The volume of the HEART, usually relating to the volume of BLOOD contained within it at various periods of the cardiac cycle. The amount of blood ejected from a ventricle at each beat is STROKE VOLUME.
Dynamic three-dimensional echocardiography using the added dimension of time to impart the cinematic perception of motion. (Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68:221-40)
The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (HEART/embryology) only on the basis of time.
Echocardiography amplified by the addition of depth to the conventional two-dimensional ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY visualizing only the length and width of the heart. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging was first described in 1961 but its application to echocardiography did not take place until 1974. (Mayo Clin Proc 1993;68:221-40)
The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.
The amount of BLOOD pumped out of the HEART per beat, not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). It is calculated as the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.
Striated muscle cells found in the heart. They are derived from cardiac myoblasts (MYOBLASTS, CARDIAC).
The volume of BLOOD passing through the HEART per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with STROKE VOLUME (volume per beat).
Volume of circulating BLOOD. It is the sum of the PLASMA VOLUME and ERYTHROCYTE VOLUME.
Surgery performed on the heart.
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
The pressure within a CARDIAC VENTRICLE. Ventricular pressure waveforms can be measured in the beating heart by catheterization or estimated using imaging techniques (e.g., DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY). The information is useful in evaluating the function of the MYOCARDIUM; CARDIAC VALVES; and PERICARDIUM, particularly with simultaneous measurement of other (e.g., aortic or atrial) pressures.
Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of the cardiovascular system, processes, or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers and other electronic equipment.
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Ventricular pressure-volume curve indices change with end-diastolic pressure. (1/476)

Many indices have been proposed to describee the diastolic pressure-volume curve mathematically and permit quantification of the elastic properties of the myocardium itself in hopes that changes in the muscle caused by disease would b.e reflected in the diastolic pressure-volume curve. To date, none of the proposed indices has been shown convincingly to discriminate one group of patients from another. While this situation in part arises from the relatively large amount of noise introduced by the technical difficulties of measuring synchronous pressures and volumes during diastole in man, ther is a more fundamental difficulty. In practice, one can measure only a short segment of the entire pressure-volume curve, and the values of all diastolic pressure-volume curve parameters investigated change significantly when one uses different segments of the same pressure-volume curve to compute them. These results were derived from relatively noise-free pressure-volume curves obtained by filling nine excised dog left ventricles at a known rate and monitoring pressure-volume curve used to compute the parameter. Merely increasing measurement fidelity will not resolve this problem, because none of these parameters accurately characterizes the entire diastolic pressure-volume curbe from a segment like that which one can reasonably expect to obtain from humans.  (+info)

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin alters cardiovascular and craniofacial development and function in sac fry of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). (2/476)

Hallmark signs of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) toxicity in rainbow trout sac fry, are yolk sac edema, hemorrhage, craniofacial malformation, and growth retardation culminating in mortality. Our objective was to determine the role of cardiovascular dysfunction in the development of this toxicity. An embryotoxic TCDD dose (385 pg/g egg) caused a progressive reduction in blood flow in rainbow trout sac fry manifested first and most dramatically in the 1st and 2nd branchial arches and vessels perfusing the lower jaw. Blood flow was reduced later in the infraorbital artery and occipital vein of the head as well as segmental vessels and caudal vein of the trunk. Reduced perfusion occurred last in gill branchial arteries involved with oxygen uptake and the subintestinal vein and vitelline vein involved with nutrient uptake. Although heart rate throughout sac fry development was not affected, heart size at 50 days post-fertilization (dpf) was reduced far more than body weight or length, suggesting that the progressive circulatory failure caused by TCDD is associated with reduced cardiac output. Craniofacial development was arrested near hatch, giving rise to craniofacial malformations in which the jaws and anterior nasal structures were underdeveloped. Unlike the medaka embryo, in which TCDD causes apoptosis in the medial yolk vein, endothelial cell death was not observed in rainbow trout sac fry. These findings suggest a primary role for arrested heart development and reduced perfusion of tissues with blood in the early-life stage toxicity of TCDD in trout.  (+info)

Left ventricular function in chronic renal failure. (3/476)

Left ventricular function was studied in 14 patients with end-stage chronic renal failure using non-invasive methods (echocardiography and systolic time intervals). Patients were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 consisted of 5 patients who were normotensive at the time of study and group 2 of 7 patients who were hypertensive when studied. Group 3 consisted of 2 patients: one was receiving propranolol and the other, studied 302 days after renal transplantation, was receiving digitalis for recurrent episodes of cardiac failure. All except the patient receiving propranolol had normal left ventricular function in systole with normal measurements of fractional fibre shortening (% delta S, EF) and normal measurements relating to the velocity of ventricular contraction (mean Vcf, mean velocity of posterior wall motion). Stroke volume and cardiac output were normal in some patients but were increased in patients with fluid overload. Early diastolic compliance of the left ventricle seemed to be normal except in the patient with recurrent cardiac failure. The study provided no evidence for the existence of a specific uraemic cardiomyopathy.  (+info)

Fetal pulmonary venous flow into the left atrium relative to diastolic and systolic cardiac time intervals. (4/476)

OBJECTIVE: To establish the nature and gestational age dependency of the pulmonary venous flow velocity pattern into the left atrium relative to systolic and diastolic phases of the cardiac cycle. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional study of Doppler measurements of fetal pulmonary venous inflow velocities, which were correlated with simultaneous recordings of transmitral and aortic flow velocity waveforms based on an equal cardiac cycle length (+/- 5%). RESULTS: Successful recordings were obtained in 28 out of 60 (47%) normal singleton pregnancies at 20-36 weeks of gestation. Reproducibility of waveform analysis of the various phases of the cardiac cycle was satisfactory, within-patient variance ranging between 1.7% and 6.5%. A statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) in pulmonary venous time average velocity and velocity integral with advancing gestational age was established. A statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) of the pulmonary flow velocity integral was also found when related to each of the systolic and diastolic segments of the cardiac cycle, with the exception of isovolemic relaxation time. The duration of each of the diastolic and systolic segments of the cardiac cycle, as well as the pulmonary venous velocity integral expressed as a percentage of the cardiac cycle, remained constant with advancing gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: The second half of pregnancy is characterized by pulmonary venous inflow into the left atrium throughout the cardiac cycle. Pulmonary venous inflow into the left atrium occurs predominantly during the filling and ejection phases of the cardiac cycle. Absolute cardiac diastolic and systolic time intervals as well as the percentage distribution of pulmonary venous flow velocity integrals between these cardiac time intervals remain unchanged with advancing gestational age.  (+info)

Familial predisposition of left ventricular hypertrophy. (5/476)

OBJECTIVES: The study evaluated the contribution of familial predisposition to the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). BACKGROUND: Left ventricular hypertrophy is a multifactorial condition that serves as an important predictor of cardiovascular mortality. At present it is unclear whether familial predisposition contributes to the manifestation of LVH. Thus, we determined whether siblings of subjects with LVH are at increased risk to present with an elevation of LV mass or an abnormal LV geometry. METHODS: Echocardiographic and anthropometric measurements were performed in 2,293 individuals who participated in the echocardiographic substudies of population-based MONICA Augsburg surveys. In addition, a total of 319 siblings of survey participants with echocardiographic evidence of LVH were evaluated. The risk of these siblings to present with LVH or abnormal LV geometry was estimated by comparison with 636 subjects matched for gender and age that were selected from the entire echocardiography study base. RESULTS: Blood pressure, body mass index, age, and gender (i.e., known determinants of LV mass) were comparable in LVH-siblings and the matched comparison group. However, septal and posterior wall thicknesses, relative wall thickness as well as LV mass index were significantly elevated in LVH-siblings (p < 0.001, each) whereas LV dimensions did not differ. Likewise, the prevalence of LVH was raised in LVH-siblings, as was the relative risk of LVH after adjustment for confounders (p < 0.05). More specifically, LVH-siblings displayed increased prevalences of concentric remodeling and concentric LVH (p < 0.05) but not of eccentric LVH. CONCLUSIONS: Familial predisposition appears to contribute to increased LV wall thickness, to the development of LV hypertrophy and abnormal LV geometry.  (+info)

Role of cardiac structural and functional abnormalities in the pathogenesis of hyperdynamic circulation and renal sodium retention in cirrhosis. (6/476)

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between subtle cardiovascular abnormalities and abnormal sodium handling in cirrhosis. A total of 35 biopsy-proven patients with cirrhosis with or without ascites and 14 age-matched controls underwent two-dimensional echocardiography and radionuclide angiography for assessment of cardiac volumes, structural changes and systolic and diastolic functions under strict metabolic conditions of a sodium intake of 22 mmol/day. Cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance and pressure/volume relationship (an index of cardiac contractility) were calculated. Eight controls and 14 patients with non-ascitic cirrhosis underwent repeat volume measurements and the pressure/volume relationship was re-evaluated after consuming a diet containing 200 mmol of sodium/day for 7 days. Ascitic cirrhotic patients had significant reductions in (i) cardiac pre-load (end diastolic volume 106+/-9 ml; P<0.05 compared with controls), due to relatively thicker left ventricular wall and septum (P<0.05); (ii) afterload (systemic vascular resistance 992+/-84 dyn.s.cm(-5); P<0. 05 compared with controls) due to systemic arterial vasodilatation; and (iii) reversal of the pressure/volume relationship, indicating contractility dysfunction. Increased cardiac output (6.12+/-0.45 litres/min; P<0.05 compared with controls) was due to a significantly increased heart rate. Pre-ascitic cirrhotic patients had contractile dysfunction, which was accentuated when challenged with a dietary sodium load, associated with renal sodium retention (urinary sodium excretion 162+/-12 mmol/day, compared with 197+/-12 mmol/day in controls; P<0.05). Cardiac output was maintained, since the pre-load was normal or increased, despite a mild degree of ventricular thickening, indicating some diastolic dysfunction. We conclude that: (i) contractile dysfunction is present in cirrhosis and is aggravated by a sodium load; (ii) an increased pre-load in the pre-ascitic patients compensates for the cardiac dysfunction; and (iii) in ascitic patients, a reduced afterload, manifested as systemic arterial vasodilatation, compensates for a reduced pre-load and contractile dysfunction. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy may well play a pathogenic role in the complications of cirrhosis.  (+info)

Patterns of body fat deposition in youth and their relation to left ventricular markers of adverse cardiovascular prognosis. (7/476)

The patterns of body fat deposition in healthy youth and their relation to future development of cardiovascular disease remain incompletely understood. To further evaluate these patterns, we measured indirect indexes of central and general fat deposition in healthy adolescents (mean age 15.4+/-2.3 years) with family histories of hypertension. We examined the relation between these indexes and echocardiographic markers of adverse prognosis as well as the effect of gender and ethnicity. All 225 subjects (64% black and 48% female) had > or =1 biologic parent and 1 grandparent with hypertension. Skinfold thicknesses, waist-to-hip girth ratio, Quetelet index, Ponderal index, conicity, and Z score weight - Z score height were measured. Left ventricular (LV) mass, indexed LV mass, relative wall thickness (RWT), and midwall fractional shortening (MFS) were determined using echocardiography. In both black and white subjects, the adiposity indexes were significantly correlated with posterior wall thickness, total LV mass, and indexed LV mass (p <0.05 for all). Additionally, in black subjects, central adiposity was inversely related to MFS and directly related to RWT and septal thickness. General adiposity independently predicted indexed and nonindexed LV mass, whereas central adiposity predicted MFS and RWT. Compared with subjects with normal LV geometry, those with abnormal geometry were heavier and fatter based on every index of obesity (p <0.03 for all). Thus, indexes of fat deposition are significantly correlated with LV markers of adverse prognosis in healthy youth.  (+info)

Changes in left ventricular filling and left atrial function six months after nonsurgical septal reduction therapy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. (8/476)

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in left ventricular (LV) filling, left atrial (LA) volumes and function six months after nonsurgical septal reduction therapy (NSRT) for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). BACKGROUND: Patients with HOCM frequently have enlarged left atria, which predisposes them to atrial fibrillation. Nonsurgical septal reduction therapy results in significant reduction in left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and symptomatic improvement. However, its effect on LV passive filling volume, LA volumes and function is not yet known. METHODS: Thirty patients with HOCM underwent treadmill exercise testing as well as 2-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography before and six months after NSRT. Data included clinical status, exercise duration, LVOT gradient, mitral regurgitant (MR) volume, LV pre-A pressure and LA volumes. Left atrial ejection force and kinetic energy (KE) were computed noninvasively and were compared with 12 age-matched, normal subjects. RESULTS: New York Heart Association (NYHA) class was lower and exercise duration was longer (p < 0.05) six months after NSRT. The LVOT gradient, MR volume and LV pre-A pressure were all significantly reduced. HOCM patients had larger atria, which had a higher ejection force and KE, compared with normal subjects (p < 0.01). After NSRT, LV passive filling volume increased (p < 0.01), whereas LA volumes, ejection force and KE decreased (p < 0.01). Reduction in LA maximal volume was positively related to changes in LV pre-A pressure (r = 0.8, p < 0.05) and MR volume (0.4, p < 0.05). Changes in LA ejection force were positively related to changes in LA pre-A volume (r = 0.7, p < 0.01) and KE (r = 0.81, p < 0.01). The increase in exercise duration paralleled the increase in LV passive filling volume (r = 0.85, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Nonsurgical septal reduction therapy results in an increase in LV passive filling volume and a reduction in LA size, ejection force and KE.  (+info)

Cardiac volume refers to the amount of blood contained within the heart chambers at any given point in time. It is a measure of the volume of blood that is being moved by the heart during each cardiac cycle, which includes both systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) phases.

There are several types of cardiac volumes that are commonly measured or estimated using medical imaging techniques such as echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These include:

1. End-diastolic volume (EDV): This is the volume of blood in the heart chambers at the end of diastole, when the heart chambers are fully filled with blood.
2. End-systolic volume (ESV): This is the volume of blood in the heart chambers at the end of systole, when the heart chambers have contracted and ejected most of the blood.
3. Stroke volume (SV): This is the difference between the EDV and ESV, and represents the amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart with each beat.
4. Cardiac output (CO): This is the product of the stroke volume and heart rate, and represents the total amount of blood that is pumped by the heart in one minute.

Abnormalities in cardiac volumes can indicate various heart conditions such as heart failure, valvular heart disease, or cardiomyopathy.

Four-dimensional echocardiography (4D echo) is a type of ultrasound imaging that captures the movement and function of the heart in three dimensions over time. It uses advanced software to create a real-time 3D image of the heart, allowing cardiologists to visualize and analyze its structure and motion from various angles. This technique provides detailed information about the size, shape, and function of the heart chambers, valves, and surrounding structures, which can help in the diagnosis and management of various heart conditions.

In 4D echo, the fourth dimension refers to time, as it allows for the analysis of motion and change over time. This technique provides more comprehensive information compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography, which only captures a single plane of the heart at a time. Four-dimensional echocardiography is a valuable tool in the field of cardiology, as it can help clinicians make more informed decisions about patient care and treatment planning.

The fetal heart is the cardiovascular organ that develops in the growing fetus during pregnancy. It starts to form around 22 days after conception and continues to develop throughout the first trimester. By the end of the eighth week of gestation, the fetal heart has developed enough to pump blood throughout the body.

The fetal heart is similar in structure to the adult heart but has some differences. It is smaller and more compact, with a four-chambered structure that includes two atria and two ventricles. The fetal heart also has unique features such as the foramen ovale, which is a hole between the right and left atria that allows blood to bypass the lungs, and the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta and diverts blood away from the lungs.

The fetal heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from the placenta to the rest of the body and returning deoxygenated blood back to the placenta for re-oxygenation. The rate of the fetal heartbeat is faster than that of an adult, typically ranging from 120 to 160 beats per minute. Fetal heart rate monitoring is a common method used during pregnancy and childbirth to assess the health and well-being of the developing fetus.

Three-dimensional echocardiography (3DE) is a type of cardiac ultrasound that uses advanced technologies to create a real-time, detailed 3D image of the heart. This imaging technique provides a more comprehensive view of the heart's structure and function compared to traditional 2D echocardiography. By visualizing the heart from multiple angles, 3DE can help physicians better assess complex cardiac conditions, plan treatments, and monitor their effectiveness.

In a 3DE examination, a transducer (a handheld device that emits and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest to capture ultrasound data. This data is then processed by specialized software to create a 3D model of the heart. The procedure is non-invasive and typically takes less than an hour to complete.

Three-dimensional echocardiography has several clinical applications, including:

1. Evaluation of cardiac morphology and function in congenital heart disease
2. Assessment of valvular structure and function, such as mitral or aortic valve regurgitation or stenosis
3. Guidance during interventional procedures like transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)
4. Quantification of left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, and mass
5. Assessment of right ventricular size and function
6. Detection and monitoring of cardiac tumors or other masses
7. Pre-surgical planning for complex heart surgeries

Overall, 3DE offers a more accurate and detailed view of the heart, allowing healthcare providers to make informed decisions about patient care and improve outcomes.

In medical terms, the heart is a muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity that functions as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body. It's responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. The human heart is divided into four chambers: two atria on the top and two ventricles on the bottom. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the rest of the body. The heart's rhythmic contractions and relaxations are regulated by a complex electrical conduction system.

Stroke volume is a term used in cardiovascular physiology and medicine. It refers to the amount of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart during each contraction (systole). Specifically, it is the difference between the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole (when the ventricle is filled with blood) and the volume at the end of systole (when the ventricle has contracted and ejected its contents into the aorta).

Stroke volume is an important measure of heart function, as it reflects the ability of the heart to pump blood effectively to the rest of the body. A low stroke volume may indicate that the heart is not pumping efficiently, while a high stroke volume may suggest that the heart is working too hard. Stroke volume can be affected by various factors, including heart disease, high blood pressure, and physical fitness level.

The formula for calculating stroke volume is:

Stroke Volume = End-Diastolic Volume - End-Systolic Volume

Where end-diastolic volume (EDV) is the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole, and end-systolic volume (ESV) is the volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of systole.

Cardiac myocytes are the muscle cells that make up the heart muscle, also known as the myocardium. These specialized cells are responsible for contracting and relaxing in a coordinated manner to pump blood throughout the body. They differ from skeletal muscle cells in several ways, including their ability to generate their own electrical impulses, which allows the heart to function as an independent rhythmical pump. Cardiac myocytes contain sarcomeres, the contractile units of the muscle, and are connected to each other by intercalated discs that help coordinate contraction and ensure the synchronous beating of the heart.

Cardiac output is a measure of the amount of blood that is pumped by the heart in one minute. It is defined as the product of stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle during each contraction) and heart rate (the number of contractions per minute). Normal cardiac output at rest for an average-sized adult is about 5 to 6 liters per minute. Cardiac output can be increased during exercise or other conditions that require more blood flow, such as during illness or injury. It can be measured noninvasively using techniques such as echocardiography or invasively through a catheter placed in the heart.

Blood volume refers to the total amount of blood present in an individual's circulatory system at any given time. It is the combined volume of both the plasma (the liquid component of blood) and the formed elements (such as red and white blood cells and platelets) in the blood. In a healthy adult human, the average blood volume is approximately 5 liters (or about 1 gallon). However, blood volume can vary depending on several factors, including age, sex, body weight, and overall health status.

Blood volume plays a critical role in maintaining proper cardiovascular function, as it affects blood pressure, heart rate, and the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to tissues throughout the body. Changes in blood volume can have significant impacts on an individual's health and may be associated with various medical conditions, such as dehydration, hemorrhage, heart failure, and liver disease. Accurate measurement of blood volume is essential for diagnosing and managing these conditions, as well as for guiding treatment decisions in clinical settings.

Cardiac surgical procedures are operations that are performed on the heart or great vessels (the aorta and vena cava) by cardiothoracic surgeons. These surgeries are often complex and require a high level of skill and expertise. Some common reasons for cardiac surgical procedures include:

1. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): This is a surgery to improve blood flow to the heart in patients with coronary artery disease. During the procedure, a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is used to create a detour around the blocked or narrowed portion of the coronary artery.
2. Valve repair or replacement: The heart has four valves that control blood flow through and out of the heart. If one or more of these valves become damaged or diseased, they may need to be repaired or replaced. This can be done using artificial valves or valves from animal or human donors.
3. Aneurysm repair: An aneurysm is a weakened area in the wall of an artery that can bulge out and potentially rupture. If an aneurysm occurs in the aorta, it may require surgical repair to prevent rupture.
4. Heart transplantation: In some cases, heart failure may be so severe that a heart transplant is necessary. This involves removing the diseased heart and replacing it with a healthy donor heart.
5. Arrhythmia surgery: Certain types of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) may require surgical treatment. One such procedure is called the Maze procedure, which involves creating a pattern of scar tissue in the heart to disrupt the abnormal electrical signals that cause the arrhythmia.
6. Congenital heart defect repair: Some people are born with structural problems in their hearts that require surgical correction. These may include holes between the chambers of the heart or abnormal blood vessels.

Cardiac surgical procedures carry risks, including bleeding, infection, stroke, and death. However, for many patients, these surgeries can significantly improve their quality of life and longevity.

Cardiac arrhythmias are abnormal heart rhythms that result from disturbances in the electrical conduction system of the heart. The heart's normal rhythm is controlled by an electrical signal that originates in the sinoatrial (SA) node, located in the right atrium. This signal travels through the atrioventricular (AV) node and into the ventricles, causing them to contract and pump blood throughout the body.

An arrhythmia occurs when there is a disruption in this electrical pathway or when the heart's natural pacemaker produces an abnormal rhythm. This can cause the heart to beat too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or irregularly.

There are several types of cardiac arrhythmias, including:

1. Atrial fibrillation: A rapid and irregular heartbeat that starts in the atria (the upper chambers of the heart).
2. Atrial flutter: A rapid but regular heartbeat that starts in the atria.
3. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT): A rapid heartbeat that starts above the ventricles, usually in the atria or AV node.
4. Ventricular tachycardia: A rapid and potentially life-threatening heart rhythm that originates in the ventricles.
5. Ventricular fibrillation: A chaotic and disorganized electrical activity in the ventricles, which can be fatal if not treated immediately.
6. Heart block: A delay or interruption in the conduction of electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles.

Cardiac arrhythmias can cause various symptoms, such as palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. In some cases, they may not cause any symptoms and go unnoticed. However, if left untreated, certain types of arrhythmias can lead to serious complications, including stroke, heart failure, or even sudden cardiac death.

Treatment for cardiac arrhythmias depends on the type, severity, and underlying causes. Options may include lifestyle changes, medications, cardioversion (electrical shock therapy), catheter ablation, implantable devices such as pacemakers or defibrillators, and surgery. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and management of cardiac arrhythmias.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a sudden, unexpected natural death caused by the cessation of cardiac activity. It is often caused by cardiac arrhythmias, particularly ventricular fibrillation, and is often associated with underlying heart disease, although it can occur in people with no known heart condition. SCD is typically defined as a natural death due to cardiac causes that occurs within one hour of the onset of symptoms, or if the individual was last seen alive in a normal state of health, it can be defined as occurring within 24 hours.

It's important to note that sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is different from SCD, although they are related. SCA refers to the sudden cessation of cardiac activity, which if not treated immediately can lead to SCD.

Cardiomegaly is a medical term that refers to an enlarged heart. It can be caused by various conditions such as high blood pressure, heart valve problems, cardiomyopathy, or fluid accumulation around the heart (pericardial effusion). Cardiomegaly can be detected through imaging tests like chest X-rays or echocardiograms. Depending on the underlying cause, treatment options may include medications, lifestyle changes, or in some cases, surgery. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Hypertrophy, in the context of physiology and pathology, refers to an increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an enlargement of its constituent cells. It is often used to describe the growth of muscle cells (myocytes) in response to increased workload or hormonal stimulation, resulting in an increase in muscle mass. However, hypertrophy can also occur in other organs such as the heart (cardiac hypertrophy) in response to high blood pressure or valvular heart disease.

It is important to note that while hypertrophy involves an increase in cell size, hyperplasia refers to an increase in cell number. In some cases, both hypertrophy and hyperplasia can occur together, leading to a significant increase in the overall size and function of the organ or tissue.

Hemodynamics is the study of how blood flows through the cardiovascular system, including the heart and the vascular network. It examines various factors that affect blood flow, such as blood volume, viscosity, vessel length and diameter, and pressure differences between different parts of the circulatory system. Hemodynamics also considers the impact of various physiological and pathological conditions on these variables, and how they in turn influence the function of vital organs and systems in the body. It is a critical area of study in fields such as cardiology, anesthesiology, and critical care medicine.

Ventricular pressure refers to the pressure within the ventricles, which are the lower chambers of the heart. In the left ventricle, the pressure measures the force that the blood exerts on the walls as it is pumped out to the rest of the body. In the right ventricle, the pressure measures the force of the blood being pumped into the pulmonary artery and ultimately to the lungs for oxygenation.

Normally, the left ventricular pressure ranges from 8-12 mmHg at rest when the heart is relaxed (diastolic pressure) and can increase up to 120-140 mmHg during contraction (systolic pressure). The right ventricular pressure is lower than the left, with a normal diastolic pressure of 0-6 mmHg and a systolic pressure ranging from 15-30 mmHg.

Abnormal ventricular pressures can indicate various heart conditions, such as heart failure, hypertension, or valvular heart disease. Regular monitoring of ventricular pressure is essential in managing these conditions and ensuring proper heart function.

Cardiovascular models are simplified representations or simulations of the human cardiovascular system used in medical research, education, and training. These models can be physical, computational, or mathematical and are designed to replicate various aspects of the heart, blood vessels, and blood flow. They can help researchers study the structure and function of the cardiovascular system, test new treatments and interventions, and train healthcare professionals in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.

Physical cardiovascular models may include artificial hearts, blood vessels, or circulation systems made from materials such as plastic, rubber, or silicone. These models can be used to study the mechanics of heart valves, the effects of different surgical procedures, or the impact of various medical devices on blood flow.

Computational and mathematical cardiovascular models use algorithms and equations to simulate the behavior of the cardiovascular system. These models may range from simple representations of a single heart chamber to complex simulations of the entire circulatory system. They can be used to study the electrical activity of the heart, the biomechanics of blood flow, or the distribution of drugs in the body.

Overall, cardiovascular models play an essential role in advancing our understanding of the human body and improving patient care.

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a medical condition in which the left ventricle of the heart undergoes an enlargement or thickening of its muscle wall. The left ventricle is the main pumping chamber of the heart that supplies oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

In response to increased workload, such as hypertension (high blood pressure), aortic valve stenosis, or athletic training, the left ventricular muscle may thicken and enlarge. This process is called "hypertrophy." While some degree of hypertrophy can be adaptive in athletes, significant or excessive hypertrophy can lead to impaired relaxation and filling of the left ventricle during diastole, reduced pumping capacity, and decreased compliance of the chamber.

Left ventricular hypertrophy is often asymptomatic initially but can increase the risk of various cardiovascular complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction (heart attack), and sudden cardiac death over time. It is typically diagnosed through imaging techniques like echocardiography or cardiac MRI and confirmed by measuring the thickness of the left ventricular wall.

  • Additionally, cases of coronary artery disease, including myocardial infarction and cardiac death, were reported in the weeks after vaccination although no causal link has been established. (cdc.gov)
  • While the causes of these cardiac or coronary deaths have not been established, the 1947 data lack the power to address whether there is a relationship to the vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Cardiac or coronary deaths after vaccination in 2003 were rare, with a total of 3 of 488,550 military and civilian vaccinees (6 per 1 million vaccinees), approximately the same as might be expected in a generally healthy population. (cdc.gov)
  • The total number of cardiac or coronary deaths in 1947 during the 2-week estimated risk period after vaccination was 1,545. (cdc.gov)
  • The proper interpretation of these data is important given the national policy impact that resulted from the observation of cardiac and coronary illness and death after vaccination in 2003. (cdc.gov)
  • Whether coronary or cardiac deaths can be attributed to the vaccine remains an open question. (cdc.gov)
  • In adults, most cases of cardiac arrest are due to coronary heart disease (narrowing of the vessels that bring blood to the heart), which causes a heart attack. (kidshealth.org)
  • Dr. Joseph Schoepf and colleagues enrolled 59 patients without a history of coronary artery disease who had chest pain or abnormal cardiac blood flow exams. (diagnosticimaging.com)
  • Aversano T, Aversano LT, Passamani E, et al: Thrombolytic therapy vs. primary percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction in patients presenting to hospitals without on-site cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • 4 Because of the high prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) in this patient population, the clinical assessment aims to identify patients at increased risk of cardiac complications and apply strategies to reduce this risk. (cadth.ca)
  • Conclusions: High short-term risk for acute cardiac events in asymptomatic middle-aged male runners is shown by stratification of validated biomarkers, which may render non-obstructive coronary atherosclerotic plaques vulnerable to rupture during marathons. (scirp.org)
  • Patients with moderate or severe mitral regurgitation or presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) had higher filling pressures and volumes and were most responsive to iVAC2L unloading (9/10 patients with moderate or severe MR and 11/11 patients with ACS). (kcl.ac.uk)
  • Various veins like right marginal vein, small cardiac vein (SCV), posterior vein of the left ventricle, left marginal vein, oblique vein of Marshall drain into coronary sinus. (who.int)
  • Use of LiDCO eliminates the need for catheterization of a pulmonary artery and could increase use of cardiac output monitoring, which may improve management of cardiovascularly unstable animals. (avma.org)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Effect of heparin administration on metabolomic profiles in samples obtained during cardiac catheterization. (duke.edu)
  • and (2) during routine cardiac catheterization procedures. (duke.edu)
  • Clinical characteristics of the nonheparin and heparin groups, indication for cardiac catheterization, procedure performed, and other periprocedural variables were similar. (duke.edu)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Heparin administration during cardiac catheterization induced changes in peripheral blood metabolites that were consistent with known lipolytic effects of heparin and define a metabolite signature associated with heparin administration. (duke.edu)
  • [ 5 ] In general, cardiac catheterization is not necessary to determine the severity of aortic stenosis. (medscape.com)
  • However, in instances in which clinical findings are not consistent with echocardiogram results, cardiac catheterization is recommended for further hemodynamic assessment. (medscape.com)
  • In a laboratory with experienced personnel, Doppler-derived aortic valve gradients are accurate and reproducible and correlate well with those obtained during cardiac catheterization. (medscape.com)
  • Thus, in a patient with clinical features of severe aortic stenosis but echo/Doppler findings of mild to moderate aortic stenosis, further evaluation with repeat Doppler or cardiac catheterization may be required. (medscape.com)
  • Introduction:Cardiac venous system is an important system for various cardiac interventional procedures such as cardiac catheterization. (who.int)
  • The incidence of adverse cardiac events related to smallpox vaccinations administered during the National Smallpox Vaccination Program (NSVP) in 2003 has received widespread attention. (cdc.gov)
  • At this time, adverse cardiac events associated with the vaccine, particularly myo- or pericarditis, are still of concern. (cdc.gov)
  • Conclusions: As compared with sertraline, low to moderate dose venlafaxine is not associated with an increased risk of adverse cardiac events in older patients. (psychiatrist.com)
  • Method: Review of articles in Pub Med on adverse cardiac events during marathons. (scirp.org)
  • Using a variety of techniques including animal models of ventricular hypertrophy, gene knockouts, and hemodynamic analyses - Min and collegues have successfully identified some key proteins involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy as well as potential drug targets and therapies for treating the disease 3,4,5 . (adinstruments.com)
  • Min regularly uses ventricular pressure-volume (PV) analyses to characterize and study cardiac hypertrophy. (adinstruments.com)
  • PV Loops are generated by inserting a pressure-volume catheter into the left or right ventricle of the heart and plotting the real-time ventricular pressure against ventricular volume over a complete cardiac cycle. (adinstruments.com)
  • Min explains that during the early stages of cardiac hypertrophy, the changes in ventricular pressure and volume cause the PV Loop data to take on a distinctive shape. (adinstruments.com)
  • Ventricular pacing site separation by cardiac computed tomography: val" by S. Modi, Raymond Yee et al. (uwo.ca)
  • In cases involving cardiac conditions, it is important to exclude patients with valvular heart disease, ventricular hypertrophy, dangerous arrhythmias, and malignant hypertension. (medscape.com)
  • Pathological variants in TRPM4 gene have been linked to several cardiac phenotypes such as complete heart block (CHB), ventricular tachycardia, and Brugada syndrome (BrS). (frontiersin.org)
  • In conclusion, decreased or increased protein expression of several TRPM4 variants linked to cardiac conduction disorders or ventricular arrhythmias were found to be caused by altered TRPM4 half-life compared to the WT form. (frontiersin.org)
  • Objective -To determine aortic ejection velocity in healthy adult Boxers with soft ejection murmurs without overt structural evidence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and in healthy Boxers without cardiac murmurs. (avma.org)
  • 2 In the past decade, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), achieved by simultaneous LV and right ventricular (RV) pacing, has emerged as a potent therapeutic option that improves the quality of life and functional status of patients with congestive heart failure, as well as prolongs survival. (amrita.edu)
  • Methods: This prospective single-arm two-center study included 29 patients who underwent high-risk PCI with iVAC2L MCS using simultaneous invasive pulmonary pressure monitoring and left ventricular pressure-volume analysis. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • While anterior cardiac veins drain right ventricular wall directly into right atrium. (who.int)
  • In cardiomyocytes, the actions of NO are more complex as it can induce different, and sometimes opposing effects on cardiac functioning such as triggering apoptosis and improving left ventricular function. (medscape.com)
  • A total of 427 patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery under ECC in affiliated hospital of north Sichuan medical college from January 1, 2018 to July 31, 2021 were divided into three groups according to ECC time. (nature.com)
  • Cardiac output (CO) is rarely monitored during surgery, and arterial pressure remains the only hemodynamic parameter for assessing the effects of volume expansion (VE). (asahq.org)
  • MAs may be manifested either in hemodynamic collapse or in cardiac arrest: The sudden loss of effective blood flow due to atrial fibrillation (AF) with rapid VT leads to hemodynamic collapse, and VT and VF result in cardiac arrest necessitating CPR or electric defibrillation. (medscape.com)
  • Kern MJ, Seto KH, Herrmann J. Invasive hemodynamic diagnosis of cardiac disease. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Three-dimensional echocardiography, cardiac CT, and MRI are becoming increasingly important in determining management strategies for tricuspid regurgitation. (nyp.org)
  • It has previously been demonstrated that phosphatidylinositol‑3‑kinase (PI3K)/Akt and cleaved caspase‑3 serve critical roles in the apoptosis of cardiac myocytes following ischemia/reperfusion injury. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Scarabelli TM, Stephanou A, Pasini E, et al: Different signaling pathways induce apoptosis in endothelial cells and cardiac myocytes during ischemia/reperfusion injury. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Townsend PA, Scarabelli TM, Pasini E, et al: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits STAT-1 activation and protects cardiac myocytes from ischemia/reperfusion-induced apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • These results demonstrate that impedance cardiography is a noninvasive, simple, accurate, and reproducible method of measurement of cardiac output and stroke volume over a wide range of workloads. (nih.gov)
  • Meals provided to cardiac inpatients in Jordan need to be revised to meet the guidelines specified for the health conditions of these patients. (who.int)
  • RÉSUMÉ La présente étude visait à évaluer dans quelle mesure les repas quotidiens servis aux patients hospitalisés atteints d'hypertension ou de cardiopathie en Jordanie respectaient les recommendations de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS) et les régimes alimentaires Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) et Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH). (who.int)
  • This provides a window of opportunity to slow or even reverse the progression of cardiac remodeling in these patients displaying the early stages of the disease. (adinstruments.com)
  • In the last decade, an inexpensive and simple noninvasive method (i.e., transthoracic electrical bioimpedance cardiography, has been tested in healthy subjects and patients with various heart disease for measuring stroke volume and cardiac output at rest and/or during exercise. (nih.gov)
  • We evaluated whether dobutamine gated blood pool scintigraphy (DOB-GBP) can predict improvement in cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and cardiac function after beta-blocker therapy in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). (nih.gov)
  • DOB-GBP can be used to predict improved cardiac sympathetic nerve activity, cardiac function, and symptoms after treatment in patients with DCM. (nih.gov)
  • Our objective was to observe the effects of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) with different time on platelet count in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. (nature.com)
  • Thrombocytopenia often occurred after cardiac surgery under ECC, resulting in acute renal injury, postoperative infection, prolonging the hospitalization time postoperatively, and even increasing the postoperative mortality of patients 1 . (nature.com)
  • However, there are few studies on the effects of ECC time on platelet count in patients after cardiac surgery, especially the effects of different ECC time on postoperative platelet count has not been reported. (nature.com)
  • The purpose of this study was to conduct a retrospective study to observe the effects of ECC with different time on platelet count in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, so as to provide reference for improving the prognosis of patients undergoing cardiac surgery. (nature.com)
  • Other cardiac cases, older and/or ill patients, and other patients at risk, such as those with exercise-induced asthma, hemoglobinopathies, diabetes, or obesity, should have an exercise stress test carried out under careful medical supervision. (medscape.com)
  • Quantification of cardiac pumping mechanics in TAVI patients: A pilot study utilizing minimally invasive method for pressure-volume analysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Using data from all patients randomized to one of these two methods of CPR from this trial, we tested the hypothesis that ACD+ITD would improve the likelihood of survival from the time of hospital discharge to one year after cardiac arrest. (healthpartners.com)
  • The survivors to hospital discharge in the ResQTrial who were treated with ACD+ITD CPR had an absolute 11% greater likelihood of surviving to 365 days after cardiac arrest compared with the patients treated with S-CPR. (healthpartners.com)
  • All patients underwent catheter angiography and cardiac CTA with computer-aided detection on either a 64-slice or a second-generation dual-source scanner. (diagnosticimaging.com)
  • For patients discharged from the hospital with confirmed COVID-19, median five-month follow-up MRI findings revealed a greater likelihood of regional brain volume reduction, parenchymal lung abnormalities and loss of corticomedullary differentiation in the kidney in comparison to people who have not had COVID-19. (diagnosticimaging.com)
  • We sought to examine the cardiac safety of venlafaxine relative to sertraline in older patients. (psychiatrist.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Monitoring cardiac output (CO) in shocked patients provides key etiological information and can be used to guide fluid resuscitation to improve patient outcomes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Internists, infectious disease specialists, cardiologists, cardiothoracic surgeons, and other clinicians should suspect NTM infections among patients who have signs of infection and a history of open-chest cardiac surgery. (cdc.gov)
  • Neurologic Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients Following Targeted Temperature Management at 33°C vs 36°C After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (lu.se)
  • Has Lab Testing Become a Blood Sport for Cardiac Surgery Patients? (jwatch.org)
  • A study of nearly 1900 cardiac surgery patients at Cleveland Clinic suggests blood is being drawn with surprisingly high frequency. (jwatch.org)
  • As such, patients undergoing major non-cardiac vascular surgery should undergo a complete clinical assessment of comorbidities. (cadth.ca)
  • Patients undergoing major high-risk vascular non-cardiac surgery (including aortic and peripheral vascular surgery). (cadth.ca)
  • This identifies patients at greater risk for cardiac complications following surgery so that appropriate testing and therapeutic measures can be taken. (cadth.ca)
  • This affiliation, called Cooper and Inspira Cardiac Care, provides patients in the South Jersey region with access to more coordinated and comprehensive cardiac services across the continuum of care. (cooperhealth.org)
  • In patients with low cardiac output, the valvular stenosis may be severe even though the transvalvular gradient is low. (medscape.com)
  • Most formal cardiac rehabilitation in the UK is offered within a hospital or centre setting, although this may not always be convenient or accessible for many cardiac patients, especially those in remote areas. (rrh.org.au)
  • The proportion of eligible patients who successfully complete a cardiac rehabilitation program remains low. (rrh.org.au)
  • Currently home-based cardiac rehabilitation is not offered routinely to all patients but it appears to have the potential to increase uptake in patients who are unable, or less likely, to attend more traditional hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation programs. (rrh.org.au)
  • Recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses 1-3 show that patients who participate in cardiac rehabilitation have significant reductions in mortality and morbidity including improvements in exercise tolerance, symptoms, blood lipid profiles, blood pressure and psychosocial wellbeing. (rrh.org.au)
  • However, despite the evidence and inclusion of cardiac rehabilitation in national rehabilitation guidelines 4-7 , there is a lack of standardisation with respect to what a cardiac rehabilitation program should include, and participation of eligible patients in cardiac rehabilitation remains poor 8 . (rrh.org.au)
  • Recent innovations in interventional cardiology have dramatically expanded the therapeutic options for patients with cardiac conditions. (bmj.com)
  • Cardiac hypertrophy is the abnormal enlargement, or thickening of the heart muscle, in response to an increase in cardiac workload. (adinstruments.com)
  • How can decreased cardiac output be caused by abnormal fluid volume? (healthtap.com)
  • In the last 40 years, over 20% of drugs discontinued at all phases of development, including discovery, preclinical and clinical evaluation, and post-market surveillance has been due to cardiac toxicity, where unintended interactions with cardiac ion channels result in pro-arrhythmic effects 4 . (nature.com)
  • Conclusions and Clinical Relevance -The LiDCO technique is a suitable substitute for TDCO to measure cardiac output in dogs. (avma.org)
  • AAV9 should be used in rodent cardiac studies and may be the vector of choice for clinical trials of cardiac gene transfer. (upenn.edu)
  • Objectives: Prevention of sudden cardiac death is the number one clinical priority in sports cardiology. (scirp.org)
  • We examined the association between cardiovascular reactions to a standard stress task, the paced auditory serial arithmetic rest, and forced expiratory volume in one second, an effort, hence motivation, dependent assessment of lung function measured by spirometry. (stir.ac.uk)
  • CT is important to preprocedure planning for transcatheter tricuspid valve therapy, while the main role of cardiac MR is in preoperative assessment. (nyp.org)
  • The novel mechanism of action on cellular compartments has been found continually, which opens a new way for their potential application in cardiac failure and other cardiac events like post-myocardial infarction. (benthamscience.com)
  • Conclusions: The present study provides data of cardiac veins for various cardiac interventional procedures. (who.int)
  • Stroke volume and cardiac output were simultaneously obtained at rest and at the end of each work rate stage with 3 methods: impedance, thermodilution, and direct Fick. (nih.gov)
  • There were no significant differences in stroke volume and cardiac output in the 3 techniques at any matched work rate. (nih.gov)
  • The amount of blood the left ventricle can pump (stroke volume) is directly related to 'preload' which is based on the venous return to the heart. (healthtap.com)
  • If volume is contracted from bleeding, diuresis, vasodilation , or poor intake , preload is reduced, venous return is reduced, stroke volume is reduced &, if increased heart rate can't compensate for the reduction, then cardiac output is also reduced. (healthtap.com)
  • METHODS: We recorded blood pressure, heart rate, IVCCI, CABF, FTc, transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) SV and CO, USCOM 1A SV and CO, LIDCOrapidv2 SV, CO, Stroke volume variation (SVV) and pulse pressure variation (PPV) in 40 subjects immediately before and after venesection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In response, international regulatory agreements were developed that mandate testing of all new drugs, both cardiac and non-cardiac, for cardiac liability, including drug-induced long QT interval (LQT) and risk for development of life-threatening arrhythmias, such as Torsade de Pointes (TdP) 5 . (nature.com)
  • Cardiac stimulation implants are medical devices that use electrical signals to regulate the heart's rhythm and treat conditions such as bradycardia, heart failure, and arrhythmias. (medicaldevice-network.com)
  • The Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions (SCAI), the American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS), the American College of Cardiology (ACC), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) recently joined together to provide recommendations for institutions that are considering starting and/or maintaining a transcatheter mitral valve (MV) program. (jwatch.org)
  • Carroll D, Hunt K, Phillips A, Der G, Bibbey A, Benzeval M & Gintey A (2013) Low forced expiratory volume is associated with blunted cardiac reactions to acute psychological stress in a community sample of middle-aged men and women. (stir.ac.uk)
  • An evidence-based strategy for protecting susceptible runners from these acute cardiac events during races is considered based on identification of the underlying cause. (scirp.org)
  • Cardiac troponins I and T and NT-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide were elevated after races as additionally predictive of acute cardiac events in asymptomatic persons. (scirp.org)
  • The SII's clear visualization of the IVC, heart and lungs enable anesthesiologists to quickly assess cardiac output, diagnose pulmonary edema and determine a patient's volume status. (fujifilm.com)
  • Procedure -Dogs were examined independently by 2 individuals for evidence of a cardiac murmur, and a murmur grade was assigned. (avma.org)
  • Procedure -Cardiac output was measured in anesthetized dogs by use of LiDCO and TDCO techniques. (avma.org)
  • 1 The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery 3 stratify cardiac risk of non-cardiac surgery, according to procedure - vascular surgery is associated with the highest cardiac risk. (cadth.ca)
  • In a surgical procedure called a septal myectomy, Swedish cardiac surgeons remove a small amount of the thickened septal wall to widen the path the blood takes from the left ventricle to the aorta. (swedish.org)
  • Our cardiac-surgery team is committed to providing you with optimal long-term results and keeping your best interests in mind during every medical decision and every procedure. (swedish.org)
  • The causes of cardiac arrest in adults and children differ. (kidshealth.org)
  • The Journal of Cardiac Surgery is a peer-reviewed medical journal about cardiology and surgery that was established in March 1986. (wikipedia.org)
  • 1 Cardiac complications after non-cardiac surgery depend on specific risk factors, the type of surgery, and the circumstances under which the surgery takes place. (cadth.ca)
  • Swedish has performed more than 46,000 cardiac surgeries, making us the most experienced heart surgery program in the Seattle area. (swedish.org)
  • Cardiac bypass surgery involves using some of the most advanced surgical techniques available, such as minimally invasive, videoscopic-assisted valve repair and replacement. (swedish.org)
  • Many of these studies are small and heterogeneous in terms of interventions but home-based cardiac rehabilitation appears both safe and effective. (rrh.org.au)
  • Epigallocatechin‑3‑gallate (EGCG), the predominant catechin component of green tea, has been reported to have potential cardioprotective effects in primary cultures of cardiac myocytes exposed to I/R injury, mediated through inhibition of signal transducers and activators of transcription‑1 activity. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Since EGCG + Zn2+ may, at least in part, protect cardiac myocytes against H/R‑induced apoptotic cell death, the PI3K/Akt pathway of EGCG may be enhanced by its interactions with zinc during H/R injury. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Stephanou A, Brar B, Liao Z, et al: Distinct initiator caspases are required for the induction of apoptosis in cardiac myocytes during ischaemia versus reperfusion injury. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Also of significance is that this is the first report of direct cardiac reprogramming in vivo. (duke.edu)
  • Adult rats were injected with 5 × 1011 GC of the AAV vectors via direct cardiac injection and monitored for 1 month. (upenn.edu)
  • Here we show, computationally and experimentally, the limits of all-optical electrophysiology when applied to drug testing, then implement and validate OptoDyCE, a fully automated system for all-optical cardiac electrophysiology. (nature.com)
  • Dr. Min Zi , a Researcher in the Division of Cardiovascular Sciences at Manchester University (UK), is one such scientist who is actively investigating these intra-cardiac factors. (adinstruments.com)
  • While the overall cardiovascular risk of long distance running is acknowledged as low, the frequency of cardiac arrests and sudden death has increased in middle-aged males during marathons since the year 2000. (scirp.org)
  • This "heart rate variability (HRV) analysis" provides a substantial amount of additional information about the cardiovascular system and enables quantification of cardiac regulatory influences on the autonomic nervous system. (nursingcenter.com)
  • While ADMA has been implicated as a cardiovascular risk factor, arginine supplementation has been indicated as a treatment in cardiac diseases. (medscape.com)
  • A constant volume fractional sample collector for cardiac output determinations. (northwestern.edu)
  • ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the compliance of daily meals served to hypertensive and cardiac inpatients in Jordan according to WHO guidelines and the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) and Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets plans. (who.int)
  • When the heart cannot keep up the needed cardiac output (liters per min) and making the pump work harder increasing pressure inside the heart, and dilating the chamber getting into a bad cycle. (healthtap.com)
  • He and I are describing 2 ends of the spectrum and both cause low cardiac output: he describes a diseased, overloaded heart and I describe a normal, underloaded heart. (healthtap.com)
  • How is decreased cardiac output caused by increased fluid volume and decreased fluid volume? (healthtap.com)
  • LV pressure and cardiac output were recorded before and after TAVI. (bvsalud.org)
  • Objectives -To determine agreement of cardiac output measured by use of lithium dilution cardiac output (LiDCO) and thermodilution cardiac output (TDCO) techniques in dogs and to determine agreement of low- and high-dose LiDCO with TDCO. (avma.org)
  • Four rates of cardiac output were induced by occlusion of the caudal vena cava, changes in depth of anesthesia, or administration of dobutamine. (avma.org)
  • Lithium dilution cardiac output was performed, using 2 doses of lithium chloride (low and high dose). (avma.org)
  • Each rate of cardiac output allowed 4 comparisons between LiDCO and TDCO. (avma.org)
  • Investigating the ability of non-invasive measures of cardiac output to detect a reduction in blood volume resulting from venesection in spontaneously breathing subjects. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Can Changes in Arterial Pressure be Used to Detect Changes in Cardiac Output during Volume Expansion in the Perioperative Period? (asahq.org)
  • Cognitive Function in Survivors of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest After Target Temperature Management at 33ºC Versus 36ºC. (lu.se)
  • This study was conducted to explore the performance and outcomes for intravascular versus surface devices for targeted temperature management after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. (lu.se)
  • This systematic review examines the current evidence for home- versus hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation. (rrh.org.au)
  • Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation has positive effects on many cardiac risk factors (physical activity, smoking status, cholesterol, anxiety and depression) and can lead to improvements in mortality, morbidity and quality of life. (rrh.org.au)
  • While PV Loops may appear to be a relatively simple-looking graph, they can provide you with a wide array of information regarding cardiac function and performance, and can even be used to evaluate certain cardiac diseases. (adinstruments.com)
  • Low cardiac function may not be able to keep up with too much volume and the fluid backs up in places like the lung, neck, abdomen, and legs. (healthtap.com)
  • However, the physiological role for this channel in cardiac function remains unclear. (frontiersin.org)
  • ACD+ITD was associated with a relative 53% increase in survival to hospital discharge with favorable neurologic function for subjects with a cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac etiology, compared with SCPR. (healthpartners.com)
  • Chemotherapeutic agents may cause adverse cardiac effects either directly, by compromising myocardial structure and function, or indirectly, by impairing vascular hemodynamics or other organ systems such as the endocrine glands, which may result in endocrinopathies. (ajmc.com)
  • LacZ expression was relatively cardiac specific, and cardiac function was unaffected by gene transfer. (upenn.edu)
  • 7,8 Through sequential image acquisition, the gamma camera works with a computer to evaluate cardiac function and perfusion. (cadth.ca)
  • If left untreated, cardiac hypertrophy will eventually progress to heart failure (HF), a condition where the heart is no longer able to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. (adinstruments.com)
  • Despite recent findings regarding the functional implications of TRPM4 in cardiac diseases, the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to altered conduction are poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
  • The large regional variation in survival after treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is incompletely explained. (escholarship.org)
  • This thesis focuses on cognitive impairment in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) survivors with the main aim to evaluate possible effects by targeted temperature management. (lu.se)
  • WO D'anjou would suffer two more cardiac arrests under the care of the paramedics. (lookoutnewspaper.com)
  • AAV9 provides high-level, stable expression in the mouse and rat heart and may provide a simple alternative to the creation of cardiac-specific transgenic mice. (upenn.edu)
  • The award his friends received recognizes the skilful actions of one or more bystanders during a cardiac arrest emergency. (lookoutnewspaper.com)
  • Findings: Recent epidemiological studies have identified an increasing frequency of cardiac arrest in middle-aged males during marathons since the year 2000 with atherosclerotic heart disease as the main cause of sudden cardiac death. (scirp.org)
  • Prospective studies are needed to determine the efficacy of pre-race low-dose aspirin for curtailing the increasing frequency of race-related cardiac arrest and sudden death in susceptible runners. (scirp.org)
  • 2012) Sudden Cardiac Arrest and Death in United States Marathons. (scirp.org)
  • Therapeutic hypothermia, the standard for post-resuscitation care of out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), is an area that the most recent resuscitation guidelines note "has not been studied adequately. (elsevierpure.com)
  • A deeper understanding of the molecular processes that lead to cardiac hypertrophy offers hope for millions of individuals worldwide. (adinstruments.com)
  • A fundamental problem in the effective treatment of cardiac hypertrophy is our limited understanding of the key molecular processes involved in the development of the disease. (adinstruments.com)
  • An October 3, 2003, MMWR article, "Cardiac deaths after a mass smallpox vaccination campaign - New York City, 1947" ( 3 ) states that the NYC experience suggests "…that cardiac deaths observed in 2003 might have been unrelated to smallpox vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • Background: Targeted temperature management is recommended after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and may be achieved using a variety of cooling devices. (lu.se)
  • Concurrent with this request, the Ponce School of Medicine (PSM), led by President and Dean Dr. Manuel Martínez Maldonado, had begun a more definitive study of possible cardiac abnormalities among Vieques residents. (cdc.gov)
  • For anesthesiologists, managing patient volume status is crucial to positive outcomes. (fujifilm.com)
  • HRV analysis therefore provides a noninvasive method for investigating the dynamic influence of changing physiological parameters on cardiac regulation. (nursingcenter.com)
  • Without excluding other putative cooperative mechanisms, these findings suggest that structural coupling of adjacent Tm molecules contributes to several properties of cardiac myofilament activation. (simula.no)
  • Model analysis suggests that Tm-Tm coupling potentiates the activating effects of strongly-bound cross-bridges and contributes to force-Ca(2+) dynamics of intact cardiac muscle. (simula.no)
  • Genetic tracing analysis using Fsp1Cre-traced fibroblasts from both cardiac and noncardiac cell sources strongly suggests that induced cells are most likely of fibroblastic origin. (duke.edu)
  • Available evidence suggests that it results in longer lasting maintenance of physical activity levels compared with hospital-based rehabilitation and is equally effective in improving cardiac risk factors. (rrh.org.au)
  • Cardiac gene transfer may serve as a novel therapeutic approach. (upenn.edu)
  • Suppose that the 1947 smallpox vaccine indeed caused serious cardiac disease, including myopericarditis and myocardial infarctions, with 10 fatal cases per million. (cdc.gov)
  • Because cardiac hypertrophy develops gradually, there is a relatively long time frame between the onset of the disease to the development of HF. (adinstruments.com)
  • The benefits of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in the treatment and prevention of cardiac disease are well established. (rrh.org.au)