The general name for a group of fat-soluble pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. They are aliphatic hydrocarbons consisting of a polyisoprene backbone.
Oxygenated forms of carotenoids. They are usually derived from alpha and beta carotene.
A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.
A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. It is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC). (From Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Engewood, CO, 1995.)
An enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to give prephytoene diphosphate. The prephytoene diphosphate molecule is a precursor for CAROTENOIDS and other tetraterpenes.
A trans-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. The compound is used as an oral suntanning agent and as a food and drug coloring agent. Oral ingestion of the compound causes canthaxanthin retinopathy.
Enzymes of the isomerase class that catalyze reactions in which a group can be regarded as eliminated from one part of a molecule, leaving a double bond, while remaining covalently attached to the molecule. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.5.
Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.
A monooxygenase that catalyzes the conversion of BETA-CAROTENE into two molecules of RETINAL. It was formerly characterized as EC 1.13.11.21 and EC 1.18.3.1.
The fleshy or dry ripened ovary of a plant, enclosing the seed or seeds.
A food group comprised of EDIBLE PLANTS or their parts.
Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in PLANTS; ANIMALS or micro-organisms.
Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment.
A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain substitutions on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus and a long hydrocarbon chain of isoprenoid units. They are antioxidants by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen. Tocopherols react with the most reactive form of oxygen and protect unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation.
Rhodopsin molecules found in microorganisms such as ARCHAEA and PROTEOBACTERIA.
A plant species of the family APIACEAE that is widely cultivated for the edible yellow-orange root. The plant has finely divided leaves and flat clusters of small white flowers.
Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.
Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.
Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.
A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.
In some animals, the jaws together with their horny covering. The beak usually refers to the bill of birds in which the whole varies greatly in form according of the food and habits of the bird. While the beak refers most commonly to birds, the anatomical counterpart is found also in the turtle, squid, and octopus. (From Webster, 3d ed & Storer, et al., General Zoology, 6th ed, p491, 755)
Thirteen-carbon butene cyclohexene degradation products formed by the cleavage of CAROTENOIDS. They contribute to the flavor of some FRUIT. Ionone should not be confused with the similarly named ionol.
Non-heme iron-containing enzymes that incorporate two atoms of OXYGEN into the substrate. They are important in biosynthesis of FLAVONOIDS; GIBBERELLINS; and HYOSCYAMINE; and for degradation of AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS.
A somewhat heterogeneous class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or related groups (excluding methyl groups). EC 2.5.
Complexes containing CHLOROPHYLL and other photosensitive molecules. They serve to capture energy in the form of PHOTONS and are generally found as components of the PHOTOSYSTEM I PROTEIN COMPLEX or the PHOTOSYSTEM II PROTEIN COMPLEX.
Flat keratinous structures found on the skin surface of birds. Feathers are made partly of a hollow shaft fringed with barbs. They constitute the plumage.
That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.
Sets of enzymatic reactions occurring in organisms and that form biochemicals by making new covalent bonds.
The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)
A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are associated with plants as pathogens, saprophytes, or as constituents of the epiphytic flora.
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
A plant genus of the family SOLANACEAE. The hot peppers yield CAPSAICIN, which activates VANILLOID RECEPTORS. Several varieties have sweet or pungent edible fruits that are used as vegetables when fresh and spices when the pods are dried.
A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped, phototrophic bacteria found in aquatic environments. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellae underlying the cytoplasmic membrane.
An enlarged underground root or stem of some plants. It is usually rich in carbohydrates. Some, such as POTATOES, are important human FOOD. They may reproduce vegetatively from buds.
A natural tocopherol and one of the most potent antioxidant tocopherols. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. It has four methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus. The natural d form of alpha-tocopherol is more active than its synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol racemic mixture.
An oval area in the retina, 3 to 5 mm in diameter, usually located temporal to the posterior pole of the eye and slightly below the level of the optic disk. It is characterized by the presence of a yellow pigment diffusely permeating the inner layers, contains the fovea centralis in its center, and provides the best phototropic visual acuity. It is devoid of retinal blood vessels, except in its periphery, and receives nourishment from the choriocapillaris of the choroid. (From Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
A phylum of photosynthetic EUKARYOTA bearing double membrane-bound plastids containing chlorophyll a and b. They comprise the classical green algae, and represent over 7000 species that live in a variety of primarily aquatic habitats. Only about ten percent are marine species, most live in freshwater.
An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.
Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies.
A plant species of the family SOLANACEAE, native of South America, widely cultivated for their edible, fleshy, usually red fruit.
Compounds used in food or in food preparation to replace dietary fats. They may be carbohydrate-, protein-, or fat-based. Fat substitutes are usually lower in calories but provide the same texture as fats.
Analysis of the intensity of Raman scattering of monochromatic light as a function of frequency of the scattered light.
The visually perceived property of objects created by absorption or reflection of specific wavelengths of light.
A plant genus of the family EBENACEAE, order Ebenales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida best known for the edible fruit and the antibacterial activity and compounds of the wood.
The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.
The transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed). It includes the transfer of kinetic energy and the transfer of chemical energy. The transfer of chemical energy from one molecule to another depends on proximity of molecules so it is often used as in techniques to measure distance such as the use of FORSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER.
Protein complexes that take part in the process of PHOTOSYNTHESIS. They are located within the THYLAKOID MEMBRANES of plant CHLOROPLASTS and a variety of structures in more primitive organisms. There are two major complexes involved in the photosynthetic process called PHOTOSYSTEM I and PHOTOSYSTEM II.
A plant genus, in the IRIDACEAE family, known as a source of Saffron.
Photosensitive protein complexes of varied light absorption properties which are expressed in the PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS. They are OPSINS conjugated with VITAMIN A-based chromophores. Chromophores capture photons of light, leading to the activation of opsins and a biochemical cascade that ultimately excites the photoreceptor cells.

The food matrix of spinach is a limiting factor in determining the bioavailability of beta-carotene and to a lesser extent of lutein in humans. (1/2951)

Carotenoid bioavailability depends, amongst other factors, on the food matrix and on the type and extent of processing. To examine the effect of variously processed spinach products and of dietary fiber on serum carotenoid concentrations, subjects received, over a 3-wk period, a control diet (n = 10) or a control diet supplemented with carotenoids or one of four spinach products (n = 12 per group): whole leaf spinach with an almost intact food matrix, minced spinach with the matrix partially disrupted, enzymatically liquefied spinach in which the matrix was further disrupted and the liquefied spinach to which dietary fiber (10 g/kg wet weight) was added. Consumption of spinach significantly increased serum concentrations of all-trans-beta-carotene, cis-beta-carotene, (and consequently total beta-carotene), lutein, alpha-carotene and retinol and decreased the serum concentration of lycopene. Serum total beta-carotene responses (changes in serum concentrations from the start to the end of the intervention period) differed significantly between the whole leaf and liquefied spinach groups and between the minced and liquefied spinach groups. The lutein response did not differ among spinach groups. Addition of dietary fiber to the liquefied spinach had no effect on serum carotenoid responses. The relative bioavailability as compared to bioavailability of the carotenoid supplement for whole leaf, minced, liquefied and liquefied spinach plus added dietary fiber for beta-carotene was 5.1, 6.4, 9.5 and 9.3%, respectively, and for lutein 45, 52, 55 and 54%, respectively. We conclude that the bioavailability of lutein from spinach was higher than that of beta-carotene and that enzymatic disruption of the matrix (cell wall structure) enhanced the bioavailability of beta-carotene from whole leaf and minced spinach, but had no effect on lutein bioavailability.  (+info)

A survey of serum and dietary carotenoids in captive wild animals. (2/2951)

Accumulation of carotenoids varies greatly among animal species and is not fully characterized. Circulating carotenoid concentration data in captive wild animals are limited and may be useful for their management. Serum carotenoid concentrations and dietary intakes were surveyed and the extent of accumulation categorized for 76 species of captive wild animals at Brookfield Zoo. Blood samples were obtained opportunistically from 275 individual animals immobilized for a variety of reasons; serum was analyzed for alpha- and beta-carotene, lutein + zeaxanthin, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin and canthaxanthin. Total carotenoid content of diets was calculated from tables and chemical analyses of commonly consumed dietary components. Diets were categorized as low, moderate or high in carotenoid content as were total serum carotenoid concentrations. Animals were classified as unknown, high, moderate or low (non-) accumulators of dietary cartenoids. Nonaccumulators had total serum carotenoid concentrations of 0-101 nmol/L, whereas accumulators had concentrations that ranged widely, from 225 to 35,351 nmol/L. Primates were uniquely distinguished by the widest range of type and concentration of carotenoids in their sera. Most were classified as high to moderate accumulators. Felids had high accumulation of beta-carotene regardless of dietary intake, whereas a wide range of exotic birds accumulated only the xanthophylls, lutein + zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin or cryptoxanthin. The exotic ungulates, with the exception of the bovids, had negligible or nondetectable carotenoid serum concentrations despite moderate intakes. Bovids accumulated only beta-carotene despite moderately high lutein + zeaxanthin intakes. Wild captive species demonstrated a wide variety of carotenoid accumulation patterns, which could be exploited to answer remaining questions concerning carotenoid metabolism and function.  (+info)

Accumulation of astaxanthin all-E, 9Z and 13Z geometrical isomers and 3 and 3' RS optical isomers in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is selective. (3/2951)

Concentrations of all-E-, 9Z- and 13Z- geometrical and (3R,3'R), (3R, 3'S) and (3S,3'S) optical isomers of astaxanthin were determined in rainbow trout liver, gut tissues, kidney, skin and blood plasma to evaluate their body distribution. Two cold-pelleted diets containing predominantly all-E-astaxanthin (36.9 mg/kg astaxanthin, 97% all-E-, 0.4% 9Z-, 1.5% 13Z-astaxanthin, and 1.1% other isomers, respectively) or a mixture of all-E- and Z-astaxanthins (35.4 mg/kg astaxanthin, 64% all-E-, 18.7% 9Z-, 12.3% 13Z-astaxanthin, and 2.0% other isomers, respectively), were fed to duplicate groups of trout for 69 d. Individual E/Z isomers were identified by VIS- and 1H-NMR-spectrometry, and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Significantly higher total carotenoid concentration was observed in plasma of trout fed diets with all-E-astaxanthin (P < 0.05). The relative E/Z-isomer concentrations of plasma, skin and kidney were not significantly different among groups, whereas all-E-astaxanthin was higher in intestinal tissues and 13Z-astaxanthin was lower in liver of trout fed all-E-astaxanthin (P < 0.05). The relative amount of hepatic 13Z-astaxanthin (39-49% of total astaxanthin) was higher than in all other samples (P < 0.05). Synthetic, optically inactive astaxanthin was used in all experiments, and the determined dietary ratio between the 3R,3'R:3R, 3'S (meso):3S,3'S optical isomers was 25.3:49.6:25.1. The distribution of R/S-astaxanthin isomers in feces, blood, liver and fillet was similar to that in the diets. The ratio between (3S,3'S)- and (3R,3'R)-astaxanthin in the skin and posterior kidney was ca. 2:1 and 3:1, respectively, regardless of dietary E/Z-astaxanthin composition. The results show that geometrical and optical isomers of astaxanthin are distributed selectively in different tissues of rainbow trout.  (+info)

Carotenoid intakes, assessed by dietary questionnaire, are associated with plasma carotenoid concentrations in an elderly population. (4/2951)

High intakes of fruits and vegetables and of carotenoids are associated with a lower risk for a variety of chronic diseases. It is therefore important to test the validity of dietary questionnaires that assess these intakes. We compared intakes of five carotenoids, as calculated from responses to the Willett 126-item food-frequency questionnaire, with corresponding biochemical measures. Subjects included 346 women and 201 men, aged 67-93 y, in the Framingham Heart Study. Unadjusted correlations were higher among women than men as follows: alpha-carotene 0.33 and 0.18, beta-carotene, 0.36 and 0.25; beta-cryptoxanthin, 0.44 and 0.32; lycopene, 0.35 and 0.21; and lutein + zeaxanthin, 0.27 and 0.10, respectively. Adjustment for age, energy intake, body mass index (BMI, kg/m2), plasma cholesterol concentrations and smoking reduced the gender differences, respectively, to the following: alpha-carotene 0.30 and 0.28; beta-carotene, 0.34 and 0.31; beta-cryptoxanthin, 0.45 and 0.36; lycopene, 0.36 and 0.31; and lutein + zeaxanthin, 0.24 and 0.14. Plots of adjusted mean plasma carotenoid concentration by quintile of respective carotenoid intake show apparent greater responsiveness among women, compared with men, to dietary intake of alpha- and beta-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin, but similar blood-diet relationships for lycopene and lutein + zeaxanthin. Reported daily intake of fruits and vegetables correlated most strongly with plasma beta-cryptoxanthin and beta-carotene among women and with plasma alpha- and beta-carotene among men. With the exception of lutein + zeaxanthin, this dietary questionnaire does provide reasonable rankings of carotenoid status among elderly subjects, with the strongest correlations for beta-cryptoxanthin. Appropriate adjustment of confounders is necessary to clarify these associations among men.  (+info)

Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: review of the epidemiologic literature. (5/2951)

The epidemiologic literature in the English language regarding intake of tomatoes and tomato-based products and blood lycopene (a compound derived predominantly from tomatoes) level in relation to the risk of various cancers was reviewed. Among 72 studies identified, 57 reported inverse associations between tomato intake or blood lycopene level and the risk of cancer at a defined anatomic site; 35 of these inverse associations were statistically significant. No study indicated that higher tomato consumption or blood lycopene level statistically significantly increased the risk of cancer at any of the investigated sites. About half of the relative risks for comparisons of high with low intakes or levels for tomatoes or lycopene were approximately 0.6 or lower. The evidence for a benefit was strongest for cancers of the prostate, lung, and stomach. Data were also suggestive of a benefit for cancers of the pancreas, colon and rectum, esophagus, oral cavity, breast, and cervix. Because the data are from observational studies, a cause-effect relationship cannot be established definitively. However, the consistency of the results across numerous studies in diverse populations, for case-control and prospective studies, and for dietary-based and blood-based investigations argues against bias or confounding as the explanation for these findings. Lycopene may account for or contribute to these benefits, but this possibility is not yet proven and requires further study. Numerous other potentially beneficial compounds are present in tomatoes, and, conceivably, complex interactions among multiple components may contribute to the anticancer properties of tomatoes. The consistently lower risk of cancer for a variety of anatomic sites that is associated with higher consumption of tomatoes and tomato-based products adds further support for current dietary recommendations to increase fruit and vegetable consumption.  (+info)

Cyclin D1 proteolysis: a retinoid chemoprevention signal in normal, immortalized, and transformed human bronchial epithelial cells. (6/2951)

BACKGROUND: Retinoids (derivatives of vitamin A) are reported to reduce the occurrence of some second primary cancers, including aerodigestive tract tumors. In contrast, beta-carotene does not reduce the occurrence of primary aerodigestive tract cancers. Mechanisms explaining these effective retinoid and ineffective carotenoid chemoprevention results are poorly defined. Recently, the all-trans-retinoic acid (RA)-induced proteolysis of cyclin D1 that leads to the arrest of cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle was described in human bronchial epithelial cells and is a promising candidate for such a mechanism. In this study, we have investigated this proteolysis as a common signal used by carotenoids or receptor-selective and receptor-nonselective retinoids. METHODS: We treated cultured normal human bronchial epithelial cells, immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B), and transformed human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2BNNK) with receptor-selective or receptor-nonselective retinoids or with carotenoids and studied the effects on cell proliferation by means of tritiated thymidine incorporation and on cyclin D1 expression by means of immunoblot analysis. We also examined whether calpain inhibitor I, an inhibitor of the 26S proteasome degradation pathway, affected the decline (i.e., proteolysis) of cyclin D1. RESULTS: Receptor-nonselective retinoids were superior to the carotenoids studied in mediating the decline in cyclin D1 expression and in suppressing the growth of bronchial epithelial cells. Retinoids that activated retinoic acid receptor beta or retinoid X receptor pathways preferentially led to a decrease in the amount of cyclin D1 protein and a corresponding decline in growth. The retinoid-mediated degradation of cyclin D1 was blocked by cotreatment with calpain inhibitor I. CONCLUSIONS: Retinoid-dependent cyclin D1 proteolysis is a common chemoprevention signal in normal and neoplastic human bronchial epithelial cells. In contrast, carotenoids did not affect cyclin D1 expression. Thus, the degradation of cyclin D1 is a candidate intermediate marker for effective retinoid-mediated cancer chemoprevention in the aerodigestive tract.  (+info)

Protective effect of dietary tomato against endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic mice. (7/2951)

The effects of dietary ingestion of tomato were studied in mice that had been made hypercholesterolemic by feeding atherogenic diets. Mice which had been fed on the atherogenic diet without tomato for 4 months had significantly increased plasma lipid peroxide, and the vaso-relaxing activity in the aorta induced by acetylcholine (ACh) was harmed when compared with mice fed on a common commercial diet. On the other hand, mice which had been fed on the atherogenic diet containing 20% (w/w) lyophilized powder of tomato showed less increase in the plasma lipid peroxide level, and ACh-induced vaso-relaxation was maintained at the same level as that in normal mice. These results indicate that tomato has a preventive effect on atherosclerosis by protecting plasma lipids from oxidation.  (+info)

Glutathione-S-transferase (GSTM1) genetic polymorphisms do not affect human breast cancer risk, regardless of dietary antioxidants. (8/2951)

Glutathione-S-transferases catalyze the detoxication of carcinogen metabolites and reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced through a number of mechanisms. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) M1 is polymorphic, and the null allele results in a lack of enzyme activity. Because there are indications that ROS may be involved in breast carcinogenesis, we sought to determine whether the GSTM1 null allele was associated with increased breast cancer, particularly among women with lower consumption of dietary sources of alpha-tocopherol, carotenoids and ascorbic acid. In a study of diet and cancer in western New York, women with primary, incident, histologically confirmed breast cancer (n = 740) and community controls (n = 810) were interviewed and an extensive food-frequency questionnaire administered. A subset of these women provided a blood specimen. DNA was extracted and genotyping performed for GSTM1. Data were available for 279 cases and 340 controls. The null allele did not increase breast cancer risk, regardless of menopausal status. There were also no differences in associations between the polymorphism and risk among lower and higher consumers of dietary sources of antioxidants or smokers and nonsmokers. These results indicate that GSTM1 genetic polymorphisms are not associated with breast cancer risk, even in an environment low in antioxidant defenses.  (+info)

Carotenoids are a class of pigments that are naturally occurring in various plants and fruits. They are responsible for the vibrant colors of many vegetables and fruits, such as carrots, pumpkins, tomatoes, and leafy greens. There are over 600 different types of carotenoids, with beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin being some of the most well-known.

Carotenoids have antioxidant properties, which means they can help protect the body's cells from damage caused by free radicals. Some carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, can be converted into vitamin A in the body, which is important for maintaining healthy vision, skin, and immune function. Other carotenoids, such as lycopene and lutein, have been studied for their potential role in preventing chronic diseases, including cancer and heart disease.

In addition to being found in plant-based foods, carotenoids can also be taken as dietary supplements. However, it is generally recommended to obtain nutrients from whole foods rather than supplements whenever possible, as food provides a variety of other beneficial compounds that work together to support health.

Xanthophylls are a type of pigment known as carotenoids, which are naturally occurring in various plants and animals. They are characterized by their yellow to orange color and play an important role in photosynthesis. Unlike other carotenoids, xanthophylls contain oxygen in their chemical structure.

In the context of human health, xanthophylls are often studied for their potential antioxidant properties and their possible role in reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss in older adults. The two main dietary sources of xanthophylls are lutein and zeaxanthin, which are found in green leafy vegetables, such as spinach and kale, as well as in other fruits and vegetables.

It's important to note that while a healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables has many benefits for overall health, including eye health, more research is needed to fully understand the specific role of xanthophylls in preventing or treating diseases.

Lutein is a type of carotenoid, specifically a xanthophyll, that is naturally present in many fruits and vegetables. It is considered a dietary antioxidant with potential health benefits for the eyes. Lutein is not a vitamin, but it is often grouped with vitamins and minerals because of its importance to human health.

In the eye, lutein is selectively accumulated in the macula, a small area in the center of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. It helps filter harmful blue light and protects the eye from oxidative damage, which may help maintain eye health and reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness in older adults.

It is important to note that lutein is not produced by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources or supplements. Foods rich in lutein include dark leafy greens, such as spinach and kale, as well as other fruits and vegetables, such as corn, orange pepper, and egg yolk.

Beta-carotene is a type of carotenoid, which is a pigment found in plants that gives them their vibrant colors. It is commonly found in fruits and vegetables, such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and spinach.

Beta-carotene is converted into vitamin A in the body, which is an essential nutrient for maintaining healthy vision, immune function, and cell growth. It acts as an antioxidant, helping to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.

According to the medical definition, beta-carotene is a provitamin A carotenoid that is converted into vitamin A in the body. It has a variety of health benefits, including supporting eye health, boosting the immune system, and reducing the risk of certain types of cancer. However, it is important to note that excessive consumption of beta-carotene supplements can lead to a condition called carotenemia, which causes the skin to turn yellow or orange.

Geranylgeranyl-diphosphate geranylgeranyltransferase is not a medical term, but rather a biochemical term. It refers to an enzyme that plays a role in the process of protein prenylation, which is the attachment of lipophilic groups (such as farnesyl or geranylgeranyl groups) to proteins.

More specifically, geranylgeranyl-diphosphate geranylgeranyltransferase type I (GGTI) is an enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a geranylgeranyl group from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to a cysteine residue in a protein substrate. This process is important for the localization and function of certain proteins, particularly those involved in signal transduction pathways.

Mutations or dysregulation of GGTIs have been implicated in various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders. However, it's worth noting that this enzyme is not typically a focus of medical diagnosis or treatment, but rather an area of research interest for understanding the underlying mechanisms of certain diseases.

Canthaxanthin is a type of carotenoid, which is a class of pigments that are naturally occurring in certain plants and animals. It has a yellow-to-reddish color and is used as a food additive (coloring agent) and as a dietary supplement. In the medical field, canthaxanthin has been studied for its potential effects on skin conditions such as sun sensitivity and keratosis; however, its use in these contexts is not widely accepted or recommended due to limited evidence of effectiveness and potential safety concerns.

Intramolecular lyases are a type of enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of a molecule by removing a group of atoms from within the same molecule, creating a new chemical bond in the process. These enzymes specifically cleave a molecule through an intramolecular mechanism, meaning they act on a single substrate molecule. Intramolecular lyases are involved in various biological processes, such as DNA replication, repair, and recombination. They play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of genetic material by removing or adding specific groups of atoms to DNA or RNA molecules.

Medical Definition of Vitamin A:

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal vision, immune function, and cell growth. It is also an antioxidant that helps protect the body's cells from damage caused by free radicals. Vitamin A can be found in two main forms: preformed vitamin A, which is found in animal products such as dairy, fish, and meat, particularly liver; and provitamin A carotenoids, which are found in plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables, and vegetable oils.

The most active form of vitamin A is retinoic acid, which plays a critical role in the development and maintenance of the heart, lungs, kidneys, and other organs. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness, dry skin, and increased susceptibility to infections. Chronic vitamin A toxicity can cause nausea, dizziness, headaches, coma, and even death.

Beta-Carotene 15,15'-Monooxygenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of beta-carotene to retinal, which is a form of vitamin A. This enzyme adds a single oxygen atom to the beta-carotene molecule at the 15,15' position, creating two molecules of retinal.

Retinal is an essential nutrient that plays a critical role in vision, immune function, and cell growth and differentiation. Deficiency in vitamin A can lead to various health issues, including night blindness, impaired immunity, and growth retardation.

Beta-Carotene 15,15'-Monooxygenase is primarily found in the intestinal mucosa of humans and other mammals, where it helps convert dietary beta-carotene into a usable form of vitamin A. This enzyme is also present in some bacteria and fungi, where it plays a similar role in their metabolism of carotenoids.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "fruit" is not a medical term per se. It is a common term used to describe the part of a plant that develops from the ovary after flowering and contains seeds. However, in a nutritional or dietary context, "fruits" are often referred to as foods that are typically sweet and juicy, and come from plants' flowers. They are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, making them an essential part of a healthy diet. But in a strict medical sense, there isn't a specific definition for "fruit."

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "vegetables" is not a term that has a medical definition. It is a dietary category that includes various plant-based foods, typically referring to the edible parts of herbaceous plants excluding fruit (but including seeds), such as leaves, stems, roots, tubers, and bulbs.

However, in a nutritional or clinical context, vegetables are often defined by their nutrient content. For example, they may be classified as foods that are high in certain vitamins, minerals, and fiber, and low in calories and fat. Different healthcare professionals or organizations might have slightly different definitions or classifications of what constitutes a vegetable, but there is no single medical definition for this term.

Biological pigments are substances produced by living organisms that absorb certain wavelengths of light and reflect others, resulting in the perception of color. These pigments play crucial roles in various biological processes such as photosynthesis, vision, and protection against harmful radiation. Some examples of biological pigments include melanin, hemoglobin, chlorophyll, carotenoids, and flavonoids.

Melanin is a pigment responsible for the color of skin, hair, and eyes in animals, including humans. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that contains a porphyrin ring with an iron atom at its center, which gives blood its red color and facilitates oxygen transport. Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in plants, algae, and some bacteria that absorbs light during photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Carotenoids are orange, yellow, or red pigments found in fruits, vegetables, and some animals that protect against oxidative stress and help maintain membrane fluidity. Flavonoids are a class of plant pigments with antioxidant properties that have been linked to various health benefits.

Pigmentation, in a medical context, refers to the coloring of the skin, hair, or eyes due to the presence of pigment-producing cells called melanocytes. These cells produce a pigment called melanin, which determines the color of our skin, hair, and eyes.

There are two main types of melanin: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Eumelanin is responsible for brown or black coloration, while pheomelanin produces a red or yellow hue. The amount and type of melanin produced by melanocytes can vary from person to person, leading to differences in skin color and hair color.

Changes in pigmentation can occur due to various factors such as genetics, exposure to sunlight, hormonal changes, inflammation, or certain medical conditions. For example, hyperpigmentation refers to an excess production of melanin that results in darkened patches on the skin, while hypopigmentation is a condition where there is a decreased production of melanin leading to lighter or white patches on the skin.

Tocopherols are a group of fat-soluble compounds that occur naturally in vegetable oils, nuts, and some fruits and vegetables. They are known for their antioxidant properties and are often referred to as "vitamin E." The term "tocopherol" is derived from the Greek words "tokos," meaning childbirth, and "pherein," meaning to bear, reflecting the historical observation that consumption of certain foods during pregnancy seemed to prevent fetal death and spontaneous abortion.

There are four major forms of tocopherols: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. Alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form and is the one most commonly found in supplements. Tocopherols play a crucial role in protecting cell membranes from damage caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can harm cells and contribute to aging and diseases such as cancer and heart disease. They also help to maintain the integrity of the skin and mucous membranes, support immune function, and have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects.

Microbial rhodopsins are a type of light-sensitive proteins found in various microorganisms such as archaea, bacteria, and certain eukaryotic microbes. They are named after their ability to bind retinal, a form of vitamin A, which gives them their light-absorbing properties.

Microbial rhodopsins contain seven transmembrane helices and can be classified into several subfamilies based on their functions, including:

1. Pumping ions across the cell membrane: This group includes bacteriorhodopsin, which pumps protons (H+) out of the cell, and halorhodopsin, which pumps chloride ions (Cl-) into the cell. These ion pumps generate an electrochemical gradient that can be used for various purposes, such as generating ATP or driving secondary transport processes.
2. Sensing light: Some microbial rhodopsins act as photoreceptors, converting light signals into chemical or electrical signals. They are involved in various physiological responses, including phototaxis (movement towards or away from light) and photophosphorylation (generation of ATP using light energy).
3. Generating reactive oxygen species: A subgroup of microbial rhodopsins called xanthorhodopsins can generate reactive oxygen species when exposed to light, which may play a role in microbial defense mechanisms or signaling pathways.

Overall, microbial rhodopsins are versatile proteins that enable various light-dependent processes in microorganisms and have attracted significant interest for their potential applications in optogenetics, biosensors, and renewable energy production.

'Daucus carota' is the scientific name for the common carrot, a root vegetable that is widely consumed and cultivated around the world. Carrots are rich in beta-carotene, a type of vitamin A, and are also a good source of dietary fiber, vitamin K, potassium, and other nutrients.

The 'Daucus' part of the name refers to the genus of plants that carrots belong to, while 'carota' is the specific species name. This plant is native to Europe and Southwestern Asia, but it is now grown in many parts of the world due to its popularity as a food crop.

Carrots can be consumed raw or cooked and are often used in a variety of dishes such as salads, soups, stews, and juices. They come in different colors, including orange, purple, yellow, and white, although the most common type is the orange one. Carrots have numerous health benefits, such as improving vision, reducing the risk of heart disease, and promoting healthy skin.

Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in the chloroplasts of photosynthetic plants, algae, and some bacteria. It plays an essential role in light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis by absorbing light energy, primarily from the blue and red parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and converting it into chemical energy to fuel the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water. The structure of chlorophyll includes a porphyrin ring, which binds a central magnesium ion, and a long phytol tail. There are several types of chlorophyll, including chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, which have distinct absorption spectra and slightly different structures. Chlorophyll is crucial for the process of photosynthesis, enabling the conversion of sunlight into chemical energy and the release of oxygen as a byproduct.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of chromatography that separates and analyzes compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase under high pressure. The mobile phase, which can be a gas or liquid, carries the sample mixture through a column containing the stationary phase.

In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid, and it is pumped through the column at high pressures (up to several hundred atmospheres) to achieve faster separation times and better resolution than other types of liquid chromatography. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid, and it interacts differently with each component in the sample mixture, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.

HPLC is widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other fields to separate, identify, and quantify compounds present in complex mixtures. It can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, including drugs, hormones, vitamins, pigments, flavors, and pollutants. HPLC is also used in the preparation of pure samples for further study or use.

Antioxidants are substances that can prevent or slow damage to cells caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that the body produces as a reaction to environmental and other pressures. Antioxidants are able to neutralize free radicals by donating an electron to them, thus stabilizing them and preventing them from causing further damage to the cells.

Antioxidants can be found in a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, and grains. Some common antioxidants include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and selenium. Antioxidants are also available as dietary supplements.

In addition to their role in protecting cells from damage, antioxidants have been studied for their potential to prevent or treat a number of health conditions, including cancer, heart disease, and age-related macular degeneration. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits and risks of using antioxidant supplements.

A diet, in medical terms, refers to the planned and regular consumption of food and drinks. It is a balanced selection of nutrient-rich foods that an individual eats on a daily or periodic basis to meet their energy needs and maintain good health. A well-balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.

A diet may also be prescribed for therapeutic purposes, such as in the management of certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend specific restrictions or modifications to an individual's regular diet to help manage their condition and improve their overall health.

It is important to note that a healthy and balanced diet should be tailored to an individual's age, gender, body size, activity level, and any underlying medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or nutritionist, can help ensure that an individual's dietary needs are being met in a safe and effective way.

Bacteriochlorophylls are a type of pigment that are found in certain bacteria and are used in photosynthesis. They are similar to chlorophylls, which are found in plants and algae, but have some differences in their structure and absorption spectrum. Bacteriochlorophylls absorb light at longer wavelengths than chlorophylls, with absorption peaks in the near-infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This allows bacteria that contain bacteriochlorophylls to carry out photosynthesis in environments with low levels of light or at great depths in the ocean where sunlight is scarce.

There are several different types of bacteriochlorophylls, including bacteriochlorophyll a, bacteriochlorophyll b, and bacteriochlorophyll c. These pigments play a role in the capture of light energy during photosynthesis and are involved in the electron transfer processes that occur during this process. Bacteriochlorophylls are also used as a taxonomic marker to help classify certain groups of bacteria.

Medical Definition of Vitamin E:

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that plays a crucial role in protecting your body's cells from damage caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules produced when your body breaks down food or is exposed to environmental toxins like cigarette smoke and radiation. Vitamin E is also involved in immune function, DNA repair, and other metabolic processes.

It is a collective name for a group of eight fat-soluble compounds that include four tocopherols and four tocotrienols. Alpha-tocopherol is the most biologically active form of vitamin E in humans and is the one most commonly found in supplements.

Vitamin E deficiency is rare but can occur in people with certain genetic disorders or who cannot absorb fat properly. Symptoms of deficiency include nerve and muscle damage, loss of feeling in the arms and legs, muscle weakness, and vision problems.

Food sources of vitamin E include vegetable oils (such as sunflower, safflower, and wheat germ oil), nuts and seeds (like almonds, peanuts, and sunflower seeds), and fortified foods (such as cereals and some fruit juices).

In medical terms, "beak" is not a term that is used as a general definition or diagnosis. However, there are some specific medical contexts where the term "beak" is used:

1. In forensic medicine, "beak" refers to the pointed end of a broken bone, which can occur when a bone is fractured in a certain way.
2. In respiratory medicine, "beaked nose" is a colloquial term used to describe a nose with a sharply pointed tip.
3. In maxillofacial surgery, "beak deformity" is a rare condition where the upper jaw protrudes excessively, giving the appearance of a bird's beak.
4. In veterinary medicine, "beak trimming" refers to the practice of trimming the beaks of birds to prevent them from injuring themselves or others.

It's important to note that these are very specific medical contexts and may not be relevant to your search for a general medical definition of "beak."

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Norisoprenoids" is not a widely recognized or established term in medicine or medical chemistry. It appears to be a term used primarily in the field of plant metabolism and natural products chemistry, referring to a class of compounds that are derived from the degradation of carotenoids (a type of isoprenoid) and have lost one or more methyl groups.

If you're asking about this term in a different context or if there's specific medical relevance you have in mind, could you please provide more details? I'd be happy to help further if I can.

Dioxygenases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of both atoms of molecular oxygen (O2) into their substrates. They are classified based on the type of reaction they catalyze and the number of iron atoms in their active site. The two main types of dioxygenases are:

1. Intradiol dioxygenases: These enzymes cleave an aromatic ring by inserting both atoms of O2 into a single bond between two carbon atoms, leading to the formation of an unsaturated diol (catechol) intermediate and the release of CO2. They contain a non-heme iron(III) center in their active site.

An example of intradiol dioxygenase is catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, which catalyzes the conversion of catechol to muconic acid.

2. Extradiol dioxygenases: These enzymes cleave an aromatic ring by inserting one atom of O2 at a position adjacent to the hydroxyl group and the other atom at a more distant position, leading to the formation of an unsaturated lactone or cyclic ether intermediate. They contain a non-heme iron(II) center in their active site.

An example of extradiol dioxygenase is homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, which catalyzes the conversion of homogentisate to maleylacetoacetate in the tyrosine degradation pathway.

Dioxygenases play important roles in various biological processes, including the metabolism of aromatic compounds, the biosynthesis of hormones and signaling molecules, and the detoxification of xenobiotics.

Alkyl and aryl transferases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or aryl groups from one molecule to another. These enzymes play a role in various biological processes, including the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics, as well as the biosynthesis of certain natural compounds.

Alkyl transferases typically catalyze the transfer of methyl or ethyl groups, while aryl transferases transfer larger aromatic rings. These enzymes often use cofactors such as S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) or acetyl-CoA to donate the alkyl or aryl group to a recipient molecule.

Examples of alkyl and aryl transferases include:

1. Methyltransferases: enzymes that transfer methyl groups from SAM to various acceptor molecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and small molecules.
2. Histone methyltransferases: enzymes that methylate specific residues on histone proteins, which can affect chromatin structure and gene expression.
3. N-acyltransferases: enzymes that transfer acetyl or other acyl groups to amino groups in proteins or small molecules.
4. O-acyltransferases: enzymes that transfer acyl groups to hydroxyl groups in lipids, steroids, and other molecules.
5. Arylsulfatases: enzymes that remove sulfate groups from aromatic rings, releasing an alcohol and sulfate.
6. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs): enzymes that transfer the tripeptide glutathione to electrophilic centers in xenobiotics and endogenous compounds, facilitating their detoxification and excretion.

Light-harvesting protein complexes are specialized structures in photosynthetic organisms, such as plants, algae, and some bacteria, that capture and transfer light energy to the reaction centers where the initial chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur. These complexes consist of proteins and pigments (primarily chlorophylls and carotenoids) arranged in a way that allows them to absorb light most efficiently. The absorbed light energy is then converted into electrical charges, which are transferred to the reaction centers for further chemical reactions leading to the production of organic compounds and oxygen. The light-harvesting protein complexes play a crucial role in initiating the process of photosynthesis and optimizing its efficiency by capturing and distributing light energy.

Feathers are not a medical term, but they are a feature found in birds and some extinct theropod dinosaurs. Feathers are keratinous structures that grow from the skin and are used for various functions such as insulation, flight, waterproofing, and display. They have a complex structure consisting of a central shaft with barbs branching off on either side, which further divide into smaller barbules. The arrangement and modification of these feather structures vary widely among bird species to serve different purposes.

In the context of medical terminology, "light" doesn't have a specific or standardized definition on its own. However, it can be used in various medical terms and phrases. For example, it could refer to:

1. Visible light: The range of electromagnetic radiation that can be detected by the human eye, typically between wavelengths of 400-700 nanometers. This is relevant in fields such as ophthalmology and optometry.
2. Therapeutic use of light: In some therapies, light is used to treat certain conditions. An example is phototherapy, which uses various wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) or visible light for conditions like newborn jaundice, skin disorders, or seasonal affective disorder.
3. Light anesthesia: A state of reduced consciousness in which the patient remains responsive to verbal commands and physical stimulation. This is different from general anesthesia where the patient is completely unconscious.
4. Pain relief using light: Certain devices like transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) units have a 'light' setting, indicating lower intensity or frequency of electrical impulses used for pain management.

Without more context, it's hard to provide a precise medical definition of 'light'.

Biosynthetic pathways refer to the series of biochemical reactions that occur within cells and living organisms, leading to the production (synthesis) of complex molecules from simpler precursors. These pathways involve a sequence of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, where each reaction builds upon the product of the previous one, ultimately resulting in the formation of a specific biomolecule.

Examples of biosynthetic pathways include:

1. The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) - an essential metabolic pathway that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
2. Glycolysis - a process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate to generate ATP and NADH.
3. Gluconeogenesis - the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, and certain amino acids.
4. Fatty acid synthesis - a process that produces fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA through a series of reduction reactions.
5. Amino acid synthesis - the production of various amino acids from simpler precursors, often involving intermediates in central metabolic pathways like the Krebs cycle or glycolysis.
6. Steroid biosynthesis - the formation of steroids from simple precursors such as cholesterol and its derivatives.
7. Terpenoid biosynthesis - the production of terpenes, terpenoids, and sterols from isoprene units (isopentenyl pyrophosphate).
8. Nucleotide synthesis - the generation of nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA, through complex biochemical pathways involving various precursors and cofactors.

Understanding biosynthetic pathways is crucial for comprehending cellular metabolism, developing drugs that target specific metabolic processes, and engineering organisms with desired traits in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering applications.

Photosynthesis is not strictly a medical term, but it is a fundamental biological process with significant implications for medicine, particularly in understanding energy production in cells and the role of oxygen in sustaining life. Here's a general biological definition:

Photosynthesis is a process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy, usually from the sun, into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds, such as glucose (or sugar), using water and carbon dioxide. This process primarily takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells, specifically in structures called thylakoids. The overall reaction can be summarized as:

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

In this equation, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are the reactants, while glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2) are the products. Photosynthesis has two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle). The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membrane and involve the conversion of light energy into ATP and NADPH, which are used to power the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and involves the synthesis of glucose from CO2 and water using the ATP and NADPH generated during the light-dependent reactions.

Understanding photosynthesis is crucial for understanding various biological processes, including cellular respiration, plant metabolism, and the global carbon cycle. Additionally, research into artificial photosynthesis has potential applications in renewable energy production and environmental remediation.

Erwinia is a genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are primarily plant pathogens. They are part of the Enterobacteriaceae family and can be found in soil, water, and plant surfaces. Some species of Erwinia cause diseases in plants such as fireblight in apples and pears, soft rot in a wide range of vegetables, and bacterial leaf spot in ornamental plants. They can infect plants through wounds or natural openings and produce enzymes that break down plant tissues, causing decay and wilting.

It's worth noting that Erwinia species are not typically associated with human or animal diseases, except for a few cases where they have been reported to cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals.

Oxidoreductases are a class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule (the reductant) to another (the oxidant). These enzymes play a crucial role in various biological processes, including energy production, metabolism, and detoxification.

The oxidoreductase-catalyzed reaction typically involves the donation of electrons from a reducing agent (donor) to an oxidizing agent (acceptor), often through the transfer of hydrogen atoms or hydride ions. The enzyme itself does not undergo any permanent chemical change during this process, but rather acts as a catalyst to lower the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.

Oxidoreductases are classified and named based on the type of electron donor or acceptor involved in the reaction. For example, oxidoreductases that act on the CH-OH group of donors are called dehydrogenases, while those that act on the aldehyde or ketone groups are called oxidases. Other examples include reductases, peroxidases, and catalases.

Understanding the function and regulation of oxidoreductases is important for understanding various physiological processes and developing therapeutic strategies for diseases associated with impaired redox homeostasis, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular disease.

'Capsicum' is the medical term for a genus of plants that are commonly known as peppers or chili peppers. These plants belong to the nightshade family (Solanaceae) and are native to Central and South America. The fruits of these plants are used extensively in cooking and medicine, and they vary widely in shape, size, color, and pungency.

The active components of capsicum fruits are a group of compounds called capsaicinoids, which give the fruit its spicy or hot taste. The most common capsaicinoid is capsaicin, which is responsible for the majority of the heat sensation experienced when consuming chili peppers.

Capsicum fruits have been used in traditional medicine for centuries to treat a variety of conditions, including pain relief, inflammation, and digestive disorders. Modern research has supported some of these uses, and capsaicin is now available as an over-the-counter topical cream or patch for the treatment of pain associated with arthritis, nerve damage, and muscle strain.

It's important to note that while capsicum fruits have many potential health benefits, they can also cause adverse reactions in some people, particularly if consumed in large quantities. These reactions can include stomach upset, skin irritation, and respiratory problems. It's always best to consult with a healthcare provider before using capsicum or any other herbal remedy for medicinal purposes.

Rhodopseudomonas is a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are capable of photosynthesis. These bacteria contain bacteriochlorophyll and can use light as an energy source in the absence of oxygen, which makes them facultative anaerobes. They typically inhabit freshwater and soil environments, and some species are able to fix nitrogen gas. Rhodopseudomonas species are known to cause various infections in humans, including bacteremia, endocarditis, and respiratory tract infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. However, such infections are relatively rare.

A plant tuber is not a medical term per se, but rather a term from botany. However, I can certainly provide a definition for you.

Tubers are specialized underground stems or roots that serve as storage organs for many types of plants. They consist of enlarged structures filled with nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and other organic compounds. Tubers can be classified into two main categories: true tubers and false tubers.

True tubers are swollen underground stems, such as those found in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). They have nodes and internodes like aboveground stems, but they lack leaves or buds. Instead, they have small bumps called "eyes" that contain dormant buds, which can sprout to produce new plants when conditions are favorable.

False tubers, on the other hand, are enlarged roots, such as those found in cassava (Manihot esculenta). They do not have nodes and internodes like true tubers but instead store nutrients in their fleshy tissues.

While plant tubers may not have a direct medical definition, they are essential to human health and nutrition. Many tuber crops provide important sources of carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients in diets around the world.

Alpha-tocopherol is the most active form of vitamin E in humans and is a fat-soluble antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. It plays a role in immune function, cell signaling, and metabolic processes. Alpha-tocopherol is found naturally in foods such as nuts, seeds, leafy green vegetables, and vegetable oils, and it is also available as a dietary supplement.

The macula lutea, often simply referred to as the macula or fovea centralis, is a part of the eye that is responsible for central vision and color perception. It's located in the center of the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. The macula contains a high concentration of pigments called xanthophylls, which give it a yellowish color and protect the photoreceptor cells in this area from damage by blue light.

The central part of the macula is called the fovea, which is a small depression that contains only cones, the photoreceptor cells responsible for color vision and high visual acuity. The fovea is surrounded by the parafovea and the perifovea, which contain both cones and rods, the photoreceptor cells responsible for low-light vision and peripheral vision.

Damage to the macula can result in a loss of central vision and color perception, a condition known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is a leading cause of blindness in older adults. Other conditions that can affect the macula include macular edema, macular holes, and macular pucker.

Chlorophyta is a division of green algae, also known as green plants. This group includes a wide variety of simple, aquatic organisms that contain chlorophylls a and b, which gives them their characteristic green color. They are a diverse group, ranging from unicellular forms to complex multicellular seaweeds. Chlorophyta is a large and varied division with approximately 7,00

Singlet oxygen, also known as excited oxygen or oxygen triplet state, is a variant of molecular oxygen (O2) with unusual chemical and physical properties. In its ground state, molecular oxygen consists of two atoms with parallel spins, forming a triplet state. However, singlet oxygen has both atoms in a spin-paired configuration, which makes it more reactive than the ground state oxygen.

In biomedical terms, singlet oxygen is often generated during normal cellular metabolism or under pathological conditions such as inflammation and oxidative stress. It can react with various biological molecules, including lipids, proteins, and DNA, leading to damage and dysfunction of cells and tissues. Therefore, singlet oxygen has been implicated in the development and progression of several diseases, such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer.

It is worth noting that singlet oxygen can also be used in medical applications, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), where it is generated by light-activated drugs to selectively destroy cancer cells or bacteria.

Plastids are membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of plants and algae. They are responsible for various cellular functions, including photosynthesis, storage of starch, lipids, and proteins, and the production of pigments that give plants their color. The most common types of plastids are chloroplasts (which contain chlorophyll and are involved in photosynthesis), chromoplasts (which contain pigments such as carotenoids and are responsible for the yellow, orange, and red colors of fruits and flowers), and leucoplasts (which do not contain pigments and serve mainly as storage organelles). Plastids have their own DNA and can replicate themselves within the cell.

"Lycopersicon esculentum" is the scientific name for the common red tomato. It is a species of fruit from the nightshade family (Solanaceae) that is native to western South America and Central America. Tomatoes are widely grown and consumed in many parts of the world as a vegetable, although they are technically a fruit. They are rich in nutrients such as vitamin C, potassium, and lycopene, which has been studied for its potential health benefits.

Fat substitutes are substances that are used in food production to mimic the taste, texture, and other sensory properties of fat, while providing fewer calories or no calories at all. They can be derived from natural sources, such as carbohydrates or proteins, or synthesized in a lab.

Fat substitutes can be classified into three main categories:

1. Macronutrient-based fat substitutes: These are made up of carbohydrates, proteins, or fiber that provide fewer calories than fat. Examples include maltodextrin, modified food starch, and whey protein concentrate.
2. Fat-based fat substitutes: These are made up of fat molecules that have been chemically altered to reduce their calorie content. Examples include olestra (sucrose polyester) and caprenin.
3. Non-nutritive fat substitutes: These provide no calories or nutrients and are often used in small amounts to enhance the texture and taste of food. Examples include cellulose gel, microcrystalline cellulose, and silica.

Fat substitutes can be useful for people who are trying to reduce their calorie intake, maintain a healthy weight, or manage certain medical conditions such as diabetes or high cholesterol. However, it's important to note that fat substitutes should not replace all dietary fats, as some fats are essential for good health. It's also important to read food labels carefully and consume fat substitutes in moderation, as they may have other negative effects on health if consumed in excess.

Spectrum analysis in the context of Raman spectroscopy refers to the measurement and interpretation of the Raman scattering spectrum of a material or sample. Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive analytical technique that uses the inelastic scattering of light to examine the vibrational modes of molecules.

When a monochromatic light source, typically a laser, illuminates a sample, a small fraction of the scattered light undergoes a shift in frequency due to interactions with the molecular vibrations of the sample. This shift in frequency is known as the Raman shift and is unique to each chemical bond or functional group within a molecule.

In a Raman spectrum, the intensity of the scattered light is plotted against the Raman shift, which is expressed in wavenumbers (cm-1). The resulting spectrum provides a "fingerprint" of the sample's molecular structure and composition, allowing for the identification and characterization of various chemical components within the sample.

Spectrum analysis in Raman spectroscopy can reveal valuable information about the sample's crystallinity, phase transitions, polymorphism, molecular orientation, and other properties. This technique is widely used across various fields, including materials science, chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals, and forensics, to analyze a diverse range of samples, from simple liquids and solids to complex biological tissues and nanomaterials.

In the context of medical terminology, 'color' is not defined specifically with a unique meaning. Instead, it generally refers to the characteristic or appearance of something, particularly in relation to the color that a person may observe visually. For instance, doctors may describe the color of a patient's skin, eyes, hair, or bodily fluids to help diagnose medical conditions or monitor their progression.

For example, jaundice is a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes that can indicate liver problems, while cyanosis refers to a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood. Similarly, doctors may describe the color of stool or urine to help diagnose digestive or kidney issues.

Therefore, 'color' is not a medical term with a specific definition but rather a general term used to describe various visual characteristics of the body and bodily fluids that can provide important diagnostic clues for healthcare professionals.

"Diospyros" is a genus of evergreen or deciduous trees and shrubs, belonging to the family Ebenaceae. It includes several well-known species such as the persimmon (D. kaki) and ebony (D. ebenum). The name "Diospyros" comes from the Greek words "dios" meaning Zeus or god, and "pyros" meaning wheat, which may refer to the edible fruit of some species.

The trees in this genus are known for their hard, dense wood that is resistant to decay and insect attack, making them valuable for furniture-making, carving, and other woodworking applications. The fruit of some species, such as persimmon, are also eaten and valued for their high nutritional content.

It's worth noting that "Diospyros" is a scientific name used in the field of botany, and may not be commonly used in medical contexts unless referring to potential medicinal properties of plants in this genus.

Spectrophotometry is a technical analytical method used in the field of medicine and science to measure the amount of light absorbed or transmitted by a substance at specific wavelengths. This technique involves the use of a spectrophotometer, an instrument that measures the intensity of light as it passes through a sample.

In medical applications, spectrophotometry is often used in laboratory settings to analyze various biological samples such as blood, urine, and tissues. For example, it can be used to measure the concentration of specific chemicals or compounds in a sample by measuring the amount of light that is absorbed or transmitted at specific wavelengths.

In addition, spectrophotometry can also be used to assess the properties of biological tissues, such as their optical density and thickness. This information can be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions, including skin disorders, eye diseases, and cancer.

Overall, spectrophotometry is a valuable tool for medical professionals and researchers seeking to understand the composition and properties of various biological samples and tissues.

"Energy transfer" is a general term used in the field of physics and physiology, including medical sciences, to describe the process by which energy is passed from one system, entity, or location to another. In the context of medicine, energy transfer often refers to the ways in which cells and organ systems exchange and utilize various forms of energy for proper functioning and maintenance of life.

In a more specific sense, "energy transfer" may refer to:

1. Bioenergetics: This is the study of energy flow through living organisms, including the conversion, storage, and utilization of energy in biological systems. Key processes include cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and metabolic pathways that transform energy into forms useful for growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
2. Electron transfer: In biochemistry, electrons are transferred between molecules during redox reactions, which play a crucial role in energy production and consumption within cells. Examples include the electron transport chain (ETC) in mitochondria, where high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along a series of protein complexes to generate an electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
3. Heat transfer: This is the exchange of thermal energy between systems or objects due to temperature differences. In medicine, heat transfer can be relevant in understanding how body temperature is regulated and maintained, as well as in therapeutic interventions such as hyperthermia or cryotherapy.
4. Mechanical energy transfer: This refers to the transmission of mechanical force or motion from one part of the body to another. For instance, muscle contractions generate forces that are transmitted through tendons and bones to produce movement and maintain posture.
5. Radiation therapy: In oncology, ionizing radiation is used to treat cancer by transferring energy to malignant cells, causing damage to their DNA and leading to cell death or impaired function.
6. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This non-invasive diagnostic technique uses magnetic fields and radio waves to excite hydrogen nuclei in the body, which then release energy as they return to their ground state. The resulting signals are used to generate detailed images of internal structures and tissues.

In summary, "energy transfer" is a broad term that encompasses various processes by which different forms of energy (thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic, etc.) are exchanged or transmitted between systems or objects in the context of medicine and healthcare.

Photosynthetic Reaction Center (RC) Complex Proteins are specialized protein-pigment structures that play a crucial role in the primary process of light-driven electron transport during photosynthesis. They are present in the thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria, algae, and higher plants.

The Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins are composed of two major components: the light-harvesting complex (LHC) and the reaction center (RC). The LHC contains antenna pigments like chlorophylls and carotenoids that absorb sunlight and transfer the excitation energy to the RC. The RC is a multi-subunit protein complex containing cofactors such as bacteriochlorophyll, pheophytin, quinones, and iron-sulfur clusters.

When a photon of light is absorbed by the antenna pigments in the LHC, the energy is transferred to the RC, where it initiates a charge separation event. This results in the transfer of an electron from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule, creating a flow of electrical charge and generating a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. The energy stored in this gradient is then used to synthesize ATP and reduce NADP+, which are essential for carbon fixation and other metabolic processes in the cell.

In summary, Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins are specialized protein structures involved in capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy during photosynthesis, ultimately driving the synthesis of ATP and NADPH for use in carbon fixation and other metabolic processes.

I have searched through various medical and scientific databases, and I cannot find a specific medical definition for "Crocus." Crocus is actually the name of a genus of flowering plants in the iris family. The most commonly known species is the saffron crocus (Crocus sativus), which produces the spice saffron.

While there are no direct medical definitions for "Crocus," some compounds derived from certain Crocus species have been studied for their potential medicinal properties. For example, safranal and crocin, both found in saffron, have been investigated for their possible benefits in treating conditions like depression, PMS symptoms, and age-related macular degeneration. However, more research is needed to confirm these effects and establish recommended dosages.

In summary, "Crocus" generally refers to a genus of flowering plants, with some species' compounds having potential medicinal properties. It does not have a specific medical definition on its own.

Retinal pigments refer to the light-sensitive chemicals found in the retina, specifically within the photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. The main types of retinal pigments are rhodopsin (also known as visual purple) in rods and iodopsins in cones. These pigments play a crucial role in the process of vision by absorbing light and initiating a series of chemical reactions that ultimately trigger nerve impulses, which are then transmitted to the brain and interpreted as visual images. Rhodopsin is more sensitive to lower light levels and is responsible for night vision, while iodopsins are sensitive to specific wavelengths of light and contribute to color vision.

As a consequence, carotenoids are typically present in plasma lipoproteins and cellular lipid structures. Carotenoids are ... Cooking carotenoid-containing vegetables in oil and shredding the vegetable both increase carotenoid bioavailability. The most ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carotenoids. Carotenoids at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject ... Humans and other animals are mostly incapable of synthesizing carotenoids, and must obtain them through their diet. Carotenoids ...
Carotenoid+isomerooxygenase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 1.13. ... Carotenoid isomerooxygenase (EC 1.13.11.65, ninaB (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name zeaxanthin:oxygen 15,15'- ... "NinaB combines carotenoid oxygenase and retinoid isomerase activity in a single polypeptide". Proceedings of the National ...
... s are a family of enzymes involved in the cleavage of carotenoids to produce, for example, retinol, ... Carotenoid oxygenases cleave a variety of carotenoids into a range of biologically important products, including apocarotenoids ... Carotenoid Oxygenase information More Carotenoid Oxygenase information This article incorporates text from the public domain ... Carotenoids such as beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein and beta-cryptoxanthin are produced in plants and certain bacteria, algae ...
... es are physical associations of carotenoids with other molecules. Carotenoids are hydrophobic molecules that ... Another carotenoid, lutein is also found in different organs but it is one of the most preferred carotenoids of the brain and ... Cogdell, Richard J.; Gardiner, Alastair T. (1993). "[18] Functions of carotenoids in photosynthesis". Carotenoids Part B: ... Hashimoto, Hideki; Uragami, Chiasa; Cogdell, Richard J. (2016). "Carotenoids and Photosynthesis". Carotenoids in Nature. ...
... each binds carotenoid. The CCPs resolve into 2 major groups, and these proteins also bind carotenoid. Given these data, and the ... In OCPO, the carotenoid spans both domains, which are tightly associated in this form of protein. In 2013 Kerfeld and co- ... Orange carotenoid protein (OCP) is a water-soluble protein which plays a role in photoprotection in diverse cyanobacteria. It ... Moreover, carotenoids are widely investigated for their properties as anti-oxidants, and thus the protein may serve as a ...
Carotenoid+1,2-hydratase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 4.2.1). ... Carotenoid 1,2-hydratase (EC 4.2.1.131, CrtC) is an enzyme with systematic name lycopene hydro-lyase (1-hydroxy-1,2- ... Hiseni A, Arends IW, Otten LG (August 2011). "Biochemical characterization of the carotenoid 1,2-hydratases (CrtC) from ... and enzymatic characterization of the acyclic carotenoid 1,2-hydratase from Rubrivivax gelatinosus". Archives of Biochemistry ...
Carotenoid-9',10'-cleaving+dioxygenase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology ... Carotenoid-9',10'-cleaving dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.71, BCO2 (gene), beta-carotene 9',10'-monooxygenase (misleading)) is an ... beta-ionone Carotenoid-9',10'-cleaving dioxygenase contains Fe2+. Kiefer C, Hessel S, Lampert JM, Vogt K, Lederer MO, ...
The carotenoid binding site is lined with a striking number of methionine residues. The N-terminal domain of OCP is usually ... In molecular biology the orange carotenoid N-terminal domain is a protein domain found predominantly at the N-terminus of the ... Orange carotenoid-binding proteins (OCP) were first identified in cyanobacterial species, where they occur associated with ... NUTF2 Orange Carotenoid Protein Carotenoprotein Fluorescence recovery protein NTF2 fold Kirilovsky D, Kerfeld CA (Jul 2013). " ...
"Structural basis for carotenoid cleavage by an archaeal carotenoid dioxygenase". Proceedings of the National Academy of ... Apo-beta-carotenoid-14',13'-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.67 is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 8'-apo-beta-carotenol ...
... (EC 1.13.11.67) is an enzyme with systematic name 8'-apo-beta-carotenol:O2 ... 8'-apo-beta-carotenoid+14',13'-cleaving+dioxygenase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) ... apo-beta-carotenoid 14',13'-cleaving dioxygenase is a thiol-dependent enzyme isolated from rat and rabbit. Dmitrovskii AA, ...
... or as provitamin A carotenoids, which are plant pigments digested into vitamin A after consuming carotenoid-rich plant foods, ... As some carotenoids can be converted into vitamin A, attempts have been made to determine how much of them in the diet is ... For ULs, carotenoids are not added when calculating total vitamin A intake for safety assessments. The European Food Safety ... The other carotenoids have no vitamin activity. Dietary retinol is absorbed from the digestive tract via passive diffusion. ...
... is one of the most common carotenoids in nature, and is used in the xanthophyll cycle. Synthesized in plants and ... "Carotenoids". Retrieved 6 May 2012. "Lutein + Zeaxanthin Content of Selected Foods". Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State ... Due to the commercial value of carotenoids, their biosynthesis has been studied extensively in both natural products and non- ... Zeaxanthin is one of the two primary xanthophyll carotenoids contained within the retina of the eye. Zeaxanthin supplements are ...
... and were likely formed through chemical reactions of other dietary carotenoids. These species-specific carotenoids are ... Carotenoids. 504 (1): 142-153. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2010.08.006. ISSN 0003-9861. PMC 3887449. PMID 20709013. Barreiros, Marcelo ... This distinct colorization consists of pigments from eight different carotenoids, six of which are unique to the Xipholena ... Additionally, the complexity of the creation of these pigments allows for an added diversity in the carotenoid products ...
"Carotenoids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR. August 2016. ... What are dietary reference intakes?". Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Institute ... Included as nutritional constituents are provitamin A carotenoids, whereas those without nutrient status are diverse ...
Carotenoids List of phytochemicals in food MSDS at Carl Roth (Lutein Rotichrom, German). "Lutein", Random House Webster's ... This includes chickens (usually in combination with other carotenoids), to get color in egg yolks, and fish farms to color the ... Skin health via orally consumed supplements is one of the fastest growing areas of the US$2 billion carotenoid market. ... Three subsequent meta-analyses of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin concluded that these carotenoids lower the risk of progression ...
"Carotenoids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 1 July 2016. Retrieved 27 ...
Among carotenoids such as the tomato phytochemical, lycopene, the US Food and Drug Administration found insufficient evidence ... A converse exists in the case of carotenoids, such as lycopene present in tomatoes, which may remain stable or increase in ... "Carotenoids". Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. July 2016 ... Food processing techniques like mechanical processing can also free carotenoids and other phytochemicals from the food matrix, ...
Lycopene, the unsaturated carotenoid that lycopane may be derived from, has a very characteristic Raman spectrum that is easily ... However, this process has been identified in other carotenoids (e.g. carotene to carotane). Sulfur has been proposed as a ... Carotenoids have long generated astrobiological interest given their diagnostic Raman spectra, their unlikelihood of being ... "Carotenoids , Linus Pauling Institute , Oregon State University". 2017-05-21. Archived from the original on 2017-05-21. ...
... carotenoids; siderophores; cholic acid derivatives and organic acids. It is hoped that further research into alkaliphilic ...
... with β-carotene as the best-known provitamin A carotenoid. Others include α-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin. Carotenoid absorption ... The separation of β-carotene from the mixture of other carotenoids is based on the polarity of a compound. β-Carotene is a non- ... November 2006). "Intake of the major carotenoids and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in a pooled analysis of 10 cohort ... Sunless tanning with beta-carotene Vitamin A Retinol Carotenoids Hursthouse, M. B.; Nathani, S. C.; Moss, G. P. (2004). "CSD ...
... (1,2-dihydro-ψ,ψ-caroten-1-ol) is a carotenoid. It is a major carotenoid of phototropic bacteria such as ... Britton G, Liaaen-Jensen S, Pfander HP (2004). Carotenoids: Handbook. Springer. p. 109. ISBN 978-3-7643-6180-8. v t e (Articles ...
Johnson, E. A., & Schroeder, W. A. (2006). Microbial carotenoids. Downstream processing biosurfactants carotenoids, 119-178. ... rhodozyma and identified optimal conditions for maximizing yeast and carotenoid production, contributing to advancements in ...
Like other carotenoids, it is a tetraterpenoid. In purified form, it is a brick-red solid soluble in benzene. Spheroidene was ... Spheroidene is a carotenoid pigment. It is a component of the photosynthetic reaction center of certain purple bacteria of the ... Barber, M.S.; Jackman, L.M.; Manchand, P.S.; Weedon, B.C.L. (1966). "Carotenoids and related compounds. Part XVI. Structural ... Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) is the precursor to spheroidene and the other carotenoids; two molecules of GGPP condense ...
Leffingwell, John C. "Boronia: A Review". Aroma from Carotenoids. "Boronia megastigma Bartl". Atlas of Living Australia. ( ...
"Macular Carotenoids Conference Chair appointed Chair Of Human Nutrition in WIT, Ireland". Macular Carotenoids Conference. 10 ... Carotenoids and Retinal Disease. Further conferences on Macular Carotenoids at Downing College were held in 2013 and 2015. The ... This was followed by the first Macular Carotenoids Conference also held at Downing College in July 2011 which led to a book, ... Landrum, John T; Nolan, John (18 October 2013). Carotenoids and Retinal Disease. CRC Press. ISBN 9781466502055. "Brain and ...
Leffingwell, John C. (1999). "Rose (Rosa damascena)". Aroma from Carotenoids. Leffingwell & Associates. Retrieved 2006-06-08. ...
In 1938, Richard Kuhn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on carotenoids and vitamins, specifically B2 and B6 ... For their investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2, Karrer and Haworth jointly received the Nobel Prize in ... Federico, M. L.; Schmidt, M. A. (2016). "Modern Breeding and Biotechnological Approaches to Enhance Carotenoid Accumulation in ... and identified other carotenoids. Karrer and Norman Haworth confirmed Albert Szent-Györgyi's discovery of ascorbic acid and ...
In contrast to all other carotenoids, phytoene and phytofluene, the first carotenoid precursors in the biosynthetic pathway of ... Accumulation of these carotenoids in the skin may protect the skin by several mechanisms: acting as UV absorbers, as ... The synthesis of phytoene is the first committed step in the synthesis of carotenoids in plants. Phytoene is produced from two ... "Carotenoid Biosynthesis". Archived from the original on 2016-11-05. Retrieved 2009-02-25. Phytoene synthase Khachik F, Carvalho ...
Carotenoids formed in fungi are presumably formed from mevalonic acid precursors. Carotenoids are formed by a head-to-head ... In plants, carotenoids can occur in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Carotenoids have two important functions in ... Carotenoid "Tetraterpenes and Carotenoids". www.life.illinois.edu. Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. (CS1 maint: ... Xanthophylls are carotenoids with molecules containing oxygen, such as lutein and zeaxanthin. Carotenes are carotenoids with ...
Synthetic carotenoid pigments colored yellow, red or orange represent about 15-25% of the cost of production of commercial ... Astaxanthin, and other chemically related asta-carotenoids, has also been found in a number of lichen species of the arctic ... Astaxanthin /æstəˈzænθɪn/ is a keto-carotenoid within a group of chemical compounds known as terpenes. Astaxanthin is a ... Cooper, R. D. G.; Davis, J. B.; Leftwick, A. P.; Price, C.; Weedon, B. (1975). "Carotenoids and related compounds. XXXII. ...
As a consequence, carotenoids are typically present in plasma lipoproteins and cellular lipid structures. Carotenoids are ... Cooking carotenoid-containing vegetables in oil and shredding the vegetable both increase carotenoid bioavailability. The most ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carotenoids. Carotenoids at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject ... Humans and other animals are mostly incapable of synthesizing carotenoids, and must obtain them through their diet. Carotenoids ...
carotenoids. Sorry, no results found.. We tried our best, but we couldnt find any articles relating to . ...
The major carotenoid pigments found in peanut oil were beta-carotene and lutein. A ... A method for analysis of carotenoid pigments in peanut oil is described. ... A method for analysis of carotenoid pigments in peanut oil is described. The major carotenoid pigments found in peanut oil were ... The total carotenoid concentration in oil from mature peanuts appears to be less than 1 µg per liter of oil. ...
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Increased dietary intake of carotenoids could help to slash the risk of hip fractures in lean men, according to new research. ... Related topics Research Antioxidants/carotenoids Bone & joint health Related news. Show more * Insights into banana carotenoids ... Carotenoids may reduce hip fracture risk in lean men, say researchers. By Nathan Gray 02-Jan-2013. - Last updated on 02-Jan- ... Increased dietary intake of carotenoids could help to slash the risk of hip fractures in lean men, according to new research. ...
Dietary carotenoids collect in the liver for systemic distribution. The potent antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin, found in a ... Carotenoids and Nutrients Critical for NAFLD. August 8, 2016. Jeannette Y. Wick, RPh, MBA, FASCP ... Carotenoids, such as astaxanthin, are of particular interest, although their efficacy is unclear. A Japanese team of ... Carotenoids like astaxanthin act through multiple synergistic pathophysiology mechanisms to prevent and treat NAFLD. ...
Early 2003 Deming Regression Analysis for A/E/Carotenoids Y(CDC)=X(CTI) in μg/dL. Test. n. Y(CDC)=X(CTI) r2 ... Late 2004 Deming Regression Analysis for A/E/Carotenoids Y(CDC)=X(CTI) in μg/dL. Test. n. Y(CDC)=X(CTI) r2 ... Combined Deming Regression Analysis for A/E/Carotenoids Y(CDC)=X(CTI) in μg/dL. Test. n. Y(CDC)=X(CTI) r2 ... Vitamin A, Vitamin E & Carotenoids (L45VIT_C) Data File: L45VIT_C.xpt First Published: October 2007. Last Revised: NA Note: ...
... Mol Carcinog. ... but did not suppress reporter activity induced by the non-pro-vitamin A carotenoids astaxanthin or lycopene, indicating that ... is upregulated by cancer-preventive retinoids and carotenoids in normal and preneoplastic cells; an action considered of ... retinoids have separate mechanisms of gene activation than non-pro-vitamin A carotenoids. Neither class of compound required ...
Human skin contains carotenoids, such as α-, γ-, β-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene and their isomers, which serve the ... Carotenoids are known to be powerful antioxidant substances playing an essential role in the reactions of neutralization of FR ... Carotenoids are degraded by stress factors of any type, inter alia, sun radiation, contact with environmental hazards, illness ... Results obtained from in-vivo studies on human skin have shown that carotenoids are vital components of the antioxidative ...
Carotenoids - If youre looking for probiotics, fibers, omega 3s or a variety of other nutraceuticals, this category provides a ...
Benefits of carotenoids​. Carotenoids are found in green leafy vegetables and coloured fruit and are potent lipid-based ... Crucially, L and Z are the only carotenoids in the retina and the primary carotenoids in the brain. They are known to improve ... Related tags Carotenoid Lutein Zeaxanthin Women should increase consumption of lutein and zeaxanthin-rich food to reduce ... Carotenoid intake may help reduce neurodegenerative disease in women. By Nicola Gordon-Seymour 25-Jul-2022. - Last updated on ...
Theres a great deal of research into the effects of carotenoids. One way that carotenoids inhibit cancer growth is related to ... have shown the ability of carotenoids both to prevent breast cancer, and also to stop it returning after treatment. Carotenoids ... Carotenoids are known to have strong Epigenetic effects (that is they can reverse damage caused in the environment of the DNA ... There are over 600 different carotenoids, for example:. Alpha-Carotene - found in carrots, coriander and green beans. Beta- ...
New metabolic engineering approaches have recently been developed to modulate carotenoid content, including the employment of ... New metabolic engineering approaches have recently been developed to modulate carotenoid content, including the employment of ... Carotenoids are also precursors of bioactive metabolites called apocarotenoids, including vitamin A and the phytohormones ... Carotenoids are also precursors of bioactive metabolites called apocarotenoids, including vitamin A and the phytohormones ...
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Carotenoids authorisation consortium. The purpose of the FEFANA "Carotenoids Authorisation Consortium" - FEFANA CARAC in short ... Acids authorisation consortium Amino acids authorisation consortium Antioxidants authorisation consortium Carotenoids ...
The choice of a quality carotenoid is important for the success of any poultry pigmentation program. Stability is one of the ... Most of the carotenoids are included in such a small quantities that most professional feed mills prefer to include them in a ... Carotenoid producers have to formulate the product in such a way as to minimize losses and preserve the functionality of the ... The aim is to have the best-performing and most stable red carotenoid in the animal nutrition market. In order to verify the ...
Carotenoid coloration has been repeatedly shown to serve as a sexually selected signal of individual quality. Across different ... dietary access to carotenoids may strongly limit the development of carotenoid derived colorations (Hill, 2006). Carotenoid ... Carotenoid coloration is the one of the most frequently studied ornamental traits in animals. Many studies of carotenoid ... Red carotenoid-based ornaments may depend on enzymatic transformations (oxidation) of dietary yellow carotenoids, which could ...
Isolation of chromosomal mutations that affect carotenoid production in Escherichia coli: mutations alter copy number of ColE1- ... Team:Cambridge/Project/Carotenoids/Ref. From 2009.igem.org. Revision as of 13:58, 2 September 2009 by Msmsimon (Talk , contribs ... Chromosomal promoter replacement of the isoprenoid pathway for enhancing carotenoid production in E. coli. Metabolic ... Nishizaki T, Tsuge K, Itaya M, Doi N, Yanagawa H. Metabolic engineering of carotenoid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli by ...
Maximize total carotenoids (TC) determination in rapeseed with solvent extraction method. Optimal conditions: 7.3h extraction ... Holden, J. M., Eldridge, A. L. and Beeeher, G. R. (1999) Carotenoid content of U.S. food: An update of the data-base. Journal ... Gua, Z. X., Chen, D. M., Han, Y. B., Chen, Z. G. and Gu, F. R. (2008) Optimization of carotenoids extraction from Rhodobacter ... The optimum total carotenoids (TC) extraction from rapeseed with solvent extraction method by UV-visible spectrophotometer ...
Carotenoids in fruits and vegetables: Do these reduce the risk of breast cancer? ... Carotenoids in fruits and vegetables help prevent breast cancer Carotenoids actually refer to the red, orange and yellow ... Carotenoids in fruits and vegetables: Do these reduce the risk of breast cancer?. Reprinting this article: Non-commercial use ... Eat your veggies! Carotenoids reduce fracture risk. Lower your breast cancer risk with fruits and vegetables high in ...
Explore their high PUFA content, amino acid profiles, carotenoids, minerals, and carbohydrates. Uncover their potential as ... 2.2.7. Carotenoids. Extraction and identification of the carotenoids was carried out as described by Razi Parjikolaei et al. [ ... A European Carotenoid Database to Assess Carotenoid Intakes and Its Use in a Five-Country Comparative Study. British Journal of ... carotenoids are used in pharmaceuticals, animal feed as well as colorants in cosmetics and foods [16] . Moreover, carotenoids ...
Adding eggs to your raw mixed-vegetable salad can increase your bodys absorption of carotenoids. ... Adding eggs to raw vegetables can increase carotenoid absorption. Photo courtesy of Shutterstock *Share on Twitter ... The most common carotenoids found in the average American diet include alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, ... Adding Cooked Eggs To Mixed-Vegetable Salads Increases Bodys Absorption Of Healthy Carotenoids. Mar 30, 2015 11:47 AM. By ...
... October 18, 2006 in Cancer Prevention, Gastrointestinal Health, ... Carotenoid rich vegetables protects against stomach cancer. ...
... to a dandruff treatment and colorless carotenoids for sun damage protection. ... Oligopeptides in Sensory, Proteins in Winter Skin and Carotenoids: Literature Findings. Jun 20th, 2013 ... to a dandruff treatment and colorless carotenoids for sun damage protection. ...
Additionally, the recommendation that the levels of these carotenoids are considered in properly assessing skin carotenoid ... These compounds are major dietary carotenoids, readily bioavailable, and have been shown to be involved in several health- ... Attention is focused on the colourless UV radiation (UVR)-absorbing dietary carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene, which are ... The growing evidence that these unique UVR-absorbing carotenoids with distinctive structures, properties (light absorption, ...
Increased plasma carotenoid concentrations after vegetable juice consumption are accompanied by a time-delayed modulation of ... immune functions in healthy men consuming a low-carotenoid diet. ... Supplementation of a low-carotenoid diet with tomato or carrot ... Method: In a blinded, randomized, cross-over study, male subjects on a low-carotenoid diet consumed 330 ml/day of either tomato ... The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a low-carotenoid diet supplemented with either tomato (providing ...
Effect of domestic cooking on carotenoids, tocopherols, fatty acids, phenolics, and antioxidant activities of lentils (Lens ... AntioxidantsCarotenoidsCookingFatty AcidsHot TemperatureLens PlantPhenolsPlant ExtractsTocopherols ... TY - JOUR T1 - Effect of domestic cooking on carotenoids, tocopherols, fatty acids, phenolics, and antioxidant activities of ... Significant changes (P , 0.05) in carotenoid, tocopherol, total phenolic, and condensed tannin contents of both extractable and ...
... total carotenoids (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.81-1.15), retinol (OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.89-1.10), serum carotenoids (OR = 0.73, 95% CI ... total carotenoids (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.81 - 1.15), retinol (OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.89 - 1.10),serum carotenoids (OR = 0.73, 95% ... Conclusions: Total carotenoid intake and Lutein/Zeaxanthin intake were not associated with CRC risk. High β-carotene, α- ... Serum carotenoid concentrations were significantly inversely associated with CRC risk. ...
The majority of sales of the global carotenoids market come from the mature markets such as North America and Europe. Markets ... However, with continuous research and development, carotenoids have found relevance in feeds and food supplements. The market ... Carotenoids are the organic pigments naturally occurring in plants and have been used for food colorings with beta- carotene ... and the lack of newly discovered health benefits of carotenoids in various regions. Even today, carotenoid is only known as a ...
Photodynamics of the Bacteriochlorophyll-Carotenoid System. 2. Influence of Central Metal, Solvent and β-Carotene on ... Joanna Fiedor, Leszek Fiedor, Nina Kammhuber, Avigdor Scherz, Hugo Scheer "Photodynamics of the Bacteriochlorophyll-Carotenoid ... "Photodynamics of the Bacteriochlorophyll-Carotenoid System. 2. Influence of Central Metal, Solvent and β-Carotene on ...
  • The major carotenoid pigments found in peanut oil were beta-carotene and lutein. (springer.com)
  • Also, in men, hip fracture risk decreased with increasing intakes of total vegetables and of total carotenoids, particularly beta-carotene. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • But it is important to note that the specific kinds of carotenoids studied by researchers that work in preventing breast cancer are those that are normally found in the diet plans of North Americans including beta-carotene, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin, alpha-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin. (naturalnews.com)
  • Whether vegetables rich in carotenoids, such as beta-carotene or lycopene, modulate immune functions in healthy humans is presently not known. (nih.gov)
  • The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a low-carotenoid diet supplemented with either tomato (providing high amounts of lycopene) or carrot juice (providing high amounts of alpha- and beta-carotene) on immune functions in healthy men. (nih.gov)
  • In a blinded, randomized, cross-over study, male subjects on a low-carotenoid diet consumed 330 ml/day of either tomato juice (37.0 mg/day lycopene) or carrot juice (27.1 mg/day beta-carotene and 13.1 mg/day alpha-carotene) for 2 weeks with a 2-week depletion period after juice intervention. (nih.gov)
  • Albany, NY -- ( SBWIRE ) -- 07/22/2013 -- Carotenoids are the organic pigments naturally occurring in plants and have been used for food colorings with beta- carotene for a long time. (sbwire.com)
  • Beta-carotene is one of the carotenoids -the compounds that give fruits and vegetables their color. (commonsenseliving.com)
  • Carotenoid is a phytonutrient (antioxidant) and can be converted by the body into vitamin A. Carotenoids are divided into two groups - carotenes and xanthophylls, these are then sub categorised further into 9 groups including alpha and beta carotene, lycopene, beta cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin. (parkinsons.me)
  • As a leading provider of carotenoids, DSM has everything from beta-carotene to zeaxanthin. (dsm.com)
  • One such carotenoid is beta-carotene. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Beta-carotene and other provitamin carotenoids, contained in green leafy and yellow vegetables, carrots, and deep- or bright-colored fruits, are converted to vitamin A . Carotenoids are absorbed better from vegetables when they are cooked or homogenized and served with some fat (eg, oils). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Carotenoids containing oxygen include lutein and zeaxanthin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The team carried out a review of clinical evidence on the effect of carotenoids (and particularly lutein and zeaxanthin) on age-related disease and disability, which clearly demonstrated broad prophylactic and palliative outcomes. (nutraingredients.com)
  • In particular, there is a strong link between female morbidity from illnesses affecting the central nervous system and conditions exacerbated by insufficient carotenoid uptake - and particularly lutein and zeaxanthin. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Lutein, β -carotene, and zeaxanthin were the identified carotenoids. (scirp.org)
  • Total carotenoid intake and Lutein/Zeaxanthin intake were not associated with CRC risk. (frontiersin.org)
  • The determination of total carotenoid yield was carried out using the spectophotometric calibration curve (A=0.1646(±0.0061)C-0.005(±0.022), R(2)=0.996, n=3) of a standard mix solution of canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein at 452.1 nm. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Carotenoids (/kəˈrÉ’tɪnɔɪd/) are yellow, orange, and red organic pigments that are produced by plants and algae, as well as several bacteria, archaea, and fungi. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carotenoids are produced by all photosynthetic organisms and are primarily used as accessory pigments to chlorophyll in the light-harvesting part of photosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • A method for analysis of carotenoid pigments in peanut oil is described. (springer.com)
  • Carotenoids are well-known isoprenoid pigments naturally produced by plants, algae, photosynthetic bacteria as well as by several heterotrophic microorganisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • Meléndez-Martínez, A. J., George, B. and Isabel, M. V. (2007) Relationship between the colour and the chemical structure of carotenoid pigments. (scirp.org)
  • Carotenoids actually refer to the red, orange and yellow pigments that are usually found in plants. (naturalnews.com)
  • Carotenoids are the most common pigments in nature and are synthesised by all photosynthetic organisms and fungi. (uhu.es)
  • Carotenoids are yellow-orange-red pigments that are abundant in plants, flowers, and animals. (npusainc.com)
  • Provitamin A carotenoids: Carotenoids are plant pigments (dyes). (medlineplus.gov)
  • With the development of monoclonal antibodies to trans-lycopene it was possible to localise this carotenoid in different animal and human cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The retinoic acid receptor antagonist Ro 41-5253 was capable of suppressing retinoid-induction Cx43 luciferase reporter construct in F9 cells, but did not suppress reporter activity induced by the non-pro-vitamin A carotenoids astaxanthin or lycopene, indicating that retinoids have separate mechanisms of gene activation than non-pro-vitamin A carotenoids. (nih.gov)
  • Even today, carotenoid is only known as a natural color agent in many countries despite the discovery of its various product types like astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and lycopene among many others. (sbwire.com)
  • Lycopene is the carotenoid in tomatoes that gives them their cancer fighting reputation. (parkinsons.me)
  • Therefore, the research on β-cryptoxanthin is slower compared to the research on lycopene and other carotenoids. (npusainc.com)
  • Andrew, J. and Young, G. M. (2001) Antioxidant and prooxidant properties of carotenoids. (scirp.org)
  • Biological properties of carotenoids allow for wide range of commercial applications. (uhu.es)
  • Interestingly, manipulation of carotenoid biosynthesis can also influence plant architecture, and positively impact growth and yield, making it an important target for crop improvements beyond biofortification. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we briefly describe carotenoid biosynthesis and highlight the latest advances and discoveries related to synthetic carotenoid metabolism in plants and microorganisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • and McCarthy, J. (2008) An inves-tigation of carotenoid biosynthesis in Coffea canephora and Coffea Arabica. (scirp.org)
  • Carotenoids are found in green leafy vegetables and coloured fruit and are potent lipid-based antioxidants with strong anti-inflammatory properties. (nutraingredients.com)
  • The anticarcinogenic nature of carotenoids is also due to other mechanisms such as enhanced gap junction communication, improved functioning of immune system and the hunting of reactive oxygen species by antioxidants. (naturalnews.com)
  • High-energy assisted extraction techniques, like ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave assisted extraction (MAE), are widely applied over the last years for the recovery of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, antioxidants and phenols from foods, animals and herbal natural sources. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Carotenoids also function in humans by acting as antioxidants to maintain normal cellular integrity. (npusainc.com)
  • At the moment, carotenoid research is directed at particular applications, including colorants, antioxidants and recovery from plant processing by-products. (elsevier.com)
  • Discover the immune-boosting antioxidants of carotenoids. (dsm.com)
  • In contrast, the intake of vegetables or carotenoids had no association with hip fracture risk in women, regardless of levels of BMI. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • Carotenoids in fruits and vegetables: Do these reduce the risk of breast cancer? (naturalnews.com)
  • One way is to regularly consume fruits and vegetables with high carotenoid and phytonutrient contents since these are effective in beating breast cancer. (naturalnews.com)
  • Adding eggs to raw vegetables can increase carotenoid absorption. (medicaldaily.com)
  • The pre-treatment and type of drying can cause changes in amounts of nutritional compounds (vitamins, carotenoids, polyphenols) of fruits and vegetables. (orgprints.org)
  • Carotenoids are found in plant based foods, most of which are orange and red in colour such as carrots, sweet potatoes, squash, peppers, tomatoes, apricots, mango as well as green leafy vegetables. (parkinsons.me)
  • Lutein is an antioxidant carotenoid a pigment nutrient that is responsible for the yellow colors of fruits and vegetables including mangoes, corn, sweet potatoes, leafy greens such as kale and spinach. (npusainc.com)
  • A non-provitamin A carotenoid found in high concentrations in red fruits and vegetables such as tomatoes red grapefruit, watermelon and apricots. (npusainc.com)
  • Americans consume 40-50 of these carotenoids, mostly in fruits and vegetables (Khachik 1992). (cdc.gov)
  • Carotenoids that contain unsubstituted beta-ionone rings (including β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and γ-carotene) have vitamin A activity (meaning that they can be converted to retinol). (wikipedia.org)
  • Recently, our group demonstrated that the major carotenoids in D. salina include all- trans -β-carotene and 9- or 9'- cis -β-carotene. (molvis.org)
  • Carotenoid molecules present in the tissue are capable of neutralizing several attacks of FR, especially ROS, and are then destroyed. (mdpi.com)
  • Consequently, the condensation of two GGPP molecules produces the first carotenoid, the colorless 15- cis -phytoene ( Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Moreover, the recovery of a high-added value group of bioactive molecules from natural sources, such as carotenoids, can constitute a profitable and valuable commercial alternative, as these compounds can be used as dietary supplements, food color enhancers and additives in animal feeds, functional foods, preservatives, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • It has been shown that Raman spectroscopy provides lipid and carotenoid molecules as useful biomarkers which may be applied for both diagnosis and treatment monitoring. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Carotenoids are considered key molecules for life. (uhu.es)
  • Carotenoids with molecules containing oxygen are known as xanthophylls, whereas unoxygenated carotenoids are known as carotenes. (labbulletin.com)
  • These compounds are major dietary carotenoids, readily bioavailable, and have been shown to be involved in several health-promoting actions, as pinpointed in recent reviews. (mdpi.com)
  • Carotenoids are a broad class of more than 600 compounds, consisting of two main types. (labbulletin.com)
  • Once ingested, the body converts these compounds into vitamin A. There are more than 500 known carotenoids. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Carotenoids defend plants against singlet oxygen, by both energy transfer and by chemical reactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Light capture, photosynthesis photoprotection, excess light dissipation and quenching of singlet oxygen are among key biological functions of carotenoids relevant for life on earth. (uhu.es)
  • Analysing the pooled results Hughes et al advised that it was not possible to draw definitive conclusions on the role of carotenoids on Parkinson's. (parkinsons.me)
  • Theres a great deal of research into the effects of carotenoids. (canceractive.com)
  • The antioxidative feature and discovery of new health benefits of carotenoids makes it medically more viable giving a boost to the demand for carotenoids in medical sectors as well. (sbwire.com)
  • However, the market growth is restricted due to the limited number of suppliers in the market, lack of R&D in developing countries, and the lack of newly discovered health benefits of carotenoids in various regions. (sbwire.com)
  • Large number of scientific studies has confirmed the benefits of carotenoids to health and their use for this purpose is growing rapidly. (uhu.es)
  • Looking for evidence of the benefits of carotenoids in humans we turn to epidemiology studies. (parkinsons.me)
  • Parkinsons.me are covering this subject to highlight the potential benefits of carotenoids but also the thinness of evidence. (parkinsons.me)
  • These trends take into account the health, nutrition and functions of carotenoids, the new recovery efforts from underutilized sources, the extraction procedures using green solvents and technologies, and their sustainability aspects. (elsevier.com)
  • The potent antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin, found in a variety of edible marine species, has a potent negative effect on lipid peroxidation that's 100 to 500 times greater than vitamin E's effect. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • A Japanese team of researchers reported that carotenoids prevent and treat NASH in a recent article published in the journal Nutrients . (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Unfortunately, carotenoids are nutrients that are not produced by the human body. (npusainc.com)
  • Serum concentrations of vitamin A, vitamin E and carotenoids were tested on participants 3 years and older in 2001- 2002 and on participants 6 years and older in 2003-2004. (cdc.gov)
  • Increased plasma carotenoid concentrations after vegetable juice consumption are accompanied by a time-delayed modulation of immune functions in healthy men consuming a low-carotenoid diet. (nih.gov)
  • Serum carotenoid concentrations were significantly inversely associated with CRC risk. (frontiersin.org)
  • Quasiment tous les échantillons de sel iodé contenaient des concentrations en iode respectant les normes égyptiennes. (who.int)
  • Akhtar, M. H. and Bryan, M. (2008) Extraction and quantification of major carotenoids in processed foods and supplements by liquid chromatography. (scirp.org)
  • Dietary carotenoids collect in the liver for systemic distribution. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • In this work, the importance of dietary carotenoids in skin health and appearance is comprehensively reviewed and discussed. (mdpi.com)
  • Attention is focused on the colourless UV radiation (UVR)-absorbing dietary carotenoids phytoene and phytofluene, which are attracting increased interest in food science and technology, nutrition, health and cosmetics. (mdpi.com)
  • Carotenoids are known to be powerful antioxidant substances playing an essential role in the reactions of neutralization of FR (mainly reactive oxygen species ROS). (mdpi.com)
  • Over 1,100 identified carotenoids can be further categorized into two classes - xanthophylls (which contain oxygen) and carotenes (which are purely hydrocarbons and contain no oxygen). (wikipedia.org)
  • Dozens of studies tell us that the more carotenoids (carotenes) you have in your diet from food, not from supplements, the lower your risk of most types of cancer! (commonsenseliving.com)
  • One of the reasons women are more vulnerable is that carotenoids, like other vitamins and minerals, are stored in body fat and - unlike men - serves as " a significant sink for many dietary vitamins and minerals ​" during pregnancy, making them less available for the retina and the brain. (nutraingredients.com)
  • We examined the association between the frequency of translocations (the most stable form of CA) and the intakes of vitamins C and E, and carotenoids among 82 male airline pilots. (cdc.gov)
  • Carotenoids are also precursors of bioactive metabolites called apocarotenoids, including vitamin A and the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA) and strigolactones (SLs). (frontiersin.org)
  • Another example from research concerns vitamin A, mainly created in the body from carotenoids consumed. (canceractive.com)
  • Carotenoid is of interest to scientist looking at Parkinson's due to vitamin A's role in gene expression but more so because of carotenoid's antioxidant qualities. (parkinsons.me)
  • Especially for the case of xanthophylls, the main carotenoid group of crustaceans, they can be extracted in a rapid and quantitative way with the use of UAE and MAE. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The optimum total carotenoids (TC) extraction from rapeseed with solvent extraction method by UV-visible spectrophotometer determination was investigated by using response surface methodology (RSM). (scirp.org)
  • Wang, L. and Liu, Y. (2009) Optimization of solvent extraction conditions for total carotenoids in rapeseed using response surface methodology. (scirp.org)
  • Among different solvents, pure methanol for chl a, pure acetone and methanol for carotenoids were best solvent for purslane plant with a growing type scrollable of under shade. (preprints.org)
  • In addition, higher levels of serum carotenoids are associated with reduced risk of ovarian and breast cancer, sarcopenia, skin wrinkling, inflammatory bowel disease, and multiples sclerosis, the experts say. (nutraingredients.com)
  • Colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is linked to serum and dietary retinol and carotenoids, according to clinical and epidemiological research. (frontiersin.org)
  • Carotenoids are the dominant pigment in autumn leaf coloration of about 15-30% of tree species, but many plant colors, especially reds and purples, are due to polyphenols. (wikipedia.org)
  • Increased dietary intake of carotenoids could help to slash the risk of hip fractures in lean men, according to new research. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • The new study found carotenoid intake is linked to hip fracture risk in elderly, lean Chinese men. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • Upon absorption of light, carotenoids transfer excitation energy to and from chlorophyll. (wikipedia.org)
  • Like some fatty acids, carotenoids are lipophilic due to the presence of long unsaturated aliphatic chains. (wikipedia.org)
  • This month's survey of recent patent and literature research describes money-making ideas in the personal care industry, ranging from oligopeptides for sensory properties and peptides for hair, to a dandruff treatment and colorless carotenoids for sun damage protection. (cosmeticsandtoiletries.com)
  • Carotenoids like astaxanthin act through multiple synergistic pathophysiology mechanisms to prevent and treat NAFLD. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Astaxanthin, the major component of MC, belongs to the xanthophyll class of carotenoids , and is well known for its antioxidant properties. (bvsalud.org)
  • There is a need to establish recommended dietary intakes/nutritional reference values for carotenoids. (nofima.no)
  • Carotenoids have been found to have strong epigenetic benefits and are strong constituents of the Rainbow Diet. (canceractive.com)
  • Many have been found to inhibit cancer development but this inhibition is reversible, meaning that stopping a diet rich in carotenoids may allow the cancer to grow again. (canceractive.com)
  • A diet rich in carotenoids can help return the situation to normal, especially when combined with selenium a constituent mineral of C43 found in brown rice, fish and Brazil nuts. (canceractive.com)
  • Across different species, individuals showing brighter carotenoid-based signals have been found to have superior foraging abilities, to recover faster from diseases and, in general, to enjoy a better body condition. (researchgate.net)
  • 0.05) in carotenoid, tocopherol, total phenolic, and condensed tannin contents of both extractable and bound phenolics fractions, as well as in antioxidant activities, were found in lentils before and after cooking. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • More specifically, cooking was found to favor the release of carotenoids and tocopherols and flavonols (kaempferol glycosides), but led to losses of flavanols (monomeric and condensed tannin). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • However, with continuous research and development, carotenoids have found relevance in feeds and food supplements. (sbwire.com)
  • So far no substitute has been found for carotenoid which makes it rare and valued in the industry. (sbwire.com)
  • At least 700 carotenoids are found in nature (Britton 2004). (cdc.gov)
  • Sachindra, N. M. and Mahendrakar, N. S. (2005) Process optimization for extraction of carotenoids from shrimp waste with vegetable oils. (scirp.org)
  • Considering the extraction efficiency for carotenoids from Aristeus antennatus shrimp, the selected conditions for UAE were 5 min, 600 W and 10:1 mL g(-1). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The results indicated that stress, growth type and different solvents had a significant effect on the extraction of chlorophyll and carotenoids. (preprints.org)
  • Different trend was observed in extraction rate for chlorophylls and carotenoids. (preprints.org)
  • The deeper or brighter the color of a fruit or vegetable, the higher the amount of carotenoids. (medlineplus.gov)
  • By protecting lipids from free-radical damage, which generate charged lipid peroxides and other oxidised derivatives, carotenoids support crystalline architecture and hydrophobicity of lipoproteins and cellular lipid structures, hence oxygen solubility and its diffusion therein. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a consequence, carotenoids are typically present in plasma lipoproteins and cellular lipid structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carotenoids are located primarily outside the cell nucleus in different cytoplasm organelles, lipid droplets, cytosomes and granules. (wikipedia.org)
  • New metabolic engineering approaches have recently been developed to modulate carotenoid content, including the employment of CRISPR technologies for single-base editing and the integration of exogenous genes into specific "safe harbors" in the genome. (frontiersin.org)
  • Carotenoid coloration has been repeatedly shown to serve as a sexually selected signal of individual quality. (researchgate.net)
  • Healthy, agile individuals should be better prepared to avoid predators, so it could be expected that individuals displaying brighter carotenoid-based coloration would show a higher escape ability from predator attacks. (researchgate.net)
  • individuals displaying brighter carotenoid-based coloration would show a higher escape ability from predator attacks. (researchgate.net)
  • In addition to the conventional reversed-phase interactions of C18 columns, Cogent C30 shows shape selectivity which helps separate the isomeric structures of carotenoids. (labbulletin.com)
  • After absorbing a photon, the carotenoid transfers its excited electron to chlorophyll for use in photosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • As these high energy ROS are produced in the chlorophyll the energy is transferred to the carotenoid's polyene tail and undergoes a series of reactions in which electrons are moved between the carotenoid bonds in order to find the most balanced (lowest energy) state for the carotenoid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Different solvents including diethyl ether, 5% ethanol, pure acetone, 20% acetone, pure methanol and 10% methanol were used to extract chlorophyll and carotenoids from the purslane plant. (preprints.org)
  • Under the selected conditions, the yield of total carotenoids for UAE was 23.4(±2.3) and 6.73(±0.56) mg of carotenoids per 100 g dry sample for the head and the body of shrimp, while for MAE was 23.92(±0.63) and 13.3(±1.1) mg of carotenoids per 100g dry sample, respectively. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Experiments with birds have also shown that carotenoid supplementation can enhance flight performance, allowing birds to take off faster from the ground. (researchgate.net)
  • Chromosomal promoter replacement of the isoprenoid pathway for enhancing carotenoid production in E. coli. (igem.org)
  • Carotenoids serve two key roles in plants and algae: they absorb light energy for use in photosynthesis, and they provide photoprotection via non-photochemical quenching. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carotenoids are by nature susceptible to degradation by light, heat and oxidative agents. (dsm.com)
  • Therefore, this study investigates the effects of different drying treatments (hot air at 40 and 70 °C) on the carotenoid content of powders obtained from juice and blanched fresh organic tomatoes. (orgprints.org)
  • Numerous research studies (including those from Harvard Medical School, the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, and the Universities of Basel, and Chicago) have shown the ability of carotenoids both to prevent breast cancer, and also to stop it returning after treatment. (canceractive.com)
  • Research into carotenoids and Parkinson's continues and hopefully in the future there will be clearer results. (parkinsons.me)
  • Research has shown the many benefits from the daily consumption of carotenoids through our diet. (npusainc.com)
  • It was also explained that the pigmentation depends on several factors but that a key one is the source and feed stability of the carotenoids used for the process. (dsm.com)
  • Some of the major factors driving this market are growing consumer preference for naturally healthy products and the commercial scope of carotenoids in feeds and supplements. (sbwire.com)
  • Carotenoids contribution in rapid diagnosis of multiple sclerosis by Raman spectroscopy. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • According to reliable studies made by researchers, women whose bloodstreams have high carotenoid levels have the least amount of risk of suffering from breast cancer. (naturalnews.com)
  • Mot, Andrei and Badulescu, Liliana (2019) Changes in carotenoid content of organic tomato powders depending in drying parameters. (orgprints.org)
  • Dai and his colleagues examined the association between dietary antioxidant carotenoids and hip fracture risk across a range of BMI in elderly Chinese men and women using data from 63,257 men and women taking part in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. (nutraingredients-usa.com)
  • Rao, A. V. and Rao, L. G. (2007) Carotenoids and human health. (scirp.org)
  • As mentioned, the carotenoid market has a lot of scope in medical field due to its newly discovered health benefits. (sbwire.com)
  • Carotenoids are versatile isoprenoids that are important in food quality and health promotion. (nofima.no)
  • The total carotenoid concentration in oil from mature peanuts appears to be less than 1 µg per liter of oil. (springer.com)
  • Total carotenoids in Antarctic Krill from. (ices.dk)