Central America
Belize
Honduras
South America
El Salvador
Guatemala
Panama
North America
Indians, Central American
Latin America
Caribbean Region
Costa Rica
Mexico
Americas
Nicaragua
Triatominae
Tropical Climate
Chagas Disease
Insect Control
Geography
Insect Vectors
Trees
Trypanosoma cruzi
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Phylogeography
Mental health care in the primary health care setting: a collaborative study in six countries of Central America. (1/268)
The results of a naturalistic epidemiological study conducted in 6 Central American countries in collaboration with the WHO/PAHO Regional Office are reported, aimed at describing the patients with mental distress presenting to the primary health care setting, the interventions enacted and the evolution of the patients over the 6 months following recruitment. A total of 812 patients were recruited by the personnel of 11 primary health care centres. A high degree of heterogeneity was observed with respect to the patients' characteristics and the patterns of care provided. The factors potentially contributing to the heterogeneity, identified through multivariate analyses, are discussed in detail against the specific background differences between countries and between areas within each country. Interestingly albeit expectedly, besides the differences in health care provision and availability, social needs appear to influence both interventions and outcomes. (+info)Impact of maternal nativity on the prevalence of diabetes during pregnancy among U.S. ethnic groups. (2/268)
OBJECTIVE: This study examines the impact of maternal nativity (birthplace) on the overall prevalence of diabetes during pregnancy and among 15 racial and ethnic groups in the U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Birth certificate data for all resident single live births in the U.S. from 1994 to 1996 were used to calculate reported diabetes prevalence during pregnancy and to assess the impact of maternal birthplace outside of the 50 states and Washington, DC, on the risk of diabetes before and after adjustment for differences in maternal age, other sociodemographic characteristics, and late or no initiation of prenatal care overall and for each racial and ethnic group. RESULTS: Mothers born outside of the U.S. are significantly more likely to have diabetes during pregnancy. The impact of maternal nativity on diabetes prevalence is largely explained by the older childbearing age of immigrant mothers. However, adjusted diabetes risk remains elevated for Asian-Indian, non-Hispanic black, Filipino, Puerto Rican, and Central and South American mothers who were born outside the U.S. Conversely, birthplace outside the U.S. significantly reduces diabetes risk for Japanese, Mexican, and Native American women. CONCLUSIONS: Identification, treatment, and follow-up of immigrant mothers with diabetes during pregnancy may require special attention to language and sociocultural barriers to effective care. Systematic surveillance of the prevalence and impact of diabetes during pregnancy for immigrant and nonimmigrant women, particularly in racial and ethnic minority groups, and more detailed studies on the impact of acculturation on diabetes may increase understanding of the epidemiology of diabetes during pregnancy in our increasingly diverse society. (+info)Geographic distribution of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE genotypes in Central America and Mexico. (3/268)
Phylogenetic analysis of 20 strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus subtype IE isolated from 1961 to 1996 in Mexico and throughout Central America showed that VEE virus subtype IE was monophyletic with respect to other VEE virus subtypes. Nonetheless, there were at least three distinct geographically separated VEE virus IE genotypes: northwestern Panama, Pacific coast (Mexico/Guatemala), and Gulf/Caribbean coast (Mexico/Belize). Strains from the Caribbean coast of Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua may cluster with the Gulf/Caribbean genotype, but additional isolates from the region between Guatemala and Panama will be required to firmly establish their phylogenetic position. Viruses associated with two separate equine epizootics in Mexico in the 1990s were phylogenetically related to nonepizootic viruses from neighboring Guatemala and may represent the emergence or re-emergence of equine-virulent VEE virus subtype IE in Middle America. (+info)Helicobacter pylori infection in indigenous families of Central America: serostatus and oral and fingernail carriage. (4/268)
Helicobacter pylori infection remains one of the most common in humans, but the route of transmission of the bacterium is still uncertain. This study was designed to elucidate possible sources of infection in an isolated, rural population in Guatemala. A total of 242 subjects in family units participated in the study. A medical history, including a history of dyspepsia, was taken by a physician and immunoglobulin G antibodies to H. pylori were detected with the QuickVue (Quidel, San Diego, Calif.) onsite serology test. Overall, 58% of subjects were seropositive, with a positive relationship between mother and child (P = 0.02) and a positive correlation between the serostatuses of siblings (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.63). There was no association between serostatus and gastric symptoms. Oral H. pylori was detected from periodontal pockets of various depths and the dorsum of the tongue by nested PCR. Eighty-seven percent of subjects had at least one oral site positive for H. pylori, with the majority of subjects having multiple positive sites. There was no association between periodontal pocket depth and the detection of H. pylori. Nested PCR was also used to detect H. pylori from beneath the nail of the index finger of each subject's dominant hand. Overall, 58% of subjects had a positive fingernail result, with a significant positive relationship between fingernail and tongue positivity (P = 0.002). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that oral carriage of H. pylori may play a role in the transmission of infection and that the hand may be instrumental in transmission. (+info)Genetic evidence for the origins of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IAB outbreaks. (5/268)
Epizootics of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) involving subtype IAB viruses occurred sporadically in South, Central and North America from 1938 to 1973. Incompletely inactivated vaccines have long been suspected as a source of the later epizootics. We tested this hypothesis by sequencing the PE2 glycoprotein precursor (1,677 nucleotides) or 26S/nonstructural protein 4 (nsP4) genome regions (4,490 nucleotides) for isolates representing most major outbreaks. Two distinct IAB genotypes were identified: 1) 1940s Peruvian strains and 2) 1938-1973 isolates from South, Central, and North America. Nucleotide sequences of these two genotypes differed by 1.1%, while the latter group showed only 0.6% sequence diversity. Early VEE virus IAB strains that were used for inactivated vaccine preparation had sequences identical to those predicted by phylogenetic analyses to be ancestors of the 1960s-1970s outbreaks. These data support the hypothesis of a vaccine origin for many VEE outbreaks. However, continuous, cryptic circulation of IAB viruses cannot be ruled out as a source of epizootic emergence. (+info)In vitro antiplasmodial activity of Central American medicinal plants. (6/268)
The in vitro antiplasmodial activities of 14 plant species traditionally used in Central America for the treatment of malaria or fever were evaluated. Lipophilic extracts of Piper hispidum, Siparuna andina, S. pauciflora, S. tonduziana, and Xylopia cf. frutescens, proved to be active against both a chloroquine-sensitive and a resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum. IC50 values ranged between 3.0 microg/ml and 21.9 microg/ml; however, moderate cytotoxicity of active extracts was observed. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of Piper hispidum yielded 2',4, 6'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxydihydrochalcone (asebogenin) as an active compound. (+info)Genetic and antigenic diversity among eastern equine encephalitis viruses from North, Central, and South America. (7/268)
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), the sole species in the EEE antigenic complex, is divided into North and South American antigenic varieties based on hemagglutination inhibition tests. Here we describe serologic and phylogenetic analyses of representatives of these varieties, spanning the entire temporal and geographic range available. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analyses revealed additional genetic diversity within the South American variety; 3 major South/Central American lineages were identified including one represented by a single isolate from eastern Brazil, and 2 lineages with more widespread distributions in Central and South America. All North American isolates comprised a single, highly conserved lineage with strains grouped by the time of isolation and to some extent by location. An EEEV strain isolated during a 1996 equine outbreak in Tamaulipas State, Mexico was closely related to recent Texas isolates, suggesting southward EEEV transportation beyond the presumed enzootic range. Plaque reduction neutralization tests with representatives from the 4 major lineages indicated that each represents a distinct antigenic subtype. A taxonomic revision of the EEE complex is proposed. (+info)Elevated blood lead levels among internationally adopted children--United States, 1998. (8/268)
Lead poisoning has been reported recently among Chinese children adopted by U.S. citizens. However, little is known about the prevalence of elevated blood lead levels (BLLs) among adoptees from China and other countries. Persistent sources of lead exposure outside the United States include leaded gasoline exhaust; industrial emissions; cottage industries (e.g., battery breaking and recycling plants); traditional medicines; and some cosmetics, ceramic ware, and foods. In 1998, approximately 15,000 orphans from countries outside the United States who were adopted abroad or were to be adopted in the United States by U.S. citizens were issued U.S. immigrant visas-a nearly two-fold increase over 1988 (L. Lewis, Immigrant and Visa Control and Reporting Division, VISA Office, Bureau of Consular Affairs, U.S. State Department, personal communication, August 1999). Some orphans have been abandoned for extended periods and have no obtainable medical history. Immigrants aged <15 years are not required to have serologic or blood tests either in their country of origin or on entry into the United States unless exposure to syphilis or human immunodeficiency virus is suspected. To obtain reports on the prevalence of elevated BLLs (> or =10 microg/dL) among international adoptees, CDC contacted 12 international adoption medical specialists identified through the Joint Council on International Children's Services and two collaborating medical specialists. This report summarizes the results of that investigation, which suggest that international adoptees may arrive in the United States with elevated BLLs. (+info)Central America is a geographical region that connects North America and South America. It is made up of seven countries: Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. The eastern coast of Central America is bordered by the Caribbean Sea, while the western coast is bordered by the Pacific Ocean.
The region is characterized by its diverse geography, which includes lowland rainforests, volcanic mountain ranges, and coastal plains. It is also home to a wide range of plant and animal species, many of which are found nowhere else in the world.
Culturally, Central America is a melting pot of indigenous, African, and European influences. The region has a rich history of Mayan civilization, as well as Spanish colonialism. Today, the countries of Central America have diverse economies, with agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism being major industries.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Belize" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in Central America, bordered by Mexico to the north, Guatemala to the west and south, and the Caribbean Sea to the east. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those instead.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Honduras" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in Central America, bordered by Guatemala to the west, El Salvador to the southwest, Nicaragua to the southeast, and the Caribbean Sea to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help with those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "South America" is not a medical term. It is a geographical term that refers to the southern portion of the Americas, which is a continent in the Western Hemisphere. South America is generally defined as including the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela, as well as the overseas departments and territories of French Guiana (France), and the Falkland Islands (UK).
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help answer them for you.
I'm not sure what you're looking for with the term "Medical definition of 'El Salvador'" as El Salvador is a country and not a medical term. However, I can provide some general information about El Salvador and its healthcare system.
El Salvador is a country located in Central America, bordered by Guatemala to the west, Honduras to the north, and Nicaragua to the east. It has a population of approximately 6.5 million people. The official language is Spanish.
The healthcare system in El Salvador is composed of both public and private sectors. The Ministry of Health oversees the public sector, which includes hospitals, health centers, and clinics that provide free or low-cost services to the population. However, due to limited resources and infrastructure, many people seek care in the private sector, which can be expensive and often requires out-of-pocket payments.
El Salvador faces several challenges in its healthcare system, including high rates of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, as well as noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes and hypertension. Access to healthcare services can also be limited, particularly in rural areas. The country has made efforts to improve its healthcare system, including the implementation of health reforms aimed at increasing access to care and improving the quality of services.
I hope this information is helpful! If you have any specific questions about El Salvador or its healthcare system, please let me know.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Guatemala" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in Central America. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Panama" is not a medical term. It is a country located in Central America, known for its famous canal and diverse wildlife. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I would be happy to help answer those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "North America" is not a medical term. It is a geographical term that refers to the third largest continent in the world, which includes countries such as the United States, Canada, and Mexico, among others. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health topics, I'd be happy to help with those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but the term "Indians, Central American" is not a medical term. It refers to individuals or populations that originate from Central America and self-identify as indigenous or native to the region. In a medical context, it's more common to see specific references to individual ethnic groups or populations, such as Maya, Garifuna, or Miskitu, among others. These groups may have unique genetic characteristics, health risks, or cultural practices that are relevant to medical care and research. However, it's important to note that any discussion of medical issues should be sensitive to the individual's self-identified ethnicity and personal preferences.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Latin America" is not a medical term. It is a geographical and cultural region that includes parts of North America, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean where Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, and French) are predominantly spoken. The term does not have a specific medical relevance or definition.
The Caribbean Region, also known as the Caribbean Basin or simply the Caribbean, is a geographical area that includes the Caribbean Sea and its surrounding islands and coasts. It is located in the tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean, southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and North America, east of Central America, and south of the Greater Antilles.
The region consists of more than 7,000 islands, islets, reefs, and cays, which are divided into three main groups: the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Lucayan Archipelago (which includes the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands). The Caribbean Region also includes the coasts of several countries in North, Central, and South America that border the Caribbean Sea.
The Caribbean Region is known for its diverse cultures, rich history, and unique biodiversity. It is home to a wide range of ecosystems, including coral reefs, mangroves, seagrass beds, rainforests, and dry forests, which support a variety of plant and animal species, many of which are found nowhere else in the world.
The Caribbean Region is also an important economic and political area, with several countries and territories that have strong ties to each other and to the United States, Canada, and Europe. Tourism, fishing, agriculture, and shipping are major industries in the region, and many of its islands serve as popular destinations for travelers from around the world.
I apologize, but "Costa Rica" is not a medical term or concept. Costa Rica is a country located in Central America, known for its rich biodiversity and progressive environmental policies. If you have any questions related to medicine or health, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mexico" is not a medical term or concept. It is the name of a country located in North America. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to try and help answer those for you.
The "Americas" is a term used to refer to the combined landmasses of North America and South America, which are separated by the Isthmus of Panama. The Americas also include numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. This region is home to a diverse range of cultures, ecosystems, and historical sites. It is named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci, who was one of the first Europeans to explore and map parts of South America in the late 15th century.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Nicaragua" is not a medical term. It is the largest country in the Central American Isthmus, bordering Honduras to the north and Costa Rica to the south. It has coastlines on both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean.
If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!
Triatominae is a subfamily of insects in the family Reduviidae, also known as assassin bugs. Triatomines are commonly called "kissing bugs" because they often bite humans near the mouth or eyes while they sleep. They are called this because of their habit of feeding on the blood of mammals, including humans, and prefer to bite near the lips or eyes where the skin is thin.
Triatomines are vectors for Trypanosoma cruzi, a parasitic protozoan that causes Chagas disease, a potentially life-threatening illness endemic in the Americas. The transmission of T. cruzi to humans occurs when feces or urine from an infected triatomine is accidentally rubbed into the bite wound or mucous membranes, such as those found in the eyes or mouth.
Triatomines are typically nocturnal and hide during the day in crevices in walls, roofs, or beds. They are attracted to light and can be found near human dwellings, particularly in rural areas with poor housing conditions. Preventing triatomine infestations and reducing contact with these insects is an important part of Chagas disease prevention.
Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "tropical climate" is not a medical term. It is a geographical term that refers to the climate of tropical regions, which are located around the equator. These regions are characterized by high temperatures and consistent rainfall throughout the year.
However, it's worth noting that certain environmental factors, such as climate, can have an impact on human health. For instance, tropical climates can contribute to the spread of certain diseases, like malaria and dengue fever, due to the presence of mosquitoes that thrive in warm, wet environments. But a "tropical climate" itself is not a medical condition or diagnosis.
Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan *Trypanosoma cruzi*. It is primarily transmitted to humans through the feces of triatomine bugs (also called "kissing bugs"), which defecate on the skin of people while they are sleeping. The disease can also be spread through contaminated food or drink, during blood transfusions, from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth, and through organ transplantation.
The acute phase of Chagas disease can cause symptoms such as fever, fatigue, body aches, headache, rash, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and vomiting. However, many people do not experience any symptoms during the acute phase. After several weeks or months, most people enter the chronic phase of the disease, which can last for decades or even a lifetime. During this phase, many people do not have any symptoms, but about 20-30% of infected individuals will develop serious cardiac or digestive complications, such as heart failure, arrhythmias, or difficulty swallowing.
Chagas disease is primarily found in Latin America, where it is estimated that around 6-7 million people are infected with the parasite. However, due to increased travel and migration, cases of Chagas disease have been reported in other parts of the world, including North America, Europe, and Asia. There is no vaccine for Chagas disease, but medications are available to treat the infection during the acute phase and to manage symptoms during the chronic phase.
'Insect control' is not a term typically used in medical definitions. However, it generally refers to the methods and practices used to manage or reduce the population of insects that can be harmful or disruptive to human health, food supply, or property. This can include various strategies such as chemical pesticides, biological control agents, habitat modification, and other integrated pest management techniques.
In medical terms, 'vector control' is a more relevant concept, which refers to the specific practices used to reduce or prevent the transmission of infectious diseases by insects and other arthropods that act as disease vectors (such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas). Vector control measures may include the use of insecticides, larvicides, biological control agents, environmental management, personal protection methods, and other integrated vector management strategies.
Triatoma is a genus of insects in the family Reduviidae, also known as "kissing bugs" or "conenose bugs." These insects are called "kissing bugs" because they often bite humans around the mouth and face. They are found primarily in the Americas, ranging from the southern United States to Argentina.
Triatoma species are of medical importance because they can transmit a parasitic infection called Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) to humans through their feces. The parasite that causes Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is found in the bug's feces and can enter the human body through mucous membranes or breaks in the skin.
Chagas disease can cause serious health problems, including heart damage and digestive system complications, if left untreated. Therefore, it is important to take precautions to prevent Triatoma bites and seek medical attention promptly if bitten by one of these insects.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geography" is not a term that has a medical definition. Geography is a field of study that deals with the location and distribution of physical and cultural features on Earth's surface, as well as how humans interact with and affect those features. It is not a concept that is typically used in a medical context. If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "travel" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. In general, travel refers to the act of moving or journeying from one place to another, often over long distances. However, in a medical context, it might refer to the recommendation that individuals with certain medical conditions or those who are immunocompromised avoid traveling to areas where they may be at increased risk of exposure to infectious diseases. It's always best to check with a healthcare professional for advice related to specific medical situations and travel.
Insect vectors are insects that transmit disease-causing pathogens (such as viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. They do this while feeding on the host's blood or tissues. The insects themselves are not infected by the pathogen but act as mechanical carriers that pass it on during their bite. Examples of diseases spread by insect vectors include malaria (transmitted by mosquitoes), Lyme disease (transmitted by ticks), and plague (transmitted by fleas). Proper prevention measures, such as using insect repellent and reducing standing water where mosquitoes breed, can help reduce the risk of contracting these diseases.
Genetic variation refers to the differences in DNA sequences among individuals and populations. These variations can result from mutations, genetic recombination, or gene flow between populations. Genetic variation is essential for evolution by providing the raw material upon which natural selection acts. It can occur within a single gene, between different genes, or at larger scales, such as differences in the number of chromosomes or entire sets of chromosomes. The study of genetic variation is crucial in understanding the genetic basis of diseases and traits, as well as the evolutionary history and relationships among species.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "trees" is not a medical term. It is a common term used in various fields, including biology, ecology, and dendrology, to refer to a woody perennial plant with a single stem or trunk that supports branches and leaves in most species.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, please provide more context so I can offer an accurate and helpful response.
Trypanosoma cruzi is a protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis. It's transmitted to humans and other mammals through the feces of triatomine bugs, often called "kissing bugs." The parasite can also be spread through contaminated food, drink, or from mother to baby during pregnancy or birth.
The life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi involves two main forms: the infective metacyclic trypomastigote that is found in the bug's feces and the replicative intracellular amastigote that resides within host cells. The metacyclic trypomastigotes enter the host through mucous membranes or skin lesions, where they invade various types of cells and differentiate into amastigotes. These amastigotes multiply by binary fission and then differentiate back into trypomastigotes, which are released into the bloodstream when the host cell ruptures. The circulating trypomastigotes can then infect other cells or be taken up by another triatomine bug during a blood meal, continuing the life cycle.
Clinical manifestations of Chagas disease range from an acute phase with non-specific symptoms like fever, swelling, and fatigue to a chronic phase characterized by cardiac and gastrointestinal complications, which can develop decades after the initial infection. Early detection and treatment of Chagas disease are crucial for preventing long-term health consequences.
DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.
The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.
In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.
Phylogeography is not a medical term, but rather a subfield of biogeography and phylogenetics that investigates the spatial distribution of genealogical lineages and the historical processes that have shaped them. It uses genetic data to infer the geographic origins, dispersal routes, and demographic history of organisms, including pathogens and vectors that can affect human health.
In medical and public health contexts, phylogeography is often used to study the spread of infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, influenza, or tuberculosis, by analyzing the genetic diversity and geographic distribution of pathogen isolates. This information can help researchers understand how diseases emerge, evolve, and move across populations and landscapes, which can inform disease surveillance, control, and prevention strategies.
The ribosomal spacer in DNA refers to the non-coding sequences of DNA that are located between the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These spacer regions are present in the DNA of organisms that have a nuclear genome, including humans and other animals, plants, and fungi.
In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria, there are two ribosomal RNA genes, 16S and 23S, separated by a spacer region known as the intergenic spacer (IGS). In eukaryotic cells, there are multiple copies of ribosomal RNA genes arranged in clusters called nucleolar organizer regions (NORs), which are located on the short arms of several acrocentric chromosomes. Each cluster contains hundreds to thousands of copies of the 18S, 5.8S, and 28S rRNA genes, separated by non-transcribed spacer regions known as internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and external transcribed spacers (ETS).
The ribosomal spacer regions in DNA are often used as molecular markers for studying evolutionary relationships among organisms because they evolve more rapidly than the rRNA genes themselves. The sequences of these spacer regions can be compared among different species to infer their phylogenetic relationships and to estimate the time since they diverged from a common ancestor. Additionally, the length and composition of ribosomal spacers can vary between individuals within a species, making them useful for studying genetic diversity and population structure.
Central America
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Central America - Wikipedia
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Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean | IUCN
Late-season Hurricane Takes Aim at Central America
Northern Central Highlands travel - Lonely Planet | Mexico, North America
Central American Minors (CAM) Program | USCIS
Central & South America | Smithsonian Magazine
Central & South America | Smithsonian Magazine
Unaccompanied Migrant Children from Central America | American University, Washington, DC
Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean Archives - ICLEI
Central America's integration is in full swing | IADB
Mid Florida | Central Florida | American Red Cross
Central and Northern Arizona | American Red Cross
Central Americans save plant diversity throug | EurekAlert!
Slowtwitch.com Race Calendar: Central America
Central & South America<...
central american violence
Water Harvesting Strengthens Food Security in Central America | Inter Press Service
Central American Minors (CAM) Refugee/Parole Program | USCIS
Mexico a Harsh Place for Central American Immigrants
Best American Restaurants in Fort Lauderdale Central | OpenTable
An African American farmer's Central Valley dream - Los Angeles Times
APTOPIX Mexico Central America Migrant Caravan - WOLA
Discover Central America: A Land of Wonders
The Great American RoadTrip Forum - Central America
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS | CASTROL CARRIBBEAN, CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA
Central America Winners 2012 - World Travel Awards
Central America Archives - Our Bodies Ourselves Today
Central America forms alliance to bring US border under control - CSMonitor.com
COVID-19 and Central America: a Learning Moment? - CounterPunch.org
Caribbean22
- The Belizeans are usually identified as culturally Caribbean rather than Central American, while the Panamanians identify themselves more broadly with their South American neighbours. (wikipedia.org)
- In Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, the IUCN has promoted the conservation of natural areas, the empowerment of civil society, the generation of knowledge and legality in favor of people and nature. (iucn.org)
- For 35 years, the IUCN's Regional Office for Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean (ORMACC) implements and executes projects alongside Members and allies mostly from countries in the region, either in specific local communities and indigenous peoples or in work areas that include more than one country or even terrestrial, coastal or marine zones. (iucn.org)
- IUCN Regional Office for Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean works jointly with 112 Members and strategic allies in the region, to build together a fair world that values ​​and conserves nature through the implementation of projects related to biodiversity conservation, management of protected areas, community forestry, enforcement of rights, climate change, and water. (iucn.org)
- An unusually late-season Hurricane Otto swirled over the Caribbean just off Central America on Wednesday and headed toward a possible landfall in Nicaragua after regaining hurricane strength. (voanews.com)
- Research here explores the demographics, migration flows, human-capital development, interconnected policy realities, and outcomes for immigrants from Central America and the Caribbean. (migrationpolicy.org)
- Although Caribbean migration is often discussed in terms of movement to North America and Europe, migration within the region has increased notably in recent years. (migrationpolicy.org)
- You can access all of our Spanish-language content, including reports, commentaries, multimedia, and press releases, here, as well as sign up for updates when we publish Spanish-language content and learn more about our Latin America and Caribbean Migration Portal. (migrationpolicy.org)
- From verdant volcanic peaks to coral-filled waters, Mayan temples, and exotic wildlife - Central America and the Caribbean have it all. (hurtigruten.com)
- Our Central America and Caribbean cruises take you where the big ships can't: sleepy fishing villages, small coastal communities and remote islands. (hurtigruten.com)
- Explore Central America's Pacific coast and visit some of the Caribbean's best paradises on a Caribbean island cruise. (hurtigruten.com)
- Embark on a Central America and Caribbean cruise rich in culture, history and biodiversity. (hurtigruten.com)
- Central America and the Caribbean are home to lowland rainforests, beaches, mangrove swamps and waterfalls - each rich with incredible wildlife. (hurtigruten.com)
- You'll experience a thrilling mix of wildlife in Central America and the Caribbean. (hurtigruten.com)
- On our Central America and Caribbean cruises, you'll visit fascinating archaeological sites with your Expedition Team, and discover the history and traditions of the Aztec, Maya and Caribs peoples. (hurtigruten.com)
- Find out more about the places you'll visit in Central America and the Caribbean on our FAQ page. (hurtigruten.com)
- Not to be confused with Central American Games or Caribbean Games . (wikipedia.org)
- The Central American and Caribbean Games ( CAC or CACGs ) are a multi-sport regional championship event , held quadrennial (once every four years), typically in the middle (even) year between Summer Olympics . (wikipedia.org)
- The games are for 32 countries and 5 territories in Central America , the Caribbean ( Caribbean Countries ), Mexico , and the South American Caribbean countries of Colombia, Guyana , Suriname , and Venezuela. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1935 their name was changed to Central American and Caribbean Games to reflect expanding participation. (wikipedia.org)
- The first two editions of the Games were known as the "Central American Games" at the time, but the edition lineage continued after the inclusion of the Caribbean nations in 1935. (wikipedia.org)
- Aedes -borne arboviruses endemically circulating within the country were found to be introduced multiple times from lineages predominantly sampled from the Caribbean and Central America . (bvsalud.org)
Africa4
- Onchocerciasis, commonly known as river blindness, is a vector-borne disease that affects millions of people in Africa, the Middle East, and South and Central America. (medscape.com)
- Advances in prevention and treatment have decreased the prevalence of this disease in localized areas of Africa and Latin America. (medscape.com)
- The River Blindness Elimination Program, created by The Carter Center, works in Latin America and Africa to eliminate river blindness. (medscape.com)
- Genotype E immigrants and in patients affected by ac- is found in sub-Saharan Africa and geno- tive chronic hepatitis HBV-related infec- type F in South and Central America. (who.int)
Salvador9
- In 1838, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua became the first of Central America's seven states to become independent countries, followed by El Salvador in 1841, Panama in 1903, and Belize in 1981. (wikipedia.org)
- Despite the dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America, countries like Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua continue to maintain a Central American identity. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] Ancient sites of Central America Ancient footprints of Acahualinca, Nicaragua Stone spheres of Costa Rica Tazumal, El Salvador Tikal, Guatemala Copan, Honduras Altun Ha, Belize Central America was formed more than 3 million years ago, as part of the Isthmus of Panama, when its portion of land connected each side of water. (wikipedia.org)
- IUCN's work in this region covers 7 countries in Central America (Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama) together with Mexico, in addition to the Caribbean, which spans insular states and European overseas territories. (iucn.org)
- With support from the Ford Foundation, CLALS published a report offering a comprehensive orientation to the recent surge in migration to the United States by unaccompanied children (UACs) and families from the Northern Triangle countries of Central America: El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras ( Read the full-text report ). (american.edu)
- The countries of Central America's Northern Triangle (El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras) have seen a significant number of their citizens migrate to the United States. (migrationpolicy.org)
- surfing in El Salvador or trekking in Nicaragua, a tour in Central America will not disappoint. (flightcentre.com.au)
- As part of the Partnership for Central America, the public-private initiative set up by U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris to expand jobs, investment and financial inclusion in the Northern Triangle, Ficohsa is striving to advance economic development and opportunity throughout Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala. (kget.com)
- This Project aimed at providing more sound economic, technical, legal and strategic background to raise tobacco taxes in three countries of Central America: Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador. (who.int)
20232
- On April 11, 2023, DHS and the Department of State (State) announced modifications to the Central American Minors (CAM) program consistent with Executive Order 14010 . (uscis.gov)
- TEGUCIGALPA, HONDURAS, November 20, 2023 / EINPresswire.com / -- As a founding member of the Partnership for Central America 's " Financial Inclusion Consortium for Central American Remittances " - or FICCAR - Grupo Financiero Ficohsa , the Central American financial services group headquartered in Honduras, has committed to expanding financial inclusion in the Northern Triangle by ensuring that a greater proportion of remittances are transferred to formal bank accounts. (kget.com)
Panama4
- Within Central America is the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot, which extends from northern Guatemala to central Panama. (wikipedia.org)
- From 1609 to 1821, the majority of Central American territories (except for what would become Belize and Panama, and including the modern Mexican state of Chiapas) were governed by the viceroyalty of New Spain from Mexico City as the Captaincy General of Guatemala. (wikipedia.org)
- And in Central America, Belize, Costa Rica and Panama are affiliate members of the International Cricket Council, the game's ruling body. (americasquarterly.org)
- by Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama. (who.int)
Guatemala4
- In Guatemala, work has been done to strengthen an ancestral agroforestry system inherited from the Chortà people, called Koxur Rum, which conserves more moisture in the soil and thus improves the production of corn and beans, staples of the Central American diet. (ipsnews.net)
- The research team conducted 1,500 surveys throughout the year 2017, 300 in each of five Central American neighborhoods: Guatemala City's El Limón, Tegucigalpa's Nueva Capital, San Salvador's Popotlán, Managua's Jorge Dimitrov, and San José's La Carpio. (ticotimes.net)
- Mexico , Cuba and Guatemala were the three countries present at the first games, which were then called the Central American Games . (wikipedia.org)
- Programas de alimentaci'on a grupos : su integraci'on en programas y estrategias de desarrollo en Centroamérica y Panam'a , memorias del seminario sub-regional celebrado en la ciudad de Antigua Guatemala, entre el 21 y 25 de julio de 1986. (who.int)
Puerto Rico1
- As of January 15, 2016, local transmission had been identified in at least 14 countries or territories in the Americas, including Puerto Rico (See Pan American Health Organization [PAHO] link below for countries and territories in the Americas with Zika virus transmission). (cdc.gov)
Belize2
- Integration in Central American has accelerated since 2008, when the countries launched the Mesoamerica Project, which incorporates Belize, Colombia, Mexico and the Dominican Republic as partners. (iadb.org)
- Nicaragua had 8 total confirmed cases, including 4 active, 1 death, and 3 recovered, out of a population of 6.7 million, the second lowest number of cases in Central America, after sparsely populated and much smaller Belize, but by April 14, Belize had surpassed Nicaragua in number of cases. (counterpunch.org)
America's4
- On 15 September 1821, the Act of Independence of Central America was enacted to announce Central America's separation from the Spanish Empire and provide for the establishment of a new Central American state. (wikipedia.org)
- It draws on extensive investigative reporting carried out by Center research fellows and the CLALS-affiliated research foundation InSight Crime , as well as the Center's portfolio of research on Central America's political economy. (american.edu)
- Young people from Central America's poor neighborhoods bear the brunt of limited opportunities for work and study and unequal distribution of wealth in their countries, according to a study presented Tuesday in Costa Rica. (ticotimes.net)
- He has published many reports on Central America's state of democracy for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). (uncg.edu)
Mexico15
- however in 1823 they seceded from Mexico to form the Federal Republic of Central America until 1838. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] The Spanish-speaking countries officially include both North America and South America as a single continent, América, which is split into four subregions: North America (Northern America and Mexico), Central America, South America, and Insular America (the West Indies). (wikipedia.org)
- Central America" may mean different things to various people, based upon different contexts: The non-official United Nations geoscheme for the Americas defines Central America as all states of mainland North America south of the United States, hence grouping Mexico as part of Central America for statistics purposes, but historically Mexico is considered North America. (wikipedia.org)
- Middle America is usually thought to comprise Mexico to the north of the 7 states of Central America as well as Colombia and Venezuela to the south. (wikipedia.org)
- In Ibero-America (Spanish and Portuguese speaking American countries), the Americas is considered a single continent (America), and Central America is considered a subregion of the continent comprising the seven countries south of Mexico and north of Colombia. (wikipedia.org)
- While both can be translated into English as "Central America", "América Central" is generally used to refer to the geographical area of the seven countries between Mexico and Colombia, while "Centroamérica" is used when referring to the former members of the Federation emphasizing the shared culture and history of the region. (wikipedia.org)
- The fabled silver mining cities of central Mexico are a great place to dig into some significant (if not always so glittery) periods of Mexican history. (lonelyplanet.com)
- As Mexico 'Absorbs' Central American Refugees, Record Numbers Reach the U.S. (american.edu)
- For me, it is interesting to think that every crop species, including even a little-known fruit tree from Mexico and Central America, has an involved and unique evolutionary history. (eurekalert.org)
- While migrants in the United States have held huge demonstrations in recent weeks, the hundreds of thousands of undocumented Central Americans in Mexico suffer mostly in silence. (foxnews.com)
- The level of brutality Central American migrants face in Mexico was apparent Monday, when police conducting a raid for undocumented migrants near a rail yard outside Mexico City shot to death a local man, apparently because his dark skin and work clothes made officers think he was a migrant. (foxnews.com)
- For research specific to Mexico, see North America. (migrationpolicy.org)
- The conditions faced by Central American, Haitian, South American and African migrants in Mexico are extremely adverse. (counterpunch.org)
- Convergent trends and spatiotemporal patterns of Aedes-borne arboviruses in Mexico and Central America. (bvsalud.org)
- United States, Mexico, and Central and South America. (cdc.gov)
Latin American1
- In this lecture, Vargas will discuss the quality of democracy and citizen support for democracy in Central America, with a comparative Latin American perspective. (uncg.edu)
Countries11
- Most importantly, when the SIEPAC is fully operational, the overall cost of electricity in Central American countries is expected to drop thanks to the efficiency gains produced by an integrated energy market. (iadb.org)
- This amount is equivalent to 13 percent of the total portfolio of the Bank for Central American countries, which amounts to $11 billion. (iadb.org)
- A greater and better integration of Central American countries is essential to support an economic recovery, compete globally, create jobs and opportunities and thus promote equity and the reduction of poverty," said the president of the IDB, Luis Alberto Moreno. (iadb.org)
- The initiative is being implemented in the countries of the Central American Dry Corridor. (ipsnews.net)
- The countries of Central America are indeed central to the foreign and domestic policies of the United States in many ways, most obvious of which is immigration. (counterpunch.org)
- But the current COVID19 pandemic has exposed significant differences in the responses of Central American countries and examples of gross disaster opportunism and the double standard applied to different countries. (counterpunch.org)
- This quiz is about the countries of Central America. (funtrivia.com)
- Presidents Trump and Peña Nieto - and the Presidents of the countries these people are fleeing from - claim that most of the hundreds of thousands of men, women and children fleeing Central America are economic migrants, people who choose to leave their countries in search of a better life. (amnesty.org)
- A "Central American Games" does exist today, Juegos Centroamericanos, involving just Central American countries. (wikipedia.org)
- Raising tobacco taxes in selected countries of Central America. (who.int)
- Yellow fever vaccination is required to enter certain Sub-Saharan, Central African, and South American countries. (medlineplus.gov)
Partnership1
- In partnership with local universities like the University of Central Florida, Orange County Public Schools, nonprofit organizations, and businesses around Orlando, corps members receive initial training, ongoing professional development, and access to an unparalleled resource and support network. (teachforamerica.org)
20191
- Tina Sweeten joined the American Red Cross of Central Florida as Executive Director of the Mid-Florida Chapter in October of 2019. (redcross.org)
Mesoamerica1
- In the pre-Columbian era, Central America was inhabited by the Indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica to the north and west and the Isthmo-Colombian peoples to the south and east. (wikipedia.org)
Minors2
- Central American Minors: Headed Home? (american.edu)
- to learn more about the Central American Minors (CAM) Refugee/Parole Program. (uscis.gov)
Migrants2
- Undocumented Central American migrants complain much more about how they are treated by Mexican officials than about authorities on the U.S. side of the border, where migrants may resent being caught but often praise the professionalism of the agents scouring the desert for their trail. (foxnews.com)
- The Mexican government acknowledges that many federal, state and local officials are on the take from the people-smugglers who move hundreds of thousands of Central Americans north, and that migrants are particularly vulnerable to abuse by corrupt police. (foxnews.com)
Americas2
- Central America is a subregion of the Americas. (wikipedia.org)
- But it is Central Americans who are immediately affected by what has now turned into one of the largest human rights crises in the Americas. (amnesty.org)
Florida2
- You can make an impact on communities and students in the diverse and unique region of Central Florida by seeking a teaching job with Teach For America. (teachforamerica.org)
- Teach For America Central Florida partners with the University of Central Florida and Johns Hopkins University (online) to offer our corps members a master's degree in the field of education. (teachforamerica.org)
Dominican Republic1
- Indeed, the Dominican Republic is a full member of the Central American Integration System. (wikipedia.org)
Migration6
- The report is a product of research efforts underway at CLALS exploring the factors behind the migration of Central American children and families. (american.edu)
- Mexican President Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador and U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris spoke on Monday about migration, the battle against COVID-19, and the need to strengthen Central American economies, the White House said in a statement. (voanews.com)
- The White House said the two leaders discussed ongoing bilateral cooperation to address 'irregular migration' to the shared U.S.-Mexican border and agreed to focus on bolstering Central American economies through investment in agriculture and climate resilience. (voanews.com)
- Harris updated Lopez Obrador on U.S. efforts, including the July 29 release of the U.S. strategy for addressing the root causes of migration in Central America. (voanews.com)
- MPI publishes its content most on point to migration policies, trends, and immigrant populations in Latin America and Spain in Spanish. (migrationpolicy.org)
- Virus diffusion patterns observed across the country are likely driven by multiple factors, including mobility linked to human migration from Central towards North America . (bvsalud.org)
Health Organization2
- According to figures from the Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana (SICA)-figures that the World Health Organization considers reliable-as of April 10 Central America as a whole had over six thousand confirmed cases of COVID19. (counterpunch.org)
- Pan American Health Organization. (who.int)
Ancient1
- Not just ancient sites and dense jungles, the cities of Central America are bursting with civic pride, cosmopolitan vibes and historic gems. (flightcentre.com.au)
Commonly2
- Get answers to commonly asked questions about our Central American destinations before your expedition cruise. (hurtigruten.com)
- You also may need vaccines for diseases that are not commonly found in North America. (medlineplus.gov)
Antilles1
- citation needed] In Portuguese as a rule and occasionally in Spanish and other languages, the entirety of the Antilles is often included in the definition of Central America. (wikipedia.org)
People4
- The village is located in the municipality of Sensembra, in the eastern department of Morazán, where it forms part of the so-called Central American Dry Corridor, a semi-arid belt that covers 35 percent of Central America and is home to some 11 million people, mostly engaged in subsistence agriculture. (ipsnews.net)
- The study, "Central America, Torn Apart," carried out by University of Costa Rica (UCR) researcher Carlos Sandoval, analyzed some of the factors that cause young people from the region to emigrate. (ticotimes.net)
- For many years, we have helped people of Central Falls find the best storage facilities for their needs. (movingideas.org)
- Telling people about your experience is a way to give back to the Central Falls community and Jake's Moving. (movingideas.org)
Fever1
- In California, most of the endemic counties are in the California Central Valley, and by the way, that's where Valley Fever got its name. (cdc.gov)
Newly1
- In the 1990s, the U.S. created an Enterprise Fund for Central and Eastern Europe to stimulate private business investment in the region's newly freed markets. (heritage.org)
Ukraine1
- Our transatlantic neighborhood includes Central, as well as Western, Europe-from Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia westward. (heritage.org)
Farmers2
- Now Researchers at Washington University in St. Louis report that farmers and families in Central America actually have saved genetic variation in the jocote (ho-CO-tay), (Spondias purpurea), a small tree that bears fruit similar to a tiny mango. (eurekalert.org)
- In a country in which less than 2% of farmers are African American, Hutson hopes to provide a boost to this once-thriving town. (latimes.com)
Neighborhoods1
- Americans looking to keep our nation free and prosperous should do everything they can to assure that our global "neighborhoods" remain stable and secure. (heritage.org)
Sustainable1
- Since then, he has purchased a 60-acre farm, hired several African American farm hands, and is now on his way to owning a sustainable, organic farm. (latimes.com)
South2
- The dogs are native to South America but are considered rare and are very seldom seen even there, the two ecologists point out. (sciencedaily.com)
- Fuller says that bush dogs have lived in South America for thousands of years, and no one knows why they have not moved farther north into Central America, where the habitat is similar, but they are so rare that studying them is quite difficult. (sciencedaily.com)
Region2
- Due to the presence of several active geologic faults and the Central America Volcanic Arc, there is a high amount of seismic activity in the region, such as volcanic eruptions and earthquakes which has resulted in death, injury, and property damage. (wikipedia.org)
- From cobbled lanes and shaded plazas to vast deserts and cloud forest, Mexico's northern central highlands is a region as varied as its history, cuisine and cultures. (lonelyplanet.com)
North3
- Biden's North American Reset? (american.edu)
- Virginia Sanchez, who lives near the railroad tracks that carry Central Americans north to the U.S. border, said such shootings in Tultitlan are common. (foxnews.com)
- West Europe, North America and Central treatments. (who.int)
Economic3
- Some cite the demographic shifts of African Americans moving to cities, and others the closure of the Allensworth railroad stop, for the economic downfall of the area. (latimes.com)
- He is doing it to honor his late mother ("the unofficial mayor of Allensworth") and to provide economic opportunity for his African American brothers and sisters. (latimes.com)
- It could support the Three Seas Initiative Investment Fund and use its existing capacities under the U.S. International Development Finance Corp., the Economic Support Fund, and Assistance for Europe, Eurasia and Central Asia to support projects in nations that contribute to the fund. (heritage.org)
Select1
- Lastly, Central Falls self storage units typically have a monthly or yearly fee, so determine your budget to store your items and then select the best unit for you. (movingideas.org)
Close1
- Over the past decade, the IDB has allocated close to $1,500 million for regional integration programs in Central America. (iadb.org)
Europe2
- If America wants a successful Europe-whole, peaceful and prosperous-Washington needs to gin up some momentum behind this initiative and do it now. (heritage.org)
- Most of Europe's roads and rail lines run east-to-west and peter out in Central Europe. (heritage.org)
Place2
- Towers, lines and cables are already in place, so the southern section of the nascent Central American electricity market will soon be a reality. (iadb.org)
- Storage America is a storage company located in Central Falls, RI at 558 Roosevelt Ave. If you are looking for a quote from Central Falls storage companies , then you have come to the right place. (movingideas.org)
Adventures1
- It may be pocket sized compared to its northern and southern counterparts, but Central America offers more adventures than you can poke a stick at. (flightcentre.com.au)
Cities1
- With smatterings of Maya ruins and volcanoes within tangled jungles, an immense population of native wildlife, pristine bodies of water and vibrant cities - Central America is a nirvana for 'green' adventurers. (flightcentre.com.au)
Find1
- You can find reviews for both Storage America and other Central Falls storage companies on our site. (movingideas.org)
System1
- In late July, the first substation of the Central American Electrical Interconnection System ( SIEPAC ) is opening in Costa Rica. (iadb.org)