Chromium
Potassium Dichromate
Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.
Hexavalent chromium responsible for lung lesions induced by intratracheal instillation of chromium fumes in rats. (1/119)
Lung toxicity of chromium fumes (Cr fumes) was examined by a single intratracheal instillation into rats of 10.6 mg and 21.3 mg Cr fumes/kg body weight and by repeated (3 times) instillations of 10.8 mg and 21.7 mg Cr fumes/kg. The pathological changes were compared with those induced by single administrations of 3.2 mg and 19.2 mg Na2CO3 solution-insoluble fraction of Cr fumes (Cr-Fr)/kg and 20.8 mg commercially available chromium (III) oxide powder (Cr (III) oxide)/kg. Single and repeated administrations of Cr fumes suppressed growth rate in a dose-dependent manner, but administrations of Cr-Fr and Cr (III) oxide did not. A single administration of Cr fumes produced granulomas in the entire airways and alveoli with progressive fibrotic changes, as well as severe mobilization and destruction of macrophages and foamy cells. Those histopathological changes were aggravated by the repeated administration of Cr fumes. On the other hand, single administrations of Cr-Fr and Cr (III) oxide produced no remarkable histopathological changes. Cr fumes were found to be composed of 73.5% chromium (III) oxide and 26.5% chromium (VI) oxide. The primary particles of Cr fumes and Cr-Fr were similar, 0.02 micron in size (sigma g: 1.25), and Cr (III) oxide particles were 0.30 micron in size (sigma g: 1.53), measured by analytical electron microscopy (ATEM). Diffuse clusters of the primary particles in Cr fumes were identified as Cr (VI) oxide. The present results suggested that the lung toxicity of Cr fumes was mainly caused by these Cr (VI) oxide (CrO3) particles in Cr fumes. (+info)Recovery of 15N-lactoferrin is higher than that of 15N-casein in the small intestine of suckling, but not adult miniature pigs. (2/119)
Performance of biological functions of lactoferrin in the small intestine requires at least some resistance to degradation. Therefore, we studied prececal digestibility of lactoferrin in comparison to casein both in suckling and adult miniature pigs, applying 15N-labeled proteins. In study 1, 43 piglets (10-d-old), deprived of food for 12 h received 10 mL of sow's milk supplemented with 120 mg of 15N-labeled protein (porcine or bovine lactoferrin or bovine casein). Piglets were anesthetized 150 min later, after which the small intestine was excised, cut into three sections, and chyme was collected. In study 2, nine food-deprived boars fitted with T-canulae at the terminal ileum were given two semisynthetic experimental meals (204 g) in a cross-over design, 2 wk apart. One contained 7.5% (g/100 g) 15N-labeled bovine casein, the other 1.25% 15N-labeled bovine lactoferrin. Both were adjusted to 15% total protein with nonlabeled casein. Ileal chyme was collected from the canula over 33 h postprandially. All diets contained the indigestible marker chromic oxide. 15N-digestibility of lactoferrin, both porcine (84.4 +/- 3.2%) and bovine (82.3 +/- 4.8%), was significantly lower than casein digestibility (97.6 +/- 0.5%) in the distal small intestine of suckling piglets (P < 0.05). Based on immunoblotting after acrylamide electrophoresis, 4.5% of non- and partially digested lactoferrin was found in the last third of the small intestine of piglets. In adult miniature pigs there was no difference in 15N-digestibility of bovine lactoferrin compared to bovine casein (90.7 +/- 1.9% vs. 93.9 +/- 1.0%, P > 0.05). In suckling miniature pigs, the reduced digestibility of lactoferrin may provide the prerequisite for biological actions along the whole intestinal tract. The source of lactoferrin, porcine or bovine, made no difference in this respect. (+info)Dietary chromic oxide does not affect the utilization of organic compounds but can alter the utilization of mineral salts in gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. (3/119)
This study was conducted to determine whether the level of chromic oxide supplemented to diets containing gelatinized starch as the carbohydrate source affects digestibility, body composition, growth performances, and liver enzyme activities in gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata. Gilthead sea bream fingerlings were fed diets containing gelatinized corn starch as the carbohydrate source and several levels of chromic oxide (0, 5, 10 and 20 g/kg) for 6 wk. No effect of dietary chromium level was detected on carbon, nitrogen, or dry matter digestibility. Calcium and phosphorus digestibility were higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with 5 g/kg chromic oxide than in fish fed the other supplemented diets. Dietary chromium did not affect dry matter, carbon, nitrogen, protein, or lipid concentrations in fish. However, fish fed 5 g/kg chromic oxide generally had higher levels of calcium, phosphorus, and ash than fish fed the other Cr-containing diets. Chromium concentration was significantly higher in fish fed the diets with 0.5 and 1% chromic oxide than in fish fed the control diet. Chromium supplementation of the diets did not affect the specific growth rate, the food efficiency ratio, the protein efficiency ratio, or, protein or nitrogen retention of the fish. Blood glucose and the activity of several liver enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism were unaffected by dietary chromic oxide. Alanine aminotransferase was lower in the fish fed the diet with 10 g/kg of chromic oxide than in unsupplemented controls. Our results indicate that chromic oxide can be used as a neutral marker in fish nutrition studies involving organic compounds, but not mineral salts. (+info)Treatment of malignant pericardial effusion with 32P-colloid. (4/119)
Malignant pericardial effusion is usually treated only when signs of cardiac tamponade develop. Several methods of treatment have been reported with an overall response rate of approximately 75%. Since our initial study using intrapericardial 32P-colloid instillation as a treatment modality for pericardial effusion demonstrated a significant higher response rate, this study was conducted to further evaluate the efficacy of intrapericardial 32P-colloid in terms of response rates and duration of remissions. Intrapericardial instillation of 185-370 MBq (5-10 mCi) 32P-colloid in 36 patients with malignant pericardial effusion resulted in a complete remission rate of 94.5% (34 patients) whereas two patients did not respond to treatment due to a foudroyant formation of pericardial fluid. The median duration time was 8 months. No side-effects were observed. These results suggest that intrapericardial instillation of 32P-colloid is a simple, reliable and safe treatment strategy for patients with malignant pericardial effusions. Therefore, since further evidence is provided that 32P-colloid is significantly more effective than external radiation or non-radioactive sclerosing agents, this treatment modality should be considered for the management of malignant pericardial effusion. (+info)Morphological study on pigmented cells in the horse testis. (5/119)
One of the most attractive characteristics of a horse testis is the change of the weight during development. As the testicular weight changes and the number of Leydig cells decreases, pigments appear in interstitial tissues. In the present study, the characteristics of the pigments found in the interstitial tissues were examined histochemically and ultrastructurally. Specific stainings indicated that the pigmented granules showed almost all of the histological and histochemical characteristics of ceroid or ceroid-like pigment. The cells showed positive reaction for acid phosphatase while the pigmented cells contained a lot of lysosomes ultrastructurally. These results suggest that macrophages might phagocytize Leydig cells, and store their digested materials as ceroid-like pigment. (+info)Chromium(III) hydrolytic oligomers: their relevance to protein binding. (6/119)
The nature of chromium(III) complexes has been found to show a profound influence in its interaction with collagen. The hydrothermal stability of rat tail tendon (RTT) fibres treated with dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric species of chromium(III) has been found to be 102, 87 and 68 degrees C, while that of native RTT is 62 degrees C. This shows that the efficiency of crosslinking of collagen by chromium(III) species is dimeric > trimeric > tetrameric. This order of stabilisation is again confirmed by cyanogen bromide (CNBr) cleavage of RTT collagen treated with dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric chromium(III) species. CNBr has been found to cleave the collagen treated with tetrameric chromium(III) species extensively. On the other hand, dimer-treated collagen does not undergo any cleavage on CNBr treatment. The equilibrium constants for the reaction of a nucleophile like NCS(-) to the dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric species of chromium(III) have been found to be 15.7+/-0.1, 14.6+/-0.1 and 1.2+/-0.1 M(-1), respectively. These equilibrium constant values reflect the relative thermodynamic stability of the chromium(III) species-nucleophile complex. The low stabilising effect of the tetrameric species can be traced to its low thermodynamic affinity for nucleophiles. (+info)Thirteen-week subchronic rat inhalation toxicity study with a recovery phase of trivalent chromium compounds, chromic oxide, and basic chromium sulfate. (7/119)
The toxicity of trivalent chromium compounds; chromic oxide and basic chromium sulfate, was investigated in rats in a 13-week nose-only inhalation study that included a 13-week recovery period. Nose-only exposures to insoluble chromic oxide dust at 4.4, 15, or 44 mg/m3 or soluble basic chromium sulfate dust at 17, 54, or 168 mg/m3 (trivalent chromium equivalent concentrations of 3, 10, and 30 mg/m3) were carried out for 6 h/day, 5 days/week. No compound-related mortality occurred. General toxic effects, only observed with high-exposure levels of basic chromium sulfate, included sporadic signs of labored breathing and depressed body weights. No apparent compound-related effects were noted for sperm motility or morphology, for any concentration of either test material. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid evaluations showed test material in mononuclear cells with chromic oxide and increased neutrophils, protein, lactic dehydrogenase and cellular debris with basic chromium sulfate. The principle effects for both materials were primarily to the respiratory tract. Chromic oxide caused pathological changes in the bronchial and mediastinal lymphatic tissue and lungs, consisting of the presence of pigment-laden macrophages, lymphoid and septal hyperplasia, and interstitial inflammation similar to that observed with other inert dusts. Basic chromium sulfate produced more severe and widespread effects in the nasal cavity, larynx, lungs, and mediastinal lymph node. Effects were characterized by accumulation of foreign material, infiltration of alveolar macrophages, septal cell hyperplasia, and granulomatous and chronic inflammation. Pigment was still present in chromic oxide and, to a lesser extent, in basic chromium sulfate-treated animals after the 13-week recovery period, with partial recovery of the pathological lesions. A NOAEL was not established for either test material, but 4.4 mg/m3 was thought to be near the NOAEL level for subchronic exposure to chromic oxide. The results of this study indicate significant differences in toxicity to the respiratory tract between trivalent chromium compounds chromic oxide and basic chromium sulfate. These are likely related to differences in acidity and water solubility, rather than chromium concentration per se. This conclusion is substantiated by the lack of effect on other internal organs. (+info)Dissimilatory metal reduction by the facultative anaerobe Pantoea agglomerans SP1. (8/119)
Anaerobic enrichments with acetate as the electron donor and Fe(III) as the terminal electron acceptor were obtained from sediments of Salt Pond, a coastal marine basin near Woods Hole, Mass. A pure culture of a facultatively anaerobic Fe(III) reducer was isolated, and 16S rRNA analysis demonstrated that this organism was most closely related to Pantoea (formerly Enterobacter) agglomerans, a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae within the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria. This organism, designated strain SP1, can grow by coupling the oxidation of acetate or H(2) to the reduction of a variety of electron acceptors, including Fe(III), Mn(IV), Cr(VI), and the humic substance analog 2,6-anthraquinone disulfonate, but not sulfate. To our knowledge, this is the first mesophilic facultative anaerobe reported to couple acetate oxidation to dissimilatory metal reduction. (+info)Chromium compounds refer to various forms of the metallic element Chromium (Cr) that have combined with other elements or molecules, which can exist in different oxidation states, with Cr(III) being essential for human health in small amounts, while Cr(VI) compounds are toxic and carcinogenic.
Chromium compounds refer to combinations of the metallic element chromium with other chemical elements. Chromium is a transition metal that can form compounds in various oxidation states, but the most common ones are +3 (trivalent) and +6 (hexavalent).
Trivalent chromium compounds, such as chromium(III) chloride or chromium(III) sulfate, are essential micronutrients for human health, playing a role in insulin function and glucose metabolism. They are generally considered to be less toxic than hexavalent chromium compounds.
Hexavalent chromium compounds, such as chromium(VI) oxide or sodium dichromate, are much more toxic and carcinogenic than trivalent chromium compounds. They can cause damage to the respiratory system, skin, and eyes, and prolonged exposure has been linked to an increased risk of lung cancer.
It is important to note that while some chromium compounds have beneficial effects on human health, others can be highly toxic and should be handled with care. Exposure to hexavalent chromium compounds, in particular, should be minimized or avoided whenever possible.
Chromium is an essential trace element in human nutrition, primarily involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, facilitated by its role as a cofactor for insulin signaling pathways.
Chromium is an essential trace element that is necessary for human health. It is a key component of the glucose tolerance factor, which helps to enhance the function of insulin in regulating blood sugar levels. Chromium can be found in various foods such as meat, fish, whole grains, and some fruits and vegetables. However, it is also available in dietary supplements for those who may not get adequate amounts through their diet.
The recommended daily intake of chromium varies depending on age and gender. For adults, the adequate intake (AI) is 20-35 micrograms per day for women and 35-50 micrograms per day for men. Chromium deficiency is rare but can lead to impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
It's important to note that while chromium supplements are marketed as a way to improve insulin sensitivity and blood sugar control, there is limited evidence to support these claims. Moreover, excessive intake of chromium can have adverse effects on health, including liver and kidney damage, stomach irritation, and hypoglycemia. Therefore, it's recommended to consult with a healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplements containing chromium.
Chromates are salts or esters of chromic acid, used in various industrial applications such as metalworking fluids, paints, and plating solutions, which can be harmful if ingested or inhaled, and may cause allergic skin reactions, respiratory problems, and damage to the eyes.
Chromates are the salts or esters of chromic acid (H2CrO4) that contain the chromate ion (CrO4 2-). They are characterized by their yellow or orange color. Chromates are widely used in industry, for example as corrosion inhibitors, pigments, and wood preservatives. However, they are also toxic and carcinogenic, and exposure to chromates can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory issues, skin irritation, and damage to the eyes and mucous membranes. Therefore, their use is regulated in many countries, and appropriate safety measures must be taken when handling them.
Potassium Dichromate is an inorganic compound, represented as K2Cr2O7, with a bright orange-red crystalline structure, widely used as a chromium source in various industrial applications, including leather tanning, wood preservation, and textile dyeing, but its use in consumer products has been largely discontinued due to its high toxicity, potential carcinogenicity, and environmental hazards.
Potassium dichromate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula K2Cr2O7. It is a potassium salt of dichromic acid. In its pure form, potassium dichromate appears as a bright red or deep orange crystalline powder. It is highly soluble in water and has a sweetish, sour taste.
In the medical field, potassium dichromate has been historically used as an antiseptic and astringent, but its use has largely been discontinued due to its high toxicity and potential for causing severe health effects. It can cause skin and eye irritation, respiratory problems, and damage to the kidneys and liver. Long-term exposure has been linked to an increased risk of cancer. Therefore, it is important to handle potassium dichromate with care and use appropriate personal protective equipment when working with this compound.
Chromium alloys are materials composed of Chromium combined with other elements, typically metals, to create a new metal with enhanced properties such as increased hardness, strength, and resistance to corrosion and heat.
Chromium alloys are materials made by combining chromium with other metals, such as nickel, cobalt, or iron. The addition of chromium to these alloys enhances their properties, making them resistant to corrosion and high temperatures. These alloys have a wide range of applications in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, and medical devices.
Chromium alloys can be classified into two main categories: stainless steels and superalloys. Stainless steels are alloys that contain at least 10.5% chromium by weight, which forms a passive oxide layer on the surface of the material, protecting it from corrosion. Superalloys, on the other hand, are high-performance alloys designed to operate in extreme environments, such as jet engines and gas turbines. They contain significant amounts of chromium, along with other elements like nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum.
Chromium alloys have several medical applications due to their excellent properties. For instance, they are used in surgical instruments, dental implants, and orthopedic devices because of their resistance to corrosion and biocompatibility. Additionally, some chromium alloys exhibit superelasticity, a property that allows them to return to their original shape after being deformed, making them suitable for use in stents and other medical devices that require flexibility and durability.
Chromium compounds
Some other notable chromium(II) compounds include chromium(II) oxide CrO, and chromium(II) sulfate CrSO 4. Many chromium(II) ... A large number of chromium(III) compounds are known, such as chromium(III) nitrate, chromium(III) acetate, and chromium(III) ... Organic compounds containing Cr(IV) state such as chromium tetra t-butoxide are also known. Most chromium(I) compounds are ... Bis(benzene)chromium and chromium hexacarbonyl are highlights in organochromium chemistry. Chromium(II) compounds are uncommon ...
Chromium(IV) oxide
Chromium-oxygen compounds, Audio engineering, Transition metal oxides, Ferromagnetic materials, Chromium(IV) compounds). ... Chromium dioxide or chromium(IV) oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula CrO2. It is a black synthetic magnetic solid. ... "Chromium Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_067.{{cite ... Acicular chromium dioxide was first synthesized in 1956 by Norman L. Cox, a chemist at E.I. DuPont, by decomposing chromium ...
Chromium trioxide
... (also known as chromium(VI) oxide or chromic anhydride) is an inorganic compound with the formula CrO3. It is ... Chromium trioxide is a powerful oxidiser, a mutagen, and a carcinogen. Chromium trioxide is generated by treating sodium ... Chromium trioxide is highly toxic, corrosive, and carcinogenic. It is the main example of hexavalent chromium, an environmental ... The related chromium(III) derivatives are not particularly dangerous; thus, reductants are used to destroy chromium(VI) samples ...
Chromium(III) nitrate
Chromium nitrate can be prepared by dissolving chromium oxide in nitric acid. "Chromium(III) compounds [as Cr(III)]". ... Chromium(III) nitrate describes several inorganic compounds consisting of chromium, nitrate and varying amounts of water. Most ... Chromium(III) nitrate compounds are of a limited commercial importance, finding some applications in the dyeing industry. It is ... "Chromium Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_067. Lazar, ...
Chromium(III) sulfate
The hydrated salts of chromium sulfate can also be produced, albeit impure, by extraction of various other chromium compounds, ... Chromium(III) sulfate usually refers to the inorganic compounds with the formula Cr2(SO4)3.x(H2O), where x can range from 0 to ... The most useful source of chromium(III) sulfate are the Cr(III) wastes from the chromate oxidation of various organic compounds ... "Chromium Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_067.{{cite ...
Potassium
"Chromium Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Vol. 9. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 178. doi:10.1002/14356007. ... Organopotassium compounds illustrate nonionic compounds of potassium. They feature highly polar covalent K-C bonds. Examples ... Megatons of these compounds are produced annually. KOH is a strong base, which is used in industry to neutralize strong and ... In general, potassium compounds are ionic and, owing to the high hydration energy of the K+ ion, have excellent water ...
Chromium(III) fluoride
... is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CrF3. It forms several hydrates. The compound CrF3 is ... The anhydrous form sublimes at 1100-1200 °C. Like almost all compounds of chromium(III), these compounds feature octahedral Cr ... 3 HF A mixed valence compound Cr2F5 (chromium(II,III) fluoride) is also known. Chromium(III) fluoride finds some applications ... Chromium(III) compounds, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ...
Chromium(III) chloride
... compounds fact sheet NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards IARC Monograph "Chromium and Chromium compounds" (CS1 German- ... Similar hydration isomerism is seen with other chromium(III) compounds. Anhydrous chromium(III) chloride may be prepared by ... Although trivalent chromium is far less poisonous than hexavalent, chromium salts are generally considered toxic. "Chromium(III ... 12 HCl Chromium(III) chloride is used as the precursor to many organochromium compounds, for example bis(benzene)chromium, an ...
Hexavalent chromium
... (chromium(VI), Cr(VI), chromium 6) is chromium in any chemical compound that contains the element in the +6 ... There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chromium (VI) compounds. Chromium (VI) compounds cause cancer ... compounds. Chromium (VI) compounds are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). IARC (1999-11-05) [1990]. Volume 49: Chromium, Nickel ... Chromium compounds, Chromium(VI) compounds, Element toxicology, IARC Group 1 carcinogens, Chemical hazards). ...
Thomas Mancuso
Effects evaluation". Inorganic Chromium(III) Compounds. World Health Organization. p. 42-43. ISBN 978-92-4-153076-7. Archived ... He is credited as the first to understand a link between chromium and cancer. His 1997 paper based on the follow-up of 332 ... He is credited for being the first to understand that beryllium and chromium could cause cancer. During World War II, Mancuso ... Mancuso, Thomas F. (February 1997). "Chromium as an industrial carcinogen: Part I". American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 31 ...
Chromium(III) picolinate
Fairhurst, S.; Minty, C. (1989). The toxicity of chromium and inorganic chromium compounds. Toxicity Review; 21. London: H.M.S. ... This bright-red coordination compound is derived from chromium(III) and picolinic acid. Large quantities of chromium are needed ... Chromium(III) picolinate is a pinkish-red compound and was first reported in 1917. It is poorly soluble in water, having a ... Chromium Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals, 2003 Statement on the Mutagenicity of Trivalent Chromium and Chromium ...
Hinkley groundwater contamination
Hexavalent-chromium compounds are genotoxic carcinogens. In 1993, legal clerk Erin Brockovich began an investigation into the ... PG&E used chromium 6, or hexavalent chromium (a cheap and efficient rust suppressor), in its compressor station for natural-gas ... California was the first state to put into effect an MCL for hexavalent chromium (chromium 6) in drinking water in July 2014, ... According to CalEPA in 2015, "At the time Total Chromium MCLs were established, ingested Hexavalent Chromium associated with ...
Collins reagent
Generally speaking chromium (VI) compounds are carcinogenic. Fillmore Freeman (2001). "Dipyridine Chromium(VI) Oxide". e-EROS ... "Compounds of chromium(VI): The Pyridine.Chromic Anhydride Complex, Benzimidazolinium Dichromate, and Three 2-Alkyl-1H- ... Collins reagent is the complex of chromium(VI) oxide with pyridine in dichloromethane. This metal-pyridine complex, a red solid ... Sarett oxidation Oxidation with chromium(VI)-amine complexes Collins reagent can be used as an alternative to the Jones reagent ...
Chrome plating
Chromium compounds used in electroplating are toxic. In most countries, their disposal is tightly regulated. Some fume ... Trivalent chromium plating, also known as tri-chrome, Cr3+, and chrome (III) plating, uses chromium sulfate or chromium ... In some cases, the activation step is done in the chromium bath. The chromium bath is a mixture of chromium trioxide and ... Hexavalent chromium is the most toxic form of chromium. In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency regulates it heavily. ...
Vanadium compounds
Titanium compounds Chromium compounds Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). ... Vanadium(II) compounds are reducing agents, and vanadium(V) compounds are oxidizing agents. Vanadium(IV) compounds often exist ... Vanadium compounds are compounds formed by the element vanadium (V). The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the ... CS1 German-language sources (de), CS1 errors: periodical ignored, Chemical compounds by element, Vanadium, Vanadium compounds) ...
Chromium toxicity
Hexavalent chromium and its compounds are toxic when inhaled or ingested. Trivalent chromium is a trace mineral that is ... Trivalent chromium, or chromium(III), is the form of chromium that is essential to human health. Hexavalent chromium, or ... Hexavalent chromium and trivalent chromium are chromium ions-they have different numbers of electrons and, therefore, different ... Hexavalent chromium, also called chromium(VI), is hemotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic. When hexavalent chromium enters the ...
Chromium(III) telluride
Chromium telluride (Cr2Te3) is an inorganic chemical compound. It is composed of the chromium(III) cation and the telluride ... In addition, the compound also shows ferromagnetic properties. By creating thin films of chromium telluride, the compound can ... Chromium(III) compounds, Tellurides, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ... Chromium telluride samples that are highly saturated with tellurium were found to crystallize in a hexagonal structure, but ...
Calcium chromate
There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chromium (VI) compounds. Chromium (VI) compounds cause cancer ... There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chromium (VI) compounds. Chromium (VI) ... to the corresponding carbonyl compounds or metal oxides while the chromium(VI) centre in CaCrO4 is reduced to chromium(III). ... Also positive associations have been observed between exposure to Chromium (VI) compounds and cancer of the nose and nasal ...
Potassium chromate
There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chromium (VI) compounds. Chromium (VI) compounds cause cancer ... There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chromium (VI) compounds. Chromium (VI) ... Also positive associations have been observed between exposure to Chromium (VI) compounds and cancer of the nose and nasal ... "Chromium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005. doi:10.1002/14356007.a07_067 ...
Reproductive toxicity
Costa M, Klein CB (February 2006). "Toxicity and carcinogenicity of chromium compounds in humans". Critical Reviews in ... Each category includes pharmaceutical compounds and environmental compounds. Estrogenic or androgenic compounds will cause the ... Hexavalent chromium ( Cr VI) is used in the electronics industry and for metal plating. Chromium exposure is primarily ... Lipid soluble compounds that can cross the cell lipid bilayer and bind cytoplasmic steroid hormone receptors can translocate to ...
Chromium hydride
... s are compounds of chromium and hydrogen, and possibly other elements. Intermetallic compounds with not-quite- ... The other such compound is Chromium(I) hydride which is several times more stable. Both these compounds are stable at cryogenic ... Titanium in chromium hydride make the β-chromium form of the chromium-hydrogen solution more stable.[citation needed] Bradley, ... The first such compound found is dichromium hydride (Cr 2H), where the chromium-to-hydrogen ratio is 1/0.5, corresponding to a ...
Chromium(II) chloride
... describes inorganic compounds with the formula CrCl2(H2O)n. The anhydrous solid is white when pure, ... Chromium(II) chloride has no commercial uses but is used on a laboratory-scale for the synthesis of other chromium complexes. ... Sigma-Aldrich Co., Chromium(II) chloride. Retrieved on 2014-07-04. "MSDS of Chromium(II) chloride". fishersci.ca. Fisher ... Chromium(II) chloride is used as precursor to other inorganic and organometallic chromium complexes. Alkyl halides and ...
Chromium(IV) chloride
Chromium-halogen compounds, Chlorides, Metal halides, Chromium(IV) compounds, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ... Chromium(IV) chloride (CrCl4) is an unstable chromium compound. It is generated by combining chromium(III) chloride and ...
Sodium dichromate
There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of chromium (VI) compounds. Chromium (VI) compounds cause cancer ... Like all hexavalent chromium compounds, sodium dichromate is carcinogenic. The compound is also corrosive and exposure may ... There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of chromium (VI) compounds. Chromium (VI) ... Virtually all chromium ore is processed via conversion to sodium dichromate and virtually all compounds and materials based on ...
Iron(III) acetate
This paper describes the isostructure chromium and iron compounds. Blake, Antony B.; Yavari, Ahmad; Hatfield, William E.; ... form analogous compounds. Iron(III) acetate (lacking the oxo ligand) has been claimed as a red coloured compound from the ... The compound was an early example of a molecular complex of iron that features an oxide ligand. The cation has idealized D3h ... Mixed metal species are known such as [Fe2CoO(OAc)6(H2O)3]. Chromium(III), ruthenium(III), vanadium(III), and rhodium(III) ...
Chromium
Some other notable chromium(II) compounds include chromium(II) oxide CrO, and chromium(II) sulfate CrSO 4. Many chromium(II) ... A large number of chromium(III) compounds are known, such as chromium(III) nitrate, chromium(III) acetate, and chromium(III) ... Organic compounds containing Cr(IV) state such as chromium tetra t-butoxide are also known. Most chromium(I) compounds are ... Bis(benzene)chromium and chromium hexacarbonyl are highlights in organochromium chemistry. Chromium(II) compounds are uncommon ...
Chromium(II) sulfate
Chromium(II) compounds, Sulfates, Chromium-oxygen compounds, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ... Chromium(II) sulfate refers to inorganic compounds with the chemical formula CrSO4·n H2O. Several closely related hydrated ... the reduction of chromium(III) sulfate with zinc. In aqueous solutions chromium(II) sulfate forms metal aquo complexes, ... Solutions of chromium(II) are easily oxidized by air to Cr(III) species. Solutions of Cr(II) are used as specialized reducing ...
Chromium pentafluoride
Chromium-halogen compounds, Fluorides, Metal halides, Chromium(V) compounds, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ... Chromium difluoride Chromium trifluoride Chromium tetrafluoride Perry, Dale L. (2011). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Second ... Chromium pentafluoride is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula CrF5. It is a red volatile solid that melts at 34 °C ... It is the highest known chromium fluoride, since the hypothetical chromium hexafluoride has not yet been synthesized. Chromium ...
Chromium(II) iodide
... is the inorganic compound with the formula CrI2. It is a red-brown or black solid. The compound is made by ... Treatment of chromium powder with concentrated hydroiodic acid gives a blue hydrated chromium(II) iodide, which can be ... Holah, David G.; Fackler, John P. (1967). "Chromium(II) Salts and Complexes". Inorganic Syntheses: 26-35. doi:10.1002/ ... Reflecting the effects of its d4 configuration, chromium's coordination sphere is highly distorted. ...
Chromium(II) fluoride
Like other chromous compounds, chromium(II) fluoride is oxidized to chromium(III) oxide in air. The compound is prepared by ... Chromium(II) fluoride is an inorganic compound with the formula CrF2. It exists as a blue-green iridescent solid. Chromium(II) ... Chromium(II) compounds, Fluorides, Metal halides, All stub articles, Inorganic compound stubs). ... Chromyl fluoride Chromium(II) chloride Perry, Dale L. (2011). Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Second Edition. Boca Raton, ...
Trivalent ChromiumCadmiumPicolinateCarcinogenic compoundsOxidation stateLevels of chromiumInorganic CompoundsTotal chromiumBerylliumSaltsTrioxideMetalsOxidesNickelExposureZincToxicityChlorideAbsorptionEmissionsPigmentHexafluoride0.05CobaltCommerciallyCorundumRespiratoryChromeOrganometallicAcidicChemicalsReductionChemicalSimilar compoundsOrganic compoundsEssential nutrientNitrateAcetateDustBenzeneAcidsNaturally occurriComplexesBinarySiliconInsulinTurmericDeficiencyCarcinogenicityProcessesMercuryLatticeReadilyTraceConcentrationAtomsReactionsLead
Trivalent Chromium5
- 1984). "Urinary excretion of chromium as an indicator of exposure to trivalent chromium sulphate in leather tanning. (cdc.gov)
- Toxicological Review of Trivalent Chromium. (cdc.gov)
- Ferrous reduces hexavalent chromium to insoluble trivalent chromium, which can be readily settled out of waste streams as a particulate. (iwaponline.com)
- Chromium is present in food in the form of trivalent chromium or chromium (III). (familiprix.com)
- Chromium (more specifically, trivalent chromium ) is a mineral required in small quantities by the body. (msdmanuals.com)
Cadmium2
- No. The Deck Elite coating does not contain cadmium, nor does it contain chromium or chromium compounds. (grkfasteners.com)
- Cadmium and Chromium (Hexavalent compounds) which are known to the State of California to cause birth defects or other reproductive harm. (tintworld.com)
Picolinate8
- Anti-diabetic activity of chromium picolinate and biotin. (cambridge.org)
- The objective of the present study was to evaluate anti-diabetic effects of chromium picolinate (CrPic) and biotin supplementations in type 2 diabetic rats. (cambridge.org)
- Chromium Picolinate is another effective compound of PhenQ , which reduces the hunger for carbohydrates. (horsepigcow.com)
- Groups of 50 male and 50 female B6C3F1 mice were fed diets containing 0, 2000, 10000 or 50000 ppm chromium picolinate monohydrate for 105 weeks. (europa.eu)
- The results indicated the stability of chromium picolinate monohydrate as a bulk chemical for at least 2 weeks when stored in sealed amber glass containers at temperature up to 60°C. Periodic reanalyses of the bulk chemical were performed during the 2-year study using HPLC-UV, and no degradation of the bulk chemical was detected. (europa.eu)
- Picolinate is often paired with chromium in supplements ( chromium picolinate), supposedly to help the body absorb chromium more efficiently. (msdmanuals.com)
- Chromium picolinate is used for diabetes, high cholesterol, as well as a hormonal disorder in which women have enlarged ovaries with cysts (polycystic ovary syndrome or PCOS), and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses. (msdmanuals.com)
- There is also no evidence that chromium picolinate benefits body composition or cholesterol and triglyceride levels. (msdmanuals.com)
Carcinogenic compounds2
- The carcinogenic compounds of chromium were not proven in one, though, done on lab rats. (educationindex.com)
- It was later decided to include nitions of carcinogens were based on pollution, occupational exposure to a review of lifestyle factors that are the January 2013 list of agents classified carcinogenic compounds, and lifestyle known to influence cancer risk. (who.int)
Oxidation state4
- the oxidation state +5 is only realized in few compounds but are intermediates in many reactions involving oxidations by chromate. (wikipedia.org)
- Oxidation of this ore by air in molten alkali gives sodium chromate, Na 2 CrO 4 in which the chromium is in the +6 oxidation state. (webelements.com)
- The trivalent form, Cr(III), is the most stable oxidation state of chromium and compounds/complexes containing Cr(III) are common in natural systems ( Vaiopoulou & Gikas 2012 ). (iwaponline.com)
- means chromium in an oxidation state of +6. (gc.ca)
Levels of chromium4
- Our bodies can convert low levels of chromium trioxide to the harmless compound chromium (III) oxide. (ns.nl)
- Employees are not exposed to levels of chromium trioxide higher than the permitted standard. (ns.nl)
- High levels of chromium were definite in all tests. (educationindex.com)
- FDA product testing has also identified high levels of chromium in cinnamon samples and recalled apple cinnamon puree pouches. (cdc.gov)
Inorganic Compounds1
- The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) adopted new Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chromium and Inorganic Compounds. (lincolnelectric.com)
Total chromium2
- All measurements for total chromium (7440473) were below the OSHA limit, but about 85% of these measurements exceeded the NIOSH recommended limit of 0.001mg/m3. (cdc.gov)
- Total Chromium (Cr) when inhaled, chromium compounds are respiratory tract irritants and can cause pulmonary sensitization. (change.org)
Beryllium1
- Emerald is a form of beryl (a beryllium aluminium silicate) which is green because of the inclusion of a little chromium into the beryl crytal lattice in place of some of the aluminium ions. (webelements.com)
Salts2
- This kind of reaction is also observed with solutions of chrome alum and other water-soluble chromium(III) salts. (wikipedia.org)
- Fume particles contain a wide variety of oxides and salts of metals and other compounds, which are produced mainly from electrodes, filler wire and flux materials. (who.int)
Trioxide11
- In June 2015, chromium trioxide was detected in old layers of paint on some of our trains. (ns.nl)
- In solid form, chromium trioxide is not harmful to people or the environment. (ns.nl)
- Chromium trioxide is only harmful in vapour or dust form and in cases of long-term and/or frequent exposure. (ns.nl)
- During standard independent research when preparing for work on the train type DDM1 at NS subsidiary NedTrain, chromium trioxide was discovered in the old layers of paint and in some components. (ns.nl)
- NedTrain has compiled an inventory of where else chromium trioxide may be present and investigated whether the substance could be released during work activities. (ns.nl)
- This revealed that chromium trioxide could be present in old layers of paint on the exterior of the following train types SGM, ICM, ICR, Mat'64, loc DDAR, DDM1, E1700, VIRM and may be present in certain fasteners in other train types. (ns.nl)
- As soon as the chromium trioxide had been detected, all involved colleagues, the works council, the iSZW and shortly afterwards the trade unions, were informed. (ns.nl)
- After all, chromium trioxide raises many emotions, especially after reports from the Ministry of Defence on the subject. (ns.nl)
- We immediately enlisted the help of a specialised external bureau to conduct investigation into exposure to chromium trioxide on our behalf. (ns.nl)
- For current and former employees (including temporary workers) of NedTrain with questions about chromium trioxide, an independent information point has been set up at the CAOP. (ns.nl)
- Pyridinium dichromate is the pyridinium salt of dichromate that can be obtained by addition of pyridine to a solution of chromium trioxide in water. (organic-chemistry.org)
Metals3
- Chromium is a member of group 6, of the transition metals. (wikipedia.org)
- Emissions from Sludge Incinerators with Venturi and Tray Scrubbers and Wet Electrostatic Precipitators: Metals, Chromium and Nickel Compounds, and Organics. (epa.gov)
- First of all they established the concept by preparing similar compounds with a great number of other metals. (nobelprize.org)
Oxides1
- Binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and other compounds of chromium where known. (webelements.com)
Nickel1
- Fumes from the welding of stainless-steel and other alloys contain nickel compounds and chromium[VI] and [III]. (who.int)
Exposure11
- Where exposures are assessed to be over the TLV, many approaches can be considered in the workplace for reducing exposure levels to contaminants to levels below the TLV, including these new TLVs related to chromium compounds. (lincolnelectric.com)
- A Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL) of 0.0005 mg/m3 for inhalable hexavalent chromium compounds was also established. (lincolnelectric.com)
- The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of 5.0 µg/m3, remains the US exposure limit for Cr(VI) compounds enforced by OSHA. (lincolnelectric.com)
- The ACGIH is a long-standing body that is comprised of professional industrial hygienists and environmental health scientists whose fundamental task is to review applicable health studies, monitor reports related to the health effects and risks of exposure to compounds encountered in the workplace, and to advise regarding safe exposure levels. (lincolnelectric.com)
- 1985). "An analysis of lung cancer risk from exposure to hexavalent chromium. (cdc.gov)
- 1997). "Community exposure and medical screening near chromium waste sites in New Jersey. (cdc.gov)
- 1988). "Effects derived from long-term low-level chromium exposure in ferro-alloy metallurgy. (cdc.gov)
- Chronic, prolonged inhalational and skin exposure to chromium(VI) has been associated with chronic lung disease and ulceration of skin and mucous membranes. (cdc.gov)
- Medical treatment for chromium exposure is supportive as indicated from the clinical presentation. (cdc.gov)
- There is no specific antidote to treat chromium exposure, and there is no evidence to support the use of chelation therapy. (cdc.gov)
- Mean chromium levels in the general U.S. population are below limits of detection (LOD) in whole blood (LOD=0.41 µg/L) and urine (LOD=0.19 µg/L), as reported in the CDC National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals . (cdc.gov)
Zinc3
- Water-stable chromium(II) chloride CrCl 2 that can be made by reducing chromium(III) chloride with zinc. (wikipedia.org)
- The material is based on a chromium-free, aluminium-zinc compound. (hella.com)
- Plants and supplements: zinc, calcium carbonate, and antacids (wait two hours between taking these products and chromium supplements). (familiprix.com)
Toxicity4
- 1993). "Mechanisms of chromium carcinogenicity and toxicity. (cdc.gov)
- Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: review of the literature from 1985 to 2000. (cdc.gov)
- Hexavalent chromium is of particular concern because of its aquatic toxicity, and an increasing number of wastewater works have effluent discharge limits to protect receiving water courses, some as low as 8 μg Cr L −1 . (iwaponline.com)
- Ingested chromium has low toxicity, which can be partially explained by its low rate of absorption. (familiprix.com)
Chloride4
- The resulting bright blue solution created from dissolving chromium(II) chloride is stable at neutral pH. (wikipedia.org)
- Commercially available chromium(III) chloride hydrate is the dark green complex [CrCl2(H2O)4]Cl. (wikipedia.org)
- If anhydrous violet chromium(III) chloride is dissolved in water, the violet solution turns green after some time as the chloride in the inner coordination sphere is replaced by water. (wikipedia.org)
- They exist at an equilibrium, determined by pH: 2 [CrO4]2− + 2 H+ ⇌ [Cr2O7]2− + H2O Chromium(VI) oxyhalides are known also and include chromyl fluoride (CrO2F2) and chromyl chloride (CrO 2Cl 2). (wikipedia.org)
Absorption4
- Absorption of hexavalent chromium by skin in man. (cdc.gov)
- Intestinal absorption of trace quantities of chromium. (cdc.gov)
- The digestive tract environment and other foods and supplements are important factors in chromium absorption. (familiprix.com)
- Chromium supplements interfere with iron absorption. (msdmanuals.com)
Emissions2
- means equipment used to control emissions of hexavalent chromium compounds produced from or during chromium electroplating, chromium anodizing or reverse etching. (gc.ca)
- means air that is introduced into emissions produced from or during chromium electroplating, chromium anodizing or reverse etching and that dilutes those emissions. (gc.ca)
Pigment3
- Siberian red lead (crocoite, PrCrO 4 ) is a chromium ore prized as a red pigment for oil paints. (webelements.com)
- TSCA Definition 2008: An inorganic pigment that is the reaction product of high temperature calcination in which titanium (IV) oxide, chromium (III) oxide and antimony oxide in varying amounts are homogeneously and ionically interdiffused to form a crystalline matrix of rutile. (haz-map.com)
- Lead chromate, a chemical compound comprising lead and chromium, is a yellow pigment that can enhance the brightness of a substance. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Hexafluoride3
- However, despite several erroneous claims, chromium hexafluoride (as well as all higher hexahalides) remains unknown, as of 2020. (wikipedia.org)
- The oxidation number of chromium in chromium hexafluoride is 6 . (webelements.com)
- The table shows element percentages for CrF 6 (chromium hexafluoride). (webelements.com)
0.052
- The new TLV is 0.0002 mg/m3 for inhalable hexavalent chromium compounds, representing a 250-fold reduction from the previous 0.05 mg/m3 TLV. (lincolnelectric.com)
- The TLV for inhalable hexavalent chromium compounds [Cr(VI)] was reduced from 0.05 mg/m3 to a new TLV of 0.0002 mg/m3. (lincolnelectric.com)
Cobalt1
- British Library EThOS: Crystallographic studies of mono- to hexa-nuclear organometallic compounds of the chromium, iron and cobalt triads. (bl.uk)
Commercially2
- it is not normally necessary to make chromium in the laboratory as it is so readily available commercially. (webelements.com)
- The most useful source of chromium commercially is the ore chromite, FeCr 2 O 4 . (webelements.com)
Corundum2
- It is dehydrated by heating to form the green chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), a stable oxide with a crystal structure identical to that of corundum. (wikipedia.org)
- Similarly, traces of chromium incorporated into the crystal lattice of corundum (crystalline aluminium oxide, Al 2 O 3 ) as a replacement for some of the Al 3+ ions results in another highly coloured gem stone, in this case the red ruby. (webelements.com)
Respiratory1
- The ACGIH states that this new TLV for Cr(VI) compounds should minimize the potential for respiratory sensitization and the likelihood of asthmatic responses in already sensitized individuals. (lincolnelectric.com)
Chrome4
- The Cr3+ ion has a similar radius (63 pm) to Al3+ (radius 50 pm), and they can replace each other in some compounds, such as in chrome alum and alum. (wikipedia.org)
- Although the fume from some welding consumables does contain chromium and chromium compounds, it appears that the ACGIH's latest TLV reduction for hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is based on animal studies and studies involving workers in the chromium smelting, ferrochromium production, chromite ore mining and chrome plating industries. (lincolnelectric.com)
- The new TLV for inhalable inorganic chromium (III) compounds is based upon studies of Finnish chrome workers. (lincolnelectric.com)
- Chromium(VI) and chromium(III) are used for chrome plating, dyes and pigments, leather tanning, and wood preserving. (cdc.gov)
Organometallic5
- for their pioneering work performed independently on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds. (nobelprize.org)
- The birth of organometallic chemistry can be traced to the 18th century, but the first organometallic compound proper was prepared 1849 by Frankland in Great Britain. (nobelprize.org)
- Organometallic compounds of this type have since been prepared and studied in considerable detail. (nobelprize.org)
- The basic concept of organometallic chemistry was from 1949 and onwards widened through important contributions by the two British chemists Dewar and Chatt and a number of other scientists who investigated compounds where a metal atom was bonded to a bond between two carbon atoms rather than to the individual carbon atoms. (nobelprize.org)
- The small molecules which replace the plate molecules on one side of the metal atom were first carbonmonoxide, CO, and later methyl groups like in the first prepared organometallic compound with direct bonds between the metal and carbon atoms. (nobelprize.org)
Acidic3
- Both the chromate and dichromate anions are strong oxidizing reagents at low pH: Cr 2O2− 7 + 14 H 3O+ + 6 e− → 2 Cr3+ + 21 H 2O (ε0 = 1.33 V) They are, however, only moderately oxidizing at high pH: CrO2− 4 + 4 H 2O + 3 e− → Cr(OH) 3 + 5 OH− (ε0 = −0.13 V) Chromium(VI) compounds in solution can be detected by adding an acidic hydrogen peroxide solution. (wikipedia.org)
- Conversely, acidic foods, when processed or handled with stainless steel kitchen utensils, have a higher chromium concentration. (familiprix.com)
- Chromium(VI) compounds may be converted to chromium(III) in acidic environments. (cdc.gov)
Chemicals4
- The factory produced chromium-based chemicals used in the leather tanning industry. (worstpolluted.org)
- The chemicals are referred to as "chromium blue. (worstpolluted.org)
- Compound groups are groups of chemicals that share structural or chemical features. (pharosproject.net)
- This compound group is populated by taking the more general compound group and subtracting the chemicals found in the relevent Annex. (pharosproject.net)
Reduction3
- Chromium(III) can be obtained by dissolving elemental chromium in acids like hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, but it can also be formed through the reduction of chromium(VI) by cytochrome c7. (wikipedia.org)
- The new TLV for chromium compounds includes a .003 mg/m3 limit for inhalable chromium (III) compounds, which is a 167-fold reduction from the previous 0.5 mg/m3 TLV. (lincolnelectric.com)
- 1987). "Circadian reduction of chromium in the gastric environment. (cdc.gov)
Chemical5
- Toxic chromium compounds from an abandoned chemical factory in Ranipet, India, leach into the watershed. (worstpolluted.org)
- Chromium-6 is a chemical compound that was made famous in a movie about environmental activist Erin Brockovich. (azpbs.org)
- This discovery had a great impact on the chemical thinking of the time, mainly because it was the first chemical compound between a metal atom Zn and an organic radical methyl CH 3 . (nobelprize.org)
- In the chemical language of our time it was the first compound which contained chemical bonds between a metal atom and carbon atoms (see figure 1 ). (nobelprize.org)
- It is estimated that a tobacco leaf contains more than 6000 chemical compounds that undergo a lot of changes till the final product is formed. (who.int)
Similar compounds1
- Compound groups are useful because in some cases, lists will instead identify a group of structurally similar compounds (such as lead compounds) as all having the same hazard. (pharosproject.net)
Organic compounds2
- Welders who weld painted mild steel can also be exposed to a range of organic compounds produced by pyrolysis. (who.int)
- Inorganic or organic compounds that contain arsenic. (bvsalud.org)
Essential nutrient2
Nitrate1
- A large number of chromium(III) compounds are known, such as chromium(III) nitrate, chromium(III) acetate, and chromium(III) oxide. (wikipedia.org)
Acetate1
- The red chromium(II) acetate (Cr2(O2CCH3)4) is somewhat famous. (wikipedia.org)
Dust2
- Chromium is a naturally occurring element found in rocks, animals, plants, soil, and in volcanic dust and gases. (cdc.gov)
- Evidenced proved that indoor dust was highly toxic and yielded a link between the dust and chromium levels. (educationindex.com)
Benzene1
- Bis(benzene)chromium and chromium hexacarbonyl are highlights in organochromium chemistry. (wikipedia.org)
Acids1
- Most of chromium's compounds are soluble when exposed to stomach acids. (familiprix.com)
Naturally occurri1
- Chromium is a naturally occurring element with trace levels normally found in the diet. (cdc.gov)
Complexes1
- Chromium(III) tends to form octahedral complexes. (wikipedia.org)
Binary1
- The only binary compound is the volatile chromium(V) fluoride (CrF5). (wikipedia.org)
Silicon1
- The oxide is then further reduced with aluminium or silicon to form chromium metal. (webelements.com)
Insulin3
- Chromium forms a compound in the body that seems to enhance the effects of insulin and lower glucose levels. (msdmanuals.com)
- Although chromium deficiency impairs insulin function, supplementation has not been shown to help people with diabetes, except for small changes in blood sugar. (msdmanuals.com)
- Chromium might tend to lower blood sugar, particularly when combined with insulin or metformin , but neither this drug combination nor others have been proven. (msdmanuals.com)
Turmeric2
- Turmeric lead and chromium concentrations were highest in the Dhaka and Munshiganj regions (minimal turmeric producers), where the team detected a maximum concentration of 1,152 micrograms/gram (µg/g), compared with 690 µg/g in the nine major turmeric-producing districts. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Lead chromate, which contains chromium(VI), has been used to adulterate turmeric and other spices. (cdc.gov)
Deficiency3
- People who are fed through a stomach tube systematically receive a chromium-enriched nutritive solution to prevent long term deficiency, which could lead to diabetic symptoms. (familiprix.com)
- Chromium Deficiency Chromium deficiency is rare in developed countries and can result from intravenous feeding (total parenteral nutrition) used for a long time. (msdmanuals.com)
- Chromium supplements should not be used by people with kidney or liver disorders or by people with iron deficiency. (msdmanuals.com)
Carcinogenicity1
- A number of published carcinogenicity studies have been performed with chromium (III) oxide. (europa.eu)
Processes4
- These changes are not specific to the welding industry, but may impact welding and its allied processes that contain chromium compounds and/or may contain chromium compounds in the fume. (lincolnelectric.com)
- The fume from some welding consumables - and from some other allied processes - does contain chromium and chromium compounds which is why this change is of importance to the welding industry. (lincolnelectric.com)
- Chromium(VI) and chromium(0) are generally produced by industrial processes. (cdc.gov)
- Chromium (Cr) is an abundant and useful transition metal, considered a micronutrient in its trivalent form and employed in a multitude of industrial processes in its other oxidation states (especially the hexavalent), due to its hardness and resistance to tarnishing. (iwaponline.com)
Mercury1
- Some of them are well known, or rather ill-known, because of the environmental hazards they have caused, such as organo-mercury and organo-lead compounds. (nobelprize.org)
Lattice1
- Mixed phase dye based on titanium dioxide (rutile) where chromium & antimony ions partially replace titanium ions in the lattice. (haz-map.com)
Readily2
- Chromium(II) compounds are uncommon, in part because they readily oxidize to chromium(III) derivatives in air. (wikipedia.org)
- Curiously, DDC have gone undetected in studies of cultured cells using the alkaline elution (AE) technique, whereas chromium-mediated DNA-protein crosslinks (DPC) were readily detected by AE. (duke.edu)
Trace2
- Chromium is an essential trace element and has a role in glucose metabolism. (webelements.com)
- In anything other than trace amounts, chromium compounds should be regarded as highly toxic. (webelements.com)
Concentration1
- An amount (or concentration) of a metal's compound is the sum of the amounts (or concentrations) of that metal in those compounds. (ontario.ca)
Atoms2
- Chromium atoms have 24 electrons and the shell structure is 2.8.13.1. (webelements.com)
- Still more striking was, however, the suggestion independently by Fischer and Wilkinson that there existed compounds which contained bonds between metal atoms and a whole molecule, arranged in a way which has not been considered as possible or probable earlier. (nobelprize.org)
Reactions2
- Chromium is a micronutrient, or small molecule, that is necessary for various reactions occurring inside the body. (familiprix.com)
- Little information is available to measure adverse reactions from excess chromium. (familiprix.com)
Lead3
- Unbeknownst to consumers, that allowed for the inclusion of arsenic, lead and hexavalent chromium. (lacykatzen.com)
- The researchers used mass spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence to identify the lead and chromium concentrations in all 524 of the samples that they collected. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- While harm resulting from ingesting lead-contaminated food is relatively well researched , the effects of eating food contaminated with chromium(VI), as a constituent of lead chromate, are not well understood. (cdc.gov)
