A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that consist of slender vibroid cells.
A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod- or vibroid-shaped or fusiform bacteria that commonly produce a stalk. They are found in fresh water and soil and divide by binary transverse fission.
A whiplike motility appendage present on the surface cells. Prokaryote flagella are composed of a protein called FLAGELLIN. Bacteria can have a single flagellum, a tuft at one pole, or multiple flagella covering the entire surface. In eukaryotes, flagella are threadlike protoplasmic extensions used to propel flagellates and sperm. Flagella have the same basic structure as CILIA but are longer in proportion to the cell bearing them and present in much smaller numbers. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.
A protein with a molecular weight of 40,000 isolated from bacterial flagella. At appropriate pH and salt concentration, three flagellin monomers can spontaneously reaggregate to form structures which appear identical to intact flagella.
The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.
Structures within the nucleus of bacterial cells consisting of or containing DNA, which carry genetic information essential to the cell.
The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.
Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.
A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised mostly of two major phenotypes: purple non-sulfur bacteria and aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacteria.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Physiological processes and properties of BACTERIA.
An enzyme responsible for producing a species-characteristic methylation pattern on adenine residues in a specific short base sequence in the host cell DNA. The enzyme catalyzes the methylation of DNA adenine in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-methionine to form DNA containing 6-methylaminopurine and S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine. EC 2.1.1.72.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
A family of stalked bacteria that reproduces by budding. There are four genera: CAULOBACTER, Asticcacaulis, Brevundimonas, and Phenylobacterium.
The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.
A large group of aerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method. This is because the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria are low in peptidoglycan and thus have low affinity for violet stain and high affinity for the pink dye safranine.
A DNA-directed RNA polymerase found in BACTERIA. It is a holoenzyme that consists of multiple subunits including sigma factor 54.
Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method.
An ATP-dependent protease found in prokaryotes, CHLOROPLASTS, and MITOCHONDRIA. It is a soluble multisubunit complex that plays a role in the degradation of many abnormal proteins.
The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.
Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.
Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.
The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.
A unique DNA sequence of a replicon at which DNA REPLICATION is initiated and proceeds bidirectionally or unidirectionally. It contains the sites where the first separation of the complementary strands occurs, a primer RNA is synthesized, and the switch from primer RNA to DNA synthesis takes place. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)
Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.
The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.
In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.
Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.
Xylose is a monosaccharide, a type of sugar, that is commonly found in woody plants and fruits, and it is used in medical testing to assess the absorptive capacity of the small intestine.
DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.
A family of bacteriophages that infects enterobacteria, CAULOBACTER, and PSEUDOMONAS. The genome consists of linear, positive-sense single-stranded RNA.
A family of gram-negative bacteria usually found in soil or water and including many plant pathogens and a few animal pathogens.
A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).
A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.
Pollutants, present in water or bodies of water, which exhibit radioactivity.
Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a phosphorus-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.6.
Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.
Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.
Peptidoglycan is a complex, cross-linked polymer of carbohydrates and peptides that forms the rigid layer of the bacterial cell wall, providing structural support and protection while contributing to the bacterium's susceptibility or resistance to certain antibiotics.
A protein which is a subunit of RNA polymerase. It effects initiation of specific RNA chains from DNA.
A potassium salt used to replenish ELECTROLYTES, for restoration of WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE, as well as a urinary and systemic alkalizer, which can be administered orally or by intravenous infusion. Formerly, it was used in DIURETICS and EXPECTORANTS.
The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.
Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.
The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.
Tungsten hydroxide oxide phosphate. A white or slightly yellowish-green, slightly efflorescent crystal or crystalline powder. It is used as a reagent for alkaloids and many other nitrogen bases, for phenols, albumin, peptone, amino acids, uric acid, urea, blood, and carbohydrates. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
The development of anatomical structures to create the form of a single- or multi-cell organism. Morphogenesis provides form changes of a part, parts, or the whole organism.
Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.
Bacterial proteins that are used by BACTERIOPHAGES to incorporate their DNA into the DNA of the "host" bacteria. They are DNA-binding proteins that function in genetic recombination as well as in transcriptional and translational regulation.

The phylogenetic relationships of Caulobacter, Asticcacaulis and Brevundimonas species and their taxonomic implications. (1/72)

The phylogenetic relationships among the species of Caulobacter, Asticcacaulis and Brevundimonas were studied by comparison of their 16S rDNA sequences. The analysis of almost complete sequences confirmed the early evolutionary divergence of the freshwater and marine species of Caulobacter reported previously [Stahl, D. A., Key, R., Flesher, B. & Smit, J. (1992). J Bacteriol 174, 2193-2198]. The freshwater species formed two distinct clusters. One cluster contained the species Caulobacter bacteroides, Caulobacter crescentus, Caulobacter fusiformis and Caulobacter henricii. C. bacteroides and C. fusiformis are very closely related (sequence identity 99.8%). The second cluster was not exclusive and contained the specis Caulobacter intermedius, Caulobacter subvibrioides and Caulobacter variabilis, as well as Brevundimonas diminuta and Brevundimonas vesicularis. The marine species Caulobacter halobacteroides and Caulobacter maris were very closely related, with a sequence identity of 99.7%. These two species were most closely but distantly related to the marine hyphal/budding bacteria Hyphomonas jannaschiana and Hirschia baltica, which formed a deep phylogenetic line with Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Rhodobacter capsulatus. Caulobacter leidyia is unrelated to the other species of Caulobacter and belongs to the alpha-4 subclass of the Proteobacteria, forming a distinct cluster with Asticcacaulis excentricus and Asticcacaulis biprosthecium. The taxonomic implications of the polyphyletic nature of the genus Caulobacter and the absence of a type culture for the type species of the genus Caulobacter vibrioides, are discussed.  (+info)

Phylogeny and polyphasic taxonomy of Caulobacter species. Proposal of Maricaulis gen. nov. with Maricaulis maris (Poindexter) comb. nov. as the type species, and emended description of the genera Brevundimonas and Caulobacter. (2/72)

The genus Caulobacter is composed of prosthecate bacteria often specialized for oligotrophic environments. The taxonomy of Caulobacter has relied primarily upon morphological criteria: a strain that visually appeared to be a member of the Caulobacter has generally been called one without challenge. A polyphasic approach, comprising 16S rDNA sequencing, profiling restriction fragments of 16S-23S rDNA interspacer regions, lipid analysis, immunological profiling and salt tolerance characterizations, was used to clarify the taxonomy of 76 strains of the genera Caulobacter. Brevundimonas, Hyphomonas and Mycoplana. The described species of the genus Caulobacter formed a paraphyletic group with Caulobacter henricii, Caulobacter fusiformis, Caulobacter vibrioides and Mycoplana segnis (Caulobacter segnis comb. nov.) belonging to Caulobacter sensu stricto. Caulobacter bacteroides (Brevundimonas bacteroides comb. nov.), C. henricii subsp. aurantiacus (Brevundimonas aurantiaca comb. nov.), Caulobacter intermedius (Brevundimonas intermedia comb. nov.), Caulobacter subvibrioides (Brevundimonas subvibrioides comb. nov.), C. subvibrioides subsp. albus (Brevundimonas alba comb. nov.), Caulobacter variabilis (Brevundimonas variabilis comb. nov.) and Mycoplana bullata belong to the genus Brevundimonas. The halophilic species Caulobacter maris and Caulobacter halobacteroides are different from these two genera and form the genus Maricaulis gen. nov. with Maricaulis maris as the type species. Caulobacter leidyia was observed to cluster with species of the genus Sphingomonas. Caulobacter crescentus is synonymous with C. vibrioides and C. halobacteroides is synonymous with Maricaulis maris as determined by these analyses and DNA-DNA hybridization. Biomarkers discerning these different genera were determined. The necessary recombinations have been proposed and a description of Maricaulis is presented.  (+info)

Regulation of stalk elongation by phosphate in Caulobacter crescentus. (3/72)

In Caulobacter crescentus, stalk biosynthesis is regulated by cell cycle cues and by extracellular phosphate concentration. Phosphate-starved cells undergo dramatic stalk elongation to produce stalks as much as 30 times as long as those of cells growing in phosphate-rich medium. To identify genes involved in the control of stalk elongation, transposon mutants were isolated that exhibited a long-stalk phenotype irrespective of extracellular phosphate concentration. The disrupted genes were identified as homologues of the high-affinity phosphate transport genes pstSCAB of Escherichia coli. In E. coli, pst mutants have a constitutively expressed phosphate (Pho) regulon. To determine if stalk elongation is regulated by the Pho regulon, the Caulobacter phoB gene that encodes the transcriptional activator of the Pho regulon was cloned and mutated. While phoB was not required for stalk synthesis or for the cell cycle timing of stalk synthesis initiation, it was required for stalk elongation in response to phosphate starvation. Both pstS and phoB mutants were deficient in phosphate transport. When a phoB mutant was grown with limiting phosphate concentrations, stalks only increased in length by an average of 1.4-fold compared to the average 9-fold increase in stalk length of wild-type cells grown in the same medium. Thus, the phenotypes of phoB and pst mutants were opposite. phoB mutants were unable to elongate stalks during phosphate starvation, whereas pst mutants made long stalks in both high- and low-phosphate media. Analysis of double pst phoB mutants indicated that the long-stalk phenotype of pst mutants was dependent on phoB. In addition, analysis of a pstS-lacZ transcriptional fusion showed that pstS transcription is dependent on phoB. These results suggest that the signal transduction pathway that stimulates stalk elongation in response to phosphate starvation is mediated by the Pst proteins and the response regulator PhoB.  (+info)

Microbial community changes in biological phosphate-removal systems on altering sludge phosphorus content. (4/72)

Biomarkers (respiratory quinones and cellular fatty acids) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes were used to characterize the microbial community structure of lab-scale enhanced biological phosphate-removal (EBPR) systems in response to altering sludge phosphorus (P) content. All the data suggest that the microbial community structures of sludge samples with a P content between 8 and 12.3% (sludge dry weight) (i.e. good EBPR activity) were very similar, but differed from those with 2% P content (i.e. no EBPR activity). For all samples analysed, ubiquinones Q-8 and Q-10, menaquinone MK-8(H4), and fatty acids C16:0, C16:1 omega9c and C18:1, omega11c were the major components. The dominance of Q-8, Q-10 and MK-8(H4) suggested that large numbers of organisms belonging to the beta and alpha subclasses of the Proteobacteria and the Actinobacteria from the high G+C Gram-positive bacteria, respectively, were present. DGGE analysis revealed at least 7-9 predominant DNA bands and numerous other fragments in each sample. Five major DGGE fragments from each of the 2% and 12% P-containing sludge samples, respectively, were successfully isolated and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences indicated that both 2% and 12% P-containing sludge samples shared three common phylotypes that were separately affiliated with a novel bacterial group from the gamma subclass of the Proteobacteria, two MK-8(H4)-containing actinobacteria previously isolated from the 2% P-containing sludge, and a Caulobacter spp. in the alpha subclass of the Proteobacteria. The phylogenetic analysis also revealed phylotypes unique to both sludge samples. Changes in sludge P content therefore had an effect on the composition and abundance of the predominant microbial populations, though specific phylotypes could not be unequivocally associated with EBPR.  (+info)

In situ reproductive rate of freshwater Caulobacter spp. (5/72)

Electron microscope grids were submerged in Lake Washington, Seattle, Wash., in June 1996 as bait to which Caulobacter sp. swarmers would attach and on which they would then reproduce in situ. Enumeration of bands in the stalks of attached cells implied that the caulobacters were completing approximately three reproductive cycles per day. A succession of morphological types of caulobacters occurred, as well as an episode of bacteriovore grazing that slowed the accumulation of caulobacters and prevented the aging of the population.  (+info)

Determination of the systematic position of the genus Asticcacaulis Poindexter by a polyphasic analysis. (6/72)

The genus Asticcacaulis, to date, comprises two species of unicellular, stalked bacteria, developing a stalk at a site which is not coincidental with the centre of the pole of the cell. Multiplication is similar to that demonstrated by the prosthecate species of the genera Caulobacter, Brevundimonas and Maricaulis. A polyphasic approach, comprising 16S rRNA gene sequencing, lipid analysis and NaCl tolerance characterizations, was used to clarify the taxonomy of the two Asticcacaulis species. From the analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences, a close phylogenetic relationship between the species that comprise the genera Asticcacaulis, Caulobacter and Brevundimonas could be deduced wherein the three genera form three distinct branches. The individual genera could also be discerned by different characteristic polar lipids. The species of Asticcacaulis differed from species of Caulobacter and Brevundimonas by the lack of 1,2-diacyl-3-O-[6'-phosphatidyl-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl]glycerol. They also did not contain 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-D-glucuronopyranosyl]glycerol, which is found in most Brevundimonas species but not in strains of the genus Caulobacter. The morphological differences seen between the two species Asticcacaulis excentricus and Asticcacaulis biprosthecium are mirrored by the observed 16S rDNA sequence similarity value of 95.3%, which is relatively low compared to the interspecies similarity values observed within the genera Brevundimonas or Caulobacter.  (+info)

New members of the ctrA regulon: the major chemotaxis operon in Caulobacter is CtrA dependent. (7/72)

The Caulobacter crescentus che promoter region consists of two divergent promoters, directing expression of the major chemotaxis operon and a novel gene cagA (chemotaxis associated gene A). Analyses of start sites by primer extension and alignment of the divergent promoters revealed significant similarities between them at the -35 promoter region. Both mcpA and cagA are differentially expressed in the cell cycle, with maximal activation of transcription in predivisional cells. The main difference between the mcpA and cagA promoters is that, in common with the fljK flagellin, cagA is expressed in swarmer cells. A cagA--lacZ promoter fusion that contains 36 bases of untranslated mRNA has sufficient information to segregate the lacZ transcript to swarmer cells. Expression of mcpA and cagA was dependent on DNA replication. Transcriptional epistasis experiments were performed to identify potential regulators in the flagellar hierarchy. The sigma factor RpoN, which is required for flagellar biogenesis, is not required for mcpA and cagA expression. Mutations in the genes for the MS-ring and the switch complex (flagellar class II mutants) do not affect expression of mcpA and cagA. However, CtrA, an essential response regulator of flagellar gene transcription, is required.  (+info)

Genes directly controlled by CtrA, a master regulator of the Caulobacter cell cycle. (8/72)

Studies of the genetic network that controls the Caulobacter cell cycle have identified a response regulator, CtrA, that controls, directly or indirectly, one-quarter of the 553 cell cycle-regulated genes. We have performed in vivo genomic binding site analysis of the CtrA protein to identify which of these genes have regulatory regions bound directly by CtrA. By combining these data with previous global analysis of cell cycle transcription patterns and gene expression profiles of mutant ctrA strains, we have determined that CtrA directly regulates at least 95 genes. The total group of CtrA-regulated genes includes those involved in polar morphogenesis, DNA replication initiation, DNA methylation, cell division, and cell wall metabolism. Also among the genes in this notably large regulon are 14 that encode regulatory proteins, including 10 two-component signal transduction regulatory proteins. Identification of additional regulatory genes activated by CtrA will serve to directly connect new regulatory modules to the network controlling cell cycle progression.  (+info)

'Caulobacter crescentus' is a gram-negative, oligotrophic aquatic bacterium that is commonly found in freshwater environments. It is known for its distinctive curved or "crescent" shape and the presence of a holdfast structure at one end, which allows it to attach to surfaces. 'Caulobacter crescentus' has a complex life cycle involving two distinct cell types: swarmer cells, which are motile and can swim in search of new surfaces to colonize, and stalked cells, which are non-motile and have a long, thin stalk that extends from the holdfast end. This bacterium is often used as a model organism for studying cell differentiation, asymmetric cell division, and the regulation of gene expression in response to environmental signals.

Caulobacter is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic, aquatic bacteria that are characterized by the presence of a polar stalk or attachment structure. These bacteria are commonly found in freshwater and marine environments and play an important role in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling. The stalk of Caulobacter contains adhesins that allow the bacterium to attach to surfaces, while the unstalked portion can move using flagella.

Caulobacter has a complex life cycle involving two distinct cell types: a swarmer cell and a stalked cell. Swarmer cells are motile and have a single polar flagellum that they use to search for new surfaces to attach to. Once they find a suitable surface, they differentiate into stalked cells by synthesizing a stalk structure at the site of attachment. The stalked cells then replicate their DNA and divide asymmetrically to produce a new swarmer cell and a new stalked cell.

Caulobacter is an important model organism for studying bacterial cell differentiation, motility, and surface adhesion. It has also been studied as a potential source of novel enzymes and bioactive compounds with applications in biotechnology and medicine.

Flagella are long, thin, whip-like structures that some types of cells use to move themselves around. They are made up of a protein called tubulin and are surrounded by a membrane. In bacteria, flagella rotate like a propeller to push the cell through its environment. In eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus), such as sperm cells or certain types of algae, flagella move in a wave-like motion to achieve locomotion. The ability to produce flagella is called flagellation.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

Gene expression regulation in bacteria refers to the complex cellular processes that control the production of proteins from specific genes. This regulation allows bacteria to adapt to changing environmental conditions and ensure the appropriate amount of protein is produced at the right time.

Bacteria have a variety of mechanisms for regulating gene expression, including:

1. Operon structure: Many bacterial genes are organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule. The expression of these genes can be coordinately regulated by controlling the transcription of the entire operon.
2. Promoter regulation: Transcription is initiated at promoter regions upstream of the gene or operon. Bacteria have regulatory proteins called sigma factors that bind to the promoter and recruit RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA into RNA. The binding of sigma factors can be influenced by environmental signals, allowing for regulation of transcription.
3. Attenuation: Some operons have regulatory regions called attenuators that control transcription termination. These regions contain hairpin structures that can form in the mRNA and cause transcription to stop prematurely. The formation of these hairpins is influenced by the concentration of specific metabolites, allowing for regulation of gene expression based on the availability of those metabolites.
4. Riboswitches: Some bacterial mRNAs contain regulatory elements called riboswitches that bind small molecules directly. When a small molecule binds to the riboswitch, it changes conformation and affects transcription or translation of the associated gene.
5. CRISPR-Cas systems: Bacteria use CRISPR-Cas systems for adaptive immunity against viruses and plasmids. These systems incorporate short sequences from foreign DNA into their own genome, which can then be used to recognize and cleave similar sequences in invading genetic elements.

Overall, gene expression regulation in bacteria is a complex process that allows them to respond quickly and efficiently to changing environmental conditions. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms can provide insights into bacterial physiology and help inform strategies for controlling bacterial growth and behavior.

Flagellin is a protein that makes up the structural filament of the flagellum, which is a whip-like structure found on many bacteria that enables them to move. It is also known as a potent stimulator of the innate immune response and can be recognized by Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) in the host's immune system, triggering an inflammatory response. Flagellin is highly conserved among different bacterial species, making it a potential target for broad-spectrum vaccines and immunotherapies against bacterial infections.

The cell cycle is a series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication. It consists of four main phases: G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, and M phase.

During the G1 phase, the cell grows in size and synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for DNA replication. In the S phase, the cell's DNA is copied, resulting in two complete sets of chromosomes. During the G2 phase, the cell continues to grow and produces more proteins and organelles necessary for cell division.

The M phase is the final stage of the cell cycle and consists of mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division). Mitosis results in two genetically identical daughter nuclei, while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm and creates two separate daughter cells.

The cell cycle is regulated by various checkpoints that ensure the proper completion of each phase before progressing to the next. These checkpoints help prevent errors in DNA replication and division, which can lead to mutations and cancer.

Bacterial chromosomes are typically circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that contain the genetic material of bacteria. Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA housed within a nucleus, bacterial chromosomes are located in the cytoplasm of the cell, often associated with the bacterial nucleoid.

Bacterial chromosomes can vary in size and structure among different species, but they typically contain all of the genetic information necessary for the survival and reproduction of the organism. They may also contain plasmids, which are smaller circular DNA molecules that can carry additional genes and can be transferred between bacteria through a process called conjugation.

One important feature of bacterial chromosomes is their ability to replicate rapidly, allowing bacteria to divide quickly and reproduce in large numbers. The replication of the bacterial chromosome begins at a specific origin point and proceeds in opposite directions until the entire chromosome has been copied. This process is tightly regulated and coordinated with cell division to ensure that each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genetic material.

Overall, the study of bacterial chromosomes is an important area of research in microbiology, as understanding their structure and function can provide insights into bacterial genetics, evolution, and pathogenesis.

A bacterial gene is a segment of DNA (or RNA in some viruses) that contains the genetic information necessary for the synthesis of a functional bacterial protein or RNA molecule. These genes are responsible for encoding various characteristics and functions of bacteria such as metabolism, reproduction, and resistance to antibiotics. They can be transmitted between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer mechanisms like conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Bacterial genes are often organized into operons, which are clusters of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.

It's important to note that the term "bacterial gene" is used to describe genetic elements found in bacteria, but not all genetic elements in bacteria are considered genes. For example, some DNA sequences may not encode functional products and are therefore not considered genes. Additionally, some bacterial genes may be plasmid-borne or phage-borne, rather than being located on the bacterial chromosome.

Bacterial DNA refers to the genetic material found in bacteria. It is composed of a double-stranded helix containing four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) - that are linked together by phosphodiester bonds. The sequence of these bases in the DNA molecule carries the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria.

Bacterial DNA is circular in most bacterial species, although some have linear chromosomes. In addition to the main chromosome, many bacteria also contain small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids that can carry additional genes and provide resistance to antibiotics or other environmental stressors.

Unlike eukaryotic cells, which have their DNA enclosed within a nucleus, bacterial DNA is present in the cytoplasm of the cell, where it is in direct contact with the cell's metabolic machinery. This allows for rapid gene expression and regulation in response to changing environmental conditions.

Alphaproteobacteria is a class of proteobacteria, a group of gram-negative bacteria. This class includes a diverse range of bacterial species that can be found in various environments, such as soil, water, and the surfaces of plants and animals. Some notable members of Alphaproteobacteria include the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, which form symbiotic relationships with the roots of leguminous plants, as well as the pathogenic bacteria Rickettsia, which are responsible for causing diseases such as typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

The Alphaproteobacteria class is further divided into several orders, including Rhizobiales, Rhodobacterales, and Caulobacterales. These orders contain a variety of bacterial species that have different characteristics and ecological roles. For example, members of the order Rhizobiales are known for their ability to fix nitrogen, while members of the order Rhodobacterales include photosynthetic bacteria that can use light as an energy source.

Overall, Alphaproteobacteria is a diverse and important group of bacteria that play various roles in the environment and in the health of plants and animals.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Bacterial physiological phenomena refer to the various functional processes and activities that occur within bacteria, which are necessary for their survival, growth, and reproduction. These phenomena include:

1. Metabolism: This is the process by which bacteria convert nutrients into energy and cellular components. It involves a series of chemical reactions that break down organic compounds such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
2. Respiration: This is the process by which bacteria use oxygen to convert organic compounds into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy in the form of ATP. Some bacteria can also perform anaerobic respiration, using alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate or sulfate instead of oxygen.
3. Fermentation: This is a type of anaerobic metabolism in which bacteria convert organic compounds into simpler molecules, releasing energy in the form of ATP. Unlike respiration, fermentation does not require an external electron acceptor.
4. Motility: Many bacteria are capable of moving independently, using various mechanisms such as flagella or twitching motility. This allows them to move towards favorable environments and away from harmful ones.
5. Chemotaxis: Bacteria can sense and respond to chemical gradients in their environment, allowing them to move towards attractants and away from repellents.
6. Quorum sensing: Bacteria can communicate with each other using signaling molecules called autoinducers. When the concentration of autoinducers reaches a certain threshold, the bacteria can coordinate their behavior, such as initiating biofilm formation or producing virulence factors.
7. Sporulation: Some bacteria can form spores, which are highly resistant to heat, radiation, and chemicals. Spores can remain dormant for long periods of time and germinate when conditions are favorable.
8. Biofilm formation: Bacteria can form complex communities called biofilms, which are composed of cells embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Biofilms can provide protection from environmental stressors and host immune responses.
9. Cell division: Bacteria reproduce by binary fission, where the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This process is regulated by various cell cycle checkpoints and can be influenced by environmental factors such as nutrient availability.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

Caulobacteraceae is a family of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that are widely distributed in aquatic environments. These bacteria are known for their unique bipolar morphology, with one end (the "stalked" end) attached to surfaces and the other end (the "stalkless" end) free-swimming. The stalked end is used for attachment to surfaces and absorbing nutrients, while the stalkless end is used for movement and seeking out new surfaces to attach to.

Caulobacteraceae are important members of the microbial communities found in many aquatic environments, including freshwater, marine, and wastewater systems. Some species of Caulobacteraceae are capable of fixing nitrogen gas from the atmosphere, making them important contributors to the global nitrogen cycle.

One notable feature of Caulobacteraceae is their ability to form dormant, spore-like structures called "cysts" in response to environmental stressors such as nutrient limitation or desiccation. These cysts can remain viable for long periods of time and serve as a means of survival and dispersal for the bacteria.

Caulobacteraceae are also known for their complex life cycles, which involve a series of developmental stages that include cell division, differentiation, and motility. The study of Caulobacteraceae has provided important insights into the mechanisms of bacterial cell division, differentiation, and motility, as well as the regulation of gene expression in response to environmental cues.

DNA replication is the biological process by which DNA makes an identical copy of itself during cell division. It is a fundamental mechanism that allows genetic information to be passed down from one generation of cells to the next. During DNA replication, each strand of the double helix serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. This results in the creation of two identical DNA molecules. The enzymes responsible for DNA replication include helicase, which unwinds the double helix, and polymerase, which adds nucleotides to the growing strands.

Gram-negative aerobic bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method, which is a technique used to differentiate bacterial species based on their cell wall composition. These bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides (LPS), making them resistant to many antibiotics and disinfectants. They are called aerobic because they require oxygen for their growth and metabolism. Examples of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria include Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. These bacteria can cause various infections in humans, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis.

RNA polymerase sigma 54 (σ^54) is not a medical term, but rather a molecular biology concept. It's a type of sigma factor that associates with the core RNA polymerase to form the holoenzyme in bacteria. Sigma factors are subunits of RNA polymerase that recognize and bind to specific promoter sequences on DNA, thereby initiating transcription of genes into messenger RNA (mRNA).

σ^54 is unique because it requires additional energy to melt the DNA strands at the promoter site for transcription initiation. This energy comes from ATP hydrolysis, which is facilitated by a group of proteins called bacterial enhancer-binding proteins (bEBPs). The σ^54-dependent promoters typically contain two conserved sequence elements: an upstream activating sequence (UAS) and a downstream core promoter element (DPE).

In summary, RNA polymerase sigma 54 is a type of sigma factor that plays a crucial role in the initiation of transcription in bacteria. It specifically recognizes and binds to certain promoter sequences on DNA, and its activity requires ATP hydrolysis facilitated by bEBPs.

Gram-negative bacteria are a type of bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method, a standard technique used in microbiology to classify and identify different types of bacteria based on their structural differences. This method was developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884.

The primary characteristic distinguishing Gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria is the composition and structure of their cell walls:

1. Cell wall: Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer, making it more susceptible to damage and less rigid compared to Gram-positive bacteria.
2. Outer membrane: They possess an additional outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are endotoxins that can trigger strong immune responses in humans and animals. The outer membrane also contains proteins, known as porins, which form channels for the passage of molecules into and out of the cell.
3. Periplasm: Between the inner and outer membranes lies a compartment called the periplasm, where various enzymes and other molecules are located.

Some examples of Gram-negative bacteria include Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica, Shigella spp., and Neisseria meningitidis. These bacteria are often associated with various infections, such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. Due to their complex cell wall structure, Gram-negative bacteria can be more resistant to certain antibiotics, making them a significant concern in healthcare settings.

Endopeptidase Clp is a type of enzyme found in bacteria that functions to degrade misfolded or unnecessary proteins within the cell. It is part of the ATP-dependent Clp protease family, which are complexes composed of multiple subunits, including the endopeptidase ClpP. These enzymes work together to unfold and break down proteins into smaller peptides or individual amino acids for recycling or removal. Endopeptidase Clp specifically recognizes and cleaves internal peptide bonds within proteins, contributing to protein quality control and maintaining cellular homeostasis in bacteria.

An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.

A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.

Bacteriophages, often simply called phages, are viruses that infect and replicate within bacteria. They consist of a protein coat, called the capsid, that encases the genetic material, which can be either DNA or RNA. Bacteriophages are highly specific, meaning they only infect certain types of bacteria, and they reproduce by hijacking the bacterial cell's machinery to produce more viruses.

Once a phage infects a bacterium, it can either replicate its genetic material and create new phages (lytic cycle), or integrate its genetic material into the bacterial chromosome and replicate along with the bacterium (lysogenic cycle). In the lytic cycle, the newly formed phages are released by lysing, or breaking open, the bacterial cell.

Bacteriophages play a crucial role in shaping microbial communities and have been studied as potential alternatives to antibiotics for treating bacterial infections.

Genetic transcription is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is used to create a complementary RNA molecule. This process is the first step in gene expression, where the genetic code in DNA is converted into a form that can be used to produce proteins or functional RNAs.

During transcription, an enzyme called RNA polymerase binds to the DNA template strand and reads the sequence of nucleotide bases. As it moves along the template, it adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the growing RNA chain, creating a single-stranded RNA molecule that is complementary to the DNA template strand. Once transcription is complete, the RNA molecule may undergo further processing before it can be translated into protein or perform its functional role in the cell.

Transcription can be either "constitutive" or "regulated." Constitutive transcription occurs at a relatively constant rate and produces essential proteins that are required for basic cellular functions. Regulated transcription, on the other hand, is subject to control by various intracellular and extracellular signals, allowing cells to respond to changing environmental conditions or developmental cues.

A replication origin is a specific location in a DNA molecule where the process of DNA replication is initiated. It serves as the starting point for the synthesis of new strands of DNA during cell division. The origin of replication contains regulatory elements and sequences that are recognized by proteins, which then recruit and assemble the necessary enzymes to start the replication process. In eukaryotic cells, replication origins are often found in clusters, with multiple origins scattered throughout each chromosome.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fresh Water" is not a medical term. It is a term used to describe water that contains low concentrations of dissolved salts and other dissolved minerals. It is distinguished from saline water, which includes saltwater found in the ocean and brackish water found in estuaries. Fresh water is essential for many biological processes and is the primary source of water for human consumption, agriculture, and industrial use.

Cell division is the process by which a single eukaryotic cell (a cell with a true nucleus) divides into two identical daughter cells. This complex process involves several stages, including replication of DNA, separation of chromosomes, and division of the cytoplasm. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis is the type of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells. It is a fundamental process for growth, development, and tissue repair in multicellular organisms. The stages of mitosis include prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm.

Meiosis, on the other hand, is a type of cell division that occurs in the gonads (ovaries and testes) during the production of gametes (sex cells). Meiosis results in four genetically unique daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This process is essential for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity. The stages of meiosis include meiosis I and meiosis II, which are further divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

In summary, cell division is the process by which a single cell divides into two daughter cells, either through mitosis or meiosis. This process is critical for growth, development, tissue repair, and sexual reproduction in multicellular organisms.

An operon is a genetic unit in prokaryotic organisms (like bacteria) consisting of a cluster of genes that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule, which then undergoes translation to produce multiple proteins. This genetic organization allows for the coordinated regulation of genes that are involved in the same metabolic pathway or functional process. The unit typically includes promoter and operator regions that control the transcription of the operon, as well as structural genes encoding the proteins. Operons were first discovered in bacteria, but similar genetic organizations have been found in some eukaryotic organisms, such as yeast.

Bacterial RNA refers to the genetic material present in bacteria that is composed of ribonucleic acid (RNA). Unlike higher organisms, bacteria contain a single circular chromosome made up of DNA, along with smaller circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These bacterial genetic materials contain the information necessary for the growth and reproduction of the organism.

Bacterial RNA can be divided into three main categories: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). mRNA carries genetic information copied from DNA, which is then translated into proteins by the rRNA and tRNA molecules. rRNA is a structural component of the ribosome, where protein synthesis occurs, while tRNA acts as an adapter that brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

Bacterial RNA plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including gene expression, protein synthesis, and regulation of metabolic pathways. Understanding the structure and function of bacterial RNA is essential for developing new antibiotics and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Xylose is a type of sugar that is commonly found in plants and wood. In the context of medical definitions, xylose is often used in tests to assess the function of the small intestine. The most common test is called the "xylose absorption test," which measures the ability of the small intestine to absorb this sugar.

In this test, a patient is given a small amount of xylose to drink, and then several blood and/or urine samples are collected over the next few hours. The amount of xylose that appears in these samples is measured and used to determine how well the small intestine is absorbing nutrients.

Abnormal results on a xylose absorption test can indicate various gastrointestinal disorders, such as malabsorption syndromes, celiac disease, or bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine.

Promoter regions in genetics refer to specific DNA sequences located near the transcription start site of a gene. They serve as binding sites for RNA polymerase and various transcription factors that regulate the initiation of gene transcription. These regulatory elements help control the rate of transcription and, therefore, the level of gene expression. Promoter regions can be composed of different types of sequences, such as the TATA box and CAAT box, and their organization and composition can vary between different genes and species.

Leviviridae is a family of small, nonenveloped, icosahedral viruses that infect only bacteria. These viruses, also known as leviphages or "ssRNA phages," have single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes and consist of only three structural proteins. Leviviridae is divided into two genera: Allolevivirus and Levivirus. Members of this family are important tools in molecular biology research due to their simplicity and ease of manipulation. They have been used to study various aspects of gene expression, RNA replication, and virus assembly.

Pseudomonadaceae is a family of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria within the class Gammaproteobacteria. The name "Pseudomonadaceae" comes from the type genus Pseudomonas, which means "false unitform." This refers to the fact that these bacteria can appear similar to other rod-shaped bacteria but have distinct characteristics.

Members of this family are typically motile, aerobic organisms with a single polar flagellum or multiple lateral flagella. They are widely distributed in various environments, including soil, water, and as part of the normal microbiota of plants and animals. Some species can cause diseases in humans, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is an opportunistic pathogen known to cause severe infections in individuals with weakened immune systems, cystic fibrosis, or burn wounds.

Pseudomonadaceae bacteria are metabolically versatile and can utilize various organic compounds as carbon sources. They often produce pigments, such as pyocyanin and fluorescein, which contribute to their identification in laboratory settings. The family Pseudomonadaceae includes several genera, with Pseudomonas being the most well-known and clinically relevant.

Vanillic Acid is not a medical term, but it is a chemical compound with the name 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid. It is a type of phenolic acid that occurs naturally in some foods and plants, including vanilla beans, pineapples, and certain types of mushrooms.

Vanillic Acid has been studied for its potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. However, it is not considered a medication or a medical treatment and does not have a specific medical definition.

A genetic complementation test is a laboratory procedure used in molecular genetics to determine whether two mutated genes can complement each other's function, indicating that they are located at different loci and represent separate alleles. This test involves introducing a normal or wild-type copy of one gene into a cell containing a mutant version of the same gene, and then observing whether the presence of the normal gene restores the normal function of the mutated gene. If the introduction of the normal gene results in the restoration of the normal phenotype, it suggests that the two genes are located at different loci and can complement each other's function. However, if the introduction of the normal gene does not restore the normal phenotype, it suggests that the two genes are located at the same locus and represent different alleles of the same gene. This test is commonly used to map genes and identify genetic interactions in a variety of organisms, including bacteria, yeast, and animals.

Radioactive water pollutants refer to contaminants in water sources that contain radioactive materials. These materials can include substances such as radium, uranium, and cesium, which emit ionizing radiation. This type of pollution can occur through various means, including the disposal of radioactive waste from nuclear power plants, hospitals, and research facilities; oil and gas drilling operations; and mining activities.

Exposure to radioactive water pollutants can have serious health consequences, as ionizing radiation has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, genetic mutations, and other harmful effects. Therefore, it is essential to regulate and monitor radioactive water pollution to protect public health and the environment.

Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the breakdown of a substrate containing a phosphorus-oxygen bond, releasing a phosphate group and forming a new double bond in the process. This reaction is typically represented by the general formula:

Substrate-P-O + A acceptor ------> Substrate-O=A + P\_i

where "Substrate-P-O" represents the phosphorus-oxygen bond in the substrate, "A acceptor" is the molecule that accepts the phosphate group, and "P\_i" denotes inorganic phosphate. These enzymes play important roles in various biological processes, such as signal transduction, energy metabolism, and biosynthesis.

Examples of Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases include:

1. Phospholipase D - catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine to produce phosphatidic acid and choline.
2. ATP sulfurylase - catalyzes the formation of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS) from ATP and sulfate, which is an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids.
3. Inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase - catalyzes the dephosphorylation of inositol polyphosphates, which are involved in intracellular signaling pathways.
4. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase - catalyzes the reversible conversion of UDP-glucose and pyrophosphate to glucose-1-phosphate and UTP, playing a crucial role in carbohydrate metabolism.

It is important to note that Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases are distinct from Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases, which also catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphorus-oxygen bonds but do not form new double bonds in the process.

DNA-binding proteins are a type of protein that have the ability to bind to DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the genetic material of organisms. These proteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, such as regulation of gene expression, DNA replication, repair and recombination.

The binding of DNA-binding proteins to specific DNA sequences is mediated by non-covalent interactions, including electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. The specificity of binding is determined by the recognition of particular nucleotide sequences or structural features of the DNA molecule.

DNA-binding proteins can be classified into several categories based on their structure and function, such as transcription factors, histones, and restriction enzymes. Transcription factors are a major class of DNA-binding proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA sequences in the promoter region of genes and recruiting other proteins to modulate transcription. Histones are DNA-binding proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes, the basic unit of chromatin structure. Restriction enzymes are DNA-binding proteins that recognize and cleave specific DNA sequences, and are widely used in molecular biology research and biotechnology applications.

Insertional mutagenesis is a process of introducing new genetic material into an organism's genome at a specific location, which can result in a change or disruption of the function of the gene at that site. This technique is often used in molecular biology research to study gene function and regulation. The introduction of the foreign DNA is typically accomplished through the use of mobile genetic elements, such as transposons or viruses, which are capable of inserting themselves into the genome.

The insertion of the new genetic material can lead to a loss or gain of function in the affected gene, resulting in a mutation. This type of mutagenesis is called "insertional" because the mutation is caused by the insertion of foreign DNA into the genome. The effects of insertional mutagenesis can range from subtle changes in gene expression to the complete inactivation of a gene.

This technique has been widely used in genetic research, including the study of developmental biology, cancer, and genetic diseases. It is also used in the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) for agricultural and industrial applications.

Peptidoglycan is a complex biological polymer made up of sugars and amino acids that forms a crucial component of the cell walls of bacteria. It provides structural support and protection to bacterial cells, contributing to their shape and rigidity. Peptidoglycan is unique to bacterial cell walls and is not found in the cells of other organisms, such as plants, animals, or fungi.

The polymer is composed of linear chains of alternating units of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), which are linked together by glycosidic bonds. The NAM residues contain short peptide side chains, typically consisting of four amino acids, that cross-link adjacent polysaccharide chains, forming a rigid layer around the bacterial cell.

The composition and structure of peptidoglycan can vary between different species of bacteria, which is one factor contributing to their diversity. The enzymes responsible for synthesizing and degrading peptidoglycan are important targets for antibiotics, as inhibiting these processes can weaken or kill the bacterial cells without affecting host organisms.

A sigma factor is a type of protein in bacteria that plays an essential role in the initiation of transcription, which is the first step of gene expression. Sigma factors recognize and bind to specific sequences on DNA, known as promoters, enabling the attachment of RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for synthesizing RNA.

In bacteria, RNA polymerase is made up of several subunits, including a core enzyme and a sigma factor. The sigma factor confers specificity to the RNA polymerase by recognizing and binding to the promoter region of the DNA, allowing transcription to begin. Once transcription starts, the sigma factor is released from the RNA polymerase, which then continues to synthesize RNA until it reaches the end of the gene.

Bacteria have multiple sigma factors that allow them to respond to different environmental conditions and stresses by regulating the expression of specific sets of genes. For example, some sigma factors are involved in the regulation of genes required for growth and metabolism under normal conditions, while others are involved in the response to heat shock, starvation, or other stressors.

Overall, sigma factors play a crucial role in regulating gene expression in bacteria, allowing them to adapt to changing environmental conditions and maintain cellular homeostasis.

Potassium acetate is a medication and a type of salt known as a potassium salt. It is made up of potassium ions (K+) and acetate ions (C2H3O2-). In medical contexts, it is often used as an electrolyte replenisher in intravenous fluids to maintain proper potassium levels in the body. It may also be used to treat or prevent low potassium levels (hypokalemia) and metabolic acidosis, a condition characterized by excessive acidity in the blood.

Potassium is an essential mineral that plays crucial roles in various bodily functions, including heartbeat regulation, nerve transmission, and muscle contractions. Acetate is a substance that can be converted into bicarbonate in the body, which helps neutralize acid and maintain the proper pH balance.

As with any medication or treatment, potassium acetate should be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional to ensure safe and appropriate use.

Sequence homology, amino acid, refers to the similarity in the order of amino acids in a protein or a portion of a protein between two or more species. This similarity can be used to infer evolutionary relationships and functional similarities between proteins. The higher the degree of sequence homology, the more likely it is that the proteins are related and have similar functions. Sequence homology can be determined through various methods such as pairwise alignment or multiple sequence alignment, which compare the sequences and calculate a score based on the number and type of matching amino acids.

DNA transposable elements, also known as transposons or jumping genes, are mobile genetic elements that can change their position within a genome. They are composed of DNA sequences that include genes encoding the enzymes required for their own movement (transposase) and regulatory elements. When activated, the transposase recognizes specific sequences at the ends of the element and catalyzes the excision and reintegration of the transposable element into a new location in the genome. This process can lead to genetic variation, as the insertion of a transposable element can disrupt the function of nearby genes or create new combinations of gene regulatory elements. Transposable elements are widespread in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes and are thought to play a significant role in genome evolution.

Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.

In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.

Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.

Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.

Restriction mapping is a technique used in molecular biology to identify the location and arrangement of specific restriction endonuclease recognition sites within a DNA molecule. Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cut double-stranded DNA at specific sequences, producing fragments of various lengths. By digesting the DNA with different combinations of these enzymes and analyzing the resulting fragment sizes through techniques such as agarose gel electrophoresis, researchers can generate a restriction map - a visual representation of the locations and distances between recognition sites on the DNA molecule. This information is crucial for various applications, including cloning, genome analysis, and genetic engineering.

Seawater is not a medical term, but it is a type of water that covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface. Medically, seawater can be relevant in certain contexts, such as in discussions of marine biology, environmental health, or water safety. Seawater has a high salt content, with an average salinity of around 3.5%, which is much higher than that of freshwater. This makes it unsuitable for drinking or irrigation without desalination.

Exposure to seawater can also have medical implications, such as in cases of immersion injuries, marine envenomations, or waterborne illnesses. However, there is no single medical definition of seawater.

Phosphotungstic acid is not typically defined in a medical context as it is a chemical compound with the formula H3PW12O40. It is a complex polyoxometalate anion consisting of 12 tungsten atoms and one phosphorus atom, all in the +5 or +6 oxidation state, surrounded by 40 oxygen atoms.

In medicine, phosphotungstic acid is sometimes used as a negative stain for electron microscopy to enhance contrast and visualization of biological specimens. However, it is not a medication or a therapeutic agent, so it does not have a medical definition per se.

Morphogenesis is a term used in developmental biology and refers to the process by which cells give rise to tissues and organs with specific shapes, structures, and patterns during embryonic development. This process involves complex interactions between genes, cells, and the extracellular environment that result in the coordinated movement and differentiation of cells into specialized functional units.

Morphogenesis is a dynamic and highly regulated process that involves several mechanisms, including cell proliferation, death, migration, adhesion, and differentiation. These processes are controlled by genetic programs and signaling pathways that respond to environmental cues and regulate the behavior of individual cells within a developing tissue or organ.

The study of morphogenesis is important for understanding how complex biological structures form during development and how these processes can go awry in disease states such as cancer, birth defects, and degenerative disorders.

Bacterial adhesion is the initial and crucial step in the process of bacterial colonization, where bacteria attach themselves to a surface or tissue. This process involves specific interactions between bacterial adhesins (proteins, fimbriae, or pili) and host receptors (glycoproteins, glycolipids, or extracellular matrix components). The attachment can be either reversible or irreversible, depending on the strength of interaction. Bacterial adhesion is a significant factor in initiating biofilm formation, which can lead to various infectious diseases and medical device-associated infections.

Integration Host Factors (IHF) are small, DNA-binding proteins that play a crucial role in the organization and regulation of DNA in many bacteria. They function by binding to specific sequences of DNA and causing a bend or kink in the double helix. This bending of the DNA brings distant regions of the genome into close proximity, allowing for interactions between different regulatory elements and facilitating various DNA transactions such as transcription, replication, and repair. IHF also plays a role in protecting the genome from damage by preventing the invasion of foreign DNA and promoting the specific recognition of bacterial chromosomal sites during partitioning. Overall, IHF is an essential protein that helps regulate gene expression and maintain genomic stability in bacteria.

Although Caulobacter is not commonly appreciated as a cause of human diseases, Caulobacter isolates have been implicated in a ... Caulobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the class Alphaproteobacteria. Its best-known member is Caulobacter ... April 2007). "Report of the First Human Case of Caulobacter sp. Infection". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 (4): 1366-1369 ... Moore, Gabriel; Gitai, Zemer (12 March 2020). "Both clinical and environmental Caulobacter species are virulent in the Galleria ...
The opposing roles of the Caulobacter DnaA and CtrA proteins are essential to the tight control of Caulobacter chromosome ... C. crescentus is synonymous with Caulobacter vibrioides. The Caulobacter CB15 genome has 4,016,942 base pairs in a single ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caulobacter crescentus. Caulobacter crescentus Bacterium makes nature's strongest glue ( ... The Caulobacter stalked cell stage provides a fitness advantage by anchoring the cell to surfaces to form biofilms and or to ...
The Caulobacter Phage Holin (CauHol) Family (TC# 1.E.47) consists of several putative holins of 157 to 159 amino acyl residues ... The Caulobacter Phage Holin (CauHol) Family". TCDB. Retrieved 2016-03-29. Portal: Biology As of this edit, this article uses ... aas) in length that exhibit 2 transmembrane segments (TMSs). They derive from phage specific for Caulobacter species. These ... content from "1.E.47 The Caulobacter Phage Holin (CauHol) Family", which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the ...
Caulobacter, Mycobacterium). Many bacteria that lack MinC carry alternative proteins that can position their Z-ring. MinC is ...
... (Caulobacter response to famine RNA) is a family of non-coding RNAs found in Caulobacter crescentus. CrfA is expressed ... CrfA RNA is one of only 8 putative ncRNAs conserved in the closely related Caulobacter sp. K31. CrfA was found to be ... Landt SG, Abeliuk E, McGrath PT, Lesley JA, McAdams HH, Shapiro L (May 2008). "Small non-coding RNAs in Caulobacter crescentus ... Hinz AJ, Larson DE, Smith CS, Brun YV (February 2003). "The Caulobacter crescentus polar organelle development protein PodJ is ...
In Caulobacter crescentus Ccrm is produced at the end of the replication cycle when Ccrm recognition sites are hemimethylated, ... CcrM role have been characterized in the marine model organism Caulobacter crescentus, which is suitable for the study of cell ... Albu, R. F.; Jurkowski, T. P.; Jeltsch, A. (2012-02-01). "The Caulobacter crescentus DNA-(adenine-N6)-methyltransferase CcrM ... Laub, Michael T.; Shapiro, Lucy; McAdams, Harley H. (December 2007). "Systems Biology of Caulobacter". Annual Review of ...
Andris Kazaks, Tatyana Voronkova, Janis Rumnieks, Andris Dishlers, Kaspars Tars (2011). Genome Structure of Caulobacter Phage ... Bacteriophage φCb5 is a bacteriophage that infects Caulobacter bacteria and other caulobacteria. The bacteriophage was ... Inakaren Bendis, Lucille Sapiro (1970). Properties of Caulobacter Ribonucleic Acid Bacteriophage φCb5. American Society of ...
Hardwick SW, Chan VS, Broadhurst RW, Luisi BF (March 2011). "An RNA degradosome assembly in Caulobacter crescentus". Nucleic ...
2001). "Complete genome sequence of Caulobacter crescentus". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 (7): 4136-41. Bibcode:2001PNAS... ...
nov., a novel predator of Caulobacter crescentus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63 (1): ...
Bacillus subtilis Caulobacter crescentus Madigan, Michael T.; Martinko, John M. (2006). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ...
To influence the shape of the Caulobacter cells, the helices of crescentin filaments associate with the cytoplasmic side of the ... Crescentin is necessary for both shapes of the Caulobacter prokaryote (vibroid/crescent-shape and helical shape, which it may ... This protein family is found in Caulobacter and Methylobacterium. Crescentin was discovered in 2009 by Christine Jacobs-Wagner ... Margolin W (March 2004). "Bacterial shape: concave coiled coils curve caulobacter". Current Biology. 14 (6): R242-4. doi: ...
as the type species, and emended description of the genera Brevundimonas and Caulobacter" (PDF). Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49 (3 ... "Phylogeny and polyphasic taxonomy of Caulobacter species. Proposal of Maricaulis gen. nov. with Maricaulis maris (Poindexter) ...
Poindexter, JS (Sep 1964). "BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE CAULOBACTER GROUP". Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 28 ( ... Asticcacaulis biprosthecum is a stalked bacterial species phylogenetically closely related to the species Caulobacter ...
Braz VS, Marques MV (October 2005). "Genes involved in cadmium resistance in Caulobacter crescentus". FEMS Microbiology Letters ...
The type species Caulobacter gives its name also to the recently proposed subclass, the Caulobacteridae, which includes the ... Caulobacteraceae includes the genera Asticcacaulis, Brevundimonas, Phenylobacterium and Caulobacter. ...
Caulobacter Oligotrophic Flagella Pilus Poindexter, Jeanne S. Dimorphic Prosthecate Bacteria: The Genera Caulobacter, ... One notable group of prosthecates is the genus Caulobacter. Prosthecates are generally chemoorganotrophic aerobes that can grow ...
The process of the Caulobacter cell cycle also show similarities to stem cell division, in which two distinct cells arise, one ... In each cell cycle, Caulobacter divides asymmetrically into two daughters. One, the swarmer cell, has a tail-like flagellum ... Examining the cell cycle control logic of Caulobacter as a state machine leads to understanding of bacterial cell cycle ... Rather than containing an evenly dispersed mixture of proteins, the single celled Caulobacter resembles a highly organized ...
A well-established example of bacterial aging is Caulobacter crescentus. This bacterium begins its life as a motile swarmer ... such as Caulobacter crescentus, show signs of replicative aging. The results for symmetrically dividing bacteria are more ...
Stahl D. A., Key R., Flesher B., and Smit J.; (1992); 'The phylogeny of marine and freshwater Caulobacter reflects their ...
This was verified with the resolution of the crystal structure of the DGC PleD from Caulobacter crescentus in complex with c-di ... The GGDEF domain was first identified in the regulatory protein, PleD of the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. It was later ... In the cell cycle of Caulobacter crescentus, DGC PleD is known to control pole morphogenesis. In Pseudomonas fluorescens DGC ... Skerker JM, Laub MT (April 2004). "Cell-cycle progression and the generation of asymmetry in Caulobacter crescentus". Nature ...
The bacterium Caulobacter crescentus contains a third protein, crescentin, that is related to the intermediate filaments of ... "Multiple large filament bundles observed in Caulobacter crescentus by electron cryotomography". Molecular Microbiology. 62 (1 ...
Nguyen, Doreen; Ely, Bert (June 2018). "A Genome Comparison of T7-like Podoviruses That Infect Caulobacter crescentus". Current ... a group of giant viruses that appear to be Caulobacter specific. Viruses in Podoviridae are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and ...
Zweiger G, Marczynski G, Shapiro L (January 1994). "A Caulobacter DNA methyltransferase that functions only in the ... 3 hemi-methylated DNA to control the life cycle of Caulobacter crescentus and other related species. Distinct from their ...
As a postdoc she developed photoactivated localization microscopy systems to image Caulobacter crescentus, acquiring the first ... "Super-resolution imaging in live Caulobacter crescentus cells using photoswitchable EYFP". Nature Methods. 5 (11): 947-949. doi ...
Goley E.D., Yeh Y.C., Hong S.H., Fero M.J., Abeliuk E., McAdams H.H., and Shapiro L. (2011) Assembly of the Caulobacter cell ... Landt S.G., Abeliuk E., McGrath P.T., Lesley J.A., McAdams H.H., Shapiro L. (2008) Small non-coding RNAs in Caulobacter ... The global regulatory architecture of transcription during the Caulobacter cell cycle., PLoS Genet. Abeliuk E, Christen B, Fero ... Regulatory Response to Carbon Starvation in Caulobacter crescentus. PLoS One. ...
With the model bacterium Caulobacter crescentus, Jenal discovered that c-di-GMP controls the transition from motile bacteria to ... "Precise timing of transcription by c-di-GMP coordinates cell cycle and morphogenesis in Caulobacter". Nature Communications. 12 ... "Signal transduction mechanisms in Caulobacter crescentus development and cell cycle control". FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 24 (2): 177- ...
The type order is the Caulobacterales, comprising stalk-forming bacteria such as Caulobacter. The mitochondria of eukaryotes ... Caulobacter, Rickettsia, Wolbachia, etc. Betaproteobacteria: Bordetella, Ralstonia, Neisseria, Nitrosomonas, etc. ...
More work can be found that focus on modeling a particular cellular process such as the growth cycle of Caulobacter crescentus ... Li, S; Brazhnik, P; Sobral, B; Tyson, JJ (2009). "Temporal Controls of the Asymmetric Cell Division Cycle in Caulobacter ...
Some bacteria have complex life cycles involving the production of stalks and appendages (e.g. Caulobacter) and some produce ...
Although Caulobacter is not commonly appreciated as a cause of human diseases, Caulobacter isolates have been implicated in a ... Caulobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the class Alphaproteobacteria. Its best-known member is Caulobacter ... April 2007). "Report of the First Human Case of Caulobacter sp. Infection". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 (4): 1366-1369 ... Moore, Gabriel; Gitai, Zemer (12 March 2020). "Both clinical and environmental Caulobacter species are virulent in the Galleria ...
Caulobacter crescentus é uma bactéria Gram-negativa de vida livre cujo ciclo celular depende de eventos de diferenciação ... Caulobacter crescentus é uma bactéria Gram-negativa de vida livre cujo ciclo celular depende de eventos de diferenciação ... Caulobacter crescentus is an aquatic free-living Gram-negative bacterium whose cell cycle depends on cell differentiation. The ... Expressão do operon de choque térmico groESL durante o ciclo celular de Caulobacter crescentus ...
A 512 by 512 image from the slice by slice reconstruction of a caulobacter crescentus specimen. This image has been downsampled ... Caulobacter cultures (strain 3724) were prefixed with 1% acrolein and 2.5% glutaradehyde, followed by high pressure freezing, ... A 512 by 512 image from the slice by slice reconstruction of a caulobacter crescentus specimen. This image has been downsampled ... Lucy Shapiro, Harley McAdams (2012) CIL:40019, Caulobacter crescentus CB15. CIL. Dataset. https://doi.org/doi:10.7295/ ...
Bacteria Caulobacter crescentus. Reference. Laub MT, McAdams HH, Feldblyum T, Fraser CM, Shapiro L. Global analysis of the ... 1A). (Caption to fig.1A:) Temporally coordinated events of the Caulobacter cell cycle. Motile, piliated swarmer cells ...
Here we show that the spatial distributions of specific cell wall proteins in Caulobacter crescentus are sensitive to small ... Topics: Caulobacter crescentus (. 60. )%60. % related to the paper and FtsZ (. 53. )%53. % related to the paper ... Osmolality-dependent relocation of penicillin-binding protein PBP2 to the division site in Caulobacter crescentus. J. Hocking, ... Here we show that the spatial distributions of specific cell wall proteins in Caulobacter crescentus are sensitive to small ...
Bi-modal distribution of the second messenger c-di-GMP controls cell fate and asymmetry during the caulobacter cell cycle ... Here, we dissect the c-di-GMP network of Caulobacter crescentus to establish a global and quantitative view of c-di-GMP ... Bi-modal distribution of the second messenger c-di-GMP controls cell fate and asymmetry during the caulobacter cell cycle. PLoS ...
Protein CCNA_03184 in Caulobacter crescentus NA1000. Annotation: FitnessBrowser__Caulo:CCNA_03184 ...
Protein CCNA_01875 in Caulobacter crescentus NA1000. Annotation: FitnessBrowser__Caulo:CCNA_01875 ...
Allows to visualize regulon content in the context of metabolic pathways ...
Thus, we estimate that inversions occur at a rate of one per 10 to 12 million generations in Caulobacter genomes. The ... Since previous interspecies comparisons of Caulobacter genomes have revealed extensive genome rearrangements, we decided to ... Genome Comparisons of Wild Isolates of Caulobacter crescentus Reveal Rates of Inversion and Horizontal Gene Transfer. Authors: ... Thus, we estimate that inversions occur at a rate of one per 10 to 12 million generations in Caulobacter genomes. The ...
Caulobacter crescentus/ul [Ultrastructure]; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microscopy, Electron; Protein Structure, ... The S-layer of Caulobacter crescentus: three-dimensional image reconstruction and structure analysis by electron microscopy ... Smit, J., Engelhardt, H., Volker, S., Smith, S. H., & Baumeister, W. (1992). The S-layer of Caulobacter crescentus: three- ... The regular surface protein structure (S-layer) of Caulobacter crescentus was analyzed by electron microscopy and three- ...
Caulobacter crescentus Hfq structure reveals a conserved mechanism of RNA annealing regulation. In: Proceedings of the National ... Caulobacter crescentus Hfq structure reveals a conserved mechanism of RNA annealing regulation. Proceedings of the National ... Caulobacter crescentus Hfq structure reveals a conserved mechanism of RNA annealing regulation. / Santiago-Frangos, Andrew; ... keywords = "Caulobacter, Hfq, Natively unstructured protein, RNA-protein interaction, SRNA",. author = "Andrew Santiago-Frangos ...
Here, we show that Caulobacter crescentus cells lacking CdnL have severe morphological and growth defects. Specifically, ΔcdnL ... The conserved transcriptional regulator CdnL is required for metabolic homeostasis and morphogenesis in Caulobacter. ...
Dive into the research topics of Both clinical and environmental Caulobacter species are virulent in the Galleria mellonella ... Both clinical and environmental Caulobacter species are virulent in the Galleria mellonella infection model. ...
Anatomy of the divisome during the late stages of cell division in the asymmetric α-proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus ... Anatomy of the divisome during the late stages of cell division in the asymmetric α-proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus Möll ... the asymmetric α-proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus. PhD Thesis, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg. ...
THE STRUCTURE OF THE M53A MUTANT OF THE CAULOBACTER CRESCENTUS CLPS IN COMPLEX WITH A PEPTIDE CONTAINING AN AMINO-TERMINAL ... THE STRUCTURE OF THE M53A MUTANT OF THE CAULOBACTER CRESCENTUS CLPS IN COMPLEX WITH A PEPTIDE CONTAINING AN AMINO-TERMINAL ... THE STRUCTURE OF THE M53A MUTANT OF THE CAULOBACTER CRESCENTUS CLPS IN COMPLEX WITH A PEPTIDE CONTAINING AN AMINO-TERMINAL ...
THE STRUCTURE OF THE CAULOBACTER CRESCENTUS CLPS PROTEASE ADAPTOR PROTEIN IN COMPLEX WITH A WLFVQRDSKE DECAPEPTIDE - 3GQ1 , ... THE STRUCTURE OF THE CAULOBACTER CRESCENTUS CLPS PROTEASE ADAPTOR PROTEIN IN COMPLEX WITH A WLFVQRDSKE DECAPEPTIDE ... THE STRUCTURE OF THE CAULOBACTER CRESCENTUS CLPS PROTEASE ADAPTOR PROTEIN IN COMPLEX WITH A WLFVQRDSKE DECAPEPTIDE ...
Caulobacter crescentus as a novel exoelectricigen in a dual chambered Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Cite this Research Publication ... Sanjay Pal, "Caulobacter crescentus as a novel exoelectricigen in a dual chambered Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC)", in Technical ...
nov., a novel predator of Caulobacter crescentus". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63 (1): ...
Choreography of methylation-dependent transcriptional control by GcrA in Caulobacter crescentus Dr. Greg Marczynski March 15 Dr ... Choreography of methylation-dependent transcriptional control by GcrA in Caulobacter crescentus. Dr. Greg Marczynski ...
Aldridge P, Paul R, Goymer P, Rainey P, Jenal U. Role of the GGDEF regulator PleD in polar development of Caulobacter ... Flagellin Redundancy in Caulobacter crescentus and Its Implications for Flagellar Filament Assembly. Journal of Bacteriology ... stress response and heat shock control in Caulobacter crescentus. Molecular Microbiology 2002, 44(2), 461-478. ...
Expression of Degradative Genes of Pseudomonas putida in Caulobacter crescentus.. 1987. Save, Print or Email Selected ...
2012). The Caulobacter crescentus phage phicbk: genomics of a canonical phage. BMC Genomics 13:542. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-13- ... Caulobacter bacteriophage phiCbK (Gill et al., 2012), related Erwinia bacteriophages Joad and RisingSun (Arens et al., 2018), ...
Caulobacter and tetramitus 138 02:27 142. Cultivating organisms and pervertebrates 160 02:16 ...
You have the general sense of it. Typically when we do this sort of virtual screening approach, we run a number of different RosettaLigand runs, and then compare the interface energies. Note, though, that there are some limitations with comparing interface scores. These scores havent really been normalized for different sized ligands, or ligans which vary in which functional groups they contain, so they might not be completely accurate in how they rank different ligands in binding. That said, its likely the best youll do in the current Rosetta framework. And experience has shown that it at least does a decent job at ranking compounds. (It does about as well as other such docking programs.) You just have to keep in mind that you will likely get odd outliers (compounds which dock anomolously good/poorly for their experimental binding energies), and for compounds that are close in binding energy you probably wont get a clear signal, but the general trends tend to be there. ...
HfsH proteins from Caulobacter crescentus + ter (BBa_B0015) ,- ,,partinfo>BBa_K196006,/partinfo> ,,partinfo>K196006 ... HfsG protein from Caulobacter crescentus ,- ,,partinfo>BBa_K196003,/partinfo> ,,partinfo>K196003 SpecifiedComponents,/partinfo ... HfsH protein from Caulobacter crescentus ,- ,,partinfo>BBa_K196004,/partinfo> ,,partinfo>K196004 SpecifiedComponents,/partinfo ... HfsG + HfsH proteins from Caulobacter crescentus ,- ,,partinfo>BBa_K196005,/partinfo> ,,partinfo>K196005 SpecifiedComponents,/ ...
Description: The crystal structure of Hfq from Caulobacter crescentus. Class: RNA binding protein. Keywords: Hfq, Caulobacter, ... Species: Caulobacter vibrioides CB15 [TaxId:190650]. Gene: hfq, CC_1745. Database cross-references and differences (RAF-indexed ... Species: Caulobacter vibrioides CB15 [TaxId:190650]. Gene: hfq, CC_1745. Database cross-references and differences (RAF-indexed ... Species: Caulobacter vibrioides CB15 [TaxId:190650]. Gene: hfq, CC_1745. Database cross-references and differences (RAF-indexed ...
  • Caulobacter crescentus é uma bactéria Gram-negativa de vida livre cujo ciclo celular depende de eventos de diferenciação celular. (usp.br)
  • Caulobacter crescentus is an aquatic free-living Gram-negative bacterium whose cell cycle depends on cell differentiation. (usp.br)
  • CIL:40019, Caulobacter crescentus CB15. (ucsd.edu)
  • A 512 by 512 image from the slice by slice reconstruction of a caulobacter crescentus specimen. (ucsd.edu)
  • Lucy Shapiro, Harley McAdams (2012) CIL:40019, Caulobacter crescentus CB15. (ucsd.edu)
  • Here, we dissect the c-di-GMP network of Caulobacter crescentus to establish a global and quantitative view of c-di-GMP dependent processes in this organism. (unibas.ch)
  • Genome Comparisons of Wild Isolates of Caulobacter crescentus Reveal Rates of Inversion and Horizontal Gene Transfer. (pacb.com)
  • Since previous interspecies comparisons of Caulobacter genomes have revealed extensive genome rearrangements, we decided to compare the nucleotide sequences of four C. crescentus genomes, NA1000, CB1, CB2, and CB13. (pacb.com)
  • The regular surface protein structure (S-layer) of Caulobacter crescentus was analyzed by electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction to a resolution of 2 nm. (mpg.de)
  • We have solved the X-ray crystal structure of the RNA chaperone protein Hfq from the alpha-proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus to 2.15-Ã… resolution, resolving the conserved core of the protein and the entire C-terminal domain (CTD). (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Here, we show that Caulobacter crescentus cells lacking CdnL have severe morphological and growth defects. (cnr.it)
  • An essential regulatory function of the DnaK chaperone dictates the decision between proliferation and maintenance in Caulobacter crescentus. (scilifelab.se)
  • Here, we demonstrate that DnaK is essential in the α-proteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus due to its regulatory function in gene expression. (scilifelab.se)
  • The dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus is a model organism for studying the bacterial cell cycle. (csun.edu)
  • Transposon mutagenesis paired with deep sequencing of Caulobacter crescentus under uranium stress reveals genes essential for detoxification and stress tolerance. (csun.edu)
  • p)ppGpp modulates cell size and the initiation of DNA replication in Caulobacter crescentus in response to a block in lipid biosynthesis. (csun.edu)
  • 2012. The Caulobacter crescentus ctrA P1 promoter is essential for the coordination of cell cycle events that prevent the overinitiation of DNA replication. (csun.edu)
  • Her pioneering studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying cell shape and cell polarity in Caulobacter crescentus , says Errington, "have helped change the way people think about bacteria. (the-scientist.com)
  • From published experimental evidence, we propose a molecular mechanism for control of the cell division cycle in Caulobacter crescentus. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Unexpectedly, they come from studying the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus , long used as a model organism for understanding cell differentiation and the cell cycle, but not known to produce GTAs. (asmblog.org)
  • evolved Caulobacter crescentus for 2000 generations under conditions where selection was strong early in life, but weak late in life. (science20.com)
  • Characterization of the Proteins Associated with Caulobacter crescentus Bacteriophage CbK Particles. (cdc.gov)
  • Although Caulobacter is not commonly appreciated as a cause of human diseases, Caulobacter isolates have been implicated in a number of cases of recurrent peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. (wikipedia.org)
  • the absence of identified distinct virulence factors in C. mirare may suggest that other Caulobacter species have pathogenic potential. (wikipedia.org)
  • species= Caulobacter sp. (lbl.gov)
  • We conclude that Caulobacter has co-opted the DnaK chaperone system as an essential regulator of gene expression under conditions when its folding activity is dispensable. (scilifelab.se)
  • Thus, we estimate that inversions occur at a rate of one per 10 to 12 million generations in Caulobacter genomes. (pacb.com)
  • Caulobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the class Alphaproteobacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • Caption to fig.1A:) 'Temporally coordinated events of the Caulobacter cell cycle. (harvard.edu)
  • Reclassification and emended description of Caulobacter leidyi as Sphingomonas leidyi comb. (google.de)
  • So in December 1996, she joined the lab of Lucy Shapiro at Stanford University, where she spent four productive years exploring how Caulobacter coordinates its developmental program with cell-cycle progression. (the-scientist.com)
  • In the vibrioid bacterium Caulobacter crescentus, the intermediate filament-like protein crescentin forms a cell envelope-associated cytoskeletal structure that controls cell wall growth to generate cell curvature. (ncl.ac.uk)
  • Here, we used a quantitative proteomics approach to identify novel substrates of Lon in the dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus. (scilifelab.se)
  • Their studies focus on the crescent-shaped bacterium Caulobacter crescentus, which is found in freshwater environments and widely used as a model organism to study fundamental cellular processes in bacteria. (mpg.de)
  • In particular, the group focus their resources on investigating how the Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) protein interacts with DNA to organise the bacterial chromosome, specifically in an aquatic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus . (jic.ac.uk)
  • It was the discovery of aging in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe [ 14 ], which divides apparently symmetrically by binary fission like many bacteria, and then the discovery of aging in the asymmetrically dividing bacterium Caulobacter crescentus [ 15 ] that rejuvenated the idea that aging may be a universal hallmark of life. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pili (green) on cells from the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus (orange). (nih.gov)
  • Working with the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus, Indiana University Ph.D. student Courtney Ellison and her colleagues, under the direction of professor of biology and NIGMS grantee Yves Brun, recently showed that hair-like structures on the cell's surface, called pili, play a role here. (nih.gov)
  • The Caulobacter phage CbK has an unusual shape, designated morphotype B3 that consists of an elongated cylindrical head and a long flexible tail. (nih.gov)
  • A single slice from the slice-by-slice reconstructed volume of a Caulobacter Crescentus specimen. (cellimagelibrary.org)
  • A maximum intensity projection image of a caulobacter crescentus specimen taken on an IVEM. (cellimagelibrary.org)
  • An image from the slice by slice reconstruction of a double tilt series of tomograms of a Caulobacter Crescentus specimen. (ucsd.edu)
  • A 512 by 512 image from the slice by slice reconstruction of a caulobacter crescentus specimen. (ucsd.edu)
  • A maximum intensity projection of a Caulobacter crescentus specimen at 0 degree tilt. (ucsd.edu)
  • We used high-throughput PALM to investigate the nanoscale organization of the bacterial cell division protein FtsZ in live Caulobacter crescentus. (umn.edu)
  • A new method for recording both fluorescence and cryo-EM images of small bacterial cells was developed and used to identify chemoreceptor arrays in cryotomograms of intact Caulobacter crescentus cells. (princeton.edu)
  • Caulobacter crescentus is a crescent-shaped dimorphic bacterium that serves as one of the primary model organisms to study bacterial cell cycle regulation, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis. (mpg.de)
  • Current research examines the general principles and spatiotemporal mechanisms by which bacterial cells replicate, using Caulobacter crescentus and Escherichia coli as models. (stanford.edu)
  • So far, Tn7 has been shown to transpose in over 20 different Gram-negative bacterial species, including several enterics, members of the genus Pseudomonas , Caulobacter crescentus , Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and others ( Craig, 1996 ). (igem.org)
  • Based on previous studies in his lab, Chien and Vass moved on to investigate, by purifying these proteins and testing their activity in Caulobacter in vivo, whether the protein DnaX could be degraded by the protease ClpXP. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Familia de bacteriófagos que infectan las enterobacterias, CAULOBACTER y PSEUDOMONAS. (bvsalud.org)
  • A family of bacteriophages that infects enterobacteria, CAULOBACTER , and PSEUDOMONAS . (bvsalud.org)
  • Marker nucleotides within the 16S rRNA genes were determined for the genera Asticcacaulis, Brevundimonas, Caulobacter and Phenylobacterium and the description of the genus Phenylobacterium is emended. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The group of GCIR member Professor Patrick Viollier showed that flagellin glycosylation and motility in Caulobacter crescentus and Brevundimonas subvibrioides is conferred by functionally insulated Pse and Leg biosynthesis pathways, respectively, and by specialized FlmG orthologs. (unige.ch)
  • Usually indigestion is a bad thing, but experiments by researcher Peter Chien and graduate student Robert Vass at the University of Massachusetts Amherst recently showed that for the bacteria Caulobacter crescentus , partial degradation of a DNA replication protein is required to keep it alive. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Caulobacter crescentus CdnL is a non-essential RNA polymerase-binding protein whose depletion impairs normal growth and rRNA transcription. (unil.ch)
  • Regulation of the Activity of the Dual-Function DnaA Protein in Caulobacter crescentus. (unil.ch)
  • Here, we show that Caulobacter crescentus cells lacking CdnL have severe morphological and growth defects. (nih.gov)
  • As determined by analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences, the prosthecate strain FWC 38T was affiliated to the alphaproteobacterial genus Caulobacter, with Caulobacter henricii (96.8 %) and Caulobacter fusiformis (96.8 %) as its closest relatives. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The Lon protease temporally restricts polar cell differentiation events during the Caulobacter cell cycle. (scilifelab.se)
  • In work published this month in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Chien and Vass report that one of these specialized replication factors, DnaX, is, to their surprise, partially digested or trimmed, physically cut into shorter fragments, by an energy-dependent protease known as ClpXP, which generates specific-sized fragments that are essential for Caulobacter 's normal growth. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Caulobacter is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the class Alphaproteobacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • That RNA sequence is absent in many bacteria DnaX genes including in Caulobacter, so scientists long thought that short DnaX only existed in bacteria like E. coli . (sciencedaily.com)
  • Spatial coupling between DNA replication and mismatch repair in Caulobacter crescentus. (unil.ch)
  • Regulation of chromosomal replication in Caulobacter crescentus. (unil.ch)
  • The arrays were always found on the convex side of the cell, further demonstrating that Caulobacter cells maintain dorsal/ventral as well as anterior/posterior asymmetry. (princeton.edu)
  • From published experimental evidence, we propose a molecular mechanism for control of the cell division cycle in Caulobacter crescentus. (ebi.ac.uk)
  • Caulobacter Crescentus image reconstructed from a tomographic data set. (ucsd.edu)
  • An image of slice 210 from the reconstructed volume of a tomographic data set from Caulobacter crescentus. (ucsd.edu)