecular characterization of the gene and expression of the catalytic domain. (5/186)

The gene encoding a hyperthermostable type II pullulanase produced by Thermococcus hydrothermalis (Th-Apu) has been isolated. Analysis of a total of 5.2 kb of genomic DNA has revealed the presence of three open reading frames, one of which (apuA) encodes the pullulanase. This enzyme is composed of 1,339 amino acid residues and exhibits a multidomain structure. In addition to a typical N-terminal signal peptide, Th-Apu possesses a catalytic domain, a domain bearing S-layer homology-like motifs, a Thr-rich region, and a potential C-terminal transmembrane domain. The presence of these noncatalytic domains suggests that Th-Apu may be anchored to the cell surface and be O glycosylated.  (+info)

Physical map and organization of chromosome 7 in the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. (6/186)

The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea is a highly destructive plant pathogen and one of the most important for studying various aspects of host-plant interactions. It has been widely adopted as a model organism because it is ideally suited for genetic and biological studies. To facilitate map-based cloning, chromosome walking, and genome organization studies of M. grisea, a complete physical map of chromosome 7 was constructed using a large-insert (130 kb) bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library. Using 147 chromosome 7-specific single-copy BAC clones and 20 RFLP markers on chromosome 7, 625 BAC clones were identified by hybridization. BAC clones were digested with HindIII, and fragments were size separated on analytical agarose gels to create DNA fingerprints. Hybridization contigs were constructed using a random cost algorithm, whereas fingerprinting contigs were constructed using the software package FPC. Results from both methods were generally in agreement, but numerous anomalies were observed. The combined data produced five robust anchored contigs after gap closure by chromosomal walking. The genetic and physical maps agreed closely. The final physical map was estimated to cover >95% of the 4.2 Mb of chromosome 7. Based on the contig maps, a minimum BAC tile containing 42 BAC clones was created, and organization of repetitive elements and expressed genes of the chromosome was investigated.  (+info)

A 12-Mb complete coverage BAC contig map in human chromosome 16p13.1-p11.2. (7/186)

We have constructed a complete coverage BAC contig map that spans a 12-Mb genomic segment in the human chromosome 16p13.1-p11.2 region. The map consists of 68 previously mapped STSs and 289 BAC clones, 51 of which-corresponding to a total of 7.721 Mb of genomic DNA-have been sequenced, and provides a high resolution physical map of the region. Contigs were initially built based mainly on the analysis of STS contents and restriction fingerprint patterns of the clones. To close the gaps, probes derived from BAC clone ends were used to screen deeper BAC libraries. Clone end sequence data obtained from chromosome 16-specific BACs, as well as from public databases, were used for the identification of BACs that overlap with fully sequenced BACs by means of sequence match. This approach allowed precise alignment of clone overlaps in addition to restriction fingerprint comparison. A freehand contig drawing software tool was developed and used to manage the map data graphically and generate a real scale physical map. The map we present here is approximately 3.5 x deep and provides a minimal tiling path that covers the region in an array of contigous, overlapping BACs.  (+info)

Characterization of the DNA polymerase loci of the novel porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses 1 and 2 in domestic and feral pigs. (8/186)

Two novel porcine gammaherpesviruses, porcine lymphotropic herpesviruses 1 and 2 (PLHV-1 and -2), have been detected by amplification of short DNA polymerase (DPOL) sequences from blood and spleen of domestic pigs while searching for unknown herpesviruses in pigs as possible risk factors in xenotransplantation. In the present study, the DPOL genes of the two viruses and the open reading frames (ORFs) that follow in the downstream direction were amplified by PCR-based genome walking from adaptor-ligated restriction fragment libraries of porcine spleen samples. The sequences determined for the two PLHVs exhibited a very low G+C content (37 mol%) and a marked suppression of the CpG dinucleotide frequency. The DPOL proteins encoded were 95% identical and showed a close relationship (60% identity) to the DPOL protein of a ruminant gammaherpesvirus, alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1). This was confirmed by phylogenetic analyses of the conserved regions of the two PLHV DPOL proteins. The PLHV ORFs downstream of DPOL exhibited 83% identity to each other and >>50% similarity to ORF A5, the position equivalent of AlHV-1. From these data, the PLHVs can be firmly classified to the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae: To find a natural reservoir for the PLHVs, organs of feral pigs were screened with five different PCR assays, targetting either the DPOL gene or 3'-flanking sequences. In all samples, PLHV sequences were detected that originated predominantly from PLHV-2, suggesting the possibility of virus transfer between feral and domestic pig populations.  (+info)

Chromosome walking is a historical term used in genetics to describe the process of mapping and sequencing DNA along a chromosome. It involves the identification and characterization of a specific starting point, or "landmark," on a chromosome, followed by the systematic analysis of adjacent DNA segments, one after another, in a step-by-step manner.

The technique typically employs the use of molecular biology tools such as restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, and genetic markers to physically isolate and characterize overlapping DNA fragments that cover the region of interest. By identifying shared sequences or markers between adjacent fragments, researchers can "walk" along the chromosome, gradually building up a more detailed map of the genetic sequence.

Chromosome walking was an important technique in the early days of genetics and genomics research, as it allowed scientists to systematically analyze large stretches of DNA before the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies. Today, while whole-genome sequencing has largely replaced chromosome walking for many applications, the technique is still used in some specialized contexts where a targeted approach is required.

Medical science often defines and describes "walking" as a form of locomotion or mobility where an individual repeatedly lifts and sets down each foot to move forward, usually bearing weight on both legs. It is a complex motor activity that requires the integration and coordination of various systems in the human body, including the musculoskeletal, neurological, and cardiovascular systems.

Walking involves several components such as balance, coordination, strength, and endurance. The ability to walk independently is often used as a measure of functional mobility and overall health status. However, it's important to note that the specific definition of walking may vary depending on the context and the medical or scientific field in question.

Chromosome mapping, also known as physical mapping, is the process of determining the location and order of specific genes or genetic markers on a chromosome. This is typically done by using various laboratory techniques to identify landmarks along the chromosome, such as restriction enzyme cutting sites or patterns of DNA sequence repeats. The resulting map provides important information about the organization and structure of the genome, and can be used for a variety of purposes, including identifying the location of genes associated with genetic diseases, studying evolutionary relationships between organisms, and developing genetic markers for use in breeding or forensic applications.

Ganoderma is not a medical term but a genus of fungi that are commonly known as bracket or shelf mushrooms. Some species in this genus, particularly Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma tsugae, have been used in traditional medicine for centuries in Asia. These fungi are often referred to as "Lingzhi" in Chinese medicine and "Reishi" in Japanese medicine. They are believed to have various health benefits, such as boosting the immune system, reducing stress, and improving mental clarity. However, it's important to note that while some studies suggest these mushrooms may have medicinal properties, more research is needed before they can be recommended as a treatment for any specific medical condition.

Chromosomes are thread-like structures that exist in the nucleus of cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. They are composed of DNA and proteins, and are typically present in pairs in the nucleus, with one set inherited from each parent. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes come in different shapes and forms, including sex chromosomes (X and Y) that determine the biological sex of an individual. Changes or abnormalities in the number or structure of chromosomes can lead to genetic disorders and diseases.

Cosmids are a type of cloning vector, which are self-replicating DNA molecules that can be used to introduce foreign DNA fragments into a host organism. Cosmids are plasmids that contain the cos site from bacteriophage λ, allowing them to be packaged into bacteriophage heads during an in vitro packaging reaction. This enables the transfer of large DNA fragments (up to 45 kb) into a host cell through transduction. Cosmids are widely used in molecular biology for the construction and analysis of genomic libraries, physical mapping, and DNA sequencing.

Physical chromosome mapping, also known as physical mapping or genomic mapping, is the process of determining the location and order of specific genes or DNA sequences along a chromosome based on their physical distance from one another. This is typically done by using various laboratory techniques such as restriction enzyme digestion, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and chromosome walking to identify the precise location of a particular gene or sequence on a chromosome.

Physical chromosome mapping provides important information about the organization and structure of chromosomes, and it is essential for understanding genetic diseases and disorders. By identifying the specific genes and DNA sequences that are associated with certain conditions, researchers can develop targeted therapies and treatments to improve patient outcomes. Additionally, physical chromosome mapping is an important tool for studying evolution and comparative genomics, as it allows scientists to compare the genetic makeup of different species and identify similarities and differences between them.

Molecular cloning is a laboratory technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This process involves several steps:

1. Isolation: The first step in molecular cloning is to isolate the DNA sequence of interest from the rest of the genomic DNA. This can be done using various methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, or hybridization.
2. Vector construction: Once the DNA sequence of interest has been isolated, it must be inserted into a vector, which is a small circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently in a host cell. Common vectors used in molecular cloning include plasmids and phages.
3. Transformation: The constructed vector is then introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterial or yeast cell, through a process called transformation. This can be done using various methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation.
4. Selection: After transformation, the host cells are grown in selective media that allow only those cells containing the vector to grow. This ensures that the DNA sequence of interest has been successfully cloned into the vector.
5. Amplification: Once the host cells have been selected, they can be grown in large quantities to amplify the number of copies of the cloned DNA sequence.

Molecular cloning is a powerful tool in molecular biology and has numerous applications, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, functional analysis of genes, and genetic engineering.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Genetic markers are specific segments of DNA that are used in genetic mapping and genotyping to identify specific genetic locations, diseases, or traits. They can be composed of short tandem repeats (STRs), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), or variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs). These markers are useful in various fields such as genetic research, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and breeding programs. They can help to track inheritance patterns, identify genetic predispositions to diseases, and solve crimes by linking biological evidence to suspects or victims.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Chromosome banding is a technique used in cytogenetics to identify and describe the physical structure and organization of chromosomes. This method involves staining the chromosomes with specific dyes that bind differently to the DNA and proteins in various regions of the chromosome, resulting in a distinct pattern of light and dark bands when viewed under a microscope.

The most commonly used banding techniques are G-banding (Giemsa banding) and R-banding (reverse banding). In G-banding, the chromosomes are stained with Giemsa dye, which preferentially binds to the AT-rich regions, creating a characteristic banding pattern. The bands are numbered from the centromere (the constriction point where the chromatids join) outwards, with the darker bands (rich in A-T base pairs and histone proteins) labeled as "q" arms and the lighter bands (rich in G-C base pairs and arginine-rich proteins) labeled as "p" arms.

R-banding, on the other hand, uses a different staining procedure that results in a reversed banding pattern compared to G-banding. The darker R-bands correspond to the lighter G-bands, and vice versa. This technique is particularly useful for identifying and analyzing specific regions of chromosomes that may be difficult to visualize with G-banding alone.

Chromosome banding plays a crucial role in diagnosing genetic disorders, identifying chromosomal abnormalities, and studying the structure and function of chromosomes in both clinical and research settings.

The X chromosome is one of the two types of sex-determining chromosomes in humans (the other being the Y chromosome). It's one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that make up a person's genetic material. Females typically have two copies of the X chromosome (XX), while males usually have one X and one Y chromosome (XY).

The X chromosome contains hundreds of genes that are responsible for the production of various proteins, many of which are essential for normal bodily functions. Some of the critical roles of the X chromosome include:

1. Sex Determination: The presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines whether an individual is male or female. If there is no Y chromosome, the individual will typically develop as a female.
2. Genetic Disorders: Since females have two copies of the X chromosome, they are less likely to be affected by X-linked genetic disorders than males. Males, having only one X chromosome, will express any recessive X-linked traits they inherit.
3. Dosage Compensation: To compensate for the difference in gene dosage between males and females, a process called X-inactivation occurs during female embryonic development. One of the two X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell, resulting in a single functional copy per cell.

The X chromosome plays a crucial role in human genetics and development, contributing to various traits and characteristics, including sex determination and dosage compensation.

Restriction mapping is a technique used in molecular biology to identify the location and arrangement of specific restriction endonuclease recognition sites within a DNA molecule. Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cut double-stranded DNA at specific sequences, producing fragments of various lengths. By digesting the DNA with different combinations of these enzymes and analyzing the resulting fragment sizes through techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis, researchers can generate a restriction map - a visual representation of the locations and distances between recognition sites on the DNA molecule. This information is crucial for various applications, including cloning, genome analysis, and genetic engineering.

Chromosome aberrations refer to structural and numerical changes in the chromosomes that can occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to mutagenic agents. These changes can affect the genetic material encoded in the chromosomes, leading to various consequences such as developmental abnormalities, cancer, or infertility.

Structural aberrations include deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, and rings, which result from breaks and rearrangements of chromosome segments. Numerical aberrations involve changes in the number of chromosomes, such as aneuploidy (extra or missing chromosomes) or polyploidy (multiples of a complete set of chromosomes).

Chromosome aberrations can be detected and analyzed using various cytogenetic techniques, including karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). These methods allow for the identification and characterization of chromosomal changes at the molecular level, providing valuable information for genetic counseling, diagnosis, and research.

Sex chromosomes, often denoted as X and Y, are one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes found in each cell of the body. Normally, females have two X chromosomes (46,XX), and males have one X and one Y chromosome (46,XY). The sex chromosomes play a significant role in determining the sex of an individual. They contain genes that contribute to physical differences between men and women. Any variations or abnormalities in the number or structure of these chromosomes can lead to various genetic disorders and conditions related to sexual development and reproduction.

Human chromosome pair 1 refers to the first pair of chromosomes in a set of 23 pairs found in the cells of the human body, excluding sex cells (sperm and eggs). Each cell in the human body, except for the gametes, contains 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. These chromosomes are rod-shaped structures that contain genetic information in the form of DNA.

Chromosome pair 1 is the largest pair, making up about 8% of the total DNA in a cell. Each chromosome in the pair consists of two arms - a shorter p arm and a longer q arm - connected at a centromere. Chromosome 1 carries an estimated 2,000-2,500 genes, which are segments of DNA that contain instructions for making proteins or regulating gene expression.

Defects or mutations in the genes located on chromosome 1 can lead to various genetic disorders and diseases, such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A, Huntington's disease, and certain types of cancer.

Nucleic acid hybridization is a process in molecular biology where two single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) with complementary sequences pair together to form a double-stranded molecule through hydrogen bonding. The strands can be from the same type of nucleic acid or different types (i.e., DNA-RNA or DNA-cDNA). This process is commonly used in various laboratory techniques, such as Southern blotting, Northern blotting, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and microarray analysis, to detect, isolate, and analyze specific nucleic acid sequences. The hybridization temperature and conditions are critical to ensure the specificity of the interaction between the two strands.

Chromosomes are thread-like structures that contain genetic material, i.e., DNA and proteins, present in the nucleus of human cells. In humans, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes, in each diploid cell. Twenty-two of these pairs are called autosomal chromosomes, which come in identical pairs and contain genes that determine various traits unrelated to sex.

The last pair is referred to as the sex chromosomes (X and Y), which determines a person's biological sex. Females have two X chromosomes (46, XX), while males possess one X and one Y chromosome (46, XY). Chromosomes vary in size, with the largest being chromosome 1 and the smallest being the Y chromosome.

Human chromosomes are typically visualized during mitosis or meiosis using staining techniques that highlight their banding patterns, allowing for identification of specific regions and genes. Chromosomal abnormalities can lead to various genetic disorders, including Down syndrome (trisomy 21), Turner syndrome (monosomy X), and Klinefelter syndrome (XXY).

Bacterial chromosomes are typically circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that contain the genetic material of bacteria. Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA housed within a nucleus, bacterial chromosomes are located in the cytoplasm of the cell, often associated with the bacterial nucleoid.

Bacterial chromosomes can vary in size and structure among different species, but they typically contain all of the genetic information necessary for the survival and reproduction of the organism. They may also contain plasmids, which are smaller circular DNA molecules that can carry additional genes and can be transferred between bacteria through a process called conjugation.

One important feature of bacterial chromosomes is their ability to replicate rapidly, allowing bacteria to divide quickly and reproduce in large numbers. The replication of the bacterial chromosome begins at a specific origin point and proceeds in opposite directions until the entire chromosome has been copied. This process is tightly regulated and coordinated with cell division to ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genetic material.

Overall, the study of bacterial chromosomes is an important area of research in microbiology, as understanding their structure and function can provide insights into bacterial genetics, evolution, and pathogenesis.

Chromosome segregation is the process that occurs during cell division (mitosis or meiosis) where replicated chromosomes are separated and distributed equally into two daughter cells. Each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids, which are identical copies of genetic material. During chromosome segregation, these sister chromatids are pulled apart by a structure called the mitotic spindle and moved to opposite poles of the cell. This ensures that each new cell receives one copy of each chromosome, preserving the correct number and composition of chromosomes in the organism.

Human chromosome pair 7 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell in the human body. Each member of the pair is a single chromosome, and together they contain the genetic material that is inherited from both parents. They are identical in size, shape, and banding pattern and are therefore referred to as homologous chromosomes.

Chromosome 7 is one of the autosomal chromosomes, meaning it is not a sex chromosome (X or Y). It is composed of double-stranded DNA that contains approximately 159 million base pairs and around 1,200 genes. Chromosome 7 contains several important genes associated with human health and disease, including those involved in the development of certain types of cancer, such as colon cancer and lung cancer, as well as genetic disorders such as Williams-Beuren syndrome and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Abnormalities in chromosome 7 have been linked to various genetic conditions, including deletions, duplications, translocations, and other structural changes. These abnormalities can lead to developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, physical abnormalities, and increased risk of certain types of cancer.

Human chromosome pair 11 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell in the human body. Each member of the pair is a single chromosome, and together they contain the genetic material that is inherited from both parents. They are located on the eleventh position in the standard karyotype, which is a visual representation of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes.

Chromosome 11 is one of the largest human chromosomes and contains an estimated 135 million base pairs. It contains approximately 1,400 genes that provide instructions for making proteins, as well as many non-coding RNA molecules that play a role in regulating gene expression.

Chromosome 11 is known to contain several important genes and genetic regions associated with various human diseases and conditions. For example, it contains the Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) gene, which is associated with kidney cancer in children, and the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) gene, which is associated with a genetic disorder that causes benign tumors to grow on nerves throughout the body. Additionally, chromosome 11 contains the region where the ABO blood group genes are located, which determine a person's blood type.

It's worth noting that human chromosomes come in pairs because they contain two copies of each gene, one inherited from the mother and one from the father. This redundancy allows for genetic diversity and provides a backup copy of essential genes, ensuring their proper function and maintaining the stability of the genome.

Human chromosome pair 17 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each human cell. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled around histone proteins, forming a complex called chromatin. Chromosomes carry genetic information in the form of genes, which are segments of DNA that contain instructions for the development and function of an organism.

Human cells typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. Pair 17 is one of the autosomal pairs, meaning it is not a sex chromosome (X or Y). Chromosome 17 is a medium-sized chromosome and contains an estimated 800 million base pairs of DNA. It contains approximately 1,500 genes that provide instructions for making proteins and regulating various cellular processes.

Chromosome 17 is associated with several genetic disorders, including inherited cancer syndromes such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Mutations in genes located on chromosome 17 can increase the risk of developing various types of cancer, including breast, ovarian, colon, and pancreatic cancer.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

Human chromosome pair 6 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each human cell. They are identical in size and shape and contain genetic material, made up of DNA and proteins, that is essential for the development and function of the human body.

Chromosome pair 6 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes found in humans, with one chromosome inherited from each parent. Each chromosome contains thousands of genes that provide instructions for the production of proteins and regulate various cellular processes.

Chromosome pair 6 contains several important genes, including those involved in the development and function of the immune system, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. It also contains genes associated with certain genetic disorders, such as hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP), a condition that affects the nerves, and Waardenburg syndrome, a disorder that affects pigmentation and hearing.

Abnormalities in chromosome pair 6 can lead to various genetic disorders, including numerical abnormalities such as trisomy 6 (three copies of chromosome 6) or monosomy 6 (only one copy of chromosome 6), as well as structural abnormalities such as deletions, duplications, or translocations of parts of the chromosome.

A chromosome deletion is a type of genetic abnormality that occurs when a portion of a chromosome is missing or deleted. Chromosomes are thread-like structures located in the nucleus of cells that contain our genetic material, which is organized into genes.

Chromosome deletions can occur spontaneously during the formation of reproductive cells (eggs or sperm) or can be inherited from a parent. They can affect any chromosome and can vary in size, from a small segment to a large portion of the chromosome.

The severity of the symptoms associated with a chromosome deletion depends on the size and location of the deleted segment. In some cases, the deletion may be so small that it does not cause any noticeable symptoms. However, larger deletions can lead to developmental delays, intellectual disabilities, physical abnormalities, and various medical conditions.

Chromosome deletions are typically detected through a genetic test called karyotyping, which involves analyzing the number and structure of an individual's chromosomes. Other more precise tests, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA), may also be used to confirm the diagnosis and identify the specific location and size of the deletion.

Human chromosome pair 9 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell of the human body. Each member of the pair contains thousands of genes and other genetic material, encoded in the form of DNA molecules. The two chromosomes in a pair are identical or very similar to each other in terms of their size, shape, and genetic makeup.

Chromosome 9 is one of the autosomal chromosomes, meaning that it is not a sex chromosome (X or Y) and is present in two copies in all cells of the body, regardless of sex. Chromosome 9 is a medium-sized chromosome, and it is estimated to contain around 135 million base pairs of DNA and approximately 1200 genes.

Chromosome 9 contains several important genes that are associated with various human traits and diseases. For example, mutations in the gene that encodes the protein APOE on chromosome 9 have been linked to an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, variations in the gene that encodes the protein EGFR on chromosome 9 have been associated with an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer.

Overall, human chromosome pair 9 plays a critical role in the development and function of the human body, and variations in its genetic makeup can contribute to a wide range of traits and diseases.

Human chromosome pair 21 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell in the human body. Each member of the pair is a single chromosome, and they are identical to each other. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, which contains genetic information that determines many of an individual's traits and characteristics.

Chromosome pair 21 is one of the 23 pairs of human autosomal chromosomes, meaning they are not sex chromosomes (X or Y). Chromosome pair 21 is the smallest of the human chromosomes, and it contains approximately 48 million base pairs of DNA. It contains around 200-300 genes that provide instructions for making proteins and regulating various cellular processes.

Down syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delays, distinct facial features, and sometimes heart defects, is caused by an extra copy of chromosome pair 21 or a part of it. This additional genetic material can lead to abnormalities in brain development and function, resulting in the characteristic symptoms of Down syndrome.

Chromosomes in plants are thread-like structures that contain genetic material, DNA, and proteins. They are present in the nucleus of every cell and are inherited from the parent plants during sexual reproduction. Chromosomes come in pairs, with each pair consisting of one chromosome from each parent.

In plants, like in other organisms, chromosomes play a crucial role in inheritance, development, and reproduction. They carry genetic information that determines various traits and characteristics of the plant, such as its physical appearance, growth patterns, and resistance to diseases.

Plant chromosomes are typically much larger than those found in animals, making them easier to study under a microscope. The number of chromosomes varies among different plant species, ranging from as few as 2 in some ferns to over 1000 in certain varieties of wheat.

During cell division, the chromosomes replicate and then separate into two identical sets, ensuring that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information. This process is critical for the growth and development of the plant, as well as for the production of viable seeds and offspring.

Chromosomes in fungi are thread-like structures that contain genetic material, composed of DNA and proteins, present in the nucleus of a cell. Unlike humans and other eukaryotes that have a diploid number of chromosomes in their somatic cells, fungal chromosome numbers can vary widely between and within species.

Fungal chromosomes are typically smaller and fewer in number compared to those found in plants and animals. The chromosomal organization in fungi is also different from other eukaryotes. In many fungi, the chromosomes are condensed throughout the cell cycle, whereas in other eukaryotes, chromosomes are only condensed during cell division.

Fungi can have linear or circular chromosomes, depending on the species. For example, the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) has a set of 16 small circular chromosomes, while other fungi like Neurospora crassa (red bread mold) and Aspergillus nidulans (a filamentous fungus) have linear chromosomes.

Fungal chromosomes play an essential role in the growth, development, reproduction, and survival of fungi. They carry genetic information that determines various traits such as morphology, metabolism, pathogenicity, and resistance to environmental stresses. Advances in genomic technologies have facilitated the study of fungal chromosomes, leading to a better understanding of their structure, function, and evolution.

Chromosomes are thread-like structures that contain genetic material, made up of DNA and proteins, in the nucleus of cells. In humans, there are typically 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs, with one member of each pair coming from each parent. The six pairs of chromosomes numbered 6 through 12, along with the X chromosome, are part of these 23 pairs and are referred to as autosomal chromosomes and a sex chromosome.

Human chromosome 6 is one of the autosomal chromosomes and contains an estimated 170 million base pairs and around 1,500 genes. It plays a role in several important functions, including immune response, cell signaling, and nervous system function.

Human chromosome 7 is another autosomal chromosome that contains approximately 159 million base pairs and around 1,200 genes. Chromosome 7 is best known for containing the gene for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein, whose mutations can lead to cystic fibrosis.

Human chromosome 8 is an autosomal chromosome that contains around 146 million base pairs and approximately 900 genes. Chromosome 8 has been associated with several genetic disorders, including Smith-Magenis syndrome and 8p deletion syndrome.

Human chromosome 9 is an autosomal chromosome that contains around 139 million base pairs and approximately 950 genes. Chromosome 9 has been linked to several genetic disorders, including Hereditary Spherocytosis and CHARGE syndrome.

Human chromosome 10 is an autosomal chromosome that contains around 135 million base pairs and approximately 800 genes. Chromosome 10 has been associated with several genetic disorders, including Dyschondrosteosis and Melanoma.

Human chromosome 11 is an autosomal chromosome that contains around 135 million base pairs and approximately 800 genes. Chromosome 11 has been linked to several genetic disorders, including Wilms tumor and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.

Human chromosome 12 is an autosomal chromosome that contains around 133 million base pairs and approximately 750 genes. Chromosome 12 has been associated with several genetic disorders, including Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A and Hereditary Neuropathy with Liability to Pressure Palsies (HNPP).

The X chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes in humans. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. The X chromosome contains around 155 million base pairs and approximately 1,000 genes. It has been linked to several genetic disorders, including Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Fragile X syndrome.

The Y chromosome is the other sex chromosome in humans. Males have one X and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. The Y chromosome contains around 59 million base pairs and approximately 70 genes. It is primarily responsible for male sexual development and fertility.

In summary, the human genome consists of 23 pairs of chromosomes, including 22 autosomal pairs and one sex chromosome pair (XX in females and XY in males). The total length of the human genome is approximately 3 billion base pairs, and it contains around 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins called histones, which help to package the DNA into a compact structure. The chromosomes contain genetic information that is passed down from parents to their offspring through reproduction.

Human chromosome pair 2 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell of the human body. Each member of the pair contains thousands of genes and other genetic material, encoded in the form of DNA molecules. Chromosomes are the physical carriers of inheritance, and human cells typically contain 23 pairs of chromosomes for a total of 46 chromosomes.

Chromosome pair 2 is one of the autosomal pairs, meaning that it is not a sex chromosome (X or Y). Each member of chromosome pair 2 is approximately 247 million base pairs in length and contains an estimated 1,000-1,300 genes. These genes play crucial roles in various biological processes, including development, metabolism, and response to environmental stimuli.

Abnormalities in chromosome pair 2 can lead to genetic disorders, such as cat-eye syndrome (CES), which is characterized by iris abnormalities, anal atresia, hearing loss, and intellectual disability. This disorder arises from the presence of an extra copy of a small region on chromosome 2, resulting in partial trisomy of this region. Other genetic conditions associated with chromosome pair 2 include proximal 2q13.3 microdeletion syndrome and Potocki-Lupski syndrome (PTLS).

Human chromosome pair 16 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell in the human body. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled around histone proteins, forming a complex structure called a chromatin.

Chromosomes come in pairs, with one chromosome inherited from each parent. Chromosome pair 16 contains two homologous chromosomes, which are similar in size, shape, and genetic content but may have slight variations due to differences in the DNA sequences inherited from each parent.

Chromosome pair 16 is one of the 22 autosomal pairs, meaning it contains non-sex chromosomes that are present in both males and females. Chromosome 16 is a medium-sized chromosome, and it contains around 2,800 genes that provide instructions for making proteins and regulating various cellular processes.

Abnormalities in chromosome pair 16 can lead to genetic disorders such as chronic myeloid leukemia, some forms of mental retardation, and other developmental abnormalities.

Human chromosome pair 22 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell in the human body. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled around histone proteins, forming a complex structure called a chromatin.

Chromosome pair 22 is one of the 22 autosomal pairs of human chromosomes, meaning they are not sex chromosomes (X or Y). Chromosome 22 is the second smallest human chromosome, with each arm of the chromosome designated as p and q. The short arm is labeled "p," and the long arm is labeled "q."

Chromosome 22 contains several genes that are associated with various genetic disorders, including DiGeorge syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome, and cat-eye syndrome, which result from deletions or duplications of specific regions on the chromosome. Additionally, chromosome 22 is the location of the NRXN1 gene, which has been associated with an increased risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia when deleted or disrupted.

Understanding the genetic makeup of human chromosome pair 22 can provide valuable insights into human genetics, evolution, and disease susceptibility, as well as inform medical diagnoses, treatments, and research.

Chromosome pairing, also known as chromosome synapsis, is a process that occurs during meiosis, which is the type of cell division that results in the formation of sex cells or gametes (sperm and eggs).

In humans, each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. Of these, 22 pairs are called autosomal chromosomes, and they are similar in size and shape between the two copies in a pair. The last pair is called the sex chromosomes (X and Y), which determine the individual's biological sex.

During meiosis, homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) come together and pair up along their lengths in a process called synapsis. This pairing allows for the precise alignment of corresponding genes and genetic regions between the two homologous chromosomes. Once paired, the chromosomes exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over, which increases genetic diversity in the resulting gametes.

After crossing over, the homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis I, followed by the separation of sister chromatids (the two copies of each chromosome) during meiosis II. The end result is four haploid cells, each containing 23 chromosomes, which then develop into sperm or eggs.

Chromosome pairing is a crucial step in the process of sexual reproduction, ensuring that genetic information is accurately passed from one generation to the next while also promoting genetic diversity through recombination and independent assortment of chromosomes.

Mammalian chromosomes are thread-like structures that exist in the nucleus of mammalian cells, consisting of DNA, hist proteins, and RNA. They carry genetic information that is essential for the development and function of all living organisms. In mammals, each cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes, with one set inherited from the mother and the other from the father.

The chromosomes are typically visualized during cell division, where they condense and become visible under a microscope. Each chromosome is composed of two identical arms, separated by a constriction called the centromere. The short arm of the chromosome is labeled as "p," while the long arm is labeled as "q."

Mammalian chromosomes play a critical role in the transmission of genetic information from one generation to the next and are essential for maintaining the stability and integrity of the genome. Abnormalities in the number or structure of mammalian chromosomes can lead to various genetic disorders, including Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Klinefelter syndrome.

Human chromosome pair 13 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell in the human body. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled around histone proteins, forming a complex structure called a chromatin.

Chromosomes carry genetic information in the form of genes, which are sequences of DNA that code for specific traits and functions. Human cells typically have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. Chromosome pair 13 is one of the autosomal pairs, meaning it is not a sex chromosome (X or Y).

Chromosome pair 13 contains several important genes that are associated with various genetic disorders, such as cri-du-chat syndrome and Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Cri-du-chat syndrome is caused by a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 13 (13p), resulting in distinctive cat-like crying sounds in infants, developmental delays, and intellectual disabilities. Phelan-McDermid syndrome is caused by a deletion or mutation of the terminal end of the long arm of chromosome 13 (13q), leading to developmental delays, intellectual disability, absent or delayed speech, and autistic behaviors.

It's important to note that while some genetic disorders are associated with specific chromosomal abnormalities, many factors can contribute to the development and expression of these conditions, including environmental influences and interactions between multiple genes.

Human chromosome pair 4 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell in the human body. Each member of the pair is a single chromosome, and they are identical or very similar in length and gene content. Chromosomes are made up of DNA, which contains genetic information, and proteins that package and organize the DNA.

Human chromosomes are numbered from 1 to 22, with chromosome pair 4 being one of the autosomal pairs, meaning it is not a sex chromosome (X or Y). Chromosome pair 4 is a medium-sized pair and contains an estimated 1,800-2,000 genes. These genes provide instructions for making proteins that are essential for various functions in the body, such as development, growth, and metabolism.

Abnormalities in chromosome pair 4 can lead to genetic disorders, including Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, which is caused by a deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 4, and 4p16.3 microdeletion syndrome, which is caused by a deletion of a specific region on the short arm of chromosome 4. These conditions can result in developmental delays, intellectual disability, physical abnormalities, and other health problems.

Human chromosome pair 10 refers to a group of genetic materials that are present in every cell of the human body. Chromosomes are thread-like structures that carry our genes and are located in the nucleus of most cells. They come in pairs, with one set inherited from each parent.

Chromosome pair 10 is one of the 22 autosomal chromosome pairs, meaning they contain genes that are not related to sex determination. Each member of chromosome pair 10 is a single, long DNA molecule that contains thousands of genes and other genetic material.

Chromosome pair 10 is responsible for carrying genetic information that influences various traits and functions in the human body. Some of the genes located on chromosome pair 10 are associated with certain medical conditions, such as hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, and Waardenburg syndrome type 2A.

It's important to note that while chromosomes carry genetic information, not all variations in the DNA sequence will result in a change in phenotype or function. Some variations may have no effect at all, while others may lead to changes in how proteins are made and function, potentially leading to disease or other health issues.

Human Y chromosomes are one of the two sex-determining chromosomes in humans (the other being the X chromosome). They are found in the 23rd pair of human chromosomes and are significantly smaller than the X chromosome.

The Y chromosome is passed down from father to son through the paternal line, and it plays a crucial role in male sex determination. The SRY gene (sex-determining region Y) on the Y chromosome initiates the development of male sexual characteristics during embryonic development.

In addition to the SRY gene, the human Y chromosome contains several other genes that are essential for sperm production and male fertility. However, the Y chromosome has a much lower gene density compared to other chromosomes, with only about 80 protein-coding genes, making it one of the most gene-poor chromosomes in the human genome.

Because of its small size and low gene density, the Y chromosome is particularly susceptible to genetic mutations and deletions, which can lead to various genetic disorders and male infertility. Nonetheless, the Y chromosome remains a critical component of human genetics and evolution, providing valuable insights into sex determination, inheritance patterns, and human diversity.

Human chromosome pair 8 consists of two rod-shaped structures present in the nucleus of each cell of the human body. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled around histone proteins, forming a complex structure known as a chromatin.

Human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46 chromosomes. Pair 8 is one of the autosomal pairs, meaning that it is not a sex chromosome (X or Y). Each member of chromosome pair 8 has a similar size, shape, and banding pattern, and they are identical in males and females.

Chromosome pair 8 contains several genes that are essential for various cellular functions and human development. Some of the genes located on chromosome pair 8 include those involved in the regulation of metabolism, nerve function, immune response, and cell growth and division.

Abnormalities in chromosome pair 8 can lead to genetic disorders such as Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, which is caused by a partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4, or partial trisomy 8, which results from an extra copy of all or part of chromosome 8. Both of these conditions are associated with developmental delays, intellectual disability, and various physical abnormalities.

Human chromosome pair 19 refers to a group of 19 identical chromosomes that are present in every cell of the human body, except for the sperm and egg cells which contain only 23 chromosomes. Chromosomes are thread-like structures that carry genetic information in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules.

Each chromosome is made up of two arms, a shorter p arm and a longer q arm, separated by a centromere. Human chromosome pair 19 is an acrocentric chromosome, which means that the centromere is located very close to the end of the short arm (p arm).

Chromosome pair 19 contains approximately 58 million base pairs of DNA and encodes for around 1,400 genes. It is one of the most gene-dense chromosomes in the human genome, with many genes involved in important biological processes such as metabolism, immunity, and neurological function.

Abnormalities in chromosome pair 19 have been associated with various genetic disorders, including Sotos syndrome, which is characterized by overgrowth, developmental delay, and distinctive facial features, and Smith-Magenis syndrome, which is marked by intellectual disability, behavioral problems, and distinct physical features.

... it provides the library of a genomic format that chromosome walking requires.[citation needed] Yeast artificial chromosome or ... Chromosome walking can be used for the purpose of cloning a gene. It does this by using the known gene's markers that are ... Chromosome walking is also useful when it comes to filling in the gaps that may be present in genomes by locating clones that ... This is why Vectorette PCR is one of the methods that can be used to create this library for chromosome walking to occur. ...
Unlike chromosome walking, chromosome jumping is able to start on one point of the chromosome in order to traverse potential ... Combining chromosome jumping to chromosome walking through the chromosome allows bypassing repetitive DNA for the search of the ... Thus, sequences not reachable by chromosome walking can be sequenced. Chromosome walking can also be used from the new jump ... Shotgun sequencing Chromosome walking Chromosome landing Jumping library Drumm ML (May 2001). "Construction of chromosome ...
Chromosome Walk, the SIB virtual exhibition. Official website Swiss Bioinformatics Resource Portal (Expasy) (Webarchive ...
Meselson, M.; Weigle, J. J. (1961-06-15). "Chromosome brekage accompanying genetic recombination in bacteriophage". Proceedings ...
Meselson, M.; Weigle, J. (1961). "Chromosome Breakage Accompanying Genetic Recombination in Bacteriophage". Proceedings of the ... normally used by the phage to insert itself into the chromosome of a host cell. Subsequently, variations of the experiment by ...
September 1989). "Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: chromosome walking and jumping". Science. 245 (4922): 1059-1065. ... The CFTR gene is located on the long arm of chromosome 7, at position q31.2, and ultimately codes for a sequence of 1,480 amino ... The gene that encodes the human CFTR protein is found on chromosome 7, on the long arm at position q31.2. from base pair ... ΔF508 is present on at least one copy of chromosome 7 in approximately one in 30 Caucasians. Presence of the mutation on both ...
Afterward, chromosome walking and jumping techniques were used to identify the gene and sequence it. Forward genetics can work ... September 1989). "Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: chromosome walking and jumping". Science. 245 (4922): 1059-1065. ... process and much of the work went into mapping and cloning the gene through association studies and chromosome walking. Despite ... Genetic-linkage studies were able to map the disease loci in cystic fibrosis to chromosome 7 by using protein markers. ...
They then used a combination of chromosome walking and chromosome hopping or jumping to locate the CF gene, which they named ... 1989-09-08). "Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: chromosome walking and jumping". Science. 245 (4922): 1059-1065. ... each chromosome a child inherits is a mix of the both of that parent's copies of that chromosome. Markers would only be ... Due to the phenomenon of recombination, whereby parts of chromosomes swap homologous segments during germ cell development, ...
... chromosome walking and jumping". Science. 245 (4922): 1059-1065. doi:10.1126/science.2772657. PMID 2772657. Retrieved 30 ...
Using protein markers, gene-linkage studies were able to map the mutation to chromosome 7. Chromosome walking and chromosome ... chromosome walking and jumping". Science. 245 (4922): 1059-1065. Bibcode:1989Sci...245.1059R. doi:10.1126/science.2772657. ISSN ... The CFTR gene, found at the q31.2 locus of chromosome 7, is 230,000 base pairs long, and encodes a protein that is 1,480 amino ... More specifically, the location is between base pair 117,120,016 and 117,308,718 on the long arm of chromosome 7, region 3, ...
This technique is an extension of "chromosome walking" that allows larger "steps" along the chromosome. If steps of length N kb ... In the early days, chromosome walking from genetically linked DNA markers was used to identify and clone disease genes. However ... Chromosome jumping (or chromosome hopping) was first described in 1984 by Collins and Weissman. At the time, cloning techniques ... 8 September 1989). "Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: chromosome walking and jumping". Science. 245 (4922): 1059-1065 ...
This technique, called chromosome walking, can be exploited to sequence entire chromosomes. Whole genome shotgun sequencing is ... P1 artificial chromosomes (PACs) have features of both P1 vectors and Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs). Similar to P1 ... Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are linear DNA molecules containing the necessary features of an authentic yeast chromosome ... The λ chromosome is 48.5kb long and can carry inserts up to 25kb. These inserts replace non-essential viral sequences in the λ ...
The method can be used to sequence entire chromosomes (hence "chromosome walking"). Primer walking was also the basis for the ... The term "primer walking" is used where the main aim is to sequence the genome. The term "chromosome walking" is used instead ... Chromosome walking is time-consuming, and chromosome landing is the method of choice for gene identification. This method ... Primer walking is a method to determine the sequence of DNA up to the 1.3-7.0 kb range whereas chromosome walking is used to ...
"Mapping human chromosomes by walking with sequence-tagged sites from end fragments of yeast artificial chromosome inserts". ... Whole human chromosomes have been examined, such as the X chromosome, generating the location of genetic markers for numerous ... Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are genetically engineered chromosomes derived from the DNA of the yeast, Saccharomyces ... Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) Cosmid Fosmid Genetic engineering Human artificial chromosome Autonomously replicating ...
Google Scholar citation The treasures of chromosome 7. Autumn 2001. The University of Toronto Magazine Walking the jungles and ... Chromosome 7: DNA Sequence and Biology. 2003. Science 300, 767-772. Google Scholar citation Minassian et al. Mutations in a ... Earlier (1988-2003) with Lap-chee Tsui, he led studies of human chromosome 7, in particular in the mapping phase of the Human ... Structural variation of chromosomes in autism spectrum disorder. 2008. American Journal of Human Genetics 82, 477-88. Google ...
If the chromosome walk proceeds through the mutant allele, the new polymorphisms will start to show increase in recombination ... This process produces a contig map of the locus and is known as chromosome walking. With the completion of genome sequencing ... Suppressor mutations can be described as second mutations at a site on the chromosome distinct from the mutation under study, ... By the classical genetics approach, a researcher would then locate (map) the gene on its chromosome by crossbreeding with ...
... without any need for chromosome walking and its associated problems. Chromosome landing, together with the technology that has ... Primer walking Tanksley, Steven D.; Ganal, Martin W.; Martin, Gregory B. (February 1995). "Chromosome landing: a paradigm for ... From the abstract of PMID 7716809: The strategy of chromosome walking is based on the assumption that it is difficult and time ... and/or highly repetitive genomes by minimizing the need for chromosome walking. It is based on the principle that the expected ...
chromosome walking See primer walking. cilium circular DNA Any DNA molecule, single-stranded or double-stranded, which forms a ... In humans, the X chromosome and the Y chromosome are sex chromosomes. alpha helix (α-helix) A common structural motif in the ... of a linear chromosome or chromosome fragment) Having a centromere positioned very close to one end of the chromosome, as ... chromosome A nuclear DNA molecule containing part or all of the genetic material of an organism. Chromosomes may be considered ...
They are-with accompanying Y-chromosome locations-U5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575.. ... In 2009-10, Family Tree DNA's Walk through the Y Project, sequencing certain Y-chromosome segments, provided a number of new G ... The mutation is found on the Y chromosome at 10595022 and is a change from G to C. G-L30 (also G-PF3267, G-S126 or G-U8; G2a2b ... Its chromosome location listed as 21653414. G2a was found in medieval remains in a 7th- century CE high-status tomb in ...
... automatable amplification and sequencing of insert end fragments from P1 and YAC clones for chromosome walking". Genomics. 25 ( ... Universal Fast Walking: for genome walking and genetic fingerprinting using a more specific 'two-sided' PCR than conventional ' ... and allows unidirectional genome walking from known into unknown regions of the chromosome. Solid Phase PCR: encompasses ... Boehnke M, Arnheim N, Li H, Collins FS (July 1989). "Fine-structure genetic mapping of human chromosomes using the polymerase ...
... automatable amplification and sequencing of insert end fragments from P1 and YAC clones for chromosome walking". Genomics. 25 ( ... This method is deployed for DNA sequencing, genome walking, and DNA footprinting. A related technique is amplified fragment ...
... organization of genes and repeats in the large cereal genomes and implications for the isolation of genes by chromosome walking ... Different large-insert libraries like BACs, P1 artificial chromosomes (PAC), yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) and ... The most common type of large-insert clone is the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC). With BAC, the genome is first split ... Next, using the map from the first step the contigs are assembled back into the chromosomes. The first complete plant genome ...
If the position of the gene can be determined using molecular markers then chromosome walking is one way to isolate the correct ...
Utilizing a bidirectional chromosome walk beginning at oli, a gene on the same linkage group as frq, Dunlap and colleagues ... walked over 200kb across frq. The location of frq was verified in 1986 through transformation of cosmids into frq9 and by ...
September 2008). "Diploid/polyploid syntenic shuttle mapping and haplotype-specific chromosome walking toward a rust resistance ... each set contains the same number of chromosomes, and the chromosomes are joined in pairs of homologous chromosomes. However, ... Each chromosome pair derived from the Triticum urartu parent is homoeologous to the opposite chromosome pair derived from the ... Although chromosomes are shattered into many fragments, complete chromosomes can be regenerated by making use of overlapping ...
... one of these clones can then be sequenced to yield a new probe and the process repeated in a method called chromosome walking. ... From this map, a minimal number of fragments that cover the entire chromosome are selected for sequencing. In this way, the ... If the gap is large (>20kb) then the large fragment is cloned in special vectors such as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC ... and cloned into a bacterial host using BACs or P1-derived artificial chromosomes (PAC). Because multiple genome copies have ...
They then used a combination of chromosome walking and chromosome hopping or jumping to locate the CF gene, which they named ... each chromosome a child inherits is a mix of the both of that parent's copies of that chromosome. Markers would only be ... In the late 1990s she began studying chromosome structure and function. She has investigated genome instability and made ... Due to the phenomenon of recombination, whereby parts of chromosomes swap homologous segments during germ cell development, ...
... to emphasize the contrast with an older and much more time-consuming method of copying DNA fragments called chromosome walking ... who agreed to collaborate with the Toronto team and share his chromosome-jumping technique. The gene was identified in June ... "A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes" (PDF). Cell. ... The method described was named chromosome jumping, ...
... chromosome - chromosome walking - cilium - circular dichroism - cis face - citric acid - citric acid cycle - cladistics - ... von Willebrand factor water Y chromosome - yeast zymology Contents: Top 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ... Philadelphia chromosome - phospholipid - phospholipid bilayer - phosphopeptide - phosphoprotein - phosphorus - phosphorylation ...
... chromosome walking MeSH E05.393.183.620 - physical chromosome mapping MeSH E05.393.183.620.160 - contig mapping MeSH E05.393. ... chromosome banding MeSH E05.393.285.350 - in situ hybridization, fluorescence MeSH E05.393.285.350.125 - chromosome painting ... chromosome painting MeSH E05.200.500.620.670.325.680 - primed in situ labeling MeSH E05.200.500.620.670.520 - negative staining ... chromosome painting MeSH E05.200.750.600.670.325.680 - primed in situ labeling MeSH E05.200.750.600.670.520 - negative staining ...
10 to 100 million species live on our planet. Every single species - from bacteria, insects and birds, to plants and humans - has a common ancestor. According to Charles Darwin and his theory of evolution, which was published in On the Origin of Species in 1859, species evolve thanks to natural selection. The theory explains the basis of kinship between all species. Although it remained controversial for a long time, it has now been largely accepted.. ...
... it provides the library of a genomic format that chromosome walking requires.[citation needed] Yeast artificial chromosome or ... Chromosome walking can be used for the purpose of cloning a gene. It does this by using the known genes markers that are ... Chromosome walking is also useful when it comes to filling in the gaps that may be present in genomes by locating clones that ... This is why Vectorette PCR is one of the methods that can be used to create this library for chromosome walking to occur. ...
Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: chromosome walking and jumping. Science. 1989 Sep 8. 245(4922):1059-65. [QxMD ... In 1989, the CF locus was localized through linkage analysis to the long arm of human chromosome 7, band q31. [11] ... a 129/Sv allelic contribution in mice that yields a milder inflammatory response in CF and is potentially linked to chromosomes ...
Walking on the Chromosome: Drosophila and the Molecularization of Development4. Scott Gilbert. Gene Expression Maps: The ...
2). Using a PCR-based chromosome walking method27, we sequenced both flanking regions of ZmWUS1-B and detected a tandem ... Wang, S., He, J., Cui, Z. & Li, S. Self-formed adaptor PCR: a simple and efficient method for chromosome walking. Appl. Environ ... For Bif3 TAIL-PCR chromosome walking, symmetric and asymmetric PCRs were performed as described previously27; the amplicons ... a Map-based cloning of Bif3 (in parenthesis, number of recombinants R/total chromosomes). b RNA-seq analysis of genes (G) in ...
Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: chromosome walking and jumping. Science 1989;245:1059-65. * Welsh MJ, Tsui LC, Boat ... In 1989, the CFTR gene was cloned and mapped to chromosome 7 (5), which allowed newborns to be screened through direct DNA ... Among these are a document and an accompanying editorial in Diagnostic Medical Pathology prepared by participants in the ...
Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: chromosome walking and jumping. Science (New York, NY) 1989;245:1059-65. ...
Logan is a five-year-old with a chromosome disorder who cannot walk or talk. Logan also has poor vision and lacks motor skills ... visited nursing homes and taken residents for walks, taken treats to shut-ins on holidays, helped the elderly with yard work ...
"Chromosome Breakage Accompanying Genetic Recombination in Bacteriophage." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 47 ( ... "The Organization and Duplication of Chromosomes as Revealed by Autoradiographic Studies Using Tritium-Labeled Thymidine." ...
A chromosome walk experiment allowed the isolation of clones indicating a tandem of arrangement of clusters on the chromosome ...
Ring chromosome 14 syndrome is a condition characterized by seizures and intellectual disability. Explore symptoms, inheritance ... Development may be delayed, particularly the development of speech and of motor skills such as sitting, standing, and walking. ... Learn more about the chromosome associated with Ring chromosome 14 syndrome. *chromosome 14 ... Ring chromosome 14 syndrome is caused by a chromosomal abnormality known as a ring chromosome 14, sometimes written as r(14). A ...
Utilizing a whole genome resequencing strategy combined with reference sequence-based chromosome walking and high-density ... The Pl20 gene was placed in a 0.2 cM interval on chromosome 8. The putative gene with the NLR domain for Pl20, ... mapping in the present study, Pl18 was placed in a 0.7 cM interval on chromosome 2. A candidate gene HanXRQChr02g0048181 for ... Pl20 conferring resistance to known DM races have been previously mapped to 1.5 and 1.8 cM intervals on sunflower chromosomes 2 ...
Chromosome walking to the AVR1-CO39 avirulence gene of Magnaporthe grisea: discrepancy between the physical and genetic maps. ... The rice resistance gene of Pib is located on the long arm of chromosome 2 [14-15]. The cDNA length of the Pib gene contains ... Multiple translocation of the AVR-Pita effector gene among chromosomes of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and related ...
12:25 p.m.: Lily Jan, Ph.D., University of California, San Francisco; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, From Chromosome Walk to ... How Cells Walk and Talk: How Forces and Chemokine Signaling Ensure Robust Tissue Migration Holger Knaut, Ph.D., associate ...
... and some males have additional X chromosomes accompanying their Y. But that doesnt predetermine these individuals as trans in ... If, in your genetic make-up, your fundamental arrangement of chromosomes is XY, then you are a male. If its XX, then you are ... The Y chromosome is the difference. Thats an inarguable, biologically defensible given for 99% of human beings. There are ... Of the three areas she explores, it is the simple understanding of chromosomes that struck home for me (her others deal with ...
My youngest daughter… Alishia Jade needs your support for Sponsored walk for UNIQUE Charity ... So on the 22nd June (Rare Chromosome and Genetic Disorders Day) myself, Ellie-Rose and her Nanny will be doing a 30 minute walk ... They found that Ellie-Rose has Chromosome 2P Deletion and Chromosome 3P deletion. ... Alishia Jade is organizing this fundraiser to benefit Unique - Rare Chromosome Disorder Support Group. Learn more. ...
I agree with Rosie ODonnell: golf is men in ugly pants walking. Of course, Im chromosome-ally challenged as golf allegedly ...
I agree with Rosie ODonnell: golf is men in ugly pants walking. Of course, Im chromosome-ally challenged as golf allegedly ...
Chromosome Walking. chromosome walking restriction. sequence. direction. identify. cloning. chromosome. intensive. dietitian ...
Scientists in England said they have found a link between brisk walking and fewer biological markers that may indicate older ... Telomeres are caps at the end of chromosomes that protect the chromosomes from degrading. The more a cell divides, the ... More than 6% of participants reported walking at a slow pace. More than 41% of participants reported walking at a brisk pace. ... BERLIN, GERMANY - APRIL 20: Elderly women walk at a fast pace in a park during the third wave of the coronavirus pandemic on ...
Klyosov, A. A. (2009b). DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. II. Walking the ... 2010). Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: A paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan con- nections and the ... Klyosov, A. A. (2011b). DNA genealogy of major haplogroups of Y chromosome (Part 1). Proceedings of the Russian Academy of DNA ... Klyosov, A. A. (2009a). DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. I. Basic ...
keywords = "Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), Chromosome walk, Contig, Genome analysis, Magnaporthe grisea, Physical ... Zhu, H., Choi, S., Johnston, A. K., Wing, R. A., & Dean, R. A. (1997). A large-insert (130 kbp) bacterial artificial chromosome ... Zhu, H, Choi, S, Johnston, AK, Wing, RA & Dean, RA 1997, A large-insert (130 kbp) bacterial artificial chromosome library of ... Dive into the research topics of A large-insert (130 kbp) bacterial artificial chromosome library of the rice blast fungus ...
... is created by weaving back and forth between chromosomes (i.e, a pseudosegment), then it isnt really a segment. ... Going into their chromosome browser for this match and downloading the chromosome data to Excel clearly shows that of the 18 ... I havent yet visually phased this chromosome to confirm that the segment leading up to 12.5M is the paternal segment, but ...
But criminy, if were going to say that its a genetic defect that allows D.J. to walk through walls (thats on the 17th ... chromosome, is it?), we kind of have to suspend disbelief in any number of other fashions.. This show sure seems inclined to ... You know, Alan, it would have been way cool if Hiro and Ando, in the future surveying the landscape, had walked into the ...
At that time, David Hogness and his group developed a method called „walking along the chromosome", that allowed you to clone ... The walk was primarily carried out by Richard Garber and Atsushi Kuroiwa, two of my postdoctoral fellows. The „chromosomal walk ... The walk would start from a previously cloned DNA segment, mapping as closely as possible to the gene to be isolated, in our ... Since the German poet Christian Morgenstern in one of his poems had described an imaginary animal that can walk on its nose ...
You would grab the hand of a visitor leading them to the door to take you for a walk, regardless of the weather. When it was ... Donate now to increase awareness and research into chromosome disorders. Chromosome Disorder Outreach is a 501(c)(3) non-profit ... You are donating to : Chromosome Disorder Outreach, Inc, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. How much would you like to donate ... Your balance and gait improved so much, you gained the confidence to get up out of a chair independently and walk around (with ...
My daughter Avery was never supposed to walk or talk. She was born with a chromosome disorder so rare that it didnt have a ... Later as we walked through the resort to our room, there were packs of cheerleaders everywhere. (Our 15-year-old son claims he ... I used to make Avery wear a leash whenever we walked near traffic, and a bike helmet when she was learning to climb the stairs. ... My daughter wasnt supposed to walk-now shes a cheerleader for Team Canada. .css-1kp2mzq{font-family:Catamaran,"fallback-sans- ...
But criminy, if were going to say that its a genetic defect that allows D.J. to walk through walls (thats on the 17th ... chromosome, is it?), we kind of have to suspend disbelief in any number of other fashions.. This show sure seems inclined to ... You know, Alan, it would have been way cool if Hiro and Ando, in the future surveying the landscape, had walked into the ...
He continues to show that individuals with an extra chromosome can do anything they put their mind to. This Buddy Walk was ... In Mobile, Al., about 50 GTL employees and their families walked in the Down Syndrome Buddy Walk, and GTL was the Platinum ... The Reston, Va., office donated and sponsored the Down Syndrome Association of Northern Virginia (DSANV) annual Buddy Walk® at ... GTL Unites to Support the National Down Syndrome Societys Annual Buddy Walk October is Down Syndrome Awareness Month and holds ...
  • Alishia Jade is organizing this fundraiser to benefit Unique - Rare Chromosome Disorder Support Group. (gofundme.com)
  • So on the 22nd June (Rare Chromosome and Genetic Disorders Day) myself, Ellie-Rose and her Nanny will be doing a 30 minute walk to raise money for UNIQUE. (gofundme.com)
  • 7-year-old Teagan has a rare chromosome disorder. (remap.org.uk)
  • Shay's numerous fundraising challenges are inspired by his cousin Evie-Mae O'Grady Askwith, 9, from Ecclesfield, who has an extremely rare chromosome deletion disorder which means she can't walk or talk and needs round the clock care. (bluebellwood.org)
  • Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), Human artificial chromosomes (HACs), and Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are some examples of artificial chromosomes. (byjus.com)
  • Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) are DNA constructs that are used for transformation and cloning in bacterial cells, mostly E.coli . (byjus.com)
  • The Pl20 gene was placed in a 0.2 cM interval on chromosome 8. (usda.gov)
  • Vectors that are able to carry larger gene sequences than any other vector are referred to as artificial chromosomes. (byjus.com)
  • To investigate the possibility that a novel candidate gene for XLMR was disrupted at the X chromosome translocation breakpoint, we mapped the breakpoint using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). (bmj.com)
  • 3- 6 Phenotypic abnormalities seen in cases with apparently balanced chromosome rearrangements have usually been explained by the disruption of a gene at the breakpoint causing the loss of gene function. (bmj.com)
  • 18- 21 Xq28 is a highly gene rich region of the human X chromosome and we focused on the X chromosome breakpoint as the identification of a disrupted gene here would be a rapid way to identify a further candidate gene for X linked mental retardation within Xq28. (bmj.com)
  • 90% of cases, mutations that from mutation in the dystrophin gene (located on short disrupt the reading frame (frame shift) lead to arm of X chromosome, Xp21). (who.int)
  • The unique caused by mutations in the lamin A/C gene localization of emerin in desmosomes and on chromosome 1 (1q11-q23) [ 3 ]. (who.int)
  • Affected people are homozygous for the mutant recessive gene, located on chromosome 13. (msdmanuals.com)
  • XLH is considered to be a systemic disorder, from mutation of the phosphate-regulating gene homologous to endopeptidases on the X chromosome ( PHEX ). (medscape.com)
  • If, in your genetic make-up, your fundamental arrangement of chromosomes is XY, then you are a male. (rt.com)
  • LEICESTER, England - A new study has suggested a link between walking pace and a genetic marker of biological age. (ktvu.com)
  • In this study we used information contained in people's genetic profile to show that a faster walking pace is indeed likely to lead to a younger biological age as measured by telomeres. (ktvu.com)
  • 2010). Human Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88: A paternal genetic record of early mid Holocene trans-Saharan con- nections and the spread of Chadic languages. (scirp.org)
  • This study published in Communications Biology utilizes genetic data from over 400,000 adults who were enrolled in the UK Biobank revealing a clear link between walking pace and a genetic marker of biological age, leucocyte telomere length (LTL). (worldhealth.net)
  • This research uses genetic data to provide stronger evidence for a causal link between faster walking pace and longer telomere length. (worldhealth.net)
  • The first attempt to determine the building blocks of our genetic code took place 20 years ago, but there were still significant gaps left in the sequences of all 23 pairs of human chromosomes. (cnn.com)
  • Having a complete Y chromosome genetic reference may help scientists and doctors further explore this potential link. (cnn.com)
  • By this time, chromosome analysis and prenatal diagnosis had developed as important tools for the health care system, which created a need for more systematized genetic counseling. (lu.se)
  • Walking on the Chromosome: Drosophila and the Molecularization of Development4. (routledge.com)
  • Logan is a five-year-old with a chromosome disorder who cannot walk or talk. (pointsoflight.org)
  • She was born with a chromosome disorder so rare that it didn't have a name. (todaysparent.com)
  • Researchers believe that several critical genes near the end of the long (q) arm of chromosome 14 are lost when the ring chromosome forms. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The loss of these genes is likely responsible for several of the major features of ring chromosome 14 syndrome, including intellectual disability and delayed development. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Seizures may occur because certain genes on the ring chromosome 14 are less active than those on the normal chromosome 14. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The dominant genes Pl18 and Pl20 conferring resistance to known DM races have been previously mapped to 1.5 and 1.8 cM intervals on sunflower chromosomes 2 and 8, respectively. (usda.gov)
  • Genes have been identified on the Y chromosome that have been shown to be required for the prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease," Walsh said via email. (cnn.com)
  • Characterisation of breakpoints in patients with apparently balanced constitutional chromosome rearrangements and phenotypic abnormalities has proved an invaluable strategy for identifying disease causing genes, especially those on the X chromosome. (bmj.com)
  • We also identified a novel staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec V subtype harboring clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated genes ( cas ). (cdc.gov)
  • A chromosome contains a single, long piece of DNA with many different genes. (cdc.gov)
  • They found that Ellie-Rose has Chromosome 2P Deletion and Chromosome 3P deletion. (gofundme.com)
  • At the age of 4, after being hospitalized for 2 weeks with severe undiscovered reflux we finally got a diagnosis- deletion on the long arm of chromosome 2 - 46XY del 2 (q31q32.2). (chromodisorder.org)
  • Kasey was born with a chromosome deletion, 1p36, which resulted in profound cognitive and physical disabilities. (upaf.org)
  • Because of the chromosome deletion, Kasey cannot walk, talk, read or write, but music is both one of her great joys and one of the main ways she expresses herself. (upaf.org)
  • Utilizing a whole genome resequencing strategy combined with reference sequence-based chromosome walking and high-density mapping in the present study, Pl18 was placed in a 0.7 cM interval on chromosome 2. (usda.gov)
  • To facilitate M. grisea genome analysis, physical mapping, and positional cloning, we have constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library from the rice infecting strain 70-15. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Genome-wide association studies have been completed on most major cancer types and have revealed many chromosome regions that influence cancer risk. (nih.gov)
  • The Y chromosome has represented the 'dark matter' of the genome," he added. (cnn.com)
  • Other work has looked at developing a method using Vectorette PCR in order to accomplish genomic walking. (wikipedia.org)
  • What is an advantage to using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) for generating a genomic library compared to a plasmid or phage that has historically been used for this process? (easynotecards.com)
  • Intriguingly, we found that the X chromosome breakpoint in the daughter could not be defined by a single breakpoint spanning genomic clone and further analysis showed a 650 kb submicroscopic duplication between DXS7067 and DXS7060 on either side of the X chromosome translocation breakpoint. (bmj.com)
  • We find that embryonic chromosomes show a remarkably strong cell cycle signature. (bvsalud.org)
  • DNA is made up of two strands that wind around each other and looks like a twisting ladder (a shape called a double helix). (cdc.gov)
  • During her postdoctoral fellowship, Wignall began studying meiosis - a type of cell division that produces reproductive cells with half the number of chromosomes - occurring in female reproductive cells or oocytes. (jhunewsletter.com)
  • In Dot1L deficient, accompanying with BubR1 (MAD3/Bub1b) remains on the chromosome, the mouse oocytes was blocked in metaphase of meiosis I. The histone deacetylation was also incomplete in Dot1L-deficient mouse oocytes. (nel.edu)
  • Dot1L and H3K79 methylation play important roles in meiosis progression and are supposed to be associated with chromosome deacetylation of mouse oocytes. (nel.edu)
  • X inactivation presents two longstanding puzzles: the counting and choice of X chromosomes. (homologyeffects.org)
  • Replication studies in the mother and daughter showed a skewed X inactivation pattern in lymphocytes, with the normal X chromosome preferentially inactivated. (bmj.com)
  • [ 4 ] Females generally had markedly less bone disease than males, suggesting the random inactivation of the affected X chromosome in females, as might be expected from the Lyon hypothesis. (medscape.com)
  • Ring chromosome 14 syndrome appears to be a rare condition, although its prevalence is unknown. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The longer it took for walking onset, the higher the prevalence of this asymmetry. (bvsalud.org)
  • People with ring chromosome 14 syndrome have one copy of this abnormal chromosome in some or all of their cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In spermatocytes, chromosomes have kinetochore proteins that make end-on attachments to the spindle. (jhunewsletter.com)
  • This new analysis will allow us to better understand the regions of the Y chromosome that have regulatory functions and may encode mRNA and proteins. (cnn.com)
  • Although most restore bipolarity, spindles that exhibit this instability have a much higher chance of generating errors in chromosome segregation due to incorrect attachments to chromosomes. (jhunewsletter.com)
  • Alternately, seizures might result from instability of the ring chromosome in some cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Humans typically have a pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. (cnn.com)
  • 2 ]. Cardiac involvement can present with erally held in a semiflexed position, and the heart block, frequently inclate 20c or early child typically begins walking on tiptoe [ 2 ]. (who.int)
  • Every human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. (cdc.gov)
  • There are 22 pairs of numbered chromosomes, called autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes, which can be XX or XY. (cdc.gov)
  • The patient showed wide of Becker muscular dystrophy, but weakc based gait and tiptoe walking. (who.int)
  • Ring chromosome 14 syndrome is caused by a chromosomal abnormality known as a ring chromosome 14, sometimes written as r(14). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ring chromosome 14 syndrome is a condition characterized by seizures and intellectual disability. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Most people with ring chromosome 14 syndrome also have some degree of intellectual disability or learning problems. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Major birth defects are rarely seen with ring chromosome 14 syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ring chromosome 14 syndrome is almost never inherited. (medlineplus.gov)
  • about 50 GTL employees and their families walked in the Down Syndrome Buddy Walk, and GTL was the Platinum Sponsor of the event. (prnewswire.com)
  • As you can see from our customer photos below, there's some awesome events like the Step Up for Down and the Buddy Walk to promote social advocacy and education for those with Down Syndrome. (customink.com)
  • The Evie's Extraordinaries walked to raise money for the Massachusetts Down Syndrome Congress on October 13, 2019 at the annual Buddy Walk and Fall Festival. (customink.com)
  • Our team was walking in honor of our daughter, Cora, and all of our friends with Down syndrome at the NC Triangle Buddy Walk, which raises money to support the North Carolina Down Syndrome Alliance. (customink.com)
  • Coldon's Krewe represents the beauty of Down syndrome and the incredible individuals who sport their extra chromosome- including Coldon, our 18 month old triplet. (customink.com)
  • This was our first year participating in a Buddy Walk to help raise awareness for my 15 month old son and others like him with Down Syndrome. (customink.com)
  • Advanced Pediatric Therapies participates and has a table at the annual Buddy Walk presented by the Down Syndrome Network of Northern Nevada. (customink.com)
  • This is a walk in Evansville, Indiana every October to support those with Down Syndrome like our son Andrew. (customink.com)
  • We have been using Custom Ink to make our Team Amazing Hazel Grace shirts for our local Down Syndrome Awareness Walk. (customink.com)
  • The is a photo from our 1st Buddy Walk for Down Syndrome. (customink.com)
  • A 'chromosome walk' experiment allowed the isolation of clones indicating a tandem of arrangement of clusters on the chromosome. (bl.uk)
  • In some cases, the ring chromosome is present in only some of a person's cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Researchers studied the link between a person's walking pace and leucocyte telomere length (LTL) - an indicator of biological age. (ktvu.com)
  • This suggests measures such as a habitually slower walking speed are a simple way of identifying people at greater risk of chronic disease or unhealthy ageing, and that activity intensity may play an important role in optimising interventions. (ktvu.com)
  • Hiking in nature is more than taking in beautiful views, in fact, a recent study from the University of Leicester at the National Institute for Health Research suggests that there is a link between walking pace and the rate at which people age, specifically a lifetime of brisk walking leads to longer telomeres. (worldhealth.net)
  • Recent research suggests the Y chromosome is also important for health and longevity, said Kenneth Walsh, a professor of biochemistry and molecular genetics at the University of Virginia School of Medicine, who was not involved in the new research. (cnn.com)
  • Telomeres are 'caps' at the end of chromosomes that protect the chromosomes from degrading. (ktvu.com)
  • Telomeres are like little caps at the end of each chromosome, and they help to protect it, like a cap does on the end of a shoelace. (worldhealth.net)
  • Additionally, the researchers found that brisk walking alone, regardless of how much physical activity a person does, leads to longer telomeres. (worldhealth.net)
  • However, researchers stopped short of saying brisk walking causes better health, only saying they have established a link. (ktvu.com)
  • The researchers estimate that a lifetime of brisk walking could lead to the equivalent of 16 years younger biological age by midlife. (worldhealth.net)
  • Now, the same group of researchers has filled in the missing information, publishing a complete Y chromosome sequence Wednesday in the journal Nature . (cnn.com)
  • These papers likely represent the tip of the iceberg in terms of understanding the role of the Y chromosome in age-associated diseases," Walsh said, adding that the loss of the Y chromosome could partially account for men's shorter life spans. (cnn.com)
  • This twisting or bending of the bones has been known to physicians since antiquity and, as with many diseases, was gradually found to encompass more than a single etiology. (medscape.com)
  • Data from wrist-worn wearable activity tracking devices used to measure habitual physical activity also supported a stronger role of habitual activity intensity (e.g. faster walking) in relation to telomere length," said Dr. Paddy Dempsey a Lecturer and Research Fellow at the University of Leicester and within the NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, part of the University Hospitals of Leicester (UHL) NHS Trust, and lead author on the study. (worldhealth.net)
  • However, over half of the sequences within the Y chromosome, the smallest and most complicated of the 46 human chromosomes, remained unknown. (cnn.com)
  • Just a few years ago, half of the human Y chromosome was missing (from the reference)," said Monika Cechova, co-lead author on the paper and postdoctoral scholar in biomolecular engineering at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in a statement. (cnn.com)
  • This type of statistical information is not transparent on the laboratory reports and is not something that the laboratory representatives will walk you through when they drop off the blood cards in your office. (medscape.com)
  • More than 41% of participants reported walking at a brisk pace. (ktvu.com)
  • Did you know that a brisk walk could add years to your life? (worldhealth.net)
  • For those of you looking to combine the benefits of blue and green space with brisk walking, hiking provides the perfect opportunity to do so, and we have listed some of the best American places for your anti-aging hiking adventures. (worldhealth.net)
  • However, it has been questioned whether loss of the Y chromosome is a biomarker of biological aging or whether loss of the Y chromosome has a direct effect on the health of men," he said. (cnn.com)
  • She has difficulty balancing and walking, and for her mother, Emma, looking after Teagan is a stressful and time-consuming job. (remap.org.uk)
  • The presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21 is associated with easily identifiable physical and anatomical characteristics, which are accompanied by cardiac, orthopedic, visual, hearing, and neurological alterations that trigger a delay in motor development 2-4 . (bvsalud.org)
  • BERLIN, GERMANY - APRIL 20: Elderly women walk at a fast pace in a park during the third wave of the coronavirus pandemic on April 20, 2021 in Berlin, Germany. (ktvu.com)
  • Nearly half the participants said they walked at an average/steady pace. (ktvu.com)
  • More than 6% of participants reported walking at a slow pace. (ktvu.com)
  • Scientists have finally decoded mysteries of the Y chromosome. (cnn.com)
  • Scientists have fully sequenced the Y chromosome for the first time, uncovering information that could have implications for the study of male infertility and other health problems. (cnn.com)
  • He continues to show that individuals with an extra chromosome can do anything they put their mind to. (prnewswire.com)
  • During cell division, macromolecule structures known as spindles form to segregate chromosomes. (jhunewsletter.com)
  • Selected areas of the parlodion film, are transferred to formvar coated EM grids, and the parlodion removed by immersion in amyl acetate (see Ris H, 1981 Stereoscopic Electron Microscopy of Chromosomes, Meth Cell Biol 22:77-96). (cellimagelibrary.org)
  • This must be supported by chromosome replication and epigenetic reprogramming, but how proliferation and cell fate acquisition are balanced in this process is not well understood. (bvsalud.org)
  • This Buddy Walk was particularly special for us as Elliot was able to walk across the finish line for the first time. (prnewswire.com)
  • For example, in addition to increasing overall walking, those who are able could aim to increase the number of steps completed in a given time (e.g. by walking faster to the bus stop). (worldhealth.net)
  • Another major question that Wignall set out to answer was how chromosomes move on spindles. (jhunewsletter.com)
  • DNA genealogy of major haplogroups of Y chromosome (Part 1). (scirp.org)
  • People who are assigned male at birth have an X and a Y chromosome, while those assigned female at birth have two X chromosomes. (cnn.com)
  • Many people begin to lose their Y chromosome in some of their cells as they age , particularly those cells that undergo rapid turnover, such as blood cells. (cnn.com)
  • They identified an early microtubule cage stage, composed of chromosomes surrounded by bundles of polymerizing microtubules constrained by a nuclear envelope that has begun to disassemble. (jhunewsletter.com)
  • Each pair contains two chromosomes, one from each parent, which means that children get half of their chromosomes from their mother and half from their father. (cdc.gov)
  • However, at least two families have been reported in which a ring chromosome 14 was passed from a mother to her children. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The accompanying grouped image, taken at 45 degrees forms a stereo pair, providing an oblique 3D view of the chromosome. (cellimagelibrary.org)
  • They also found a number of health risks associated with slow walkers that prevented them from walking faster such as obesity. (ktvu.com)
  • There was an association between walking onset and this asymmetry. (bvsalud.org)
  • onset being 3-10 years, many children unable to walk before 18 months of age. (who.int)
  • Further molecular characterization determined that these isolates all contained staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec V, were negative for Panton-Valentine leukocidin, and were closely related by macrorestriction analysis with the restriction enzyme Cfr91 . (cdc.gov)
  • The more detailed information provided by the new Y reference sequence will make it easier to study conditions and disorders linked to the chromosome, such as lack of sperm production that leads to infertility. (cnn.com)
  • With just his movements and the accompanying music, vignettes form and quickly draw in the audience, before fading away. (theatreview.org.nz)
  • DNA Genealogy, mutation rates, and some historical evidences written in Y-chromosome. (scirp.org)
  • High-risk women (over 35, previous pregnancy with chromosome abnormality, etc.) have a higher a priori risk, and, therefore, the positive predictive value (the chance that a "positive" test result is a true positive) is higher for them than it is for a woman who is at low risk. (medscape.com)