Reduction in caloric intake without reduction in adequate nutrition. In experimental animals, caloric restriction has been shown to extend lifespan and enhance other physiological variables.
Elicitation of a rotatory nystagmus by stimulating the semicircular canals with water or air which is above or below body temperature. In warm caloric stimulation a rotatory nystagmus is developed toward the side of the stimulated ear; in cold, away from the stimulated side. Absence of nystagmus indicates the labyrinth is not functioning.
The normal length of time of an organism's life.
Total number of calories taken in daily whether ingested or by parenteral routes.
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.
A diet designed to cause an individual to lose weight.
The withholding of food in a structured experimental situation.
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.
A homologous family of regulatory enzymes that are structurally related to the protein silent mating type information regulator 2 (Sir2) found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sirtuins contain a central catalytic core region which binds NAD. Several of the sirtuins utilize NAD to deacetylate proteins such as HISTONES and are categorized as GROUP III HISTONE DEACETYLASES. Several other sirtuin members utilize NAD to transfer ADP-RIBOSE to proteins and are categorized as MONO ADP-RIBOSE TRANSFERASES, while a third group of sirtuins appears to have both deacetylase and ADP ribose transferase activities.
The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.
A sirtuin family member found primarily in the CELL NUCLEUS. It is an NAD-dependent deacetylase with specificity towards HISTONES and a variety of proteins involved in gene regulation.
Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the acceptable or desirable weight, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).
Variation occurring within a species in the presence or length of DNA fragment generated by a specific endonuclease at a specific site in the genome. Such variations are generated by mutations that create or abolish recognition sites for these enzymes or change the length of the fragment.
The consumption of edible substances.
F344 rats are an inbred strain of albino laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) that have been widely used in biomedical research due to their consistent and reliable genetic background, which facilitates the study of disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.
The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percentage of body fat.
Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.
Specialized connective tissue composed of fat cells (ADIPOCYTES). It is the site of stored FATS, usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES. In mammals, there are two types of adipose tissue, the WHITE FAT and the BROWN FAT. Their relative distributions vary in different species with most adipose tissue being white.
A family of the order PRIMATES, suborder Strepsirhini (PROSIMII), containing five genera. All inhabitants of Madagascar, the genera are: Allocebus, Cheirogaleus (dwarf lemurs), Microcebus (mouse lemurs), Mirza, and Phaner.
Abstaining from all food.
A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).
Regular course of eating and drinking adopted by a person or animal.
A sirtuin family member found primarily in MITOCHONDRIA. It is a multifunctional enzyme that contains a NAD-dependent deacetylase activity that is specific for HISTONES and a mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase activity.
Inbred C57BL mice are a strain of laboratory mice that have been produced by many generations of brother-sister matings, resulting in a high degree of genetic uniformity and homozygosity, making them widely used for biomedical research, including studies on genetics, immunology, cancer, and neuroscience.
A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.
Physical activity which is usually regular and done with the intention of improving or maintaining PHYSICAL FITNESS or HEALTH. Contrast with PHYSICAL EXERTION which is concerned largely with the physiologic and metabolic response to energy expenditure.
Diet modification and physical exercise to improve the ability of animals to perform physical activities.
A 51-amino acid pancreatic hormone that plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, directly by suppressing endogenous glucose production (GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLUCONEOGENESIS) and indirectly by suppressing GLUCAGON secretion and LIPOLYSIS. Native insulin is a globular protein comprised of a zinc-coordinated hexamer. Each insulin monomer containing two chains, A (21 residues) and B (30 residues), linked by two disulfide bonds. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1).
A subtype of striated muscle, attached by TENDONS to the SKELETON. Skeletal muscles are innervated and their movement can be consciously controlled. They are also called voluntary muscles.
A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Harmala and other ALKALOIDS, phenylpropanoids, and TRITERPENES have been found in plants of this genus.
Surgical procedure in which the STOMACH is transected high on the body. The resulting small proximal gastric pouch is joined to any parts of the SMALL INTESTINE by an end-to-side SURGICAL ANASTOMOSIS, depending on the amounts of intestinal surface being bypasses. This procedure is used frequently in the treatment of MORBID OBESITY by limiting the size of functional STOMACH, food intake, and food absorption.
Carbohydrates present in food comprising digestible sugars and starches and indigestible cellulose and other dietary fibers. The former are the major source of energy. The sugars are in beet and cane sugar, fruits, honey, sweet corn, corn syrup, milk and milk products, etc.; the starches are in cereal grains, legumes (FABACEAE), tubers, etc. (From Claudio & Lagua, Nutrition and Diet Therapy Dictionary, 3d ed, p32, p277)
The desire for FOOD generated by a sensation arising from the lack of food in the STOMACH.
Behavioral responses or sequences associated with eating including modes of feeding, rhythmic patterns of eating, and time intervals.
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standard of acceptable or desirable weight. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal "over fat".
Enzyme systems containing a single subunit and requiring only magnesium for endonucleolytic activity. The corresponding modification methylases are separate enzymes. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave either within, or at a short specific distance from, the recognition sequence to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.4.
A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.
Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados.
A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.
Heat production, or its measurement, of an organism at the lowest level of cell chemistry in an inactive, awake, fasting state. It may be determined directly by means of a calorimeter or indirectly by calculating the heat production from an analysis of the end products of oxidation within the organism or from the amount of oxygen utilized.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Proteins obtained from foods. They are the main source of the ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.
The amount of fat or lipid deposit at a site or an organ in the body, an indicator of body fat status.
A 28-amino acid, acylated, orexigenic peptide that is a ligand for GROWTH HORMONE SECRETAGOGUE RECEPTORS. Ghrelin is widely expressed but primarily in the stomach in the adults. Ghrelin acts centrally to stimulate growth hormone secretion and food intake, and peripherally to regulate energy homeostasis. Its large precursor protein, known as appetite-regulating hormone or motilin-related peptide, contains ghrelin and obestatin.
The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.
Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.
Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.
The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Glucose in blood.
The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.
Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.
Ventral part of the DIENCEPHALON extending from the region of the OPTIC CHIASM to the caudal border of the MAMMILLARY BODIES and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the THIRD VENTRICLE.
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.
The measurement of an organ in volume, mass, or heaviness.
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
Based on known statistical data, the number of years which any person of a given age may reasonably expected to live.
An indicator of body density as determined by the relationship of BODY WEIGHT to BODY HEIGHT. BMI=weight (kg)/height squared (m2). BMI correlates with body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE). Their relationship varies with age and gender. For adults, BMI falls into these categories: below 18.5 (underweight); 18.5-24.9 (normal); 25.0-29.9 (overweight); 30.0 and above (obese). (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)
The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.
A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.
Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.
Involuntary rhythmical movements of the eyes in the normal person. These can be naturally occurring as in end-position (end-point, end-stage, or deviational) nystagmus or induced by the optokinetic drum (NYSTAGMUS, OPTOKINETIC), caloric test, or a rotating chair.
The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.
Triglycerides are the most common type of fat in the body, stored in fat cells and used as energy; they are measured in blood tests to assess heart disease risk, with high levels often resulting from dietary habits, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, and alcohol consumption.
A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.
Inbreed BN (Brown Norway) rats are a strain of laboratory rats that are specifically bred for research purposes, characterized by their uniform genetic makeup and susceptibility to various diseases, which makes them ideal models for studying human physiology and pathophysiology.
Physiological processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of LIPIDS.
The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable.
Mutant mice exhibiting a marked obesity coupled with overeating, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, marked insulin resistance, and infertility when in a homozygous state. They may be inbred or hybrid.
Expenditure of energy during PHYSICAL ACTIVITY. Intensity of exertion may be measured by rate of OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; HEAT produced, or HEART RATE. Perceived exertion, a psychological measure of exertion, is included.
Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate objects.
Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.
An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP to ADP in the presence of ATP or inorganic triphosphate. EC 2.7.4.3.
Materials fabricated by BIOMIMETICS techniques, i.e., based on natural processes found in biological systems.

The effect of dietary restriction during development in utero on the frequency of spontaneous somatic mutations. (1/1289)

Caloric or dietary restriction is known to be protective against cancer in humans and in mice but the mechanism is uncertain. Given that somatic mutations are important in carcinogenesis, dietary restriction may act by changing mutation rates. Indeed, previous studies have shown that reductions in caloric intake during development or in adult life make mice less susceptible to high doses of mutagens. In these studies there have been hints that the spontaneous mutant frequency may also be reduced, but no significant decrease has been observed save in one study of very old mice. Since the spontaneous mutant frequency is already low, reductions from this level require the use of much larger sample sizes than usual and larger than those used in the previous studies. As pre-existing mutations cannot be eliminated, it is necessary to reduce the dietary intake over a period of time when a substantial proportion of spontaneous mutations arise in order to see an effect. To overcome such problems, the dietary restriction in this study was applied during the time of the highest mutation rate, early development, and many more than the usual number of animals were studied. SWR female mice were crossed with Muta(TM)Mouse males to obtain F(1) progeny for analysis of mutant frequency. At conception, the dams were put into two groups, one that was fed ad libitum and another which was fed 80% of the ad libitum diet. Pups were killed at birth, DNA was extracted from the whole animal and used to measure the mutant frequencies of the mice at the cII locus. Although the weights of the pups from dams whose diet was restricted were significantly less than those of the ad libitum mice (P = 0.003), the litter sizes in the two groups were approximately the same and did not differ significantly (P = 0.13). There was no significant difference in the mutant frequencies in the dietarily restricted and ad libitum groups (P = 0.43). In addition, there was no significant correlation between the weights of the pups and their mutant frequency in either the ad libitum or dietarily restricted groups (r(2) = 0.14 and r(2) = 0.024). No difference was observed in mutant frequency between the ad libitum and dietarily restricted mice from litters of the same size (P = 0.61). These results indicate that the protective effect of dietary restriction on cancer rates is not mediated by an alteration in the spontaneous rate of mutation but rather by another mechanism, such as its effect on induced mutation.  (+info)

Evidence that the decrease in liver glycogen is associated with the exercise-induced increase in IGFBP-1. (2/1289)

The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the exercise-induced increase in insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-1 is not always linked to a decrease in blood glucose level and to examine whether the decreasing levels of liver glycogen during exercise may be associated with the increase in IGFBP-1. Three groups of rats were submitted to a 70-min treadmill exercise. One group of rats was fed normally, and the two other groups had their food intake restricted by 50% (50% fast) the night before the experiment. One of these two 50% fasted groups of rats was infused (intravenously) with glucose throughout exercise to maintain euglycemia. Exercise in noninfused 50% fasted rats, compared with the normally fed rats, resulted in significantly lower blood glucose (minute 70) and insulin levels, significantly lower liver glycogen content, no change in IGF-I, and significantly higher increases in free fatty acid, glycerol, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and IGFBP-1. Maintenance of euglycemia during exercise in glucose-infused 50% fasted rats reduced to a large extent the decrease in insulin levels but only slightly attenuated the lipid response and the IGFBP-1 response seen in noninfused 50% fasted rats. Comparisons of all individual liver glycogen and IGFBP-1 values revealed that liver glycogen values were highly (P < 0.001) predictive of the IGFBP-1 response during exercise (R = 0.564). The present results indicate that the IGFBP-1 response during exercise is not always linked to a decrease in plasma glucose and suggest that the increase in IGFBP-1 during exercise may be related to the decrease in liver glycogen content.  (+info)

Upregulated promitogenic signaling via cytokines and growth factors: potential mechanism of robust liver tissue repair in calorie-restricted rats upon toxic challenge. (3/1289)

Previously we reported that moderate calorie restriction or diet restriction (DR, calories reduced by 35% for 21 days) in male Sprague-Dawley rats protects from a lethal dose of thioacetamide (TA). DR rats had 70% survival compared with 10% in rats fed ad libitum (AL) because of timely and adequate compensatory liver cell division and tissue repair in the DR rats. Further investigation of the mechanisms indicate that enhanced promitogenic signaling plays a critical role in this stimulated tissue repair. Expression of stimulators of promitogenic signaling interleukin-6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were studied during liver tissue repair after TA-induced liver injury. Plasma IL-6 was significantly higher in the DR rats, with 6-fold higher expression at 48 h after TA administration. Immunohistochemical localization revealed significantly higher expression of IL-6 in the hepatic sinusoidal endothelium of DR rats. Expression of TGF-alpha and HGF was consistently higher in the livers of DR rats from 36 to 72 h. EGFR, which serves as a receptor for TGF-alpha, was higher in DR rats before TA administration and remained higher till 48 h after TA intoxication. DR-induced 2-fold increase in hepatic iNOS activity is consistent with early cell division in DR rats after TA challenge. These data suggest that the reason behind the higher liver tissue repair after TA-induced hepatotoxicity in DR rats is timely and higher expression of the growth stimulatory cytokines and growth factors. It appears that the physiological effects of DR make the liver cells vigilant and prime the liver tissue promptly for liver regeneration through promitogenic signaling upon toxic challenge.  (+info)

Chaperones come of age. (4/1289)

Chaperone function plays a key role in repairing proteotoxic damage, in the maintenance of cell architecture, and in cell survival. Here, we summarize our current knowledge about changes in chaperone expression and function in the aging process, as well as their involvement in longevity and cellular senescence.  (+info)

High osmolarity extends life span in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a mechanism related to calorie restriction. (5/1289)

Calorie restriction (CR) extends life span in many different organisms, including mammals. We describe here a novel pathway that extends the life span of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mother cells but does not involve a reduction in caloric content of the media, i.e., there is growth of yeast cells in the presence of a high concentration of external osmolytes. Like CR, this longevity-promoting response to high osmolarity requires SIR2, suggesting a common mechanism of life span regulation. Genetic and microarray analysis indicates that high osmolarity extends the life span by activating Hog1p, leading to an increase in the biosynthesis of glycerol from glycolytic intermediates. This metabolic shift likely increases NAD levels, thereby activating Sir2p and promoting longevity.  (+info)

Effect of low protein and low energy diet on physiological status and digestibility of F344 rats. (6/1289)

A long-term raising study was carried out on male F344/DuCrj rats with three low protein (Crude Protein (CP); 14.5, 11.5, 8.5%) and low energy (Digestible Energy (DE); 2.0 kcal/g) diets from 4 to 104 weeks of age. In rats fed the 8.5% CP diet, body weight and digestible crude protein (DCP) consumption at 10 weeks of age were lower (P < 0.05) but the body weight at 50 weeks of age was higher (P < 0.05) than in the other groups. In rats fed the 8.5% CP diet the crude fat digestibility was higher (P < 0.05), and the CP/nitrogen-corrected metabolizable energy (MEn) ratio was low. On the other hand, the mean survival time at 80 weeks of age was shorter in rats fed the 8.5% CP diet (P < 0.05).  (+info)

Differentiation between obesity and insulin resistance in the association with C-reactive protein. (7/1289)

BACKGROUND: Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations are increased in obese and/or hyperinsulinemic individuals. The goal of this study was to determine if the relation between insulin resistance and CRP was independent of obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS: Plasma CRP concentrations were measured before and after 3 months of calorie restriction in 38 healthy, obese women. Steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during a 180-minute infusion of octreotide, glucose, and insulin was used to stratify participants into insulin-resistant (IR, n=20) or insulin-sensitive (n=18) groups, similar in terms of mean age (46+/-2 versus 44+/-2 years), body mass index (32.0+/-0.4 versus 31.4+/-0.3 kg/m2), and waist circumference (96+/-2 versus 95+/-2 cm). Mean CRP (0.39+/-0.08 versus 0.12+/-0.03 mg/dL, P=0.003) concentrations were higher in the IR group, as were day-long plasma glucose and insulin responses (P<0.001). There was a significant correlation at baseline between CRP and day-long plasma integrated insulin response (r=0.47, P=0.001) but not between CRP and body mass index (r=0.14) or waist circumference (r=0.10). Weight loss was similar in the two groups (8.7+/-0.9 versus 8.4+/-0.8 kg) but was associated with significant (P<0.001) decreases in SSPG and CRP concentrations in the IR group only. Regression analysis showed that SSPG and day-long plasma insulin response were the only significant predictors of CRP concentration. CONCLUSIONS: CRP concentrations are elevated predominantly in obese individuals who are also insulin resistant and fall in parallel with weight loss-associated improvements in insulin resistance. The relation between CRP concentrations and insulin resistance is independent of obesity.  (+info)

Lifelong caloric restriction increases expression of apoptosis repressor with a caspase recruitment domain (ARC) in the brain. (8/1289)

Aging may increase apoptotic events and the susceptibility of the central nervous system to apoptosis. Calorie restriction has been shown to have neuroprotective effects, but the mechanisms in vivo are unknown. We investigated apoptosis and apoptotic regulatory proteins in the brain frontal cortex of 12-month-old ad libitum fed, 26-month-old ad libitum fed, and 26-month-old calorie-restricted (CR) male Fischer 344 rats (CR = 40% restricted compared to ad libitum). We found that specific DNA fragmentation indicative of apoptosis was increased with age (+124%) in the cortices of the brain and that calorie restriction attenuated this increase significantly (-36%). We determined levels of ARC (apoptosis repressor with a caspase recruitment domain), which inhibits caspase-2 activity and also attenuates cytochrome c release from the mitochondria. We found a significant age-associated decline in ARC level, which was attenuated in the brains of the CR rats. In accordance with the changes in ARC expression observed, calorie restriction attenuated the increases in cytosolic cytochrome c and caspase-2 activity with age and suppressed the age-associated rise in cleaved caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3. However, neither age nor calorie restriction had any effect on caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities. This data provides evidence for an increased incidence of apoptosis in rat brain with age and evidence that calorie restriction has the ability to attenuate this. Furthermore, our data suggest that calorie restriction provides neuroprotection through ARC by suppressing cytochrome c release and caspase-2 activity.  (+info)

Caloric restriction refers to a dietary regimen that involves reducing the total calorie intake while still maintaining adequate nutrition and micronutrient intake. This is often achieved by limiting the consumption of high-calorie, nutrient-poor foods and increasing the intake of nutrient-dense, low-calorie foods such as fruits, vegetables, and lean proteins.

Caloric restriction has been shown to have numerous health benefits, including increased lifespan, improved insulin sensitivity, reduced inflammation, and decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. It is important to note that caloric restriction should not be confused with starvation or malnutrition, which can have negative effects on health. Instead, it involves a careful balance of reducing calorie intake while still ensuring adequate nutrition and energy needs are met.

It is recommended that individuals who are considering caloric restriction consult with a healthcare professional or registered dietitian to ensure that they are following a safe and effective plan that meets their individual nutritional needs.

Caloric tests are a type of diagnostic test used in otology and neurotology to evaluate the function of the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and eye movements. The tests involve stimulating the vestibular system with warm or cool air or water, and then observing and measuring the resulting eye movements.

During the test, the patient sits in a chair with their head tilted back at a 30-degree angle. A special goggles device is placed over their eyes to measure and record eye movements. Then, warm or cool air or water is introduced into each ear canal, alternately, for about 20-30 seconds.

The stimulation of the inner ear with warm or cold temperatures creates a difference in temperature between the inner ear and the brain, which activates the vestibular system and causes eye movements called nystagmus. The direction and intensity of the nystagmus are then analyzed to determine if there is any damage or dysfunction in the vestibular system.

Caloric tests can help identify lesions in the vestibular system, such as vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis, and can also help differentiate between peripheral and central vestibular disorders.

Longevity, in a medical context, refers to the condition of living for a long period of time. It is often used to describe individuals who have reached a advanced age, such as 85 years or older, and is sometimes associated with the study of aging and factors that contribute to a longer lifespan.

It's important to note that longevity can be influenced by various genetic and environmental factors, including family history, lifestyle choices, and access to quality healthcare. Some researchers are also studying the potential impact of certain medical interventions, such as stem cell therapies and caloric restriction, on lifespan and healthy aging.

"Energy intake" is a medical term that refers to the amount of energy or calories consumed through food and drink. It is an important concept in the study of nutrition, metabolism, and energy balance, and is often used in research and clinical settings to assess an individual's dietary habits and health status.

Energy intake is typically measured in kilocalories (kcal) or joules (J), with one kcal equivalent to approximately 4.184 J. The recommended daily energy intake varies depending on factors such as age, sex, weight, height, physical activity level, and overall health status.

It's important to note that excessive energy intake, particularly when combined with a sedentary lifestyle, can lead to weight gain and an increased risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, inadequate energy intake can lead to malnutrition, decreased immune function, and other health problems. Therefore, it's essential to maintain a balanced energy intake that meets individual nutritional needs while promoting overall health and well-being.

Aging is a complex, progressive and inevitable process of bodily changes over time, characterized by the accumulation of cellular damage and degenerative changes that eventually lead to increased vulnerability to disease and death. It involves various biological, genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors that contribute to the decline in physical and mental functions. The medical field studies aging through the discipline of gerontology, which aims to understand the underlying mechanisms of aging and develop interventions to promote healthy aging and extend the human healthspan.

A diet that is reduced in calories or portion sizes, often specifically designed to help a person achieve weight loss. A reducing diet typically aims to create a caloric deficit, where the body takes in fewer calories than it uses, leading to a reduction in body fat stores and overall body weight. These diets may also focus on limiting certain types of foods, such as those high in sugar or unhealthy fats, while encouraging increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any reducing diet to ensure it is safe, appropriate, and nutritionally balanced for the individual's needs.

Food deprivation is not a medical term per se, but it is used in the field of nutrition and psychology. It generally refers to the deliberate withholding of food for a prolonged period, leading to a state of undernutrition or malnutrition. This can occur due to various reasons such as famine, starvation, anorexia nervosa, or as a result of certain medical treatments or conditions. Prolonged food deprivation can have serious consequences on physical health, including weight loss, muscle wasting, organ damage, and decreased immune function, as well as psychological effects such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive impairment.

Weight loss is a reduction in body weight attributed to loss of fluid, fat, muscle, or bone mass. It can be intentional through dieting and exercise or unintentional due to illness or disease. Unintentional weight loss is often a cause for concern and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the underlying cause and develop an appropriate treatment plan. Rapid or significant weight loss can also have serious health consequences, so it's important to approach any weight loss plan in a healthy and sustainable way.

Body weight is the measure of the force exerted on a scale or balance by an object's mass, most commonly expressed in units such as pounds (lb) or kilograms (kg). In the context of medical definitions, body weight typically refers to an individual's total weight, which includes their skeletal muscle, fat, organs, and bodily fluids.

Healthcare professionals often use body weight as a basic indicator of overall health status, as it can provide insights into various aspects of a person's health, such as nutritional status, metabolic function, and risk factors for certain diseases. For example, being significantly underweight or overweight can increase the risk of developing conditions like malnutrition, diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

It is important to note that body weight alone may not provide a complete picture of an individual's health, as it does not account for factors such as muscle mass, bone density, or body composition. Therefore, healthcare professionals often use additional measures, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and blood tests, to assess overall health status more comprehensively.

Sirtuins are a family of proteins that possess NAD+-dependent deacetylase or ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. They play crucial roles in regulating various cellular processes, such as aging, transcription, apoptosis, inflammation, and stress resistance. In humans, there are seven known sirtuins (SIRT1-7), each with distinct subcellular localizations and functions. SIRT1, the most well-studied sirtuin, is a nuclear protein involved in chromatin remodeling, DNA repair, and metabolic regulation. Other sirtuins are found in various cellular compartments, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria, where they modulate specific targets to maintain cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of sirtuins has been implicated in several diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Energy metabolism is the process by which living organisms produce and consume energy to maintain life. It involves a series of chemical reactions that convert nutrients from food, such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

The process of energy metabolism can be divided into two main categories: catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism is the breakdown of nutrients to release energy, while anabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones using energy.

There are three main stages of energy metabolism: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell and involves the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The citric acid cycle takes place in the mitochondria and involves the further breakdown of pyruvate to produce more ATP, NADH, and carbon dioxide. Oxidative phosphorylation is the final stage of energy metabolism and occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It involves the transfer of electrons from NADH and other electron carriers to oxygen, which generates a proton gradient across the membrane. This gradient drives the synthesis of ATP, producing the majority of the cell's energy.

Overall, energy metabolism is a complex and essential process that allows organisms to grow, reproduce, and maintain their bodily functions. Disruptions in energy metabolism can lead to various diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and neurodegenerative disorders.

Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a NAD+-dependent deacetylase enzyme that plays a crucial role in regulating several cellular processes, including metabolism, aging, stress resistance, inflammation, and DNA repair. It is primarily located in the nucleus but can also be found in the cytoplasm. SIRT1 regulates gene expression by removing acetyl groups from histones and transcription factors, thereby modulating their activity and function.

SIRT1 has been shown to have protective effects against various age-related diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Its activation has been suggested to promote longevity and improve overall health by enhancing cellular stress resistance and metabolic efficiency. However, further research is needed to fully understand the therapeutic potential of SIRT1 modulation in various diseases.

DNA restriction enzymes, also known as restriction endonucleases, are a type of enzyme that cut double-stranded DNA at specific recognition sites. These enzymes are produced by bacteria and archaea as a defense mechanism against foreign DNA, such as that found in bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria).

Restriction enzymes recognize specific sequences of nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA) and cleave the phosphodiester bonds between them. The recognition sites for these enzymes are usually palindromic, meaning that the sequence reads the same in both directions when facing the opposite strands of DNA.

Restriction enzymes are widely used in molecular biology research for various applications such as genetic engineering, genome mapping, and DNA fingerprinting. They allow scientists to cut DNA at specific sites, creating precise fragments that can be manipulated and analyzed. The use of restriction enzymes has been instrumental in the development of recombinant DNA technology and the Human Genome Project.

Obesity is a complex disease characterized by an excess accumulation of body fat to the extent that it negatively impacts health. It's typically defined using Body Mass Index (BMI), a measure calculated from a person's weight and height. A BMI of 30 or higher is indicative of obesity. However, it's important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying obesity in populations, it does not directly measure body fat and may not accurately reflect health status in individuals. Other factors such as waist circumference, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar levels should also be considered when assessing health risks associated with weight.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) is a term used in molecular biology and genetics. It refers to the presence of variations in DNA sequences among individuals, which can be detected by restriction enzymes. These enzymes cut DNA at specific sites, creating fragments of different lengths.

In RFLP analysis, DNA is isolated from an individual and treated with a specific restriction enzyme that cuts the DNA at particular recognition sites. The resulting fragments are then separated by size using gel electrophoresis, creating a pattern unique to that individual's DNA. If there are variations in the DNA sequence between individuals, the restriction enzyme may cut the DNA at different sites, leading to differences in the length of the fragments and thus, a different pattern on the gel.

These variations can be used for various purposes, such as identifying individuals, diagnosing genetic diseases, or studying evolutionary relationships between species. However, RFLP analysis has largely been replaced by more modern techniques like polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods and DNA sequencing, which offer higher resolution and throughput.

The medical definition of "eating" refers to the process of consuming and ingesting food or nutrients into the body. This process typically involves several steps, including:

1. Food preparation: This may involve cleaning, chopping, cooking, or combining ingredients to make them ready for consumption.
2. Ingestion: The act of taking food or nutrients into the mouth and swallowing it.
3. Digestion: Once food is ingested, it travels down the esophagus and enters the stomach, where it is broken down by enzymes and acids to facilitate absorption of nutrients.
4. Absorption: Nutrients are absorbed through the walls of the small intestine and transported to cells throughout the body for use as energy or building blocks for growth and repair.
5. Elimination: Undigested food and waste products are eliminated from the body through the large intestine (colon) and rectum.

Eating is an essential function that provides the body with the nutrients it needs to maintain health, grow, and repair itself. Disorders of eating, such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, can have serious consequences for physical and mental health.

F344 is a strain code used to designate an outbred stock of rats that has been inbreeded for over 100 generations. The F344 rats, also known as Fischer 344 rats, were originally developed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and are now widely used in biomedical research due to their consistent and reliable genetic background.

Inbred strains, like the F344, are created by mating genetically identical individuals (siblings or parents and offspring) for many generations until a state of complete homozygosity is reached, meaning that all members of the strain have identical genomes. This genetic uniformity makes inbred strains ideal for use in studies where consistent and reproducible results are important.

F344 rats are known for their longevity, with a median lifespan of around 27-31 months, making them useful for aging research. They also have a relatively low incidence of spontaneous tumors compared to other rat strains. However, they may be more susceptible to certain types of cancer and other diseases due to their inbred status.

It's important to note that while F344 rats are often used as a standard laboratory rat strain, there can still be some genetic variation between individual animals within the same strain, particularly if they come from different suppliers or breeding colonies. Therefore, it's always important to consider the source and history of any animal model when designing experiments and interpreting results.

Body composition refers to the relative proportions of different components that make up a person's body, including fat mass, lean muscle mass, bone mass, and total body water. It is an important measure of health and fitness, as changes in body composition can indicate shifts in overall health status. For example, an increase in fat mass and decrease in lean muscle mass can be indicative of poor nutrition, sedentary behavior, or certain medical conditions.

There are several methods for measuring body composition, including:

1. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This method uses low-level electrical currents to estimate body fat percentage based on the conductivity of different tissues.
2. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This method uses low-dose X-rays to measure bone density and body composition, including lean muscle mass and fat distribution.
3. Hydrostatic weighing: This method involves submerging a person in water and measuring their weight underwater to estimate body density and fat mass.
4. Air displacement plethysmography (ADP): This method uses air displacement to measure body volume and density, which can be used to estimate body composition.

Understanding body composition can help individuals make informed decisions about their health and fitness goals, as well as provide valuable information for healthcare providers in the management of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease.

Stilbenes are a type of chemical compound that consists of a 1,2-diphenylethylene backbone. They are phenolic compounds and can be found in various plants, where they play a role in the defense against pathogens and stress conditions. Some stilbenes have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. One well-known example of a stilbene is resveratrol, which is found in the skin of grapes and in red wine.

It's important to note that while some stilbenes have been shown to have potential health benefits in laboratory studies, more research is needed to determine their safety and effectiveness in humans. It's always a good idea to talk to a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

Adipose tissue, also known as fatty tissue, is a type of connective tissue that is composed mainly of adipocytes (fat cells). It is found throughout the body, but is particularly abundant in the abdominal cavity, beneath the skin, and around organs such as the heart and kidneys.

Adipose tissue serves several important functions in the body. One of its primary roles is to store energy in the form of fat, which can be mobilized and used as an energy source during periods of fasting or exercise. Adipose tissue also provides insulation and cushioning for the body, and produces hormones that help regulate metabolism, appetite, and reproductive function.

There are two main types of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). WAT is the more common form and is responsible for storing energy as fat. BAT, on the other hand, contains a higher number of mitochondria and is involved in heat production and energy expenditure.

Excessive accumulation of adipose tissue can lead to obesity, which is associated with an increased risk of various health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, and certain types of cancer.

Cheirogaleidae is a family of small primates also known as dwarf lemurs or mouse lemurs. They are native to Madagascar and are characterized by their rodent-like appearance and nocturnal behavior. This family includes several genera and species, such as Cheirogaleus, Microcebus, Mirza, and Allocebus. These primates are known for their ability to adapt to various environments, from forests to dry regions, and have a varied diet that includes fruits, insects, and small vertebrates. They are also known for their unique hibernation behavior during the dry season, where they lower their metabolic rate and body temperature to conserve energy.

Fasting is defined in medical terms as the abstinence from food or drink for a period of time. This practice is often recommended before certain medical tests or procedures, as it helps to ensure that the results are not affected by recent eating or drinking.

In some cases, fasting may also be used as a therapeutic intervention, such as in the management of seizures or other neurological conditions. Fasting can help to lower blood sugar and insulin levels, which can have a variety of health benefits. However, it is important to note that prolonged fasting can also have negative effects on the body, including malnutrition, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances.

Fasting is also a spiritual practice in many religions, including Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. In these contexts, fasting is often seen as a way to purify the mind and body, to focus on spiritual practices, or to express devotion or mourning.

Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and the body's ability to detoxify them or repair the damage they cause. This imbalance can lead to cellular damage, oxidation of proteins, lipids, and DNA, disruption of cellular functions, and activation of inflammatory responses. Prolonged or excessive oxidative stress has been linked to various health conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging-related diseases.

A diet, in medical terms, refers to the planned and regular consumption of food and drinks. It is a balanced selection of nutrient-rich foods that an individual eats on a daily or periodic basis to meet their energy needs and maintain good health. A well-balanced diet typically includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy products.

A diet may also be prescribed for therapeutic purposes, such as in the management of certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. In these cases, a healthcare professional may recommend specific restrictions or modifications to an individual's regular diet to help manage their condition and improve their overall health.

It is important to note that a healthy and balanced diet should be tailored to an individual's age, gender, body size, activity level, and any underlying medical conditions. Consulting with a healthcare professional, such as a registered dietitian or nutritionist, can help ensure that an individual's dietary needs are being met in a safe and effective way.

Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is a mitochondrial deacetylase enzyme that plays a crucial role in regulating cellular energy metabolism, oxidative stress response, and aging. It belongs to the sirtuin family of proteins, which use NAD+ as a cofactor to remove acetyl groups from other proteins, thereby modifying their function. SIRT3 is primarily located in the mitochondrial matrix and is involved in various cellular processes such as:

1. Regulation of metabolism: SIRT3 helps control fatty acid oxidation, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain by deacetylating and modulating the activity of key enzymes in these pathways.
2. Oxidative stress response: SIRT3 activates antioxidant defense systems by deacetylating and activating important enzymes like superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), which protect the mitochondria from oxidative damage.
3. Aging: SIRT3 has been implicated in the regulation of aging and age-related diseases due to its role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, particularly in response to stress and metabolic changes.
4. Apoptosis: SIRT3 can prevent apoptosis (programmed cell death) by deacetylating and inhibiting pro-apoptotic proteins under conditions of oxidative stress.
5. Mitochondrial dynamics: SIRT3 is involved in regulating mitochondrial dynamics, including fusion and fission, through the deacetylation of key proteins that control these processes.

Overall, Sirtuin 3 plays a critical role in maintaining cellular health by regulating energy metabolism, oxidative stress response, and other essential functions within the mitochondria. Dysregulation of SIRT3 has been linked to various pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and cancer.

C57BL/6 (C57 Black 6) is an inbred strain of laboratory mouse that is widely used in biomedical research. The term "inbred" refers to a strain of animals where matings have been carried out between siblings or other closely related individuals for many generations, resulting in a population that is highly homozygous at most genetic loci.

The C57BL/6 strain was established in 1920 by crossing a female mouse from the dilute brown (DBA) strain with a male mouse from the black strain. The resulting offspring were then interbred for many generations to create the inbred C57BL/6 strain.

C57BL/6 mice are known for their robust health, longevity, and ease of handling, making them a popular choice for researchers. They have been used in a wide range of biomedical research areas, including studies of cancer, immunology, neuroscience, cardiovascular disease, and metabolism.

One of the most notable features of the C57BL/6 strain is its sensitivity to certain genetic modifications, such as the introduction of mutations that lead to obesity or impaired glucose tolerance. This has made it a valuable tool for studying the genetic basis of complex diseases and traits.

Overall, the C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain is an important model organism in biomedical research, providing a valuable resource for understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease.

Leptin is a hormone primarily produced and released by adipocytes, which are the fat cells in our body. It plays a crucial role in regulating energy balance and appetite by sending signals to the brain when the body has had enough food. This helps control body weight by suppressing hunger and increasing energy expenditure. Leptin also influences various metabolic processes, including glucose homeostasis, neuroendocrine function, and immune response. Defects in leptin signaling can lead to obesity and other metabolic disorders.

Exercise is defined in the medical context as a physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive, with the primary aim of improving or maintaining one or more components of physical fitness. Components of physical fitness include cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition. Exercise can be classified based on its intensity (light, moderate, or vigorous), duration (length of time), and frequency (number of times per week). Common types of exercise include aerobic exercises, such as walking, jogging, cycling, and swimming; resistance exercises, such as weightlifting; flexibility exercises, such as stretching; and balance exercises. Exercise has numerous health benefits, including reducing the risk of chronic diseases, improving mental health, and enhancing overall quality of life.

I apologize for the confusion, but "physical conditioning" is not a term that is typically used in the context of animals in veterinary medicine or animal sciences. The term "physical conditioning" is more commonly used to describe the process of improving an individual's physical fitness through exercise and training.

However, in animal science, the concept of "training" or "exercising" animals may refer to the process of teaching them specific behaviors or skills, improving their physical abilities, or promoting their overall health and well-being. This might involve activities such as providing opportunities for regular exercise, engaging in play, or using positive reinforcement techniques to teach animals new skills or modify their behavior.

If you have any further questions about animal care or training, I would be happy to try to help!

Insulin is a hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets, primarily in response to elevated levels of glucose in the circulating blood. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels and facilitating the uptake and utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, such as muscle and adipose tissue, for energy production and storage. Insulin also inhibits glucose production in the liver and promotes the storage of excess glucose as glycogen or triglycerides.

Deficiency in insulin secretion or action leads to impaired glucose regulation and can result in conditions such as diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and associated complications. Exogenous insulin is used as a replacement therapy in individuals with diabetes to help manage their blood glucose levels and prevent long-term complications.

Skeletal muscle, also known as striated or voluntary muscle, is a type of muscle that is attached to bones by tendons or aponeuroses and functions to produce movements and support the posture of the body. It is composed of long, multinucleated fibers that are arranged in parallel bundles and are characterized by alternating light and dark bands, giving them a striped appearance under a microscope. Skeletal muscle is under voluntary control, meaning that it is consciously activated through signals from the nervous system. It is responsible for activities such as walking, running, jumping, and lifting objects.

"Peganum" is the name of a genus of plants, specifically those in the family Nitrariaceae. The most well-known species in this genus is "Peganum harmala," also known as Syrian rue or esfand. This plant has been used in traditional medicine in various cultures for its psychoactive and hallucinogenic properties, as well as for treating ailments such as rheumatism, skin conditions, and gastrointestinal disorders. However, it can also have toxic effects and should be used with caution. It's important to note that the use of Peganum in medical treatment is not widely accepted or studied in modern Western medicine.

Gastric bypass is a surgical procedure that involves creating a small pouch in the stomach and rerouting the small intestine to connect to this pouch, thereby bypassing the majority of the stomach and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). This procedure is typically performed as a treatment for morbid obesity and related health conditions such as type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, and high blood pressure.

The smaller stomach pouch restricts food intake, while the rerouting of the small intestine reduces the amount of calories and nutrients that are absorbed, leading to weight loss. Gastric bypass can also result in hormonal changes that help regulate appetite and metabolism, further contributing to weight loss and improved health outcomes.

There are different types of gastric bypass procedures, including Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and laparoscopic gastric bypass. The choice of procedure depends on various factors such as the patient's overall health, medical history, and personal preferences. Gastric bypass is generally considered a safe and effective treatment for morbid obesity, but like any surgical procedure, it carries risks and requires careful consideration and preparation.

Dietary carbohydrates refer to the organic compounds in food that are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, with a general formula of Cm(H2O)n. They are one of the three main macronutrients, along with proteins and fats, that provide energy to the body.

Carbohydrates can be classified into two main categories: simple carbohydrates (also known as simple sugars) and complex carbohydrates (also known as polysaccharides).

Simple carbohydrates are made up of one or two sugar molecules, such as glucose, fructose, and lactose. They are quickly absorbed by the body and provide a rapid source of energy. Simple carbohydrates are found in foods such as fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and sweeteners like table sugar, honey, and maple syrup.

Complex carbohydrates, on the other hand, are made up of long chains of sugar molecules that take longer to break down and absorb. They provide a more sustained source of energy and are found in foods such as whole grains, legumes, starchy vegetables, and nuts.

It is recommended that adults consume between 45-65% of their daily caloric intake from carbohydrates, with a focus on complex carbohydrates and limiting added sugars.

In medical terms, "hunger" is not specifically defined as a clinical condition. However, it generally refers to the physiological need or desire for food and calories, driven by mechanisms in the brain and body that regulate energy balance. This sensation often arises when the body's energy stores are depleted, or when there has been a prolonged period without food intake.

Hunger is primarily mediated by hormones such as ghrelin, which stimulates appetite, and leptin, which signals satiety. The hypothalamus in the brain plays a crucial role in integrating these hormonal signals to regulate hunger and energy balance. Additionally, other factors like sleep deprivation, stress, and certain medical conditions can also influence feelings of hunger.

Feeding behavior refers to the various actions and mechanisms involved in the intake of food and nutrition for the purpose of sustaining life, growth, and health. This complex process encompasses a coordinated series of activities, including:

1. Food selection: The identification, pursuit, and acquisition of appropriate food sources based on sensory cues (smell, taste, appearance) and individual preferences.
2. Preparation: The manipulation and processing of food to make it suitable for consumption, such as chewing, grinding, or chopping.
3. Ingestion: The act of transferring food from the oral cavity into the digestive system through swallowing.
4. Digestion: The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food within the gastrointestinal tract to facilitate nutrient absorption and eliminate waste products.
5. Assimilation: The uptake and utilization of absorbed nutrients by cells and tissues for energy production, growth, repair, and maintenance.
6. Elimination: The removal of undigested material and waste products from the body through defecation.

Feeding behavior is regulated by a complex interplay between neural, hormonal, and psychological factors that help maintain energy balance and ensure adequate nutrient intake. Disruptions in feeding behavior can lead to various medical conditions, such as malnutrition, obesity, eating disorders, and gastrointestinal motility disorders.

Medically, 'overweight' is a term used to describe a person whose body weight is greater than what is considered healthy for their height. This excess weight often comes from fat, muscle, bone, or water accumulation. The most commonly used measure to define overweight is the Body Mass Index (BMI), which is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. A BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 is considered overweight, while a BMI of 30.0 or higher is considered obese. However, it's important to note that BMI doesn't directly measure body fat and may not accurately reflect health status for all individuals, such as athletes with high muscle mass.

Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific are a type of enzymes that cleave phosphodiester bonds in DNA molecules at specific recognition sites. They are called "site-specific" because they cut DNA at particular sequences, rather than at random or nonspecific locations. These enzymes belong to the class of endonucleases and play crucial roles in various biological processes such as DNA recombination, repair, and restriction.

Type II deoxyribonucleases are further classified into several subtypes based on their cofactor requirements, recognition site sequences, and cleavage patterns. The most well-known examples of Type II deoxyribonucleases are the restriction endonucleases, which recognize specific DNA motifs in double-stranded DNA and cleave them, generating sticky ends or blunt ends. These enzymes are widely used in molecular biology research for various applications such as genetic engineering, cloning, and genome analysis.

It is important to note that the term "Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific" refers to a broad category of enzymes with similar properties and functions, rather than a specific enzyme or family of enzymes. Therefore, providing a concise medical definition for this term can be challenging, as it covers a wide range of enzymes with distinct characteristics and applications.

"Macaca mulatta" is the scientific name for the Rhesus macaque, a species of monkey that is native to South, Central, and Southeast Asia. They are often used in biomedical research due to their genetic similarity to humans.

Dietary fats, also known as fatty acids, are a major nutrient that the body needs for energy and various functions. They are an essential component of cell membranes and hormones, and they help the body absorb certain vitamins. There are several types of dietary fats:

1. Saturated fats: These are typically solid at room temperature and are found in animal products such as meat, butter, and cheese, as well as tropical oils like coconut and palm oil. Consuming a high amount of saturated fats can raise levels of unhealthy LDL cholesterol and increase the risk of heart disease.
2. Unsaturated fats: These are typically liquid at room temperature and can be further divided into monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Monounsaturated fats, found in foods such as olive oil, avocados, and nuts, can help lower levels of unhealthy LDL cholesterol while maintaining levels of healthy HDL cholesterol. Polyunsaturated fats, found in foods such as fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, have similar effects on cholesterol levels and also provide essential omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids that the body cannot produce on its own.
3. Trans fats: These are unsaturated fats that have been chemically modified to be solid at room temperature. They are often found in processed foods such as baked goods, fried foods, and snack foods. Consuming trans fats can raise levels of unhealthy LDL cholesterol and lower levels of healthy HDL cholesterol, increasing the risk of heart disease.

It is recommended to limit intake of saturated and trans fats and to consume more unsaturated fats as part of a healthy diet.

The liver is a large, solid organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm and above the stomach. It plays a vital role in several bodily functions, including:

1. Metabolism: The liver helps to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins from the food we eat into energy and nutrients that our bodies can use.
2. Detoxification: The liver detoxifies harmful substances in the body by breaking them down into less toxic forms or excreting them through bile.
3. Synthesis: The liver synthesizes important proteins, such as albumin and clotting factors, that are necessary for proper bodily function.
4. Storage: The liver stores glucose, vitamins, and minerals that can be released when the body needs them.
5. Bile production: The liver produces bile, a digestive juice that helps to break down fats in the small intestine.
6. Immune function: The liver plays a role in the immune system by filtering out bacteria and other harmful substances from the blood.

Overall, the liver is an essential organ that plays a critical role in maintaining overall health and well-being.

Basal metabolism, also known as basal metabolic rate (BMR) or resting metabolic rate (RMR), is the amount of energy expended by an organism at rest, in a neutrally temperate environment, while in the post-absorptive state. It is the minimum amount of energy required to maintain basic bodily functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and maintenance of body temperature.

The BMR is typically measured in units of energy per unit time, such as kilocalories per day (kcal/day) or watts (W). In humans, the BMR is usually around 10-15% of a person's total daily energy expenditure. It can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size and composition, and genetics.

The BMR can be measured in a variety of ways, including direct calorimetry, indirect calorimetry, or by using predictive equations based on factors such as age, weight, and height. It is an important concept in the study of energy balance, nutrition, and metabolism.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Dietary proteins are sources of protein that come from the foods we eat. Protein is an essential nutrient for the human body, required for various bodily functions such as growth, repair, and immune function. Dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion, which are then absorbed and used to synthesize new proteins in the body.

Dietary proteins can be classified as complete or incomplete based on their essential amino acid content. Complete proteins contain all nine essential amino acids that cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. Examples of complete protein sources include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy products, soy, and quinoa.

Incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids and are typically found in plant-based foods such as grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. However, by combining different incomplete protein sources, it is possible to obtain all the essential amino acids needed for a complete protein diet. This concept is known as complementary proteins.

It's important to note that while dietary proteins are essential for good health, excessive protein intake can have negative effects on the body, such as increased stress on the kidneys and bones. Therefore, it's recommended to consume protein in moderation as part of a balanced and varied diet.

"Adiposity" is a medical term that refers to the condition of having an excessive amount of fat in the body. It is often used to describe obesity or being significantly overweight. Adipose tissue, which is the technical name for body fat, is important for many bodily functions, such as storing energy and insulating the body. However, an excess of adipose tissue can lead to a range of health problems, including heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer.

There are different ways to measure adiposity, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and skinfold thickness. BMI is the most commonly used method and is calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by their height in meters squared. A BMI of 30 or higher is considered obese, while a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight. However, it's important to note that BMI may not accurately reflect adiposity in some individuals, such as those with a lot of muscle mass.

In summary, adiposity refers to the condition of having too much body fat, which can increase the risk of various health problems.

Ghrelin is a hormone primarily produced and released by the stomach with some production in the small intestine, pancreas, and brain. It is often referred to as the "hunger hormone" because it stimulates appetite, promotes food intake, and contributes to the regulation of energy balance.

Ghrelin levels increase before meals and decrease after eating. In addition to its role in regulating appetite and meal initiation, ghrelin also has other functions, such as modulating glucose metabolism, insulin secretion, gastric motility, and cardiovascular function. Its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), is found in various tissues throughout the body, indicating its wide range of physiological roles.

Oxygen consumption, also known as oxygen uptake, is the amount of oxygen that is consumed or utilized by the body during a specific period of time, usually measured in liters per minute (L/min). It is a common measurement used in exercise physiology and critical care medicine to assess an individual's aerobic metabolism and overall health status.

In clinical settings, oxygen consumption is often measured during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to evaluate cardiovascular function, pulmonary function, and exercise capacity in patients with various medical conditions such as heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other respiratory or cardiac disorders.

During exercise, oxygen is consumed by the muscles to generate energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. The amount of oxygen consumed during exercise can provide important information about an individual's fitness level, exercise capacity, and overall health status. Additionally, measuring oxygen consumption can help healthcare providers assess the effectiveness of treatments and rehabilitation programs in patients with various medical conditions.

Weight gain is defined as an increase in body weight over time, which can be attributed to various factors such as an increase in muscle mass, fat mass, or total body water. It is typically measured in terms of pounds or kilograms and can be intentional or unintentional. Unintentional weight gain may be a cause for concern if it's significant or accompanied by other symptoms, as it could indicate an underlying medical condition such as hypothyroidism, diabetes, or heart disease.

It is important to note that while body mass index (BMI) can be used as a general guideline for weight status, it does not differentiate between muscle mass and fat mass. Therefore, an increase in muscle mass through activities like strength training could result in a higher BMI, but this may not necessarily be indicative of increased health risks associated with excess body fat.

Azaserine is a antineoplastic and antibiotic agent. Its chemical name is O-diazoacetyl-L-serine. It is an analog of the amino acid serine, which inhibits the enzyme necessary for the synthesis of DNA and RNA, thus preventing the growth of cancer cells. Azaserine is used in research but not in clinical medicine due to its high toxicity.

Insulin resistance is a condition in which the body's cells become less responsive to insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. In response to this decreased sensitivity, the pancreas produces more insulin to help glucose enter the cells. However, over time, the pancreas may not be able to keep up with the increased demand for insulin, leading to high levels of glucose in the blood and potentially resulting in type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, or other health issues such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Insulin resistance is often associated with obesity, physical inactivity, and genetic factors.

AMP-activated protein kinases (AMPK) are a group of heterotrimeric enzymes that play a crucial role in cellular energy homeostasis. They are composed of a catalytic subunit (α) and two regulatory subunits (β and γ). AMPK is activated under conditions of low energy charge, such as ATP depletion, hypoxia, or exercise, through an increase in the AMP:ATP ratio.

Once activated, AMPK phosphorylates and regulates various downstream targets involved in metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and protein synthesis. This results in the inhibition of energy-consuming processes and the promotion of energy-producing processes, ultimately helping to restore cellular energy balance.

AMPK has been implicated in a variety of physiological processes, including glucose and lipid metabolism, autophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis, and inflammation. Dysregulation of AMPK activity has been linked to several diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, AMPK is an attractive target for therapeutic interventions in these conditions.

Morbid obesity is a severe form of obesity, defined by a body mass index (BMI) of 40 or higher or a BMI of 35 or higher in the presence of at least one serious obesity-related health condition, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, or sleep apnea. It is called "morbid" because it significantly increases the risk of various life-threatening health problems and reduces life expectancy.

Morbid obesity is typically associated with significant excess body weight, often characterized by a large amount of abdominal fat, that can strain the body's organs and lead to serious medical complications, such as:

* Type 2 diabetes
* High blood pressure (hypertension)
* Heart disease
* Stroke
* Sleep apnea and other respiratory problems
* Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
* Osteoarthritis
* Certain types of cancer, such as breast, colon, and endometrial cancer

Morbid obesity can also have significant negative impacts on a person's quality of life, including mobility issues, difficulty with daily activities, and increased risk of mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety. Treatment for morbid obesity typically involves a combination of lifestyle changes, medication, and in some cases, surgery.

Mitochondria are specialized structures located inside cells that convert the energy from food into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the primary form of energy used by cells. They are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell because they generate most of the cell's supply of chemical energy. Mitochondria are also involved in various other cellular processes, such as signaling, differentiation, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).

Mitochondria have their own DNA, known as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is inherited maternally. This means that mtDNA is passed down from the mother to her offspring through the egg cells. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to a variety of diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and aging.

Blood glucose, also known as blood sugar, is the concentration of glucose in the blood. Glucose is a simple sugar that serves as the main source of energy for the body's cells. It is carried to each cell through the bloodstream and is absorbed into the cells with the help of insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas.

The normal range for blood glucose levels in humans is typically between 70 and 130 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) when fasting, and less than 180 mg/dL after meals. Levels that are consistently higher than this may indicate diabetes or other metabolic disorders.

Blood glucose levels can be measured through a variety of methods, including fingerstick blood tests, continuous glucose monitoring systems, and laboratory tests. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels is important for people with diabetes to help manage their condition and prevent complications.

A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.

'Gene expression regulation' refers to the processes that control whether, when, and where a particular gene is expressed, meaning the production of a specific protein or functional RNA encoded by that gene. This complex mechanism can be influenced by various factors such as transcription factors, chromatin remodeling, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and post-transcriptional modifications, among others. Proper regulation of gene expression is crucial for normal cellular function, development, and maintaining homeostasis in living organisms. Dysregulation of gene expression can lead to various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.

The hypothalamus is a small, vital region of the brain that lies just below the thalamus and forms part of the limbic system. It plays a crucial role in many important functions including:

1. Regulation of body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian rhythms.
2. Production and regulation of hormones through its connection with the pituitary gland (the hypophysis). It controls the release of various hormones by producing releasing and inhibiting factors that regulate the anterior pituitary's function.
3. Emotional responses, behavior, and memory formation through its connections with the limbic system structures like the amygdala and hippocampus.
4. Autonomic nervous system regulation, which controls involuntary physiological functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.
5. Regulation of the immune system by interacting with the autonomic nervous system.

Damage to the hypothalamus can lead to various disorders like diabetes insipidus, growth hormone deficiency, altered temperature regulation, sleep disturbances, and emotional or behavioral changes.

Sarcopenia is a medical term that refers to the age-related decline in muscle mass, strength, and function. It's a natural process that occurs as we get older, but it can also be accelerated by various factors such as sedentary lifestyle, poor nutrition, and chronic diseases. Sarcopenia can lead to decreased mobility, weakness, frailty, and increased risk of falls and fractures in older adults. It's important to note that sarcopenia is different from cachexia, which is a muscle wasting condition associated with chronic illnesses such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and heart failure.

Organ size refers to the volume or physical measurement of an organ in the body of an individual. It can be described in terms of length, width, and height or by using specialized techniques such as imaging studies (like CT scans or MRIs) to determine the volume. The size of an organ can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, body size, and overall health status. Changes in organ size may indicate various medical conditions, including growths, inflammation, or atrophy.

Glucose is a simple monosaccharide (or single sugar) that serves as the primary source of energy for living organisms. It's a fundamental molecule in biology, often referred to as "dextrose" or "grape sugar." Glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and is vital to the functioning of cells, especially those in the brain and nervous system.

In the body, glucose is derived from the digestion of carbohydrates in food, and it's transported around the body via the bloodstream to cells where it can be used for energy. Cells convert glucose into a usable form through a process called cellular respiration, which involves a series of metabolic reactions that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the main currency of energy in cells.

Glucose is also stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen, a polysaccharide (multiple sugar) that can be broken down back into glucose when needed for energy between meals or during physical activity. Maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels is crucial for overall health, and imbalances can lead to conditions such as diabetes mellitus.

Life expectancy is a statistical measure that indicates the average amount of time a person is expected to live, based on their current age and other demographic factors such as sex, health status, and geographical location. It is often calculated using data from population studies and represents the number of years of life remaining at a given age, assuming that current mortality rates continue to apply.

For example, if the life expectancy at birth in a particular population is 80 years, it means that on average, newborns in that population are expected to live to be 80 years old. However, it's important to note that life expectancy is a statistical measure and does not predict the exact lifespan of any individual person.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure used to assess whether a person has a healthy weight for their height. It's calculated by dividing a person's weight in kilograms by the square of their height in meters. Here is the medical definition:

Body Mass Index (BMI) = weight(kg) / [height(m)]^2

According to the World Health Organization, BMI categories are defined as follows:

* Less than 18.5: Underweight
* 18.5-24.9: Normal or healthy weight
* 25.0-29.9: Overweight
* 30.0 and above: Obese

It is important to note that while BMI can be a useful tool for identifying weight issues in populations, it does have limitations when applied to individuals. For example, it may not accurately reflect body fat distribution or muscle mass, which can affect health risks associated with excess weight. Therefore, BMI should be used as one of several factors when evaluating an individual's health status and risk for chronic diseases.

Physiological adaptation refers to the changes or modifications that occur in an organism's biological functions or structures as a result of environmental pressures or changes. These adaptations enable the organism to survive and reproduce more successfully in its environment. They can be short-term, such as the constriction of blood vessels in response to cold temperatures, or long-term, such as the evolution of longer limbs in animals that live in open environments.

In the context of human physiology, examples of physiological adaptation include:

1. Acclimatization: The process by which the body adjusts to changes in environmental conditions, such as altitude or temperature. For example, when a person moves to a high-altitude location, their body may produce more red blood cells to compensate for the lower oxygen levels, leading to improved oxygen delivery to tissues.

2. Exercise adaptation: Regular physical activity can lead to various physiological adaptations, such as increased muscle strength and endurance, enhanced cardiovascular function, and improved insulin sensitivity.

3. Hormonal adaptation: The body can adjust hormone levels in response to changes in the environment or internal conditions. For instance, during prolonged fasting, the body releases stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline to help maintain energy levels and prevent muscle wasting.

4. Sensory adaptation: Our senses can adapt to different stimuli over time. For example, when we enter a dark room after being in bright sunlight, it takes some time for our eyes to adjust to the new light level. This process is known as dark adaptation.

5. Aging-related adaptations: As we age, various physiological changes occur that help us adapt to the changing environment and maintain homeostasis. These include changes in body composition, immune function, and cognitive abilities.

Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a hormone that plays a crucial role in growth and development. It is a small protein with structural and functional similarity to insulin, hence the name "insulin-like." IGF-I is primarily produced in the liver under the regulation of growth hormone (GH).

IGF-I binds to its specific receptor, the IGF-1 receptor, which is widely expressed throughout the body. This binding activates a signaling cascade that promotes cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. In addition, IGF-I has anabolic effects on various tissues, including muscle, bone, and cartilage, contributing to their growth and maintenance.

IGF-I is essential for normal growth during childhood and adolescence, and it continues to play a role in maintaining tissue homeostasis throughout adulthood. Abnormal levels of IGF-I have been associated with various medical conditions, such as growth disorders, diabetes, and certain types of cancer.

Mitochondria in muscle, also known as the "powerhouses" of the cell, are organelles that play a crucial role in generating energy for muscle cells through a process called cellular respiration. They convert the chemical energy found in glucose and oxygen into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is the main source of energy used by cells.

Muscle cells contain a high number of mitochondria due to their high energy demands for muscle contraction and relaxation. The number and size of mitochondria in muscle fibers can vary depending on the type of muscle fiber, with slow-twitch, aerobic fibers having more numerous and larger mitochondria than fast-twitch, anaerobic fibers.

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to various muscle disorders, including mitochondrial myopathies, which are characterized by muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, and other symptoms related to impaired energy production in the muscle cells.

Physiologic nystagmus is a type of normal, involuntary eye movement that occurs in certain situations. It is characterized by rhythmical to-and-fro movements of the eyes, which can be horizontal, vertical, or rotatory. The most common form of physiologic nystagmus is called "optokinetic nystagmus," which occurs when a person looks at a moving pattern, such as stripes on a rotating drum or scenery passing by a car window.

Optokinetic nystagmus helps to stabilize the image of the environment on the retina and allows the brain to perceive motion accurately. Another form of physiologic nystagmus is "pursuit nystagmus," which occurs when the eyes attempt to follow a slowly moving target. In this case, the eyes may overshoot the target and then make a corrective movement in the opposite direction.

Physiologic nystagmus is different from pathological nystagmus, which can be caused by various medical conditions such as brain damage, inner ear disorders, or medications that affect the nervous system. Pathological nystagmus may indicate a serious underlying condition and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional.

"Motor activity" is a general term used in the field of medicine and neuroscience to refer to any kind of physical movement or action that is generated by the body's motor system. The motor system includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles that work together to produce movements such as walking, talking, reaching for an object, or even subtle actions like moving your eyes.

Motor activity can be voluntary, meaning it is initiated intentionally by the individual, or involuntary, meaning it is triggered automatically by the nervous system without conscious control. Examples of voluntary motor activity include deliberately lifting your arm or kicking a ball, while examples of involuntary motor activity include heartbeat, digestion, and reflex actions like jerking your hand away from a hot stove.

Abnormalities in motor activity can be a sign of neurological or muscular disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, cerebral palsy, or multiple sclerosis. Assessment of motor activity is often used in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions.

Triglycerides are the most common type of fat in the body, and they're found in the food we eat. They're carried in the bloodstream to provide energy to the cells in our body. High levels of triglycerides in the blood can increase the risk of heart disease, especially in combination with other risk factors such as high LDL (bad) cholesterol, low HDL (good) cholesterol, and high blood pressure.

It's important to note that while triglycerides are a type of fat, they should not be confused with cholesterol, which is a waxy substance found in the cells of our body. Both triglycerides and cholesterol are important for maintaining good health, but high levels of either can increase the risk of heart disease.

Triglyceride levels are measured through a blood test called a lipid panel or lipid profile. A normal triglyceride level is less than 150 mg/dL. Borderline-high levels range from 150 to 199 mg/dL, high levels range from 200 to 499 mg/dL, and very high levels are 500 mg/dL or higher.

Elevated triglycerides can be caused by various factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, and certain medical conditions like diabetes, hypothyroidism, and kidney disease. Medications such as beta-blockers, steroids, and diuretics can also raise triglyceride levels.

Lifestyle changes such as losing weight, exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet low in saturated and trans fats, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption, and quitting smoking can help lower triglyceride levels. In some cases, medication may be necessary to reduce triglycerides to recommended levels.

"Wistar rats" are a strain of albino rats that are widely used in laboratory research. They were developed at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA, and were first introduced in 1906. Wistar rats are outbred, which means that they are genetically diverse and do not have a fixed set of genetic characteristics like inbred strains.

Wistar rats are commonly used as animal models in biomedical research because of their size, ease of handling, and relatively low cost. They are used in a wide range of research areas, including toxicology, pharmacology, nutrition, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and behavioral studies. Wistar rats are also used in safety testing of drugs, medical devices, and other products.

Wistar rats are typically larger than many other rat strains, with males weighing between 500-700 grams and females weighing between 250-350 grams. They have a lifespan of approximately 2-3 years. Wistar rats are also known for their docile and friendly nature, making them easy to handle and work with in the laboratory setting.

"Rats, Inbred BN" are a strain of laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) that have been inbred for many generations to maintain a high level of genetic consistency and uniformity within the strain. The "BN" designation refers to the place where they were first developed, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia).

These rats are often used in biomedical research because their genetic homogeneity makes them useful for studying the effects of specific genes or environmental factors on health and disease. They have been widely used as a model organism to study various physiological and pathophysiological processes, including hypertension, kidney function, immunology, and neuroscience.

Inbred BN rats are known for their low renin-angiotensin system activity, which makes them a useful model for studying hypertension and related disorders. They also have a unique sensitivity to dietary protein, making them a valuable tool for studying the relationship between diet and kidney function.

Overall, Inbred BN rats are an important tool in biomedical research, providing researchers with a consistent and well-characterized model organism for studying various aspects of human health and disease.

Lipid metabolism is the process by which the body breaks down and utilizes lipids (fats) for various functions, such as energy production, cell membrane formation, and hormone synthesis. This complex process involves several enzymes and pathways that regulate the digestion, absorption, transport, storage, and consumption of fats in the body.

The main types of lipids involved in metabolism include triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids. The breakdown of these lipids begins in the digestive system, where enzymes called lipases break down dietary fats into smaller molecules called fatty acids and glycerol. These molecules are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver, which is the main site of lipid metabolism.

In the liver, fatty acids may be further broken down for energy production or used to synthesize new lipids. Excess fatty acids may be stored as triglycerides in specialized cells called adipocytes (fat cells) for later use. Cholesterol is also metabolized in the liver, where it may be used to synthesize bile acids, steroid hormones, and other important molecules.

Disorders of lipid metabolism can lead to a range of health problems, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). These conditions may be caused by genetic factors, lifestyle habits, or a combination of both. Proper diagnosis and management of lipid metabolism disorders typically involves a combination of dietary changes, exercise, and medication.

Homeostasis is a fundamental concept in the field of medicine and physiology, referring to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment, despite changes in external conditions. It is the process by which biological systems regulate their internal environment to remain in a state of dynamic equilibrium. This is achieved through various feedback mechanisms that involve sensors, control centers, and effectors, working together to detect, interpret, and respond to disturbances in the system.

For example, the body maintains homeostasis through mechanisms such as temperature regulation (through sweating or shivering), fluid balance (through kidney function and thirst), and blood glucose levels (through insulin and glucagon secretion). When homeostasis is disrupted, it can lead to disease or dysfunction in the body.

In summary, homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within biological systems, through various regulatory mechanisms that respond to changes in external conditions.

I cannot precisely define "obese mice" from a medical perspective because "obesity" is typically defined for humans and companion animals based on body weight relative to body size. However, I can provide you with relevant information regarding obese mice in a research or laboratory context.

Obesity in mice is often induced by providing them with a high-fat diet (HFD) to promote excessive weight gain and metabolic dysfunction. This allows researchers to study the effects of obesity on various health parameters, such as insulin resistance, inflammation, and cardiovascular function.

In laboratory settings, mice are often considered obese if their body weight is 10-20% higher than the average for their strain, age, and sex. Researchers also use body mass index (BMI) or body fat percentage to determine obesity in mice. For example:

* Body Mass Index (BMI): Mice with a BMI greater than 0.69 g/cm² are considered obese. To calculate BMI, divide the body weight in grams by the square of the nose-to-anus length in centimeters.
* Body Fat Percentage: Obesity can also be determined based on body fat percentage using non-invasive methods like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans. Mice with more than 45% body fat are generally considered obese.

It is important to note that these thresholds may vary depending on the mouse strain, age, and sex. Researchers should consult relevant literature for their specific experimental setup when defining obesity in mice.

Physical exertion is defined as the act of applying energy to physically demandable activities or tasks, which results in various body systems working together to produce movement and maintain homeostasis. It often leads to an increase in heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature, among other physiological responses. The level of physical exertion can vary based on the intensity, duration, and frequency of the activity.

It's important to note that engaging in regular physical exertion has numerous health benefits, such as improving cardiovascular fitness, strengthening muscles and bones, reducing stress, and preventing chronic diseases like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. However, it is also crucial to balance physical exertion with adequate rest and recovery time to avoid overtraining or injury.

Starvation is a severe form of malnutrition, characterized by insufficient intake of calories and nutrients to meet the body's energy requirements. This leads to a catabolic state where the body begins to break down its own tissues for energy, resulting in significant weight loss, muscle wasting, and weakness. Prolonged starvation can also lead to serious medical complications such as organ failure, electrolyte imbalances, and even death. It is typically caused by a lack of access to food due to poverty, famine, or other social or economic factors, but can also be a result of severe eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa.

"Random allocation," also known as "random assignment" or "randomization," is a process used in clinical trials and other research studies to distribute participants into different intervention groups (such as experimental group vs. control group) in a way that minimizes selection bias and ensures the groups are comparable at the start of the study.

In random allocation, each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group, and the assignment is typically made using a computer-generated randomization schedule or other objective methods. This process helps to ensure that any differences between the groups are due to the intervention being tested rather than pre-existing differences in the participants' characteristics.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is the genetic material present in the mitochondria, which are specialized structures within cells that generate energy. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is present in the cell nucleus and inherited from both parents, mtDNA is inherited solely from the mother.

MtDNA is a circular molecule that contains 37 genes, including 13 genes that encode for proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, a process that generates energy in the form of ATP. The remaining genes encode for rRNAs and tRNAs, which are necessary for protein synthesis within the mitochondria.

Mutations in mtDNA can lead to a variety of genetic disorders, including mitochondrial diseases, which can affect any organ system in the body. These mutations can also be used in forensic science to identify individuals and establish biological relationships.

Adenylate kinase is an enzyme (EC 2.7.4.3) that catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphate group between adenine nucleotides, specifically between ATP and AMP to form two ADP molecules. This reaction plays a crucial role in maintaining the energy charge of the cell by interconverting these important energy currency molecules.

The general reaction catalyzed by adenylate kinase is:

AMP + ATP ↔ 2ADP

This enzyme is widely distributed in various organisms and tissues, including mammalian cells. In humans, there are several isoforms of adenylate kinase, located in different cellular compartments such as the cytosol, mitochondria, and nucleus. These isoforms have distinct roles in maintaining energy homeostasis and protecting cells under stress conditions. Dysregulation of adenylate kinase activity has been implicated in several pathological processes, including neurodegenerative diseases, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cancer.

Biomimetic materials are synthetic or natural substances that mimic the chemical, physical, and biological properties of living systems or tissues. These materials are designed to interact with cells, tissues, and organs in ways that resemble the body's own structures and processes. They can be used in a variety of medical applications, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, and medical devices.

Biomimetic materials may be composed of polymers, ceramics, metals, or composites, and they can be designed to have specific properties such as mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and degradability. They may also incorporate bioactive molecules, such as growth factors or drugs, to promote healing or prevent infection.

The goal of using biomimetic materials is to create medical solutions that are more effective, safer, and more compatible with the body than traditional synthetic materials. By mimicking the body's own structures and processes, these materials can help to reduce inflammation, promote tissue regeneration, and improve overall patient outcomes.

Dhahbi, JM; Mote PL; Fahy GM; Spindler SR (Nov 17, 2005). "Identification of potential caloric restriction mimetics by ... Calorie restriction mimetics (CRM), also known as energy restriction mimetics, are a hypothetical class of dietary supplements ... coenzyme Q10 and caloric restriction on life span and gene expression patterns in mice". Free Radic Biol Med. 36 (8): 1043-57. ... "Energy restriction and potential energy restriction mimetics". Nutrition Research Reviews. 28 (2): 100-120. doi:10.1017/ ...
In rodents, caloric restriction slows aging and extends lifespan. At least 4 studies have shown that caloric restriction ... Protective effects of caloric restriction". Exp Gerontol. 40 (3): 181-8. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.11.002. PMID 15763395. S2CID ... One of these studies showed that caloric restriction reduced accumulation of 8-OHdG with age in rat brain, heart and skeletal ... showed that dietary restriction reduced accumulation of 8-OHdG with age in rat brain, heart, skeletal muscle, and liver. Thus ...
In additional to differential partitioning of energy allocation during caloric restriction, less caloric intake would result in ... This theory is supported by multiple studies, which show that caloric restriction typically results in impaired fertility, but ... Activated in times of caloric restriction, autophagy is a process that prevents cellular damage through clearance and recycling ... Cantó C, Auwerx J (2009). "Caloric restriction, SIRT1 and longevity". Trends Endocrinol Metab. 20 (7): 325-331. doi:10.1016/j. ...
DNA oxidation and caloric restriction: Caloric restriction reduces 8-OH-dG DNA damage in organs of ageing rats and mice. Thus, ... Protective effects of caloric restriction". Experimental Gerontology. 40 (3): 181-8. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2004.11.002. PMID ... probably responsive to caloric restriction) mitochondrial dysfunction (the authors point out however that a causal link between ... probably responsive to caloric restriction the Growth hormone/Insulin-like growth factor 1 signalling pathway the activity ...
Demetrius, L. (2004). "Caloric Restriction, Metabolic Rate, and Entropy". The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological ... Quantum Aspects of Life Caloric restriction Longevity "Lloyd Demetrius". Hwpi.harvard.edu. Demetrius, Lloyd (September 1, 2013 ...
Li Y, Daniel M, Tollefsbol TO (August 2011). "Epigenetic regulation of caloric restriction in aging". BMC Medicine. 9 (1): 98. ...
... dietary restriction such as caloric restriction is considered to be potentially healthy to include in eating patterns in ... Hofer SJ, Davinelli S, Bergmann M, Scapagnini G, Madeo F (2021). "Caloric Restriction Mimetics in Nutrition and Clinical Trials ... March 2021). "Recent advances in the field of caloric restriction mimetics and anti-aging molecules". Ageing Research Reviews. ... such as not having a fat-intake that is too low and not having a prolonged caloric surplus or caloric deficit that is too large ...
2009). "Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys". Science. 325 (5937): 201-4. Bibcode:2009Sci ... Anderson worked as part of the University of Wisconsin team that demonstrated that caloric restriction has a beneficial effect ... She studies aging and caloric restriction in primates. Anderson received her bachelor's degree from Trinity College, Dublin and ... Anderson, R. M.; Shanmuganayagam, D.; Weindruch, R. (2009). "Caloric Restriction and Aging: Studies in Mice and Monkeys". ...
doi:10.1038/d41586-018-03431-x. Kwon, Diana (March 26, 2018). "Caloric Restriction Slows Signs of Aging in Humans". The ...
Caloric restriction is a phenomenon introduced in anti-aging techniques which focuses on depletion of calories and taking the ... Bj, Willcox; Dc, Willcox; H, Todoriki; A, Fujiyoshi; K, Yano; Q, He; Jd, Curb; M, Suzuki (October 2007). "Caloric Restriction, ... Sohal, Rajindar S.; Forster, Michael J. (2014-08-01). "Caloric restriction and the aging process: a critique". Free Radical ... Calorie restriction (CR) refers to a dietary restriction that focuses on less calorie intake to increase longevity and reduce ...
April 2001). "Aging and caloric restriction in nonhuman primates: behavioral and in vivo brain imaging studies". Annals of the ... Some of these are AMPK activators and hence caloric restriction mimetics (some possibly exercise mimetics as well). AMPK ... Hofer SJ, Davinelli S, Bergmann M, Scapagnini G, Madeo F (2021). "Caloric Restriction Mimetics in Nutrition and Clinical Trials ... Hofer SJ, Davinelli S, Bergmann M, Scapagnini G, Madeo F (2021). "Caloric Restriction Mimetics in Nutrition and Clinical Trials ...
Such nutraceuticals exert effects similar to caloric restriction. However, more studies are needed and some CRMs may not have ... The main treatment modalities for overweight and individuals with obesity remain dieting (healthy diet and caloric restriction ... Accumulating evidence demonstrated anti-obesity impact of caloric restriction mimetics (CRMs) like spermidine. ... "The Potential of Resveratrol to Act as a Caloric Restriction Mimetic Appears to Be Limited: Insights from Studies in Mice". ...
2017-01-17). "Caloric restriction improves health and survival of rhesus monkeys". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 14063. doi: ... Calorie restriction is a widely researched intervention to assess effects on aging, defined as a sustained reduction in dietary ... Flanagan, Emily W.; Most, Jasper; Mey, Jacob T.; Redman, Leanne M. (2020-09-23). "Calorie restriction and aging in humans". ... According to preliminary research in humans, there is little evidence that calorie restriction affects lifespan. Lee MB, Hill ...
... (caloric restriction or energy restriction) is a dietary regimen that reduces the energy intake from foods ... the benefits and mechanisms of caloric restriction may apply to human health during aging. Calorie restriction preserves muscle ... July 2020). "Is Caloric Restriction Associated with Better Healthy Aging Outcomes? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of ... In a 2017 report on rhesus monkeys, caloric restriction in the presence of adequate nutrition was effective in delaying the ...
Human energy requirements (Rome, 17-24 October 2001) Anderson RM, Shanmuganayagam D, Weindruch R (2009). "Caloric restriction ... "Metabolic shifts due to long-term caloric restriction revealed in nonhuman primates". Exp. Gerontol. 44 (5): 356-62. doi: ... Calorie restriction may be viewed as attaining energy balance at a lower intake and expenditure, and is, in this sense, not ... Yet, there are currently ongoing studies to show if calorie restriction to below normal values have beneficial effects, and ...
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Veech RL, Bradshaw PC, King MT (2017). "Ketone bodies mimic the life span extending properties of caloric restriction". IUBMB ...
Yessenkyzy A, Saliev T, Zhanaliyeva M, Nurgozhin T (2020). "Polyphenols as Caloric-Restriction Mimetics and Autophagy Inducers ...
"Sirt1 enhances skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in mice during caloric restriction". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. ...
May 2020). "Polyphenols as Caloric-Restriction Mimetics and Autophagy Inducers in Aging Research". Nutrients. 12 (5): 1344. doi ...
Veech RL, Bradshaw PC, King MT (2017). "Ketone bodies mimic the life span extending properties of caloric restriction". IUBMB ...
It is hypothesized that some dietary regimes, like caloric restriction and methionine restriction, cause lifespan extension by ... Yessenkyzy A, Saliev T, Zhanaliyeva M, Nurgozhin T (2020). "Polyphenols as Caloric-Restriction Mimetics and Autophagy Inducers ... Calorie restriction and methionine restriction may act in part by limiting levels of essential amino acids including leucine ... "Rapamycin-mediated lifespan increase in mice is dose and sex dependent and metabolically distinct from dietary restriction". ...
Dhahbi, JM; Mote PL; Fahy GM; Spindler SR (Nov 17, 2005). "Identification of potential caloric restriction mimetics by ... Calorie restriction mimetics (CRM), also known as energy restriction mimetics, are a hypothetical class of dietary supplements ... coenzyme Q10 and caloric restriction on life span and gene expression patterns in mice". Free Radic Biol Med. 36 (8): 1043-57. ... "Energy restriction and potential energy restriction mimetics". Nutrition Research Reviews. 28 (2): 100-120. doi:10.1017/ ...
... caloric restriction 70 %, IV SHR + sunitinib 3 mg/kg and V SHR sunitinib 3 mg/kg + caloric restriction 70 %. The follow-up ... Caloric restriction is one nonpharmacological approach that has been shown to have beneficial effects on the heart partly by ... The aim for this study was to investigate whether caloric restriction improves sunitinib-induced cardiovascular toxicity and ... This study also showed that short-term caloric restriction has beneficial cardiovascular effects. ...
While high energy intake increases BC risk, caloric restriction could be protective. Moderate caloric restriction, in ... Overeating and caloric restriction were defined taking into account the 99% confidence interval of the predicted value. The ... Expected caloric intake was predicted from a linear regression model in controls, including calories consumed as dependent ... caloric intake the risk of hormone receptor positive (p-trend < 0.001) and HER2+ (p-trend = 0.015) tumours increased 13%, ...
The lifespan extension associated with dietary restriction may be due less to a reduction in calories, and more to a reduction ... Republishing "Caloric Restriction vs. Animal-Protein Restriction". × Terms You may republish this material online or in print ... Caloric Restriction vs. Animal-Protein Restriction. Michael Greger M.D. FACLM · April 7, 2014 · Volume 18 ... Caloric Restriction vs. Animal-Protein Restriction. License Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY ...
... but calorie restriction doesnt show as many health benefits if started in older age. Mice only became healthier if they ... Reduced food intake has been shown to elongate life and improve health in mice, but calorie restriction doesnt show as many ...
... we examined the effects of wheel running and dietary energy restriction on … ... Voluntary exercise and caloric restriction enhance hippocampal dendritic spine density and BDNF levels in diabetic mice ... Running wheel activity, caloric restriction, or the combination of the two treatments increased levels of BDNF in the ... we examined the effects of wheel running and dietary energy restriction on hippocampal neuron morphology and brain-derived ...
Guido Kroemer on Autophagy, Caloric Restriction Mimetics, Fasting & Protein Acetylation FoundMyFitness * * Medicine ... Join over 300,000 people and get the latest distilled information on fasting & caloric restriction straight to your inbox ... Join over 300,000 people and get the latest distilled information on fasting & caloric restriction straight to your inbox ...
A very low calorie diet significantly alters the composition of the microbiota present in the human gut, according to new research from Charité Universität
... especially for overweight individuals undergoing a caloric restriction (CR) regimen. Curcumin (Cur), a possible anti-obesity ... a Group 1 high-fat diet (HFD), b Group 2 (HFD+ caloric restriction (CR)), c Group 3 (HFD + CR+ curcumin (Cur)), d Group 4 (HFD ... CR, Caloric restriction; Cur, Curcumin; HFD, High-fat diet; HPLC-MS/MS, Chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry; MRI, ... Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys from the NIA study. Nature. 2012;489:318-21. ...
Caloric restriction (CR) without malnutrition increases longevity and delays the onset of age-associated disorders in short- ... of Wisconsin group studying the effects of caloric restriction in Rhesus monkeys, studies meant to be more relevant to us ... humans that the mouse work showing increased health and longevity caused by dietary restriction. They suggest that a reason ...
... with mild caloric restriction does not change cognition or brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes compared with a ... control diet with mild caloric restriction, according to a study published online July 18 in the New England Journal of ... the cognitive effects of the MIND diet with mild caloric restriction compared with a control diet with mild caloric restriction ... MIND Diet Plus Caloric Restriction No Better for Cognition. Jul 20, 2023 ...
The up- and downside of caloric restriction for aging and health. * Post author By Vetscite ... To benefit from caloric restriction or medicinal mimetika aiming at increasing health in the elderly, possible risks of such ... The study focused on the effects of caloric restriction on blood stem cells (so-called hematopoietic stem cells, HSC) that are ... "The study provides the first experimental evidence that long-term caloric restriction - as intervention to slow down aging - ...
The effects of caloric restriction (CR) on the population density of freshwater rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus) were ... The effects of caloric restriction (CR) on the population density of freshwater rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus) were ... The effect of caloric restriction on the population density of freshwater rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus) ... ÖZDEMİR, NİLGÜN and ÇİLTAŞ, ABDULKADİR (2010) "The effect of caloric restriction on the population density of freshwater ...
Caloric Restriction (CR) takes advantage of these metabolic pathways, retarding the aging process by slowing down the metabolic ... Increased caloric intake and obesity related comorbidities, in turn, can also work through these pathways to induce translation ... Caloric Restriction (CR) takes advantage of these metabolic pathways, retarding the aging process by slowing down the metabolic ... Increased caloric intake and obesity related comorbidities, in turn, can also work through these pathways to induce translation ...
Expression of Adiponectin and Adiponectin receptors. mRNA levels of Adiponectin in WHT (A). Immunoblot results (B) and protein expression of Adiponectin (C). mRNA expression of the Adiponectin receptors AdipoR1 (D), AdipoR2 (E) and T-cadherin (F). The transcripts were analyzed by qPCR. Significant differences between groups are expressed as % values. For each gene expressed as %, the 3.1CG value was set to 0, and the values of the compared samples were normalized to this level. Positive values represent upregulation. Negative values represent downregulation. Each marker was analyzed with SYBR Green fluorescence detection, and the transcript levels of the target genes were normalized to those of the endogenous control 18S rRNA. Adiponectin protein expression was obtained by Western blot analysis and quantified with Image Lab 6.1 software. The values were normalized to GAPDH expression; the 3.1CG expression was set to 1.0. The data are the mean ± SD. *P | 0.05; **P | 0.01 vs. the 3.1CG group, unless
"Effects of caloric restriction on inflammatory periodontal disease",. abstract = "Objective: Dietary caloric restriction (CR) ... Effects of caloric restriction on inflammatory periodontal disease. / Reynolds, Mark A.; Dawson, Dolphus R.; Novak, Karen F. et ... Effects of caloric restriction on inflammatory periodontal disease. Mark A. Reynolds, Dolphus R. Dawson, Karen F. Novak, ... Effects of caloric restriction on inflammatory periodontal disease. Nutrition. 2009 Jan;25(1):88-97. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.07 ...
"Caloric Restriction" by people in this website by year, and whether "Caloric Restriction" was a major or minor topic of these ... Reduction in caloric intake without reduction in adequate nutrition. In experimental animals, caloric restriction has been ... "Caloric Restriction" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Caloric Restriction" by people in Profiles. ...
Tag Archives: caloric restriction. Carbohydrate restriction in the larval diet causes oxidative stress in adult insects of ... Caloric restriction increased activity of superoxide dismutase and thioredoxin reductase associating only in males with 2-fold ... Carbohydrate restriction in the larval diet caused the increase of uric acid content, but the decrease in catalase activity in ... The restriction of carbohydrates in larval diet leads to oxidative stress in adult insects. It is supported by 40-50% increased ...
Fasting & Caloric RestrictionRobin2020-07-05T04:12:55+00:00 Fasting & Caloric Restriction. ... Caloric Restriction to Moderate Senescence. Effect of dietary restriction and exercise on lower extremity tissue compartments ... Is caloric restriction associated with development of eating-disorder symptoms_ Results from the CALERIE trial. - PubMed - NCBI ... Long-term effects of caloric restriction or exercise on DNA and RNA oxidation levels in white blood cells and urine in humans ...
... the changes in muscle mitochondrial function after long-term caloric restriction are evaluated. ... Context: The effects of caloric restriction (CR) on in vivo muscle mitochondrial function in humans are controversial. ... Effects of 12 Months of Caloric Restriction on Muscle Mitochondrial Function in Healthy Individuals. ... Caloric restriction (CR), without malnutrition, is a well-known dietary intervention that consistently extends life span when ...
Caloric restriction and ketosis are two dietary approaches that have gained popularity in recent years for their potential ... The Science Behind Caloric Restriction. Caloric restriction, also known as energy restriction, is a dietary intervention that ... The Benefits of Caloric Restriction. Caloric restriction has been associated with a multitude of health benefits, both in ... Implementing Caloric Restriction and Ketosis. Both caloric restriction and ketosis can be implemented in a practical manner to ...
A Close Up Look 17 - Caloric Restriction Gil Torten August 24, 2022. August 24, 2022. Aging, bma1 gene, caloric restriction, ...
Therefore, the upregulation of AMPK and Sirtuins mimic caloric restriction, just as inhibition of IIS and mTOR. It is also ... Inactivating mTOR signaling by caloric restriction and rapamycin disrupts cellular growth activates autophagy processes and ... Therefore, considerable scientific research conclusively shows that caloric restriction improves healthspan and longevity by ... the response to caloric restriction, occasionally termed the longevity response, led to improved parameters of enhanced ...
What is Caloric Restriction?. Caloric restriction (CR) refers to the dietary regimen where calorie intake is reduced without ... Impact of Caloric Restriction on Human Longevity. While benefits of caloric restriction have been demonstrated in various ... Caloric restriction has also been associated with a reduction in metabolic rate and a decrease in oxidative stress, which could ... Under conditions of caloric restriction, the rate of autophagy increases, thus helping cells to maintain their integrity over ...
Check out our last article Starving Neuron Alternatives to caloric restriction for increased lifespan ... Dietary restriction with and without caloric restriction for healthy aging. Lee C, Longo V ... since caloric restriction is a quite dramatic intervention involving between a 20-40% reduction in the caloric intake and ... An alternative to caloric restriction, is cutting down on certain macronutrients, the best candidate: protein. Sorry dear red ...
Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to extend lifespan and prevent cellular senescence in various species ranging from ... Caloric restriction (CR) extends lifespan in various species. So far, suggested mechanisms point to mitochondria as a major ... Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to extend lifespan and prevent cellular senescence in various species ranging from ... Caloric restriction (CR) extends lifespan in various species. So far, suggested mechanisms point to mitochondria as a major ...
Mechanism by which caloric restriction improves insulin sensitivity in sedentary obese adults. Diabetes. 2016 Jan;65(1):74-84. ... Mechanism by which caloric restriction improves insulin sensitivity in sedentary obese adults. In: Diabetes. 2016 ; Vol. 65, No ... Mechanism by which caloric restriction improves insulin sensitivity in sedentary obese adults. / Johnson, Matthew L.; ... N2 - Caloric restriction (CR) improves insulin sensitivity and reduces the incidence of diabetes in obese individuals. The ...
Time-Restricted Eating or Caloric Restriction in T2D- Heat and Cardiovascular Death; Time-Restricted Eating or Caloric ... Home Health Heat and Cardiovascular Death; Time-Restricted Eating or Caloric Restriction in T2D ... Heat and Cardiovascular Death; Time-Restricted Eating or Caloric Restriction in T2D. by News7 November 4, 2023. ... This weeks topics include heat and cardiovascular death, time-restricted eating or caloric restriction in people with with ...
... DONATI A;RECCHIA G; ... a source of nutrients for metabolic use in early starvation it may be involved in anti-aging mechanisms of caloric restriction ... a source of nutrients for metabolic use in early starvation it may be involved in anti-aging mechanisms of caloric restriction ... The effects of 40% daily dietary restriction (DR) and intermittent feeding (EOD) on the age-related changes in the endocrine ...
  • This study analyzes the association of excessive energy intake and caloric restriction with breast cancer (BC) risk taking into account the individual energy needs of Spanish women. (nature.com)
  • Expected caloric intake was predicted from a linear regression model in controls, including calories consumed as dependent variable, basal metabolic rate as an offset and physical activity as explanatory. (nature.com)
  • While high energy intake increases BC risk, caloric restriction could be protective. (nature.com)
  • The breakthrough came when scientists discovered that the benefits of dietary restriction may be coming not from the restriction of calories, but from the restriction of protein intake. (nutritionfacts.org)
  • If we look at "the first comprehensive comparative meta-analysis of [dietary restriction],…the proportion of protein intake was more important for life extension via [dietary restriction] than the degree of caloric restriction. (nutritionfacts.org)
  • Reduced food intake has been shown to elongate life and improve health in mice, but calorie restriction doesn't show as many health benefits if started in older age. (prohealth.com)
  • Increased caloric intake and obesity related comorbidities, in turn, can also work through these pathways to induce translation and cause disease, indicating the role of protein synthesis in health and disease is of great importance. (escholarship.org)
  • Reduction in caloric intake without reduction in adequate nutrition. (childrensmercy.org)
  • While caloric restriction focuses on reducing overall calorie intake, ketosis involves shifting the body's metabolism to rely primarily on fat for fuel. (nutritionnuances.com)
  • Caloric restriction, also known as energy restriction, is a dietary intervention that involves reducing calorie intake without causing malnutrition. (nutritionnuances.com)
  • However, since caloric restriction is a quite dramatic intervention involving between a 20-40% reduction in the caloric intake and therefore, among other issues, hard to maintain in the long term, here we present other alternative dietary interventions pursuing the same aim: to delay the aging process and promote a longer lifespan. (starvingneuron.com)
  • Both periodic and intermittent fasting have been shown to increase lifespan and to have effects on similar metabolic pathways as caloric restriction, even when the overall caloric intake is not reduced with fasting. (starvingneuron.com)
  • The most effective macronutrient restriction so far is reducing protein and/or aminoacid intake. (starvingneuron.com)
  • A high carbohydrate, low protein diet was shown to improve cardiovascular health and extend lifespan, but did however increase body fat and caloric intake. (starvingneuron.com)
  • Lastly, other than limiting caloric intake, in one way or another, we can act over the feeding schedule, which has been shown to have a strong influence on health and survival, probably due to the circadian nature of proteins like sirtuins, strongly involved in aging-feeding related metabolism. (starvingneuron.com)
  • In mice, restricting access to food to 8-9 hours of their active phase induced a reduction of metabolic diseases even in absence of a lowering of caloric intake, what's more, this restricted feeding schedule reversed the progression of pre-existing obesity and type II diabetes. (starvingneuron.com)
  • Simply put, understanding the potential connection between the reduction of daily caloric intake and longevity has become a significant focal point of research in the fields of aging and gerontology. (naturallivingskills.com)
  • Caloric restriction (CR) refers to the dietary regimen where calorie intake is reduced without causing malnutrition. (naturallivingskills.com)
  • The diets in these regions are characterized by lower caloric intake compared to Western diets. (naturallivingskills.com)
  • One of the most prominent studies investigating the effect of caloric restriction on humans is the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE), a trial funded by the National Institute on Aging. (naturallivingskills.com)
  • A drastic reduction in caloric intake could lead to nutritional deficiencies if not well planned. (naturallivingskills.com)
  • Calorie restriction (caloric restriction or energy restriction) is a dietary regimen that reduces the energy intake from foods and beverages without incurring malnutrition . (wikipedia.org)
  • The term "calorie restriction" as used in the study of aging refers to dietary regimens that reduce calorie intake without incurring malnutrition . (wikipedia.org)
  • Decreasing caloric intake by 20-30%, while fulfilling nutrient requirements, has been found to remedy diseases of aging, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, dementia, and diabetes in humans, and result in an average loss of 7.9 kilograms (17 lb) in body weight, but because of the long lifespan of humans, evidence that calorie restriction could prevent age-related disease in humans remains under preliminary research. (wikipedia.org)
  • [1] [20] While calorie restriction leads to weight and fat loss, the precise amount of calorie intake and associated fat mass for optimal health in humans is not known. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intermittent fasting refers to periods with intervals during which no food but only clear fluids are ingested - such as a period of daily time-restricted eating with a window of 8 to 12 hours for any caloric intake - and could be combined with overall calorie restriction and variants of the Mediterranean diet which may contribute to long-term cardiovascular health and longevity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Minnesota Starvation Experiment examined the physical and psychological effects of extreme calorie restriction on 32 young and lean 24-year-old men during a 40% reduction in energy intake for 6 months. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our findings suggest that CR could slow down brain aging, in part due to the early shift of energy metabolism caused by lower caloric intake, and we were able to identify the age-dependent effects of CR non-invasively using neuroimaging. (uky.edu)
  • Alternate time feeding was utilized since it provides previously been reported to result in a 25-30% decrease in caloric intake as time passes.17 Measurement of food. (bioxorio.com)
  • This positive association between childhood energy intake and later cancer is consistent with animal evidence linking energy restriction with reduced incidence of cancer and the association between height and human cancer, implying that higher levels of energy intake in childhood increase the risk of later development of cancer. (bmj.com)
  • 1 It was shown some 60 years ago that energy restriction in an otherwise adequate diet extended life expectancy in rats considerably, 2 and the animal evidence for a positive relation between dietary intake during the growth period and later incidence of cancer is now well established. (bmj.com)
  • Caloric restriction (CR), reduction of calorie intake to a level that does not compromise overall health, has been considered as being one of the most promising dietary interventions to extend lifespan in humans. (mdpi.com)
  • First, caloric restriction - typically a 20% reduction in overall calorie intake - has been linked to increased lifespan in several animal models. (bigthink.com)
  • Scientists at Life Extension have developed a nutrition program that utilizes the increasingly popular 5:2 intermittent caloric restriction approach, only limiting food intake on two days out of each week. (lifeextension.com)
  • 8,9 Rather than restricting food intake all day and every day, these intermittent calorie restriction programs only restrict food intake on some days , allowing individuals to eat as they usually do on the other days of the week. (lifeextension.com)
  • These 5:2 programs restrict caloric intake on just two days of the week, allowing one to eat normally (both in types of food and in quantity) on the other five days. (lifeextension.com)
  • The most common form of dietary restriction implemented is daily calorie restriction (CR), which involves reducing energy by 15-60% of usual caloric intake every day. (researchgate.net)
  • The most commonly employed strategy for weight loss is daily calorie restriction, which involves reducing usual caloric intake on a daily basis by 15-60% (9) . (researchgate.net)
  • The principal message from nutritional studies in humans has been an endorsement of the benefits of a diet consisting mainly vegetables, fruits, grains, and fish, combined with restricted caloric intake and exercise. (medscape.com)
  • Fasting vs. Keto: The Science of Caloric restriction. (physicianwrites.com)
  • Among the new alternatives to a sustained caloric restriction stand time-restricted approaches such as short-term starvation, periodic fasting, fasting-mimetic diets and intermittent fasting. (starvingneuron.com)
  • Fasting, mostly known to the mayority of us as a caloric deprivation performed for religious reasons, in our specific context, refers to either a complete food deprivation or 60% or higher caloric restriction. (starvingneuron.com)
  • As of 2021, intermittent fasting and calorie restriction remain under preliminary research to assess the possible effects on disease burden and increased lifespan during aging, although the relative risks associated with long-term fasting or calorie restriction remain undetermined. (wikipedia.org)
  • In today's episode, Dr. Scott and Tommy discuss intermittent fasting and protein pacing and how they are superior to caloric restriction, and what is Visceral Fat and protein pacing. (libsyn.com)
  • Fasting is an ancient form of caloric restriction. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Third, fasting, or limiting eating to specific time windows, might mimic the benefits of caloric restriction by causing "hormesis," an adaptive response to mild stressors that boost resilience to aging-related changes. (bigthink.com)
  • So again, most people aren't gonna be able to calorically restrict, but what scientists found is actually fasting can mimic some of the benefits that we've seen with caloric restriction. (bigthink.com)
  • The idea of why things like caloric restriction or fasting might actually improve our aging process is because we think this evokes this idea of 'hormesis' in our bodies. (bigthink.com)
  • So having these short-term mild stressors, whether it be fasting or whether it be a small caloric deficit, actually makes our bodies more resilient against a lot of the changes we see that increase with aging. (bigthink.com)
  • When you're fasting you can't take in any calories, but you can consume non-caloric beverages, including coffee, herbal tea, water, and sparkling water. (nomeatathlete.com)
  • Intermittent fasting can be just as effective (if not more effective) as calorie restriction in promoting weight loss . (nomeatathlete.com)
  • Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting have been shown to be tratamiento coadyuvante novel and beneficial strategies in neurodegenerative diseases, through immune, metabolic, and physiological mechanisms. (bvsalud.org)
  • That's good news, because "[p]rotein restriction is much less difficult to maintain than dietary restriction, and may be more powerful than dietary restriction," because it suppresses both TOR and IGF-1-the two pathways thought responsible for the "drastic longevity and health benefits" of caloric restriction. (nutritionfacts.org)
  • Deric's MindBlog: Caloric restriction and longevity. (dericbownds.net)
  • of Wisconsin group studying the effects of caloric restriction in Rhesus monkeys, studies meant to be more relevant to us humans that the mouse work showing increased health and longevity caused by dietary restriction. (dericbownds.net)
  • Caloric restriction (CR) without malnutrition increases longevity and delays the onset of age-associated disorders in short-lived species, from unicellular organisms to laboratory mice and rats. (dericbownds.net)
  • the underlying mechanism was found to be that caloric restriction is regulated by a series of interconnected nutrient-sensing pathways all leading to epigenetic confluence on genes known as the FOXO transcription genetic complex leading to the upregulation of factors that lead to improved healthspan and longevity. (physicianwrites.com)
  • By activating sirtuins, caloric restriction enhances cellular resilience and promotes longevity. (nutritionnuances.com)
  • While the exact connections are still under study, some key mechanisms have been elucidated connecting caloric restriction to longevity. (naturallivingskills.com)
  • Another potential mechanism that connects caloric restriction to longevity is through the enhancement of autophagy - a process where cells get rid of their damaged parts, subsequently leading to better cellular function and health. (naturallivingskills.com)
  • Under conditions of caloric restriction, the rate of autophagy increases, thus helping cells to maintain their integrity over time, enhancing longevity. (naturallivingskills.com)
  • While benefits of caloric restriction have been demonstrated in various animal models, its impact on human longevity is less clear but still promising. (naturallivingskills.com)
  • [1] [2] The possible effect of calorie restriction on body weight management , longevity , and aging-associated diseases has been an active area of research. (wikipedia.org)
  • The lifespan extension associated with dietary restriction may be due less to a reduction in calories, and more to a reduction in animal protein (particularly the amino acid leucine, which may accelerate aging via the enzyme TOR). (nutritionfacts.org)
  • Although the beneficial effects of caloric restriction on lifespan and health have been clearly demonstrated, it is difficult to implement such restrictions in our lives. (nutritionfacts.org)
  • In experimental animals, caloric restriction has been shown to extend lifespan and enhance other physiological variables. (childrensmercy.org)
  • Increased lifespan: Numerous studies have shown that caloric restriction can extend lifespan in a variety of organisms, including yeast, worms, flies, and rodents. (nutritionnuances.com)
  • While the effects of caloric restriction on human lifespan are still unclear, it has been shown to improve healthspan and reduce the risk of age-related diseases. (nutritionnuances.com)
  • In a previous article we discussed the principles behind caloric restriction as a means towards increasing lifespan and improving the healthspan (time to occurrence of aging-related disease). (starvingneuron.com)
  • More recently, science has shed light on the benefits of caloric restriction as a method for extending human lifespan. (naturallivingskills.com)
  • Studies conducted on various species such as yeast, fruit flies, roundworms, and rodents established that caloric restriction could extend lifespan significantly. (naturallivingskills.com)
  • Caloric restriction has also been associated with a reduction in metabolic rate and a decrease in oxidative stress , which could contribute to increased lifespan. (naturallivingskills.com)
  • Consequently, the reduction in metabolic rate seen with caloric restriction could help to extend lifespan by decreasing the damage done to cells over time. (naturallivingskills.com)
  • Researchers concluded that caloric restriction could improve health and potentially extend lifespan in humans, but further long-term studies are needed to confirm these findings. (naturallivingskills.com)
  • Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to extend lifespan and prevent cellular senescence in various species ranging from yeast to humans. (molcells.org)
  • Caloric restriction (CR) extends lifespan in various species. (molcells.org)
  • In this article, we will explore the science behind caloric restriction and ketosis, their effects on the body, and how they can be implemented in a practical manner. (nutritionnuances.com)
  • Early Shifts of Brain Metabolism by Caloric Restriction Preserve White" by Janet Guo, Vikas Bakshi et al. (uky.edu)
  • Finally, it will describe the impact of different dietary restrictions in modulating the genetic pathways that regulate metabolism and aging. (iospress.com)
  • By providing dietary support through nutritionally balanced shakes, as well as supplements aimed to reduce food cravings and jump-start the metabolism, this program aims to improve upon the benefits associated with an intermittent calorie restriction approach to weight management. (lifeextension.com)
  • Autophagy is a process that sequesters and degrades altered organelles and macromolecular cytoplasmic constituents for cellular restructuring and repair, and as a source of nutrients for metabolic use in early starvation it may be involved in anti-aging mechanisms of caloric restriction. (unipi.it)
  • The restriction of carbohydrates in larval diet leads to oxidative stress in adult insects. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
  • Oxidative stress, induced by carbohydrate restriction of the larval diet, caused the activation of antioxidant defence, differently exhibited in male and female fruit flies. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
  • Carbohydrate restriction in the larval diet caused the increase of uric acid content, but the decrease in catalase activity in males. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
  • The obtained results let us conclude the different involvement of low molecular mass antioxidants, glutathione and uric acid, and antioxidant enzyme catalase in the protection of male and female fruit fly macromolecules against oxidative damages, caused by calorie restriction of larval diet. (ukrbiochemjournal.org)
  • Variants of what's known as the " 5:2 diet" have become increasingly popular with people seeking safe and easy weight loss along with some of the benefits of calorie restriction. (lifeextension.com)
  • Intermittent versus daily calorie restriction: Which diet regimen is more effective for weight loss? (researchgate.net)
  • [1] Although calorie restriction has the advantage of slowing down the reduction of muscle mass with age, the initial reduction of mass may be substantial and have an effect on a person's strength and endurance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Intermittent energy restriction (IER) is an alternative to continuous energy restriction (CER) for weight reduction. (researchgate.net)
  • Objective: Dietary caloric restriction (CR) has been found to reduce systemic markers of inflammation and may attenuate the effects of chronic inflammatory conditions. (uky.edu)
  • Additionally, caloric restriction has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce inflammation, both of which are important factors in the development of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. (nutritionnuances.com)
  • Caloric restriction has been shown to reduce markers of inflammation, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). (nutritionnuances.com)
  • QUOTE=Joshdouce;1420142561]Thankyou, I cut heavily first dropping about 3 stone then went into a slower cut focusing on trying to build muscle and strength by having a small caloric defecit. (bodybuilding.com)
  • Calorie restriction mimetics (CRM), also known as energy restriction mimetics, are a hypothetical class of dietary supplements or drug candidates that would, in principle, mimic the substantial anti-aging effects that calorie restriction (CR) has on many laboratory animals and humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • It improves lipid profile, glucose tolerance, and waist measurement, and is therefore comparable in effect to calorie restriction (CR). (wikipedia.org)
  • Caloric restriction (CR) improves insulin sensitivity and reduces the incidence of diabetes in obese individuals. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Caloric restriction improves memory in healthy elderly humans. (mpg.de)
  • Suggested biological mechanisms for the beneficial effects of caloric restriction include decreased circulating levels of growth factors, anabolic hormones, and cytokines. (nature.com)
  • In fact, just reducing protein, "without any changes in calorie level, have been shown to have similar effects as caloric restriction. (nutritionfacts.org)
  • To investigate whether manipulations that enhance neurotrophin levels will also restore neuronal structure and function in diabetes, we examined the effects of wheel running and dietary energy restriction on hippocampal neuron morphology and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in db/db mice, a model of insulin resistant diabetes. (nih.gov)
  • The effects of caloric restriction (CR) on the population density of freshwater rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus) were investigated in the present study. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • The effects of caloric restriction (CR) on in vivo muscle mitochondrial function in humans are controversial. (medscape.com)
  • One of the key mechanisms through which caloric restriction exerts its effects is by activating a group of proteins called sirtuins. (nutritionnuances.com)
  • People losing weight during calorie restriction risk developing side effects , such as cold sensitivity , menstrual irregularities , infertility , or hormonal changes. (wikipedia.org)
  • [1] Moderate amounts of calorie restriction may have harmful effects on certain population groups, such as lean people with low body fat. (wikipedia.org)
  • The effects of 40% daily dietary restriction (DR) and intermittent feeding (EOD) on the age-related changes in the endocrine regulation of autophagic proteolysis were studied by monitoring the rate of valine release from isolated rat liver cells. (unipi.it)
  • However, the positive effects may stem from avoiding overeating rather than restriction per se. (bigthink.com)
  • More research, both in humans and in experimental animals, is required to fully understand the connections between single nutrient modifications, calorie restrictions, and regular exercise in the prevention of CVD , cancer, cognitive deficit , inflammatory diseases , sarcopenia , and immune senescence . (wikipedia.org)
  • [1] [19] As of 2021, there is a lack of adequately controlled long-term studies examining the impact of calorie restriction in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Caloric restriction did wonders to yeast and even had profound results in treating cancer in mice, but translating it over to humans needed some tweaking. (healthnews.com)
  • While dieting is difficult and good intentions often fail, recent research has found that less restrictive dietary programs, such as intermittent calorie restriction , may be as effective as calorie counting, providing the same degree of weight loss along with other health benefits, but in a program that is easier to stick to. (lifeextension.com)
  • Scientists at Life Extension ® have developed and studied an intermittent calorie restriction nutrition program that aims to help avoid holiday weight gain. (lifeextension.com)
  • The program utilizes intermittent calorie restriction, with the added benefit of supportive nutrients to help make adherence easier and maximize beneficial outcomes. (lifeextension.com)
  • The results of this study showed that participants on the intermittent calorie restriction program did not gain weight and experienced a modest amount of weight loss. (lifeextension.com)
  • There are several versions of intermittent calorie restriction diets. (lifeextension.com)
  • Some evidence suggests that intermittent calorie restriction may be superior to daily calorie restriction for the retention of lean mass at the expense of fat mass (9) . (researchgate.net)
  • Dietary bioactive compounds capable of improving metabolic profiles would be of great value, especially for overweight individuals undergoing a caloric restriction (CR) regimen. (springer.com)
  • That's what caloric restriction is all about, and for it to be truly effective, it can't be considered without giving at least equal priority to your exercise regimen. (anhinternational.org)
  • [ 4 , 5 ] Caloric restriction (CR), without malnutrition, is a well-known dietary intervention that consistently extends life span when initiated in both young and old animals. (medscape.com)
  • Together, the data suggest that caloric restriction enhances resistance to gram-positive bacteria, while lowering the production of proinflammatory mediators elicited by endotoxin, a component of gram-negative bacteria. (cdc.gov)
  • Mimic caloric restriction as a means to birth control? (4brad.com)
  • All these alternative models to caloric restriction hold promise for the treatment and prevention of metabolic diseases and might be beneficial in promoting healthy aging without the negative implications of a strons caloric restriction. (starvingneuron.com)
  • [10] Mild calorie restriction may be beneficial for pregnant women to reduce weight gain (without weight loss) and reduce perinatal risks for both the mother and child. (wikipedia.org)
  • So some researchers have figured out that it might not be the caloric restriction that's actually the beneficial thing. (bigthink.com)
  • Caloric Restriction (CR) takes advantage of these metabolic pathways, retarding the aging process by slowing down the metabolic rate. (escholarship.org)
  • Improved metabolic health: Caloric restriction has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, reduce blood glucose levels, and lower the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. (nutritionnuances.com)
  • Protection against age-related diseases: Caloric restriction has been shown to reduce the risk of developing age-related diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. (nutritionnuances.com)
  • Since cutting down on eating might not be so desirable for some, another alternative has been recently posed to improve healthy aging: normo-caloric diets with planned deficiencies (in particular macronutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, etc. (starvingneuron.com)
  • While calorie-counting diets are often difficult to follow and fail frequently, intermittent caloric restriction programs can lead to an equivalent degree of weight loss and other health benefits but with a better success rate. (lifeextension.com)
  • A word of advice is to watch that weight loss is not fluid restriction (dehydration) or loss of lean body mass (muscle), as these are not ideal ways to lose weight for long term gain. (topendsports.com)
  • [11] [12] For overweight or obese individuals, calorie restriction may improve health through weight loss, although a gradual weight regain of 1-2 kg (2.2-4.4 lb) per year may occur. (wikipedia.org)
  • Early time-restricted eating compared with daily caloric restriction: A randomized trial in adults with obesity. (bvsalud.org)
  • This trial aimed to evaluate the acceptability and efficacy of early time -restricted eating plus daily caloric restriction (E-TRE+DCR) compared with DCR alone within a behavioral weight-loss intervention. (bvsalud.org)
  • Running wheel activity, caloric restriction, or the combination of the two treatments increased levels of BDNF in the hippocampus of db/db mice. (nih.gov)
  • Calorie Restriction Increases P-Glycoprotein and Decreases Intestinal Absorption of Digoxin in Mice. (childrensmercy.org)
  • In the short-lived roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, supplementation with oxoacetate increases the ratio of reduced to oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+:NADH) to activate AMPK and FOXO signaling pathways similar to what occurs in calorie restriction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dietary restriction is an effective strategy for weight loss in obese individuals. (researchgate.net)
  • Caloric restriction can be a helpful dietary strategy and part of a comprehensive lifestyle intervention for patients with obesity. (medscape.com)
  • Animal studies have shown that energy restriction results in a reduced risk of cancer. (bmj.com)
  • 3 Energy restriction limited to very early life has been shown to result in reduced risk of cancer, 4 and delays in both onset and progression of cancer have been found. (bmj.com)
  • Effective energy restriction strategies are required, and continuous energy restriction (CER) is widely employed for weight management (9) . (researchgate.net)
  • Another form of dietary restriction employed is intermittent CR, which involves 24 h of ad libitum food consumption alternated with 24 h of complete or partial food restriction. (researchgate.net)
  • Enhanced cognitive function: Several studies have demonstrated that caloric restriction can improve cognitive function and protect against age-related cognitive decline. (nutritionnuances.com)
  • Even researchers who study caloric restriction rarely practise it. (nutritionfacts.org)
  • That's why researchers were so excited about rapamycin, a drug that inhibits TOR, thinking it could be caloric restriction in a pill. (nutritionfacts.org)