Separation of a mixture in successive stages, each stage removing from the mixture some proportion of one of the substances, for example by differential solubility in water-solvent mixtures. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.
Separation of molecules and particles by a simultaneous action of carrier liquid flow and focusing field forces (electrical, sedimentation, or thermal), without a stationary phase.
Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)
The composition, conformation, and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.
The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.
Methodologies used for the isolation, identification, detection, and quantitation of chemical substances.
Techniques used to separate mixtures of substances based on differences in the relative affinities of the substances for mobile and stationary phases. A mobile phase (fluid or gas) passes through a column containing a stationary phase of porous solid or liquid coated on a solid support. Usage is both analytical for small amounts and preparative for bulk amounts.
The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.
An acquired disorder characterized by recurrent symptoms, referable to multiple organ systems, occurring in response to demonstrable exposure to many chemically unrelated compounds at doses below those established in the general population to cause harmful effects. (Cullen MR. The worker with multiple chemical sensitivities: an overview. Occup Med 1987;2(4):655-61)

Induction of AT-specific DNA-interstrand crosslinks by bizelesin in genomic and simian virus 40 DNA. (1/999)

Bizelesin is a bifunctional AT-specific DNA alkylating drug. Our study characterized the ability of bizelesin to induce interstrand crosslinks, a potential lethal lesion. In genomic DNA of BSC-1 cells, bizelesin formed from approx. 0.3 to 6.03+/-0.85 interstrand crosslinks per 106 base pairs, at 5-100 nM drug concentration, respectively, comparable to the number of total adducts previously determined in the same system (J.M. Woynarowski, M.M. McHugh, L.S. Gawron, T.A. Beerman, Biochemistry 34 (1995) 13042-13050). Bizelesin did not induce DNA-protein crosslinks or strand breaks. A model defined target, intracellular simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA, was employed to map at the nucleotide level sites of bizelesin adducts, including potential interstrand crosslinks. Preferential adduct formation was observed at AT tracts which are abundant in the SV40 matrix associated region and the origin of replication. Many sites, including each occurrence of 5'-T(A/T)4A-3', co-mapped on both DNA strands suggesting interstrand crosslinks, although monoadducts were also formed. Bizelesin adducts in naked SV40 DNA were found at similar sites. The localization of bizelesin-induced crosslinks in AT-rich tracts of replication-related regions is consistent with the potent anti-replicative properties of bizelesin. Given the apparent lack of other types of lesions in genomic DNA, interstrand crosslinks localized in AT-rich tracts, and to some extent perhaps also monoadducts, are likely to be lethal effects of bizelesin.  (+info)

Separation and properties of two acetylacetoin reductases from Bacillus cereus YUF-4. (2/999)

The separation and purification of two kinds of acetylacetoin reductases (AACRs) from Bacillus cereus YUF-4 were examined. NADPH-linked AACR (AACR I) and NADH-linked AACR (AACR II) were separated from each other by ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and hydroxyapatite chromatography. The former was purified 3.4-fold with a yield of 10.0%, and the latter was purified 29-fold with a yield of 15.6%. The two enzymes differ from each other in some enzymic properties such as substrate specificity.  (+info)

Two types of HTLV-1 particles are released from MT-2 cells. (3/999)

The MT-2 cell line transformed by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) contains one complete provirus and seven defective proviruses. Four defective genomes have an identical structure (LTR-MA-deltaCA-pX-LTR) with an open reading frame that spans from MA to pX, giving rise to a 3.4-kb (24S) RNA transcript encoding a chimeric Gag-pX protein, p28. MT-2 cells release two distinct types of virions. The major "classic" type of particle has a buoyant density of 1.155-1.16 g/cm3 and contains the standard HTLV-I structural proteins and reverse transcriptase (RT). In addition, about 5% of particles are "light," approximately 1.12 g/cm3, and contain p28, RT activity, and the 3.4-kb RNA transcript. RT-PCR and in vitro translation indicate that some of the classic HTLV-1 particles package 3.4-kb RNA as well as full-length 8.5-kb RNA. In addition to matrix features, the p28 protein has a motif resembling a zinc finger at the C-terminal, pX0 region, which may play a role in the assembly of the defective light virions.  (+info)

Localization of a candidate surfactant convertase to type II cells, macrophages, and surfactant subfractions. (4/999)

Pulmonary surfactant exists in the alveolus in several distinct subtypes that differ in their morphology, composition, and surface activity. Experiments by others have implicated a serine hydrolase in the production of the inactive small vesicular subtype of surfactant (N. J. Gross and R. M. Schultz. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1044: 222-230, 1990). Our laboratory recently identified this enzyme in the rat as the serine carboxylesterase ES-2 [F. Barr, H. Clark, and S. Hawgood. Am. J. Physiol. 274 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 18): L404-L410, 1998]. In the present study, we determined the cellular sites of expression of ES-2 in rat lung using a digoxygenin-labeled ES-2 riboprobe. ES-2 mRNA was localized to type II cells and alveolar macrophages but not to Clara cells. Using a specific ES-2 antibody, we determined the protein distribution of ES-2 in the lung by immunohistochemistry, and it was found to be consistent with the sites of mRNA expression. Most of the ES-2 in rat bronchoalveolar lavage is in the surfactant-depleted supernatant, but ES-2 was also consistently localized to the small vesicular surfactant subfraction presumed to form as a consequence of conversion activity. These results are consistent with a role for endogenous lung ES-2 in surfactant metabolism.  (+info)

Inhibition of protein denaturation by fatty acids, bile salts and other natural substances: a new hypothesis for the mechanism of action of fish oil in rheumatic diseases. (5/999)

Natural hydrophobic substances like bile salts (cholate, deoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, lithocholate and their conjugates with glycine and taurine), fatty acids (caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid) were much more active (EC50 approximately 10(-4)-10(-5) M) than selected amino acids (EC50 > 10(-2) M) and inorganic salts (EC50 approximately 10(-1) M) in inhibiting heat-induced denaturation of human serum albumin in vitro. Fish oil, rich in n-3-polyunsaturated acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, administered p.o. (1 ml/kg) in the rat, protected ex vivo (after 2 hr) serum against heat-induced denaturation more than bendazac, a known antidenaturant drug. Thus, we speculated that the antidenaturant activity of fish oil may be partly (in addition to the known effect on endogenous eicosanoid composition) responsible for its beneficial effects in rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic conditions. In this connection, it is of note that the in vitro antidenaturant activity of fish oil fatty acids was higher than that of known antidenaturant drugs such as bendazac and bindarit and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like phenylbutazone and indomethacin which could exert beneficial effects in chronic inflammatory conditions by stabilizing endogenous proteins.  (+info)

European interlaboratory comparison of breath 13CO2 analysis. (6/999)

The BIOMED I programme Stable Isotopes in Gastroenterology and Nutrition (SIGN) has focused upon evaluation and standardisation of stable isotope breath tests using 13C labelled substrates. The programme dealt with comparison of 13C substrates, test meals, test conditions, analysis techniques, and calculation procedures. Analytical techniques applied for 13CO2 analysis were evaluated by taking an inventory of instrumentation, calibration protocols, and analysis procedures. Two ring tests were initiated measuring 13C abundances of carbonate materials. Evaluating the data it was found that seven different models of isotope ratio mass spectrometers (IRMS) were used by the participants applying both the dual inlet system and the continuous flow configuration. Eight different brands of certified 13C reference materials were used with a 13C abundance varying from delta 13CPDB -37.2 to +2.0/1000. CO2 was liberated from certified material by three techniques and different working standards were used varying from -47.4 to +0.4/1000 in their delta 13CPDB value. The standard deviations (SDs) found for all measurements by all participants were 0.25/1000 and 0.50/1000 for two carbonates used in the ring tests. The individual variation for the single participants varied from 0.02 /1000 (dual inlet system) to 0.14/1000 (continuous flow system). The measurement of the difference between two carbonates showed a SD of 0.33/1000 calculated for all participants. Internal precision of IRMS as indicated by the specifications of the different instrument suppliers is < 0.3/1000 for continuous flow systems. In this respect it can be concluded that all participants are working well within the instrument specifications even including sample preparation. Increased overall interlaboratory variation is therefore likely to be due to non-instrumental conditions. It is possible that consistent differences in sample handling leading to isotope fractionation are the causes for interlaboratory variation. Breath analysis does not require sample preparation. As such, interlaboratory variation will be less than observed for the carbonate samples and within the range indicated as internal precision for continuous flow instruments. From this it is concluded that pure analytical interlaboratory variation is acceptable despite the many differences in instrumentation and analytical protocols. Coordinated metabolic studies appear possible, in which different European laboratories perform 13CO2 analysis. Evaluation of compatibility of the analytical systems remains advisable, however.  (+info)

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of oral black-pigmented bacteria induce tumor necrosis factor production by LPS-refractory C3H/HeJ macrophages in a way different from that of Salmonella LPS. (7/999)

Some lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations from S- or R-form members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and oral black-pigmented bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia) are known to activate LPS-refractory C3H/HeJ macrophages. When contaminating proteins are removed from R-form LPS of Enterobacteriaceae by repurification, however, this ability is lost. In the present study, we investigated the capacity of LPS from P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, Salmonella minnesota, and Salmonella abortusequi to induce production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in gamma interferon-primed C3H/HeJ macrophages before and after repurification. P. abortusequi S-LPS was fractionated by centrifugal partition chromatography into two LPS forms: SL-LPS, having homologous long O-polysaccharide chains, and SS-LPS having short oligosaccharide chains. Prior to repurification, all LPS forms except SL-LPS induced TNF production in both C3H/HeJ and C3H/HeN macrophages. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that repurification removed contaminating protein from the preparations, and repurified SS-LPS and S. minnesota Ra-LPS no longer stimulated TNF production in C3H/HeJ macrophages, although C3H/HeN macrophages remained responsive. In contrast, repurified oral bacterial LPS retained the capacity to induce TNF production in C3H/HeJ macrophages. Oral bacterial LPS preparations also were not antagonized by excess inactive, repurified SL-LPS; Ra-LPS; Rhodobacter sphaeroides lipid A, a competitive LPS antagonist, or paclitaxel, an LPS agonist, and they were comparatively resistant to polymyxin B treatment. Nevertheless, oral bacterial LPS was less toxic to D-galactosamine-treated C3H/HeN mice than was LPS from Salmonella. These findings indicate that the active molecule(s) and mode of action of LPS from P. gingivalis and P. intermedia are quite different from those of LPS from Salmonella.  (+info)

Characterization of a novel trypanosome lytic factor from human serum. (8/999)

Natural resistance of humans to the cattle pathogen Trypanosoma brucei brucei has been attributed to the presence in human serum of nonimmune factors that lyse the parasite. Normal human serum contains two trypanosome lytic factors (TLFs). TLF1 is a 500-kDa lipoprotein, which is reported to contain apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), haptoglobin-related protein (Hpr), hemoglobin, paraoxonase, and apoA-II, whereas TLF2 is a larger, poorly characterized particle. We report here a new immunoaffinity-based purification procedure for TLF2 and TLF1, as well as further characterization of the components of each purified TLF. Immunoaffinity-purified TLF1 has a specific activity 10-fold higher than that of TLF1 purified by previously described methods. Moreover, we find that TLF1 is a lipoprotein particle that contains mainly apoA-I and Hpr, trace amounts of paraoxonase, apoA-II, and haptoglobin, but no detectable hemoglobin. Characterization of TLF2 reveals that it is a 1,000-kDa protein complex containing mainly immunoglobulin M, apoA-I, and Hpr but less than 1% detectable lipid.  (+info)

Chemical fractionation is a process used in analytical chemistry to separate and isolate individual components or fractions from a mixture based on their chemical properties. This technique typically involves the use of various chemical reactions, such as precipitation, extraction, or chromatography, to selectively interact with specific components in the mixture and purify them.

In the context of medical research or clinical analysis, chemical fractionation may be used to isolate and identify individual compounds in a complex biological sample, such as blood, urine, or tissue. For example, fractionating a urine sample might involve separating out various metabolites, proteins, or other molecules based on their solubility, charge, or other chemical properties, allowing researchers to study the individual components and their roles in health and disease.

It's worth noting that while chemical fractionation can be a powerful tool for analyzing complex mixtures, it can also be time-consuming and technically challenging, requiring specialized equipment and expertise to perform accurately and reliably.

Cell fractionation is a laboratory technique used to separate different cellular components or organelles based on their size, density, and other physical properties. This process involves breaking open the cell (usually through homogenization), and then separating the various components using various methods such as centrifugation, filtration, and ultracentrifugation.

The resulting fractions can include the cytoplasm, mitochondria, nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and other organelles. Each fraction can then be analyzed separately to study the biochemical and functional properties of the individual components.

Cell fractionation is a valuable tool in cell biology research, allowing scientists to study the structure, function, and interactions of various cellular components in a more detailed and precise manner.

Field flow fractionation (FFF) is a type of separation technique used in laboratory settings, particularly in the field of biophysics and analytical chemistry. It is not a medical term per se, but it can have applications in medical research and diagnostics. Here's a brief explanation:

Field flow fractionation separates particles or molecules based on their size, shape, charge, or other physical properties by applying a field (like a gravitational, electric, or magnetic field) within a narrow channel. The sample is introduced at one end of the channel and the field causes the particles to move along the channel at different speeds, depending on their properties. Larger or denser particles will move more slowly than smaller or lighter ones, allowing for separation based on size or density.

In the context of medical research, FFF can be used to separate and analyze biological molecules like proteins, DNA, or nanoparticles, which can have important implications in fields such as drug development, diagnostics, and environmental monitoring.

Subcellular fractions refer to the separation and collection of specific parts or components of a cell, including organelles, membranes, and other structures, through various laboratory techniques such as centrifugation and ultracentrifugation. These fractions can be used in further biochemical and molecular analyses to study the structure, function, and interactions of individual cellular components. Examples of subcellular fractions include nuclear extracts, mitochondrial fractions, microsomal fractions (membrane vesicles), and cytosolic fractions (cytoplasmic extracts).

Chemical phenomena refer to the changes and interactions that occur at the molecular or atomic level when chemicals are involved. These phenomena can include chemical reactions, in which one or more substances (reactants) are converted into different substances (products), as well as physical properties that change as a result of chemical interactions, such as color, state of matter, and solubility. Chemical phenomena can be studied through various scientific disciplines, including chemistry, biochemistry, and physics.

Molecular weight, also known as molecular mass, is the mass of a molecule. It is expressed in units of atomic mass units (amu) or daltons (Da). Molecular weight is calculated by adding up the atomic weights of each atom in a molecule. It is a useful property in chemistry and biology, as it can be used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution, or to calculate the amount of a substance that will react with another in a chemical reaction.

A chemical model is a simplified representation or description of a chemical system, based on the laws of chemistry and physics. It is used to explain and predict the behavior of chemicals and chemical reactions. Chemical models can take many forms, including mathematical equations, diagrams, and computer simulations. They are often used in research, education, and industry to understand complex chemical processes and develop new products and technologies.

For example, a chemical model might be used to describe the way that atoms and molecules interact in a particular reaction, or to predict the properties of a new material. Chemical models can also be used to study the behavior of chemicals at the molecular level, such as how they bind to each other or how they are affected by changes in temperature or pressure.

It is important to note that chemical models are simplifications of reality and may not always accurately represent every aspect of a chemical system. They should be used with caution and validated against experimental data whenever possible.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic technique that provides information about the biochemical composition of tissues, including their metabolic state. It is often used in conjunction with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to analyze various metabolites within body tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, and muscles.

During MRS, a strong magnetic field, radio waves, and a computer are used to produce detailed images and data about the concentration of specific metabolites in the targeted tissue or organ. This technique can help detect abnormalities related to energy metabolism, neurotransmitter levels, pH balance, and other biochemical processes, which can be useful for diagnosing and monitoring various medical conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders, and metabolic diseases.

There are different types of MRS, such as Proton (^1^H) MRS, Phosphorus-31 (^31^P) MRS, and Carbon-13 (^13^C) MRS, each focusing on specific elements or metabolites within the body. The choice of MRS technique depends on the clinical question being addressed and the type of information needed for diagnosis or monitoring purposes.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."

1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.

2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.

3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.

4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).

Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.

Analytical chemistry techniques are a collection of methods and tools used to identify and quantify the chemical composition of matter. These techniques can be used to analyze the presence and amount of various chemicals in a sample, including ions, molecules, and atoms. Some common analytical chemistry techniques include:

1. Spectroscopy: This technique uses the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and matter to identify and quantify chemical species. There are many different types of spectroscopy, including UV-Vis, infrared (IR), fluorescence, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
2. Chromatography: This technique separates the components of a mixture based on their physical or chemical properties, such as size, charge, or polarity. Common types of chromatography include gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), and thin-layer chromatography (TLC).
3. Mass spectrometry: This technique uses the mass-to-charge ratio of ions to identify and quantify chemical species. It can be used in combination with other techniques, such as GC or LC, to provide structural information about unknown compounds.
4. Electrochemical methods: These techniques use the movement of electrons to measure the concentration of chemical species. Examples include potentiometry, voltammetry, and amperometry.
5. Thermal analysis: This technique uses changes in the physical or chemical properties of a sample as it is heated or cooled to identify and quantify chemical species. Examples include differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

These are just a few examples of the many analytical chemistry techniques that are available. Each technique has its own strengths and limitations, and the choice of which to use will depend on the specific needs of the analysis.

Chromatography is a technique used in analytical chemistry for the separation, identification, and quantification of the components of a mixture. It is based on the differential distribution of the components of a mixture between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. The stationary phase can be a solid or liquid, while the mobile phase is a gas, liquid, or supercritical fluid that moves through the stationary phase carrying the sample components.

The interaction between the sample components and the stationary and mobile phases determines how quickly each component will move through the system. Components that interact more strongly with the stationary phase will move more slowly than those that interact more strongly with the mobile phase. This difference in migration rates allows for the separation of the components, which can then be detected and quantified.

There are many different types of chromatography, including paper chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Each type has its own strengths and weaknesses, and is best suited for specific applications.

In summary, chromatography is a powerful analytical technique used to separate, identify, and quantify the components of a mixture based on their differential distribution between a stationary phase and a mobile phase.

Molecular structure, in the context of biochemistry and molecular biology, refers to the arrangement and organization of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule. It describes the three-dimensional layout of the constituent elements, including their spatial relationships, bond lengths, and angles. Understanding molecular structure is crucial for elucidating the functions and reactivities of biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Various experimental techniques, like X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), are employed to determine molecular structures at atomic resolution, providing valuable insights into their biological roles and potential therapeutic targets.

Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS), also known as Idiosyncratic Intolerance, is a chronic condition characterized by symptoms that the affected person attributes to low-level exposure to chemicals in the environment. These reactions are not part of a recognized allergic response and are often delayed in onset.

The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) defines MCS as: "A heightened sensitivity to chemicals that most people tolerate well... Symptoms can include headache, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, confusion, joint pain, and digestive disturbances."

However, it's important to note that the medical community has not reached a consensus on the definition, cause, or diagnosis of MCS. Some healthcare providers question its validity as a distinct medical entity due to lack of consistent scientific evidence supporting the relationship between exposure levels and symptoms.

... is a chemical process in which hydrophobic molecules are preferentially separated from a liquid solution ... Jameson GJ 2007 Modeling continuous foam fractionation with reflux, Chemical Engineering and Processing 39, p.590 Ward AFH & ... that enabled a preliminary mechanistic description of foam fractionation. The synergies between foam fractionation and froth ... Foam fractionation proceeds via two mechanisms: The target molecule adsorbs to a bubble surface, and The bubbles form a foam ...
"Chemical fractionations in meteorites−III. Major element fractionations in chondrites". Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 34 (3): 367− ... Their overall chemical composition closely resembles the elemental composition of the Sun (and hence the whole Solar System), ... Chemical abundances are "very similar" to CM, "distinctly higher than the CI chondrite" levels. Although the carbon and ... Asplund, M.; Amarsi, A. M.; Grevesse, N. (2021). "The chemical make-up of the Sun: A 2020 vision". Astron. Astrophys. 653: A141 ...
"Theoretical Analysis of Chemical Isotope Fractionation by Orthogonal Polynomial Methods". Isotope Effects in Chemical Processes ... Initially used to approximate chemical reaction rates, models of isotope fractionation are used throughout the physical ... calculations of equilibrium isotopic fractionation in large organic molecules". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 21 (32): ... Isotope fractionation modeling is a critical component of isotope geochemistry and can be used to reconstruct past Earth ...
Oxygen and sulfur isotope fractionation". Chemical Geology. 269 (3-4): 252-261. Bibcode:2010ChGeo.269..252T. doi:10.1016/j. ... Just like the fractionation of oxygen isotopes, the larger fractionations in sulfate from the disproportionation of elemental ... MSO has been found to produce small fractionations in 18O compared to water (~5‰). Given the very small fractionation of 18O ... The fractionation of sulfur and oxygen isotopes during microbial sulfide oxidation (MSO) has been studied to assess its ...
The Separation of Purified Fibrinogen from Fraction I of Human Plasma". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 70 (9): 3103- ... and immunological studies on the products of human plasma fractionation. XVI. Fibrin clots, fibrin films, and fibrinogen ... The Conversion of Human Fibrinogen to Fibrin under Various Conditions1,2". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 69 (2): ... Some Factors Influencing the Quantitative Determination of Fibrinogen1,2". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 69 (11): ...
A sequential chemical fractionation called Humeomics can be used to isolate more homogeneous humic fractions and determine ... May 15, 2017). "A molecular zoom into soil Humeome by a direct sequential chemical fractionation of soi". The Science of the ... Nebbioso A. and Piccolo A. (2011). "Basis of a Humeomics Science: Chemical Fractionation and Molecular Characterization of ... However, single classes of residual biomolecules have been identified by selective extractions and chemical fractionation, and ...
"Isotopic fractionation of the major elements of molten basalt by chemical and thermal diffusion". Geochimica et Cosmochimica ... Vesta has iron fractionations of 0.010 ± 0.010‰ per atomic mass unit. The chondritic reservoir exhibits fractionations of 0.069 ... In the future, the comparison of observed biological fractionation of iron on Earth to fractionation on other planetary bodies ... Iron isotopic fractionation is also commonly described in units of per mil per atomic mass unit. In many cases, the δ56Fe value ...
55 Equilibrium fractionation occurs between chemicals or phases that are in equilibrium with each other. In equilibrium ... Kinetic fractionation generally is enhanced compared to equilibrium fractionation and depends on factors such as reaction rate ... 60 Biological fractionation is a form of kinetic fractionation since reactions tend to be in one direction. Biological ... 70 Through a variety of physical and chemical processes, chemical elements change in concentration and move around in what are ...
Chemical engineering organizations, Distillation, Fractionation, 1952 establishments in Oklahoma). ... Fractionation Research Inc. (FRI) is an industry cooperative organization that researches the performance of industrial-scale ... "Fractionation Research Inc". Archived from the original on 2010-06-02. Retrieved 2009-11-09. Oklahoma State University Special ... FRI is a non-profit organization formed by petroleum, chemical and engineering companies to perform plant-scale research in ...
... chemical ecologists often make use of bioassay-guided fractionation. Today, chemical ecologists also incorporate genetic and ... the Max Planck Institute of Chemical Ecology was founded in Jena, Germany. Chemical defense Semiochemical Chemical ecologists ... Plant chemical ecology focuses on the role of chemical cues and signals in mediating interactions of plants with their biotic ... Chemical ecologists also study chemical interactions involved in indirect defenses of plants, such as the attraction of ...
Sims, K.W.W., H.E. Newsom, and E.S. Gladney (1990). "Chemical fractionation during formation of the Earth's core and ... at the University of New Mexico's Institute of Meteoritics in 1989, where his research focused on chemical fractionation during ... Chemical Geology, 412, 151-166, .org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.07.023 *Arendt, C.A. S. M. Aciego, K.W.W. Sims, and S. M. Aarons ( ... "Chemical and isotopic constraints on the generation and transport of melt beneath the East Pacific Rise." Geochimica et ...
Mass-independent isotope fractionation or Non-mass-dependent fractionation (NMD), refers to any chemical or physical process ... Most isotopic fractionations (including typical kinetic fractionations and equilibrium fractionations) are caused by the ... 2). Almost all fractionations among isotopes of a given element scale to differences in their masses; NMD fractionations ... Equilibrium fractionation Kinetic fractionation Isotope geochemistry Timothy W. Lyons; Christopher T. Reinhard; Noah J. ...
"Chemical and enzymatic fractionation of cell walls from Fucales: Insights into the structure of the extracellular matrix of ...
Chemical fractionation between the ionic species in the plasma mixture can release a similar or even greater amount of energy. ... The magnetic fields in a white dwarf may allow for the existence of a new type of chemical bond, perpendicular paramagnetic ... ISBN 978-0-521-63097-9. Bergeron, P.; Ruiz, M. T.; Leggett, S. K. (1997). "The Chemical Evolution of Cool White Dwarfs and the ... Such densities are possible because white dwarf material is not composed of atoms joined by chemical bonds, but rather consists ...
Due to physical and chemical fractionation processes, the variations in the isotopic compositions of elements are reported, and ... Prinzhofer, Alain (1995). "Genetic and post-genetic molecular and isotopic fractionations in natural gases". Chemical Geology. ... The rate of a chemical reaction depends in part on the energies of the chemical bonds being formed and broken in the reaction. ... resulting in a fractionation of the different isotopes between the reactant and product in a chemical reaction. This is known ...
Schauble E, Rossman GR, Taylor HP (2004) Theoretical estimates of equilibrium chromium-isotope fractionations. Chemical Geology ... Chemical Geology 25, 79-94. Potter RM, Rossman GR (1979) Tetravalent manganese oxides - identification, hydration, and ... Journal of the American Chemical Society 110, 1367-1375. Lager GA, Armbruster T, Rotella FJ, Rossman GR (1989) The OH ... Journal of the American Chemical Society 94, 2683-2690. Goldman DS, Rossman GR, Dollase WA (1977) Channel constituents in ...
"Biomarker discovery from the plasma proteome using multidimensional fractionation proteomics". Current Opinion in Chemical ... His discovery of pheromone not only opens up the field of chemical biology of pheromone research in this model animal but also ... Park, Jun Young; Joo, Hyoe-Jin; Park, Saeram; Paik, Young-Ki (2019-08-09). "Ascaroside Pheromones: Chemical Biology and ... an important substance for chemical communication, developmental process and aging in C. elegans life history, for the first ...
"The fractionation of crude petroleum by capillary diffusion". American Chemical Journal. 40 (6): 495-537.{{cite journal}}: CS1 ... Runge dropped spots of different inorganic chemicals onto circles of filter paper already impregnated with another chemical, ... "Fractionation of California petroleum by diffusion through fuller's earth". American Chemical Journal. 50 (2): 59-100.{{cite ... Tsvet applied his observations with filter paper extraction to the new methods of column fractionation that had been developed ...
These chemical and anatomical mechanisms improve the ability of RuBisCO to fix carbon, rather than perform its wasteful ... Isotopic fractionation differs between C4 carbon fixation and C3, due to the spatial separation in C4 plants of CO2 capture (in ... The large fractionation of 13C in photosynthesis is due to the carboxylation reaction, which is carried out by the enzyme ... The isotope fractionations in C3 carbon fixation arise from the combined effects of CO2 gas diffusion through the stomata of ...
... fractionation during chemical processing can be problematic for certain isotopic analyses, such as measuring heavy isotope ... 2016). "Material" gives chemical formula, "Type of ratio" is the isotopic ratio reported in "Isotope ratio", and "Citation" ... In Table 1, "Name" refers to the common name of the reference, "Material" gives its chemical formula and phase, "Type of ratio ... By measuring a material of known isotopic composition, fractionation within the mass spectrometer can be removed during post- ...
Mass-dependent and mass-independent fractionation of minor sulfur isotopes may also be an important gauge for the sulfur cycle ... Takano, B. (June 1985). "Geochemical implications of sulfate in sedimentary carbonates". Chemical Geology. 49 (4): 393-403. ... Prior to this, the Archean Earth was exposed to high-energy radiation that caused mass-independent fractionation of various ... For example, sulfur at the time of Earth's formation should have (barring some accretion-related fractionation process for ...
There she continued work on using isotope fractionation to understand how chemical weathering of the continental crust has ... Rudnick has served as editor-in-chief of Chemical Geology from 2000 to 2010. In 2012 she was made Department Chair. In 2015 ... She worked out the chemical composition and depths of xenoliths. Whilst she was a student she used the Sensitive high- ... "Editor-In-Chief of Chemical Geology, Professor Roberta Rudnick, Elected to NAS". www.elsevier.com. Retrieved 2018-08-12. "Robin ...
During chemical fractionation, certain elements may become more or less concentrated, which can allow geochemists to quantify ... This phenomenon known as chemical fractionation and can be described by an equilibrium constant, K {\displaystyle K} which sets ... A study conducted in East China in 1998 looked at the chemical composition of various elements found in the crust in China. One ... Gao, Shan; Luo, Ting-Chuan; Zhang, Ben-Ren; Zhang, Hong-Fei; Han, Yin-wen; Zhao, Zi-Dan; Hu, Yi-Ken (1998). "Chemical ...
"Advanced fractionation technology for the oleochemical industry". Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering. 2 (4): 315-321 ...
... foams having very high specific surface area is exploited in the chemical processes of froth flotation and foam fractionation. ... Chemical methods of foam control are not always desired with respect to the problems (i.e., contamination, reduction of mass ... Mechanical methods to prevent foam formation are more common than chemical ones. The acoustical property of the speed of sound ... For example, foam is a serious problem in the chemical industry, especially for biochemical processes. Many biological ...
Chemical kinetics, Isotope separation, Fractionation, Pages that use a deprecated format of the chem tags). ... Transient kinetic isotope effects (or fractionation) occur when the reaction leading to isotope fractionation does not follow ... the GEBIK and GEBIF equations become equivalent to the equation for steady-state kinetic isotope fractionation in both chemical ... Substrates and products appear in a chemical reaction with specific stoichiometric coefficients. When chemical reactions ...
Utilizing the then new techniques of ultra-centrifugation and chemical fractionation, Smadel made significant contributions to ...
Equilibrium isotope fractionation is the partial separation of isotopes between two or more substances in chemical equilibrium ... Kinetic fractionation Mass-independent fractionation Transient kinetic isotope fractionation Equilibrium constant § Effect of ... Equilibrium fractionation is a type of mass-dependent isotope fractionation, while mass-independent fractionation is usually ... The amount of isotopic fractionation in an exchange reaction can be expressed as a fractionation factor: α = ( h X / l X ) AX ...
... foam fractionation, chemical flocculation, and constructed wetlands. But because of the impracticality and / or high costs of ...
Crystallization elution fractionation (CEF): high-throughput chemical composition distribution analyzer by CEF TGIC: technique ... Chemical composition distribution Chemical composition distribution (CCD) together with the molar mass distribution (MMD) and ... crystallization analysis fractionation). Temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF): for the characterization of CCD in ... Preparative fractionation PREP mc2: preparative instrument to fractionate polymers by molar mass or composition (TREF or ...
"Si stable isotope fractionation during adsorption and the competition between kinetic and equilibrium isotope fractionation: ... and chemical processes. The study of stable isotope biogeochemistry of Si aims to quantify the different Si fluxes in the ... It is important to understand the extent and isotopic fractionations of these processes, as they alter the δ30Si values of the ... Sponges also show an isotopic preference for 28Si over 30Si, but the magnitude of their isotopic fractionation is often larger ...
Chemical elements, Alkali metals, Reducing agents, Chemical elements with body-centered cubic structure, Least dense things). ... Nuclear weapons manufacture and other nuclear physics applications are a major source of artificial lithium fractionation, with ... Chemical resemblances between the two metals include the formation of a nitride by reaction with N2, the formation of an oxide ... Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4. Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; ...
Simultaneous determination of chemicals in dust samples - an automated fractionation method. L. Lucattini, J. Meijer, M.H. ... Simultaneous determination of chemicals in dust samples - an automated fractionation method. / Lucattini, L.; Meijer, J.; ... Simultaneous determination of chemicals in dust samples - an automated fractionation method. Poster session presented at 15th ... Simultaneous determination of chemicals in dust samples - an automated fractionation method. 2015. Poster session presented at ...
Department of Chemical Engineering. 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 66-350. Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 ...
Chemical Extraction and Pre-Fractionation. Fifty millilitre of distilled water was added to the microalgal pellets and samples ... In order to start fractionation of the samples we used Amberlite® XAD16N resin that is a macroreticular, styrene-divinylbenzene ... Future chemical investigations may allow the identification of the compounds responsible of the reported activities. ... Huseby, S., Degerlund, M., Eriksen, G. K., Ingebrigtsen, R. A., Eilertsen, H. C., and Hansen, E. (2013). Chemical diversity as ...
Diffusion, chemical bonding, and kinetic fractionation of noble gases in the primordial magma ocean. Published:. 7 August 2023, ...
Chemical Fractionation * Culture Media / chemistry * Culture Media / pharmacology * Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / genetics ...
Chemical Fractionation;. Proximate Analysis;. Ash Fusion Temperatures;. Chemical Fractionation;. Ash Chemistry, etc. Biomass ... Department of Chemical Engineering or the. Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering and Technology ... Chemical Vapor Deposition;. Metallization & Sputtering;. Wet Processing;. Wet Oxide Etch;. Wet Bench Clean Procedures;. KOH ... Department of Chemical Engineering. STANFORD NANOFABRICATION FACILITY EQUIPMENT TRAINING VIDEOS - Stanford Nanofabrication ...
To identify an active compound that is isolated from R. crispus, bioassay-based chromatographic fractionation and purification ... Chemical Fractionation * Chlorocebus aethiops * Disease Models, Animal * Dose-Response Relationship, Drug * Enzyme Inhibitors ... To identify an active compound that is isolated from R. crispus, bioassay-based chromatographic fractionation and purification ...
Foam fractionation is a chemical process in which hydrophobic molecules are preferentially separated from a liquid solution ... Jameson GJ 2007 Modeling continuous foam fractionation with reflux, Chemical Engineering and Processing 39, p.590 Ward AFH & ... that enabled a preliminary mechanistic description of foam fractionation. The synergies between foam fractionation and froth ... Foam fractionation proceeds via two mechanisms: The target molecule adsorbs to a bubble surface, and The bubbles form a foam ...
... petroleum fractionation, gas processing and dehydration. 1595 Pages · 2010 · 6.61 MB · English. ... Coulson and Richardsons Chemical Engineering, Fourth Edition: Volume 3A: Chemical and Biochemical. 591 Pages·2017·15.27 MB·New ... Ludwigs Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants, Fourth Edition: Volume 2. 1,755 Pages·2010·7.07 MB·New! ... Ludwigs Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants, Fourth Edition: Volume 2. 978 Pages·2010·128.14 MB·New! ...
Use of diffusive gradient in thin films for in situ measurements: A review on the progress in chemical fractionation, ... A review on the progress in chemical fractionation, speciation and bioavailability of metals in waters. Together they form a ...
The effects of mariculture activities on the adsorption/desorption and chemical fractionations of mercury on sediments. ... adsorption/desorption on sediments and the distributions of newly adsorbed Hg2+ on different chemical fractionations. The ... The effects of mariculture activities on the adsorption/desorption and chemical fractionations of mercury on sediments. Marine ... The effects of mariculture activities on the adsorption/desorption and chemical fractionations of mercury on sediments. ...
Chemical, clinical, and immunological studies on the products of human plasma fractionation. I. The characterization of the ... by cold ethanol fractionation (107). In the United States, only plasma that has tested negative for hepatitis B surface antigen ...
Methods and apparatus for fractionation-based chemical analyses. Inventors: Marc Gorenstein; Scott Geromanos; Jeffrey Silva; ... Site-specific chemical modification of proteins at their N-termini, enabling the formation of homogeneous adducts. Inventors: ... Covers a method for analyzing chemicals by fractionating a complex sample into at least two portions, performing LC-MS on the ...
Chemical Fractionation Modeling of Plumes Indicates a Gas-rich, Moderately Alkaline Enceladus Ocean. 15.8K. views. • 19. slides ... Chemical Fractionation Modeling of Plumes Indicates a Gas-rich, Moderately Alkaline Enceladus Ocean by Sérgio Sacani, created ... Workshop Chemical Robotics ChemAI 231116.pptx. 81. views. • 41. slides. • Marco Tibaldi ... Workshop Chemical Robotics ChemAI 231116.pptx by Marco Tibaldi, created Nov 23, 2023, has 41 slides with 81 views.. ...
Basis of a Humeomics Science: Chemical Fractionation and Molecular Characterization of Humic Biosuprastructures ... Chemical modifications of the sigma subunit of the E. colt RNA polymerase. May 1983 · Nucleic Acids Research ... Exact Masses and Chemical Formulas of Individual Suwannee River Fulvic Acids from Ultrahigh Resolution Electrospray Ionization ... Analytical and physical-chemical techniques, such as elemental analysis, FTIR, surface tension (ST) measurement, high ...
Chemical characteristics and fractionation of proteins from Moringa oleifera Lam. leaves. Food Chem. 147, 51-54. doi: 10.1016/j ... Antibacterial activity and chemical structure of compounds related to pterygospermin. Indian J. Med. Res. 45, 191-196. ... Mekonen, A., and Gebreyesus, T. (2000). Chemical investigation of the leaves of Moringa stenopetala. Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. ... 2013). Chemical composition and biological activity of the essential oil from leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. cultivated in ...
Fractionation, chemical characterization, and effect of the degree of roast. J Agric Food Chem 55(10):3967-3977 ... Table 2 Chemical properties of coffee beans depending on roasting level and storage time (average value ± standard deviation). ... Table 1 Chemical properties of coffee from organic and conventional production (average value ± standard deviation) for freshly ... Gao L, Liu TX (2013) Study on chemicals and antioxidant activity of Pu-er teas stored at different time. Food Ind 34:127-130 ...
Chemical fractionation of soil organic matter under elevated and ambient CO2 concentration. ...
Many physical, chemical, and biological processes can lead to isotopic fractionation. Studying ratios of both stable and ... Twenty minutes later, you have constrained the chemical and isotopic composition of your sample. The analysis time for your ...
Chemical Fractionation. G. Cornelissen, Kukulska, Z., Kalaitzidis, S., Christanis, K., and Gustafsson, O., "Relations between ... Models, Chemical. G. Cornelissen, Kukulska, Z., Kalaitzidis, S., Christanis, K., and Gustafsson, O., "Relations between ...
Listing of Chemical-related topic pages on the NIOSH Web site. ... Fractionation and chemical characterization studies on ...
LENRs?  Chemical fractionation invoked to explain many isotopic data for 60 yrs  Although not explicitly mentioned, ... Lattice Energy LLC Commercializing a Next-Generation Source of Safe CO2-free Energy Chemical fractionation process vs. ... Chemical fractionation process cannot explain this 15N/14N data Except Jupiter, 15N/14N is larger further from Sun Adapted from ... various types of chemical-only isotope fractionation processes  However, captures of LENR neutrons produced in lightning ...
Kinetic analysis of pyrolysis and combustion of the olive tree pruning by chemical fractionation. Bioresour. Technol. 2018, 249 ... Ozone, the strongest chemical oxidant after fluorine, can be utilised as pre-treatment for removing the lignin from the ... Lignin provides chemical, mechanical and biological resistance to the lignocellulose material, and it is a potential source of ... With regard to the third generation biodiesel, the soap stock from the chemical refining of crude olive pomace oil has been ...
"Chemical and enzymatic fractionation of cell walls from Fucales: Insights into the structure of the extracellular matrix of ...
A Combined Bioassay-Chemical Fractionation Scheme for the Determination of Toxic Chemicals in Sediments from the St. Lawrence ... Lawrence River using bioassays in conjunction with chemical fraction. This approach, termed bioassay-directed chemical analysis ... fractionation and bioassay steps that aid in the isolation of the unknown toxic agents. Fractions showing an increase or ...
Lead fractionation and bioaccessibility in contaminated soils with variable chemical properties. Chemical Speciation and ... Chemical Engineering Journal (vol. 441). *Na Nagara, V.; Sarkar, D.; Luo, Q.; Biswas, J. K.; Datta, R. (2022). Health Risk ... Chemical Engineering Journal (vol. 441). *Zhang, Z.; Sarkar, D.; Li, L.; Datta, R. (2022). Contaminant Removal and Resource ... Book: McGraw-Hill, Elsevier, Wiley, Springer, American Chemical Society.. Funding Agencies: National Science Foundation, ...
Integrating physical and chemical fractionation methods for isolating stable soil organic carbon. Geoderma 158:322-330. ...
Effects of N fertilisation, leaf appearance and time of day on N fractionation and chemical composition of Lolium perenne ... Chemical Composition and In Situ Degradability of Desmanthus spp. Forage Harvested at Different Maturity Stages. Fermentation, ...
Further bioassay-guided fractionation and chemical characterization will be performed, aiming to identify natural products from ... suggesting the need for coupling effect-based methods to chemical assessments. In the present study chemical analyses of a ... Chemical assessments of Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) are requested by the recent updates of Directives in the field ... Moreover, chemical analysis showed the release of byproducts such as styrene monomers and diphenyl sulfone in the exposure ...
  • Magnesium isotope ratios are known to vary in solar system objects due to the effects of 26 Al decay to 26 Mg and mass-dependent fractionation, but anomalies of nucleosynthetic origin must also be considered. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Rusting steel wool in seawater to produce iron oxides under near-equilibrium conditions, for calibration of temperature-dependent oxide-water oxygen isotope fractionations. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • Position-specific isotope analysis by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrometry was employed to study the 13C intramolecular isotopic fractionation associated with the migration of organic substrates through different stationary phases chromatography columns. (hal.science)
  • Results showed very different intramolecular isotope fractionation profiles depending on the chemical structure of the stationary phase. (hal.science)
  • Results provided by theoretical calculation performed during this study also confirmed the direct link between observed intramolecular isotope fractionation and the nature of involved intermolecular interactions. (hal.science)
  • Thecombination of field-flow fractionation with powerful leading-edge detectors canbe applied to the measurement of nanomaterial physicochemical properties, and thecreation of harmonized robust measurement protocols. (strath.ac.uk)
  • The Multiscale MetrologySuite (MMS) at the University of Strathclyde is a unique internationallyleading facility combining multiple leading-edge field flow fractionation modalities(electric, asymmetric and centrifugal) with in-line Raman, inductively-coupledplasma (ICP) mass spectrometry and multimodal detector capability. (strath.ac.uk)
  • In combinations of laboratory experiments, theory and numerical models, we examine and calibrate the relationships between chemical and isotopic fractionation, ambient physical and chemical conditions, reaction rates, and other factors. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • Here we present a high-throughput workflow based on sequential cell fractionation to profile the global proteome and phospho-proteome dynamics across six distinct subcellular fractions. (nature.com)
  • However, both methods rely on isobaric tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling for quantifying subcellular protein localization, and they require extensive off-line peptide fractionation and consequently lengthy liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis time to achieve the desired depth on the proteome, thus minimizing throughput. (nature.com)
  • Our method uses three dimensions of peptide fractionation, combining the following steps: preparative IEF using free flow electrophoresis, strong cation exchange step gradient chromatography, and microcapillary reverse-phase liquid chromatography. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Fractionation and chemical characterization studies on Micropolyspora faeni antigens. (cdc.gov)
  • Via project characterization efforts, the management of urban stormwater quality can be improved by enhanced capabilities for chemical source control and optimization of treatment technologies. (usda.gov)
  • 2.5 wt % Al 2 O 3 together with large increases in F, Li 2 O, and P 2 O 5 between the Li-mica and topaz-lepidolite granites are not compatible with an evolution by Rayleigh fractionation processes. (geoscienceworld.org)
  • Whilst protein skimmers have been common place in aquaria for many years, it was not until the 1960s that a concerted effort was made by Robert Lemlich of the University of Cincinnati to characterise a model of adsorptive bubble separation processes, of which foam fractionation is one example. (wikipedia.org)
  • As in many chemical processes, there are competing considerations of recovery (i.e. the percentage of target surfactant that reports to the overhead foamate stream) and enrichment (i.e. the ratio of surfactant concentration in the foamate to the concentration in the feed). (wikipedia.org)
  • Earth-based observations, observations by planetary spacecraft, study of meteorites, and observations of extrasolar planets are used to constrain models of the dynamical and chemical processes of planetary systems. (caltech.edu)
  • Processes are developed and demonstrated for producing increased value materials by fractionation, chemical conversion and purification. (auri.org)
  • To extract the information encoded in the chemical and isotopic compositions of natural materials in modern environments and sedimentary rocks, we must understand the processes that generate these signals. (weizmann.ac.il)
  • The talk will describe some processes about making lignin more uniform by fractionation and chemical modification to discuss some structure and property relationships. (tappi.org)
  • Bioceb aims at providing top-level and up-to-date education in chemical and biological engineering applied to the design and development of bio-based products and processes. (universite-paris-saclay.fr)
  • Specifically, the collection will cover the following topics (but are not limited to): the fractionation of lignocellulose, the development of renewable sugars platform, the construction of bioalcohols producing strain, the strengthening of fermentation and downstream separation processes, the waste streams management and valorization, and the upgrading of the bioalcohols. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, as magmas are transported from the site of generation to eruption, multiple processes modify their physical and chemical characteristics ( Coogan, 2014 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Under ideal circumstances, crystals forming from a suite of magmas will trap the suite of evolving liquids as they undergo processes such as mixing, fractionation, and degassing during storage and their transport to the surface. (frontiersin.org)
  • 5 neurons), CE with RP fractionation identified 737 protein groups (1,753 peptides), or ~480 protein groups (~1,650 peptides) on average per analysis. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • In other cases, the activity of the enzyme is non-specific and produces a complex mixture of peptides and amino acids in which individual effect of each molecule in the subsequent fractionation process is difficult to demonstrate and quantify. (intechopen.com)
  • The design of an efficient fractionation methodology is then of paramount importance for peptides separation and even more, when the process must applied on an industrial scale. (intechopen.com)
  • Compared with the control (no fractionation), RP fractionation improved CE separation (theoretical plates ~274,000 versus 412,000 maximum, resp. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • An extract was generated by using a XAD-7 column followed by fractionation into anthocyanins and copigments using adsorptive membrane chromatography. (uni-hannover.de)
  • This project aims to develop analytical methods based on use of diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT) and in the coupling of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) (and/or atomic fluoresce spectrometry (AFS)) with liquid chromatography (LC) for speciation and fractionation of metal or metalloids in water and soil. (fapesp.br)
  • In this chapter, the advanced extraction techniques for fractionation and analytical methodologies applied for the determination of different carbohydrates of milk (lactose, lactulose, and oligosaccharides) are summarized. (intechopen.com)
  • The main aim of this contribution is to provide the reader with a broad view on the recent fractionation and analytical techniques employed for the analysis of carbohydrates in dairy foods and their applications in food and pharmaceutical industry. (intechopen.com)
  • Foam fractionation is a chemical process in which hydrophobic molecules are preferentially separated from a liquid solution using rising columns of foam. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was research into the froth phase of froth flotation conducted at the University of Newcastle, Australia, specifically into the prediction of liquid fraction and liquid flux in a pneumatic foam, that enabled a preliminary mechanistic description of foam fractionation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the UK a random screen of 20 organic man-made chemicals present in liquid effluents revealed that half appeared to interact with the oestrogen receptor [1] and results obtained from fifteen sewage treatment plants (STPs) showed that exposure of male trout to effluent resulted in a very pronounced increase in plasma vitellogenin concentration indicating exposure to a substance or substances oestrogenic to fish [2]. (scirp.org)
  • To identify the observed SELDI-TOF-MS m/z (mass/charge) values with discriminatory expression between different sublines, we employed a combination of chemical pre-fractionation, liquid chromatography, gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectroscopy. (nih.gov)
  • The effect of chemical purity has been determined by measuring the odor threshold of materials representing different modes of manufacture or after purification by gas chromatographic procedures. (researchgate.net)
  • Physical and chemical properties of carbohydrates determine the methods that can be used for their fractionation and purification. (intechopen.com)
  • Of the 53 chemicals, sulfur bearing compounds exhibit low threshold values on the order of parts per billion. (researchgate.net)
  • The Kenticha rare metal pegmatite belt comprises several groups of pegmatites which show a high magmatic fractionation, regional and compositional zoning, mineralogical assemblage, and secondary alterations. (scirp.org)
  • After magma flow ceased, closed system crystal fractionation produced consistent mineral and chemical fractionation trends within BGN and OAGN. (edu.au)
  • Interesting approaches for upgrading lignin either by controlled depolymerization using catalytic fractionation or materials fabrication have been of great interest to the research community. (tappi.org)
  • He leads a dynamic team of researchers working on projects of lignin and heteropolysaccharide valorization, biomass fractionation, and nanocomposites. (tappi.org)
  • Mass spectrometry-based proteomics in combination with subcellular fractionation can provide comprehensive maps of spatio-temporal regulation of protein networks in cells, but involves laborious workflows that does not cover the phospho-proteome level. (nature.com)
  • In situ methods (based on DGT technique) for chemical fractionation and speciation analyses (or selective determination) in aquatic environment will be developed. (fapesp.br)
  • To enhance the efficacy of radiation therapy through modified fractionation and/or adjunctive chemical and/or biologic therapies. (acvr.org)
  • A set of representative/test particles of different chemical natures, including (i) polydisperse polyethylene (PE), (ii) (doped) polystyrene (PS) NPLs, (iii) titanium dioxide, and (iv) iron oxide nanoparticles (spherical and elongated), was used to assess the applicability and limitations of the selected methodologies. (springer.com)
  • Structure formation and fractionation in systems of polydisperse attractive rods. (mpg.de)
  • Fractionation in polydisperse systems of spherocylindrical rods - The influence of attractive interactions and adjacent substrates. (mpg.de)
  • Along with ongoing ecotoxicology efforts, selective fractionation and chemical screening will be used to identify toxicant candidates in toxicologically active samples and link toxicant chemical characteristics to typical stormwater runoff treatment systems. (usda.gov)
  • Mass-dependent fractionation in mass spectrometers is reasonably well characterized, but not necessarily fully understood. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In contrast, mass fractionation in nature, in particular that due to high temperature evaporation that likely caused the relatively large effects observed in calcium-, aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs), is reasonably well understood, but mass-fractionation laws for magnesium have not been explored in detail. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The magnesium isotopic compositions of CAI-like evaporation residues produced in a vacuum furnace indicate that the slope on a log 25 Mg/ 24 Mg vs. log 26 Mg/ 24 Mg plot is ∼0.5128, and different from those predicted by any of the commonly used mass-fractionation laws. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Evaporation experiments on forsterite-rich bulk compositions give exactly the same slope, indicating that the measured mass-fractionation law for evaporation of magnesium is applicable to a wide range of bulk compositions. (elsevierpure.com)
  • We discuss mass-fractionation laws and the implications of the measured fractionation behavior of magnesium isotopes for 26 Al- 26 Mg chronology. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Moreover, we maximized reproducibility of sample pre-fractionation and preparation before mass spectrometry by parallelization and automation. (tamu.edu)
  • The Chemical Methodologies and Library Development (CMLD) Centers will feature collaborations and team approaches that otherwise would not be established, including individuals from various subdisciplines within the field of chemistry and/or from cognate fields that will contribute toward the development of novel enabling methodologies. (nih.gov)
  • Second, the synthesis core will apply newly-developed chemical methodologies and strategies to the generation of chemical diversity libraries for high-throughput biological screening. (nih.gov)
  • This RFA, "Centers of Excellence in Chemical Methodologies and Library Development," is related to one or more of the priority areas. (nih.gov)
  • The goal of this FOA is to stimulate the establishment and maintenance of multi-investigator research centers whose mission will be to develop efficient, general, state-of-the-art methodologies for the design, synthesis, analysis, and handling of chemical diversity libraries. (nih.gov)
  • Relative to well-studied urban pollutant sources such as municipal wastewater effluent, little is known about the chemical composition of urban stormwater runoff despite its importance as a major source of chemical pollutants to receiving waters. (usda.gov)
  • Fractionation, Chemical Composition and GLUT4 Translocation Enhancement in Muscle Cell Line. (bvsalud.org)
  • Study of melt inclusions (MIs) is a commonly applied method for defining the composition of magmas present at depth prior to mixing, fractionation, and degassing. (frontiersin.org)
  • However it has much broader application in the chemical process industry and can be used for the removal of surface active contaminants from waste water streams in addition to the enrichment of bio-products. (wikipedia.org)
  • Foam fractionation proceeds via two mechanisms: The target molecule adsorbs to a bubble surface, and The bubbles form a foam which travels up a column and is discharged to the foamate stream of foam fractionation. (wikipedia.org)
  • This project will focus on identifying toxic chemicals in urban stormwater, focusing particularly on understanding the link between stormwater pollution and observations of mortality in the economically and culturally important adult coho salmon in the Pacific Northwest. (usda.gov)
  • Our protein pre-fractionation applies orthogonal native chromatography and conserves important features of protein variants such as native molecular weight, charge and major glycans. (tamu.edu)
  • Here, we supplemented ultrasensitive CE-nanoESI-HRMS with reversed-phase (RP) fractionation to enhance identifications from protein digest amounts that approximate to a few mammalian neurons. (researchwithrutgers.com)
  • Coupling radiotracer experiments with chemical fractionation for the estimation of respiratory fluxes. (mpg.de)
  • The sediments were analysed for selected chemical micropollutants and phosphorus availability was checked by phosphorus fractionation. (boku.ac.at)
  • These activities include prevention or restoration of the integrity and permeability of EC, counteraction versus chemical, toxic or metabolic EC injury, regulation of EC-blood cell interactions, inhibition of microvascular inflammatory and proliferative changes, and other similar effects, thus allowing oral SDX to be considered as an endothelial-protecting agent. (dovepress.com)
  • The tectonic setting of the Kenticha granite pegmatite in the Within Plate Granite (WPG) to syn-Collisional Granite (syn-COLG) granite and probably sourced from extreme fractionation of syn-to late tectonic granites or anatexis process of the metasedimentary rocks in the area. (scirp.org)
  • The massive sulphides were emplaced late in the intrusive sequence, have different PGE chemistry and Cu tenor to the disseminated sulphides, and have undergone sulphide fractionation. (edu.au)
  • Synergistic activation of estrogen receptor with combinations of environmental chemicals. (cdc.gov)
  • Herein, we discuss studies evaluating the impact of RT dose and fractionation on the immune response, early studies supporting the synergistic interaction between RT and ICIs, and ongoing clinical trials assessing the benefit of combination therapy in patients with brain metastases. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The Master 2 Biomass Engineering for Bioeconomy is included in the European Master in Biological and Chemical Engineering for a Sustainable Bioeconomy ( Bioceb ) which was labelled " Erasmus Mundus Joint Master Degree " (EMJMD) by the European Commission in 2019. (universite-paris-saclay.fr)
  • Other chemical signatures from these formations that have been interpreted as biological remnants include uranium/thorium fractionation and banded iron formations. (uncommondescent.com)
  • The earliest cells were unstable chemical systems that survived by combining a handful of shaky carbon-based assemblies together, researchers say. (uncommondescent.com)
  • Although it this 'urban stream syndrome' is known to be harmful to fish and aquatic ecosystems, the chemical make-up of urban stormwater runoff is poorly understood. (usda.gov)
  • Until the mid-2000s, there was very little further development of foam fractionation or attempts to understand the underlying physics of the process. (wikipedia.org)
  • Foam fractionation is closely related to the allied process of froth flotation in which hydrophobic particles attach to the surface of bubbles which rise to form a pneumatic (i.e. rising) foam. (wikipedia.org)
  • Albumin (Human) 5%, USP (Albuked™ 5) is made from large pools of human venous plasma by the Cohn cold ethanol fractionation process. (nih.gov)
  • Combined techniques such as FFF coupled to MALS and RM can provide complementary information on physical and chemical properties by online measurements, while pyGC-MS analysis of FFF fractions can be used for the identification of polymer particles (vs. inorganic particles) and for their offline (semi)quantification. (springer.com)
  • Mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) are frequently used as proxies for understanding the physical and chemical characteristics of the mantle as well as developing models for the formation of oceanic crust. (frontiersin.org)
  • Robert Lemlich showed how foam fractionation columns can be operated in stripping, enriching, or combined modes (depending on whether the feed is sent to the top, bottom or middle of the column), and can be operated with or without an external reflux stream at the top of the column. (wikipedia.org)
  • The base case in this study is a fatty acid fractionation column of an oleo chemical plant. (utm.my)
  • Aside from the sulfides, it is not possible to anticipate the odor threshold of a material based on its chemical structure or functionality. (researchgate.net)
  • The chemical diversity of EDCs, with respect to their molecular structure, precludes the precise prediction of oestrogenic activity on this basis. (scirp.org)
  • Structure formation and fractionation in systems of colloidal rods. (mpg.de)
  • Sewage, a complex mixture of organic and inorganic chemicals, is considered to be a major source of environmental pollution. (scirp.org)
  • Factors that may affect the odor threshold measurement include the mode of presentation of the stimulus to the observer, the influence of extraneous odorants in the presentation system, the type of observer used, the definition of the odor response, the treatment of the data obtained, and the chemical purity of the odorant. (researchgate.net)
  • Peiyong Qin, Professor, Dean of Houdebang Engineer School at Beijing University of Chemical Technology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dr. Di Cai, currently associate professor at Beijing University of Chemical Technology, obtained his Ph.D degree in 2016 in the field of biochemical engineering. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The synergies between foam fractionation and froth flotation have been explored in a 2009 special issue of the Asia Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering. (wikipedia.org)
  • He got his PhD from department of chemical engineering at Tsinghua University in 2005. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In: International Conference on Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering ICCBPE 2003 , 27-29 August 2003, Kota Kinabalu. (utm.my)
  • From a hazard perspective, the adverse effects of NPLs are most likely not governed by a single attribute, but depend on particle size, shape, polymer type, and degradation/oxidation state, as well as the presence of chemical additives and sorbed substances, potentially all being interconnected factors influencing the toxicity. (springer.com)
  • Because most toxicity studies and risk assessments address only single chemical exposures, the scientific community may be underestimating the effects of exposure to multiple substances on human health and disease progression. (nih.gov)
  • In order to assist in assessing potential odor problems arising from chemical manufacturing operations, the odor thresholds of 53 commercially important odorant chemicals have been determined using a standardized and defined procedure. (researchgate.net)
  • A battery of tests was established to determine the oestrogenic, mutagenic and genotoxic potential of two categories of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), phthalates and alkylphenols. (scirp.org)
  • Lignocellulose, the most abundant non-edible feedstock on Earth, holds substantial potential for eco-friendly chemicals, fuels, and pharmaceuticals production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Manufacturer and exporter of distillation columns, pressure vessels, pressure tanks, silos, LPG storage tanks and bullets for chemical and petrochemical industries. (eindiabusiness.com)