Anesthetics, Local
Analgesia, Epidural
Amides
Analgesia, Obstetrical
Anesthesia, Obstetrical
Nerve Block
Lidocaine
Anesthesia, Local
Sufentanil
Fentanyl
Anesthetics, Combined
Double-Blind Method
Adjuvants, Anesthesia
Mepivacaine
Injections, Spinal
Analgesics, Opioid
Pain Measurement
Stereoisomerism
Sensation
Subarachnoid Space
Analgesia, Patient-Controlled
Morphine
Brachial Plexus
Labor, Obstetric
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Procaine
Injections, Epidural
Ambulatory Surgical Procedures
Pregnancy
Prilocaine
Epinephrine
Specific Gravity
Sciatic Nerve
Hernia, Inguinal
Dose-response effects of spinal neostigmine added to bupivacaine spinal anesthesia in volunteers. (1/1144)
BACKGROUND: Intrathecal adjuncts often are used to enhance small-dose spinal bupivacaine for ambulatory anesthesia. Neostigmine is a novel spinal analgesic that could be a useful adjunct, but no data exist to assess the effects of neostigmine on small-dose bupivacaine spinal anesthesia. METHODS: Eighteen volunteers received two bupivacaine spinal anesthetics (7.5 mg) in a randomized, double-blinded, crossover design. Dextrose, 5% (1 ml), was added to one spinal infusion and 6.25, 12.5, or 50 microg neostigmine in dextrose, 5%, was added to the other spinal. Sensory block was assessed with pinprick; by the duration of tolerance to electric stimulation equivalent to surgical incision at the pubis, knee, and ankle; and by the duration of tolerance to thigh tourniquet. Motor block at the quadriceps was assessed with surface electromyography. Side effects (nausea, vomiting, pruritus, and sedation) were noted. Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were recorded every 5 min. Dose-response relations were assessed with analysis of variance, paired t tests, or Spearman rank correlation. RESULTS: The addition of 50 microg neostigmine significantly increased the duration of sensory and motor block and the time until discharge criteria were achieved. The addition of neostigmine produced dose-dependent nausea (33-67%) and vomiting (17-50%). Neostigmine at these doses had no effect on hemodynamic or respiratory parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of 50 microg neostigmine prolonged the duration of sensory and motor block. However, high incidences of side effects and delayed recovery from anesthesia with the addition of 6.25 to 50 microg neostigmine may limit the clinical use of these doses for outpatient spinal anesthesia. (+info)A double-blind comparison of 0.125% ropivacaine with sufentanil and 0.125% bupivacaine with sufentanil for epidural labor analgesia. (2/1144)
BACKGROUND: This study intends to evaluate the benefits of the administration of intermittent bolus doses of ropivacaine (0.125%) compared with bupivacaine (0.125%) after addition of sufentanil for analgesia during labor. METHODS: One hundred thirty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 1 or 2 parturients were studied. The 90 initial patients were assigned randomly to receive 10 ml bupivacaine, 0.125%, plus 7.5 microg sufentanil (initial bupivacaine 0.125% group) or ropivacaine, 0.125%, plus 7.5 microg sufentanil (ropivacaine 0.125% group). Forty additional patients were recruited and received 0.125% bupivacaine plus 7.5 microg sufentanil (additional bupivacaine 0.125% group) or 0.100% bupivacaine plus 7.5 microg sufentanil (additional bupivacaine 0.100% group). The duration of analgesia, visual analogue scores for pain, motor blockade (using a six-point modified Bromage scale), patient satisfaction scores, nausea, pruritus, heart rate, and blood pressure were recorded. RESULTS: Bupivacaine 0.125% and ropivacaine 0.125% coadministered with sufentanil provided rapid and complete analgesia. Onset of analgesia occurred after +/-15 min and lasted +/-90 min. After the third epidural injection, patients in the ropivacaine group experienced significantly less severe motor blockade than patients in the initial bupivacaine 0.125% group. At this point, 93% of the patients in the ropivacaine group were free from motor impairment versus 66% in the bupivacaine group (P<0.05). Comparable levels of motor blockade were obtained in both additional groups. Patients' evaluation of their analgesia was worst in the bupivacaine 0.100% group. CONCLUSIONS: Ropivacaine 0.125% with sufentanil affords reliable analgesia with minimal motor blockade. (+info)Interaction of bupivacaine and tetracaine with the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channel of skeletal and cardiac muscles. (3/1144)
BACKGROUND: Although various local anesthetics can cause histologic damage to skeletal muscle when injected intramuscularly, bupivacaine appears to have an exceptionally high rate of myotoxicity. Research has suggested that an effect of bupivacaine on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release is involved in its myotoxicity, but direct evidence is lacking. Furthermore, it is not known whether the toxicity depends on the unique chemical characteristics of bupivacaine and whether the toxicity is found only in skeletal muscle. METHODS: The authors studied the effects of bupivacaine and the similarly lipid-soluble local anesthetic, tetracaine, on the Ca2+ release channel-ryanodine receptor of sarcoplasmic reticulum in swine skeletal and cardiac muscle. [3H]Ryanodine binding was used to measure the activity of the Ca2+ release channel-ryanodine receptors in microsomes of both muscles. RESULTS: Bupivacaine enhanced (by two times at 5 mM) and inhibited (66% inhibition at 10 mM) [3H]ryanodine binding to skeletal muscle microsomes. In contrast, only inhibitory effects were observed with cardiac microsomes (about 3 mM for half-maximal inhibition). Tetracaine, which inhibits [3H]ryanodine binding to skeletal muscle microsomes, also inhibited [3H]ryanodine binding to cardiac muscle microsomes (half-maximal inhibition at 99 microM). CONCLUSIONS: Bupivacaine's ability to enhance Ca2+ release channel-ryanodine receptor activity of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum most likely contributes to the myotoxicity of this local anesthetic. Thus, the pronounced myotoxicity of bupivacaine may be the result of this specific effect on Ca2+ release channel-ryanodine receptor superimposed on a nonspecific action on lipid bilayers to increase the Ca2+ permeability of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes, an effect shared by all local anesthetics. The specific action of tetracaine to inhibit Ca2+ release channel-ryanodine receptor activity may in part counterbalance the nonspecific action, resulting in moderate myotoxicity. (+info)Effect of i.v. ketamine in combination with epidural bupivacaine or epidural morphine on postoperative pain and wound tenderness after renal surgery. (4/1144)
We studied 60 patients undergoing operation on the kidney with combined general and epidural anaesthesia, in a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Patients were allocated to receive a preoperative bolus dose of ketamine 10 mg i.v., followed by an i.v. infusion of ketamine 10 mg h-1 for 48 h after operation, or placebo. During the first 24 h after surgery, all patients received 4 ml h-1 of epidural bupivacaine 2.5 mg ml-1. From 24 to 48 h after operation, patients received epidural morphine 0.2 mg h-1 preceded by a bolus dose of 2 mg. In addition, patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with i.v. morphine (2.5 mg, lockout time 15 min) was offered from 0 to 48 h after operation. Patients who received ketamine felt significantly more sedated at 0-24 h, but not at 24-48 h after operation, compared with patients who received placebo (P = 0.002 and P = 0.127, respectively). There were no significant differences in pain (VAS) at rest, during mobilization or cough, PCA morphine consumption, sensory block to pinprick, pressure pain detection threshold assessed with an algometer, touch and pain detection thresholds assessed with von Frey hairs, peak flow or side effects other than sedation. The power of detecting a reduction in VAS scores of 20 mm in our study was 80% at the 5% significance level. We conclude that we were unable to demonstrate an (additive) analgesic or opioid sparing effect of ketamine 10 mg h-1 i.v. combined with epidural bupivacaine at 0-24 h, or epidural morphine at 24-48 h after renal surgery. (+info)Neonatal outcome and mode of delivery after epidural analgesia for labour with ropivacaine and bupivacaine: a prospective meta-analysis. (5/1144)
In this prospective meta-analysis, we have evaluated the effect of epidural analgesia with ropivacaine for pain in labour on neonatal outcome and mode of delivery compared with bupivacaine. In six randomized, double-blind studies, 403 labouring women, primigravidae and multiparae, received epidural analgesia with ropivacaine or bupivacaine 2.5 mg ml-1. The drugs were administered as intermittent boluses in four studies and by continuous infusion in two. Apgar scores, neurological and adaptive capacity scores (NACS), degree of motor block and mode of delivery were recorded. The studies were designed prospectively to fit meta-analysis of the pooled results. Results showed similar pain relief and consumption of the two drugs. In the vaginally delivered neonates, NACS scores were approximately equal for both groups at 2 h, but at 24 h there were fewer infants with NACS less than 35 in the ropivacaine compared with the bupivacaine group (2.8% vs 7.6%; P < 0.05). Spontaneous vaginal deliveries occurred more frequently overall with ropivacaine than with bupivacaine (58% vs 49%; P < 0.05) and instrumental deliveries (forceps and vacuum extraction) less frequently (27% vs 40%; P < 0.01), while the frequency of Caesarean section was similar between groups. The intensity of motor block was lower with ropivacaine. There were no significant differences in adverse events. (+info)Incidence of bradycardia during recovery from spinal anaesthesia: influence of patient position. (6/1144)
We administered 0.5% plain bupivacaine 4 ml intrathecally (L2-3 or L3-4) in three groups of 20 patients, according to the position in which they were nursed in the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU): supine horizontal, 30 degrees Trendelenburg or hammock position (trunk and legs 30 degrees elevated). Patients were observed until anaesthesia descended to less than S1. The incidence of severe bradycardia (heart rate < 50 beat min-1) in the PACU was significantly higher in patients in the Trendelenburg position (60%) than in the horizontal (20%, P < 0.01) or hammock (10%, P < 0.005) position. After 90 min, following admission to the PACU, only patients in the hammock position did not have severe bradycardia. In this late phase, the incidence of severe bradycardia in the Trendelenburg group was 35% (P < 0.005) and 10% in patients in the supine horizontal position. In four patients, severe bradycardia first occurred later than 90 min after admission to the PACU. The latest occurrence of severe bradycardia was recorded 320 min after admission to the PACU. We conclude that for recovery from spinal anaesthesia, the Trendelenburg position should not be used and the hammock position is preferred. (+info)Balanced pre-emptive analgesia: does it work? A double-blind, controlled study in bilaterally symmetrical oral surgery. (7/1144)
We studied 32 patients undergoing bilateral symmetrical lower third molar surgery under general anaesthesia to determine if the combined effects of pre-emptive local anaesthetic block using 0.5% bupivacaine, together with i.v. tenoxicam and alfentanil had any benefits over postoperative administration. Patients acted as their own controls and were allocated randomly to have surgery start on one side, the second side always being the pre-emptive side. Difference in pain intensity between the two sides was determined using visual analogue scales completed by each individual at 6 h, and at 1, 3 and 6 days after operation. A long-form McGill pain questionnaire was also used to assess difference in pain intensity between the two sides on the morning after surgery. There was no significant difference in pain intensity at any time after surgery. Our findings indicate that the combined use of pre-emptive analgesia from 0.5% bupivacaine, tenoxicam and alfentanil did not reduce postoperative pain intensity in patients undergoing molar exodontia. (+info)Relative analgesic potencies of ropivacaine and bupivacaine for epidural analgesia in labor: implications for therapeutic indexes. (8/1144)
BACKGROUND: The minimum local analgesic concentration (MLAC) has been defined as the median effective local analgesic concentration in a 20-ml volume for epidural analgesia in the first stage of labor. The aim of this study was to assess the relative analgesic potencies of epidural bupivacaine and ropivacaine by determining their respective minimum local analgesic concentrations. METHODS: Seventy-three parturients at < or = 7 cm cervical dilation who requested epidural analgesia were allocated to one of two groups in this double-blinded, randomized, prospective study. After a lumbar epidural catheter was placed, 20 ml of the test solution was given, either ropivacaine (n = 34) or bupivacaine (n = 39). The concentration of local anesthetic was determined by the response of the previous patient in that group to a higher or lower concentration using up-down sequential allocation. Analgesic efficacy was assessed using 100-mm visual analog pain scores with < or = 10 mm within 30 min defined as effective. An effective result directed a 0.01% wt/vol decrement for the next patient. An ineffective result directed a 0.01% wt/vol increment. RESULTS: The minimum local analgesic concentration of ropivacaine was 0.111% wt/vol (95% confidence interval, 0.100-0.122), and the minimum local analgesic concentration of bupivacaine was 0.067% wt/vol (95% confidence interval, 0.052-0.082). Ropivacaine was significantly less potent than bupivacaine, with a potency ratio of 0.6 (95% confidence interval, 0.49-0.74). No difference in motor effects was observed. CONCLUSION: Ropivacaine was significantly less potent than bupivacaine for epidural analgesia in the first stage of labor. (+info)Bupivacaine is a long-acting local anesthetic drug, which is used to cause numbness or loss of feeling in a specific area of the body during certain medical procedures such as surgery, dental work, or childbirth. It works by blocking the nerves that transmit pain signals to the brain.
Bupivacaine is available as a solution for injection and is usually administered directly into the tissue surrounding the nerve to be blocked (nerve block) or into the spinal fluid (epidural). The onset of action of bupivacaine is relatively slow, but its duration of action is long, making it suitable for procedures that require prolonged pain relief.
Like all local anesthetics, bupivacaine carries a risk of side effects such as allergic reactions, nerve damage, and systemic toxicity if accidentally injected into a blood vessel or given in excessive doses. It should be used with caution in patients with certain medical conditions, including heart disease, liver disease, and neurological disorders.
Local anesthetics are a type of medication that is used to block the sensation of pain in a specific area of the body. They work by temporarily numbing the nerves in that area, preventing them from transmitting pain signals to the brain. Local anesthetics can be administered through various routes, including topical application (such as creams or gels), injection (such as into the skin or tissues), or regional nerve blocks (such as epidural or spinal anesthesia).
Some common examples of local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine. These medications can be used for a variety of medical procedures, ranging from minor surgeries (such as dental work or skin biopsies) to more major surgeries (such as joint replacements or hernia repairs).
Local anesthetics are generally considered safe when used appropriately, but they can have side effects and potential complications. These may include allergic reactions, toxicity (if too much is administered), and nerve damage (if the medication is injected into a nerve). It's important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using local anesthetics, and to report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.
Spinal anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves injecting local anesthetic medication into the cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space, which is the space surrounding the spinal cord. This procedure is typically performed by introducing a needle into the lower back, between the vertebrae, to reach the subarachnoid space.
Once the local anesthetic is introduced into this space, it spreads to block nerve impulses from the corresponding levels of the spine, resulting in numbness and loss of sensation in specific areas of the body below the injection site. The extent and level of anesthesia depend on the amount and type of medication used, as well as the patient's individual response.
Spinal anesthesia is often used for surgeries involving the lower abdomen, pelvis, or lower extremities, such as cesarean sections, hernia repairs, hip replacements, and knee arthroscopies. It can also be utilized for procedures like epidural steroid injections to manage chronic pain conditions affecting the spine and lower limbs.
While spinal anesthesia provides effective pain relief during and after surgery, it may cause side effects such as low blood pressure, headache, or difficulty urinating. These potential complications should be discussed with the healthcare provider before deciding on this type of anesthesia.
Epidural analgesia is a type of regional anesthesia used to manage pain, most commonly during childbirth and after surgery. The term "epidural" refers to the location of the injection, which is in the epidural space of the spinal column.
In this procedure, a small amount of local anesthetic or narcotic medication is injected into the epidural space using a thin catheter. This medication blocks nerve impulses from the lower body, reducing or eliminating pain sensations without causing complete loss of feeling or muscle movement.
Epidural analgesia can be used for both short-term and long-term pain management. It is often preferred in situations where patients require prolonged pain relief, such as during labor and delivery or after major surgery. The medication can be administered continuously or intermittently, depending on the patient's needs and the type of procedure being performed.
While epidural analgesia is generally safe and effective, it can have side effects, including low blood pressure, headache, and difficulty urinating. In rare cases, it may also cause nerve damage or infection. Patients should discuss the risks and benefits of this procedure with their healthcare provider before deciding whether to undergo epidural analgesia.
An amide is a functional group or a compound that contains a carbonyl group (a double-bonded carbon atom) and a nitrogen atom. The nitrogen atom is connected to the carbonyl carbon atom by a single bond, and it also has a lone pair of electrons. Amides are commonly found in proteins and peptides, where they form amide bonds (also known as peptide bonds) between individual amino acids.
The general structure of an amide is R-CO-NHR', where R and R' can be alkyl or aryl groups. Amides can be classified into several types based on the nature of R and R' substituents:
* Primary amides: R-CO-NH2
* Secondary amides: R-CO-NHR'
* Tertiary amides: R-CO-NR''R'''
Amides have several important chemical properties. They are generally stable and resistant to hydrolysis under neutral or basic conditions, but they can be hydrolyzed under acidic conditions or with strong bases. Amides also exhibit a characteristic infrared absorption band around 1650 cm-1 due to the carbonyl stretching vibration.
In addition to their prevalence in proteins and peptides, amides are also found in many natural and synthetic compounds, including pharmaceuticals, dyes, and polymers. They have a wide range of applications in chemistry, biology, and materials science.
Obstetrical analgesia refers to the use of medications or techniques to relieve pain during childbirth. The goal of obstetrical analgesia is to provide comfort and relaxation for the mother during labor and delivery while minimizing risks to both the mother and the baby. There are several methods of obstetrical analgesia, including:
1. Systemic opioids: These medications, such as morphine or fentanyl, can be given intravenously to help reduce the pain of contractions. However, they can cause side effects such as drowsiness, nausea, and respiratory depression in the mother and may also affect the baby's breathing and alertness at birth.
2. Regional anesthesia: This involves numbing a specific area of the body using local anesthetics. The two most common types of regional anesthesia used during childbirth are epidural and spinal anesthesia.
a. Epidural anesthesia: A catheter is inserted into the lower back, near the spinal cord, to deliver a continuous infusion of local anesthetic and sometimes opioids. This numbs the lower half of the body, reducing the pain of contractions and allowing for a more comfortable delivery. Epidural anesthesia can also be used for cesarean sections.
b. Spinal anesthesia: A single injection of local anesthetic is given into the spinal fluid, numbing the lower half of the body. This type of anesthesia is often used for cesarean sections and can also be used for vaginal deliveries in some cases.
3. Nitrous oxide: Also known as laughing gas, this colorless, odorless gas can be inhaled through a mask to help reduce anxiety and provide some pain relief during labor. It is not commonly used in the United States but is more popular in other countries.
When choosing an obstetrical analgesia method, it's essential to consider the potential benefits and risks for both the mother and the baby. Factors such as the mother's health, the progression of labor, and personal preferences should all be taken into account when making this decision. It is crucial to discuss these options with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate choice for each individual situation.
Epidural anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves the injection of local anesthetic medication into the epidural space in the spine, which is the space surrounding the dura mater, a membrane that covers the spinal cord. The injection is typically administered through a catheter placed in the lower back using a needle.
The local anesthetic drug blocks nerve impulses from the affected area, numbing it and relieving pain. Epidural anesthesia can be used for various surgical procedures, such as cesarean sections, knee or hip replacements, and hernia repairs. It is also commonly used during childbirth to provide pain relief during labor and delivery.
The effects of epidural anesthesia can vary depending on the dose and type of medication used, as well as the individual's response to the drug. The anesthetic may take several minutes to start working, and its duration of action can range from a few hours to a day or more. Epidural anesthesia is generally considered safe when administered by trained medical professionals, but like any medical procedure, it carries some risks, including infection, bleeding, nerve damage, and respiratory depression.
Obstetrical anesthesia refers to the use of anesthetic techniques and medications during childbirth or obstetrical procedures. The goal is to provide pain relief and comfort to the birthing person while ensuring the safety of both the mother and the baby. There are different types of obstetrical anesthesia, including:
1. Local anesthesia: Injection of a local anesthetic agent to numb a specific area, such as the perineum (the area between the vagina and the anus) during childbirth.
2. Regional anesthesia: Numbing a larger region of the body using techniques like spinal or epidural anesthesia. These methods involve injecting local anesthetic agents near the spinal cord to block nerve impulses, providing pain relief in the lower half of the body.
3. General anesthesia: Using inhaled gases or intravenous medications to render the birthing person unconscious during cesarean sections (C-sections) or other surgical procedures related to childbirth.
The choice of anesthetic technique depends on various factors, including the type of delivery, the mother's medical history, and the preferences of both the mother and the healthcare team. Obstetrical anesthesia requires specialized training and expertise to ensure safe and effective pain management during labor and delivery.
A nerve block is a medical procedure in which an anesthetic or neurolytic agent is injected near a specific nerve or bundle of nerves to block the transmission of pain signals from that area to the brain. This technique can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, such as identifying the source of pain, providing temporary or prolonged relief, or facilitating surgical procedures in the affected region.
The injection typically contains a local anesthetic like lidocaine or bupivacaine, which numbs the nerve, preventing it from transmitting pain signals. In some cases, steroids may also be added to reduce inflammation and provide longer-lasting relief. Depending on the type of nerve block and its intended use, the injection might be administered close to the spine (neuraxial blocks), at peripheral nerves (peripheral nerve blocks), or around the sympathetic nervous system (sympathetic nerve blocks).
While nerve blocks are generally safe, they can have side effects such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, or in rare cases, systemic toxicity from the anesthetic agent. It is essential to consult with a qualified medical professional before undergoing this procedure to ensure proper evaluation, technique, and post-procedure care.
Lidocaine is a type of local anesthetic that numbs painful areas and is used to prevent pain during certain medical procedures. It works by blocking the nerves that transmit pain signals to the brain. In addition to its use as an anesthetic, lidocaine can also be used to treat irregular heart rates and relieve itching caused by allergic reactions or skin conditions such as eczema.
Lidocaine is available in various forms, including creams, gels, ointments, sprays, solutions, and injectable preparations. It can be applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes, or it can be administered by injection into a muscle or vein. The specific dosage and method of administration will depend on the reason for its use and the individual patient's medical history and current health status.
Like all medications, lidocaine can have side effects, including allergic reactions, numbness that lasts too long, and in rare cases, heart problems or seizures. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider carefully when using lidocaine to minimize the risk of adverse effects.
Postoperative pain is defined as the pain or discomfort experienced by patients following a surgical procedure. It can vary in intensity and duration depending on the type of surgery performed, individual pain tolerance, and other factors. The pain may be caused by tissue trauma, inflammation, or nerve damage resulting from the surgical intervention. Proper assessment and management of postoperative pain is essential to promote recovery, prevent complications, and improve patient satisfaction.
Caudal anesthesia is a type of regional anesthesia that involves injecting a local anesthetic into the caudal canal, which is the lower end of the spinal canal where it meets the tailbone or coccyx. This region contains nerve roots that provide sensation to the perineum, buttocks, and lower extremities.
Caudal anesthesia is typically administered through a single injection into the caudal space using a needle inserted through the sacrococcygeal ligament, which is a tough band of tissue that connects the sacrum (the triangular bone at the base of the spine) to the coccyx. Once the needle is in place, the anesthetic solution is injected into the caudal space, where it spreads to surround and numb the nearby nerve roots.
This type of anesthesia is often used for surgeries or procedures involving the lower abdomen, pelvis, or lower extremities, such as hernia repairs, hemorrhoidectomies, or hip replacements. It can also be used to provide postoperative pain relief or to manage chronic pain conditions affecting the lower body.
As with any medical procedure, caudal anesthesia carries some risks and potential complications, including infection, bleeding, nerve damage, and accidental injection of the anesthetic into a blood vessel. However, these complications are rare when the procedure is performed by a trained and experienced anesthesiologist.
Etidocaine is a local anesthetic drug, which is used to numb a specific area of the body before certain medical procedures. It works by blocking the nerve signals in the affected area, thereby reducing the sensation of pain. Etidocaine is more potent and has a longer duration of action compared to other local anesthetics like lidocaine.
Etidocaine is available as a topical cream or gel, as well as an injectable solution for local anesthesia. It may be used in various medical procedures such as skin grafting, wound debridement, and certain types of surgeries. However, due to its potential cardiovascular side effects, it is usually avoided in patients with heart disease or other serious medical conditions.
Like all medications, etidocaine can have side effects, including allergic reactions, numbness that lasts too long, and changes in heart rate or blood pressure. It should be used only under the supervision of a healthcare professional who is familiar with its potential risks and benefits.
Local anesthesia is a type of anesthesia that numbs a specific area of the body, blocking pain signals from that particular region while allowing the person to remain conscious and alert. It is typically achieved through the injection or application of a local anesthetic drug, which works by temporarily inhibiting the function of nerve fibers carrying pain sensations. Common examples of local anesthetics include lidocaine, prilocaine, and bupivacaine.
Local anesthesia is commonly used for minor surgical procedures, dental work, or other medical interventions where only a small area needs to be numbed. It can also be employed as part of a combined anesthetic technique, such as in conjunction with sedation or regional anesthesia, to provide additional pain relief and increase patient comfort during more extensive surgeries.
The duration of local anesthesia varies depending on the type and dosage of the anesthetic agent used; some last for just a few hours, while others may provide numbness for up to several days. Overall, local anesthesia is considered a safe and effective method for managing pain during various medical procedures.
Sufentanil is a potent, synthetic opioid analgesic that is approximately 5-10 times more potent than fentanyl and 1000 times more potent than morphine. It is primarily used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain in surgical settings, as an adjunct to anesthesia, or for obstetrical analgesia during labor and delivery.
Sufentanil works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which inhibits the transmission of pain signals to the brain. It has a rapid onset of action and a short duration of effect, making it useful for procedures that require intense analgesia for brief periods.
Like other opioids, sufentanil can cause respiratory depression, sedation, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. It should be used with caution in patients with compromised respiratory function or those who are taking other central nervous system depressants.
Fentanyl is a potent synthetic opioid analgesic, which is similar to morphine but is 50 to 100 times more potent. It is a schedule II prescription drug, typically used to treat patients with severe pain or to manage pain after surgery. It works by binding to the body's opioid receptors, which are found in the brain, spinal cord, and other areas of the body.
Fentanyl can be administered in several forms, including transdermal patches, lozenges, injectable solutions, and tablets that dissolve in the mouth. Illegally manufactured and distributed fentanyl has also become a major public health concern, as it is often mixed with other drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and counterfeit pills, leading to an increase in overdose deaths.
Like all opioids, fentanyl carries a risk of dependence, addiction, and overdose, especially when used outside of medical supervision or in combination with other central nervous system depressants such as alcohol or benzodiazepines. It is important to use fentanyl only as directed by a healthcare provider and to be aware of the potential risks associated with its use.
Combined anesthetics refer to the use of two or more types of anesthetic agents together during a medical procedure to produce a desired level of sedation, amnesia, analgesia, and muscle relaxation. This approach can allow for lower doses of individual anesthetic drugs, which may reduce the risk of adverse effects associated with each drug. Common combinations include using a general anesthetic in combination with a regional or local anesthetic technique. The specific choice of combined anesthetics depends on various factors such as the type and duration of the procedure, patient characteristics, and the desired outcomes.
The double-blind method is a study design commonly used in research, including clinical trials, to minimize bias and ensure the objectivity of results. In this approach, both the participants and the researchers are unaware of which group the participants are assigned to, whether it be the experimental group or the control group. This means that neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving a particular treatment or placebo, thus reducing the potential for bias in the evaluation of outcomes. The assignment of participants to groups is typically done by a third party not involved in the study, and the codes are only revealed after all data have been collected and analyzed.
An adjuvant in anesthesia refers to a substance or drug that is added to an anesthetic medication to enhance its effects, make it last longer, or improve the overall quality of anesthesia. Adjuvants do not produce analgesia or anesthesia on their own but work synergistically with other anesthetics to achieve better clinical outcomes.
There are several types of adjuvants used in anesthesia, including:
1. Opioids: These are commonly used adjuvants that enhance the analgesic effect of anesthetic drugs. Examples include fentanyl, sufentanil, and remifentanil.
2. Alpha-2 agonists: Drugs like clonidine and dexmedetomidine are used as adjuvants to provide sedation, analgesia, and anxiolysis. They also help reduce the requirement for other anesthetic drugs, thus minimizing side effects.
3. Ketamine: This NMDA receptor antagonist is used as an adjuvant to provide analgesia and amnesia. It can be used in subanesthetic doses to improve the quality of analgesia during general anesthesia or as a sole anesthetic for procedural sedation.
4. Local anesthetics: When used as an adjuvant, local anesthetics can prolong the duration of postoperative analgesia and reduce the requirement for opioids. Examples include bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and lidocaine.
5. Neostigmine: This cholinesterase inhibitor is used as an adjuvant to reverse the neuromuscular blockade produced by non-depolarizing muscle relaxants at the end of surgery.
6. Dexamethasone: A corticosteroid used as an adjuvant to reduce postoperative nausea and vomiting, inflammation, and pain.
7. Magnesium sulfate: This non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist is used as an adjuvant to provide analgesia, reduce opioid consumption, and provide neuroprotection in certain surgical settings.
The choice of adjuvants depends on the type of surgery, patient factors, and the desired clinical effects.
Mepivacaine is a local anesthetic drug, which is used to cause numbness or loss of feeling before and during surgical procedures. It works by blocking the nerve signals in your body. Mepivacaine has a faster onset of action compared to bupivacaine but has a shorter duration of action. It can be used for infiltration, peripheral nerve block, and epidural anesthesia.
The medical definition of Mepivacaine is:
A amide-type local anesthetic with fast onset and moderate duration of action. Its molar potency is similar to that of procaine, but its duration of action is approximately 50% longer. It has been used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is metabolized in the liver by hydrolysis.
It's important to note that mepivacaine, like any other medication, can have side effects and should be used under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
Spinal injections, also known as epidural injections or intrathecal injections, are medical procedures involving the injection of medications directly into the spinal canal. The medication is usually delivered into the space surrounding the spinal cord (the epidural space) or into the cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds and protects the spinal cord (the subarachnoid space).
The medications used in spinal injections can include local anesthetics, steroids, opioids, or a combination of these. The purpose of spinal injections is to provide diagnostic information, therapeutic relief, or both. They are commonly used to treat various conditions affecting the spine, such as radicular pain (pain that radiates down the arms or legs), disc herniation, spinal stenosis, and degenerative disc disease.
Spinal injections can be administered using different techniques, including fluoroscopy-guided injections, computed tomography (CT) scan-guided injections, or with the help of a nerve stimulator. These techniques ensure accurate placement of the medication and minimize the risk of complications.
It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for specific information regarding spinal injections and their potential benefits and risks.
A Cesarean section, often referred to as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. It involves making an incision through the mother's abdomen and uterus to remove the baby. This procedure may be necessary when a vaginal delivery would put the mother or the baby at risk.
There are several reasons why a C-section might be recommended, including:
* The baby is in a breech position (feet first) or a transverse position (sideways) and cannot be turned to a normal head-down position.
* The baby is too large to safely pass through the mother's birth canal.
* The mother has a medical condition, such as heart disease or high blood pressure, that could make vaginal delivery risky.
* The mother has an infection, such as HIV or herpes, that could be passed to the baby during a vaginal delivery.
* The labor is not progressing and there are concerns about the health of the mother or the baby.
C-sections are generally safe for both the mother and the baby, but like any surgery, they do carry some risks. These can include infection, bleeding, blood clots, and injury to nearby organs. In addition, women who have a C-section are more likely to experience complications in future pregnancies, such as placenta previa or uterine rupture.
If you have questions about whether a C-section is necessary for your delivery, it's important to discuss your options with your healthcare provider.
I apologize for any confusion, but "Carticaine" is not a recognized medical term or a commonly used medication in the field of medicine. It's possible that there may be some misunderstanding or misspelling in the term. If you have more context or information about where this term came from, I would be happy to help you further clarify or research the correct term.
However, if you are referring to "Articaine," it is a type of local anesthetic that is used in dental and medical procedures to numb specific areas of the body. Articaine works by blocking nerve signals in the area where it is administered, which helps to reduce pain and discomfort during various procedures.
If you have any questions about "Articaine" or other local anesthetics, I would be happy to help answer them for you.
Analgesics, opioid are a class of drugs used for the treatment of pain. They work by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking the transmission of pain signals to the brain. Opioids can be synthetic or natural, and include drugs such as morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, and methadone. They are often used for moderate to severe pain, such as that resulting from injury, surgery, or chronic conditions like cancer. However, opioids can also produce euphoria, physical dependence, and addiction, so they are tightly regulated and carry a risk of misuse.
Pain measurement, in a medical context, refers to the quantification or evaluation of the intensity and/or unpleasantness of a patient's subjective pain experience. This is typically accomplished through the use of standardized self-report measures such as numerical rating scales (NRS), visual analog scales (VAS), or categorical scales (mild, moderate, severe). In some cases, physiological measures like heart rate, blood pressure, and facial expressions may also be used to supplement self-reported pain ratings. The goal of pain measurement is to help healthcare providers better understand the nature and severity of a patient's pain in order to develop an effective treatment plan.
Analgesia is defined as the absence or relief of pain in a patient, achieved through various medical means. It is derived from the Greek word "an-" meaning without and "algein" meaning to feel pain. Analgesics are medications that are used to reduce pain without causing loss of consciousness, and they work by blocking the transmission of pain signals to the brain.
Examples of analgesics include over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and naproxen (Aleve). Prescription opioid painkillers, such as oxycodone (OxyContin, Percocet) and hydrocodone (Vicodin), are also used for pain relief but carry a higher risk of addiction and abuse.
Analgesia can also be achieved through non-pharmacological means, such as through nerve blocks, spinal cord stimulation, acupuncture, and other complementary therapies. The choice of analgesic therapy depends on the type and severity of pain, as well as the patient's medical history and individual needs.
Stereoisomerism is a type of isomerism (structural arrangement of atoms) in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the three-dimensional orientation of their atoms in space. This occurs when the molecule contains asymmetric carbon atoms or other rigid structures that prevent free rotation, leading to distinct spatial arrangements of groups of atoms around a central point. Stereoisomers can have different chemical and physical properties, such as optical activity, boiling points, and reactivities, due to differences in their shape and the way they interact with other molecules.
There are two main types of stereoisomerism: enantiomers (mirror-image isomers) and diastereomers (non-mirror-image isomers). Enantiomers are pairs of stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other, but cannot be superimposed on one another. Diastereomers, on the other hand, are non-mirror-image stereoisomers that have different physical and chemical properties.
Stereoisomerism is an important concept in chemistry and biology, as it can affect the biological activity of molecules, such as drugs and natural products. For example, some enantiomers of a drug may be active, while others are inactive or even toxic. Therefore, understanding stereoisomerism is crucial for designing and synthesizing effective and safe drugs.
In medical terms, sensation refers to the ability to perceive and interpret various stimuli from our environment through specialized receptor cells located throughout the body. These receptors convert physical stimuli such as light, sound, temperature, pressure, and chemicals into electrical signals that are transmitted to the brain via nerves. The brain then interprets these signals, allowing us to experience sensations like sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
There are two main types of sensations: exteroceptive and interoceptive. Exteroceptive sensations involve stimuli from outside the body, such as light, sound, and touch. Interoceptive sensations, on the other hand, refer to the perception of internal bodily sensations, such as hunger, thirst, heartbeat, or emotions.
Disorders in sensation can result from damage to the nervous system, including peripheral nerves, spinal cord, or brain. Examples include numbness, tingling, pain, or loss of sensation in specific body parts, which can significantly impact a person's quality of life and ability to perform daily activities.
The subarachnoid space is the area between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, which are two of the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (the third one being the dura mater). This space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which provides protection and cushioning to the central nervous system. The subarachnoid space also contains blood vessels that supply the brain and spinal cord with oxygen and nutrients. It's important to note that subarachnoid hemorrhage, a type of stroke, can occur when there is bleeding into this space.
Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a method of pain management that allows patients to self-administer doses of analgesic medication through a controlled pump system. With PCA, the patient can press a button to deliver a predetermined dose of pain medication, usually an opioid, directly into their intravenous (IV) line.
The dosage and frequency of the medication are set by the healthcare provider based on the patient's individual needs and medical condition. The PCA pump is designed to prevent overinfusion by limiting the amount of medication that can be delivered within a specific time frame.
PCA provides several benefits, including improved pain control, increased patient satisfaction, and reduced sedation compared to traditional methods of opioid administration. It also allows patients to take an active role in managing their pain and provides them with a sense of control during their hospital stay. However, it is essential to monitor patients closely while using PCA to ensure safe and effective use.
Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic (pain reliever) derived from the opium poppy. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking the transmission of pain signals and reducing the perception of pain. Morphine is used to treat moderate to severe pain, including pain associated with cancer, myocardial infarction, and other conditions. It can also be used as a sedative and cough suppressant.
Morphine has a high potential for abuse and dependence, and its use should be closely monitored by healthcare professionals. Common side effects of morphine include drowsiness, respiratory depression, constipation, nausea, and vomiting. Overdose can result in respiratory failure, coma, and death.
The brachial plexus is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord in the neck region and supplies motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. It is formed by the ventral rami (branches) of the lower four cervical nerves (C5-C8) and the first thoracic nerve (T1). In some cases, contributions from C4 and T2 may also be included.
The brachial plexus nerves exit the intervertebral foramen, pass through the neck, and travel down the upper chest before branching out to form major peripheral nerves of the upper limb. These include the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, median, and ulnar nerves, which further innervate specific muscles and sensory areas in the arm, forearm, and hand.
Damage to the brachial plexus can result in various neurological deficits, such as weakness or paralysis of the upper limb, numbness, or loss of sensation in the affected area, depending on the severity and location of the injury.
'Labor, Obstetric' refers to the physiological process that occurs during childbirth, leading to the expulsion of the fetus from the uterus. It is divided into three stages:
1. The first stage begins with the onset of regular contractions and cervical dilation and effacement (thinning and shortening) until full dilation is reached (approximately 10 cm). This stage can last from hours to days, particularly in nulliparous women (those who have not given birth before).
2. The second stage starts with complete cervical dilation and ends with the delivery of the baby. During this stage, the mother experiences strong contractions that help push the fetus down the birth canal. This stage typically lasts from 20 minutes to two hours but can take longer in some cases.
3. The third stage involves the delivery of the placenta (afterbirth) and membranes, which usually occurs within 15-30 minutes after the baby's birth. However, it can sometimes take up to an hour for the placenta to be expelled completely.
Obstetric labor is a complex process that requires careful monitoring and management by healthcare professionals to ensure the safety and well-being of both the mother and the baby.
A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.
The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.
The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.
In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.
Procaine is a local anesthetic drug that is used to reduce the feeling of pain in a specific area of the body. It works by blocking the nerves from transmitting painful sensations to the brain. Procaine is often used during minor surgical procedures, dental work, or when a patient needs to have a wound cleaned or stitched up. It can also be used as a diagnostic tool to help determine the source of pain.
Procaine is administered via injection directly into the area that requires anesthesia. The effects of procaine are relatively short-lived, typically lasting between 30 minutes and two hours, depending on the dose and the individual's metabolism. Procaine may also cause a brief period of heightened sensory perception or euphoria following injection, known as "procaine rush."
It is important to note that procaine should only be administered by trained medical professionals, as improper use can lead to serious complications such as allergic reactions, respiratory depression, and even death.
Epidural injection is a medical procedure where a medication is injected into the epidural space of the spine. The epidural space is the area between the outer covering of the spinal cord (dura mater) and the vertebral column. This procedure is typically used to provide analgesia (pain relief) or anesthesia for surgical procedures, labor and delivery, or chronic pain management.
The injection usually contains a local anesthetic and/or a steroid medication, which can help reduce inflammation and swelling in the affected area. The medication is delivered through a thin needle that is inserted into the epidural space using the guidance of fluoroscopy or computed tomography (CT) scans.
Epidural injections are commonly used to treat various types of pain, including lower back pain, leg pain (sciatica), and neck pain. They can also be used to diagnose the source of pain by injecting a local anesthetic to numb the area and determine if it is the cause of the pain.
While epidural injections are generally safe, they do carry some risks, such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, or allergic reactions to the medication. It's important to discuss these risks with your healthcare provider before undergoing the procedure.
Ambulatory surgical procedures, also known as outpatient or same-day surgery, refer to medical operations that do not require an overnight hospital stay. These procedures are typically performed in a specialized ambulatory surgery center (ASC) or in a hospital-based outpatient department. Patients undergoing ambulatory surgical procedures receive anesthesia, undergo the operation, and recover enough to be discharged home on the same day of the procedure.
Examples of common ambulatory surgical procedures include:
1. Arthroscopy (joint scope examination and repair)
2. Cataract surgery
3. Colonoscopy and upper endoscopy
4. Dental surgery, such as wisdom tooth extraction
5. Gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy)
6. Hernia repair
7. Hysteroscopy (examination of the uterus)
8. Minor skin procedures, like biopsies and lesion removals
9. Orthopedic procedures, such as carpal tunnel release or joint injections
10. Pain management procedures, including epidural steroid injections and nerve blocks
11. Podiatric (foot and ankle) surgery
12. Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
Advancements in medical technology, minimally invasive surgical techniques, and improved anesthesia methods have contributed to the growth of ambulatory surgical procedures, offering patients a more convenient and cost-effective alternative to traditional inpatient surgeries.
Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.
Prilocaine is an amide local anesthetic that is often used in topical, injectable, and regional anesthesia. It is commonly combined with lidocaine to reduce the risk of methhemoglobinemia, a rare but potentially serious side effect that can occur with prilocaine use.
Prilocaine works by blocking sodium channels in nerve cell membranes, which prevents the transmission of nerve impulses and results in local anesthesia. It has a rapid onset of action and a relatively short duration of effect.
In addition to its use as a local anesthetic, prilocaine is also used in some dental procedures and for the treatment of premature ejaculation. As with any medication, prilocaine can have side effects, including allergic reactions, numbness, tingling, and pain at the injection site. It should be used with caution in patients with certain medical conditions, such as heart disease, liver or kidney dysfunction, and in pregnant or breastfeeding women.
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and a neurotransmitter that is produced in the body. It is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress or excitement, and it prepares the body for the "fight or flight" response. Epinephrine works by binding to specific receptors in the body, which causes a variety of physiological effects, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, improved muscle strength and alertness, and narrowing of the blood vessels in the skin and intestines. It is also used as a medication to treat various medical conditions, such as anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction), cardiac arrest, and low blood pressure.
Specific gravity is a term used in medicine, particularly in the context of urinalysis and other bodily fluid analysis. It refers to the ratio of the density (mass of a substance per unit volume) of a sample to the density of a reference substance, usually water. At body temperature, this is expressed as:
Specific gravity = Density of sample / Density of water at 37 degrees Celsius
In urinalysis, specific gravity is used to help evaluate renal function and hydration status. It can indicate whether the kidneys are adequately concentrating or diluting the urine. A lower specific gravity (closer to 1) may suggest overhydration or dilute urine, while a higher specific gravity (greater than 1) could indicate dehydration or concentrated urine. However, specific gravity should be interpreted in conjunction with other urinalysis findings and clinical context for accurate assessment.
The sciatic nerve is the largest and longest nerve in the human body, running from the lower back through the buttocks and down the legs to the feet. It is formed by the union of the ventral rami (branches) of the L4 to S3 spinal nerves. The sciatic nerve provides motor and sensory innervation to various muscles and skin areas in the lower limbs, including the hamstrings, calf muscles, and the sole of the foot. Sciatic nerve disorders or injuries can result in symptoms such as pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness in the lower back, hips, legs, and feet, known as sciatica.
Thoracotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision on the chest wall to gain access to the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and other vital organs. The incision can be made on the side (lateral thoracotomy), back (posterolateral thoracotomy), or front (median sternotomy) of the chest wall, depending on the specific surgical indication.
Thoracotomy is performed for various indications, including lung biopsy, lung resection, esophagectomy, heart surgery, and mediastinal mass removal. The procedure allows the surgeon to directly visualize and access the organs within the thoracic cavity, perform necessary procedures, and control bleeding if needed.
After the procedure, the incision is typically closed with sutures or staples, and a chest tube may be placed to drain any accumulated fluid or air from the pleural space around the lungs. The patient will require postoperative care and monitoring in a hospital setting until their condition stabilizes.
Inguinal hernia, also known as an inguinal rupture or groin hernia, is a protrusion of abdominal-cavity contents through the inguinal canal. The inguinal canal is a passage in the lower abdominal wall that carries the spermatic cord in males and a round ligament in females. Inguinal hernias are more common in men than women.
There are two types of inguinal hernias: direct and indirect. Direct inguinal hernias occur when the abdominal lining and/or fat push through a weakened area in the lower abdominal wall, while indirect inguinal hernias result from a congenital condition where the abdominal lining and/or fat protrude through the internal inguinal ring, a normal opening in the abdominal wall.
Inguinal hernias can cause discomfort or pain, especially during physical activities, coughing, sneezing, or straining. In some cases, incarceration or strangulation of the hernia may occur, leading to serious complications such as bowel obstruction or tissue necrosis, which require immediate medical attention.
Surgical repair is the standard treatment for inguinal hernias, and it can be performed through open or laparoscopic techniques. The goal of surgery is to return the protruding tissues to their proper position and strengthen the weakened abdominal wall with sutures or mesh reinforcement.
Bupivacaine - Wikipedia
DailyMed - BUPIVACAINE HYDROCHLORIDE injection, solution
The Safety of EXPAREL ® (Bupivacaine Liposome Injectable Suspension) Administered by Peripheral Nerve Block in Rabbits and Dogs
PRIME PubMed | Efficacy of continuous subacromial bupivacaine infusion for pain control after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair
What is bupivacaine toxicity? - Rwmansiononpeachtree.com
Liposomal Bupivacaine vs Bupivacaine for Pain Control After Sternotomy | Clinical Research Trial Listing ( pain relieving | ...
Effect of Peritumoral Bupivacaine on Primary and Distal Hyperalgesia in Cancer-Induced Bone Pain - Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
The Effect of Midazolam and Dexmedetomidine Sedation on Block Characteristic Following Spinal Bupivacaine: A Randomized...
bupivacaine/Chemical Reagents/Other Fine and Specialty Chemicals/Fine and Specialty Chemicals/Chemicals
Effect of the Combination of Ketorolac and Bupivacaine on Transversus Abdominis Plane Block for Postoperative Analgesia After...
Marcaine, Sensorcaine (bupivacaine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more.
Plasma Bupivacaine Levels in Mallard Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) Following a Single Subcutaneous Dose - AAZV 2001 - VIN
BET 2: Does magnesium prolong the analgaesic effect of bupivacaine in a fascia iliaca nerve block? | Emergency Medicine Journal
Ropivacaine versus bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia in patients undergoing unilateral lower limb surgery
DURECT Provides an Update on Its Post-Operative Pain Depot (SABER(TM)-Bupivacaine) Program | DURECT
Preperitoneal Bupivacaine Infiltration Reduces Postoperative Opioid Consumption, Acute Pain, and Chronic Postsurgical Pain...
Bupivacaine - SPS - Specialist Pharmacy Service - The first stop for professional medicines advice
Evaluation of Diaphragmatic Function after Interscalene Block with Liposomal Bupivacaine: A Randomized Controlled Trial<...
Diclofenac baclofen bupivacaine cream
liposomal bupivacaine
Bupivacaine - Midlands Veterinary Wholesalers
No Tachyphylaxis During Postoperative Continuous Epidural 0.125% Bupivacaine Infusion | Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine
Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Comparison of Bupivacaine versus Liposomal Bupivacaine for Pain Management after Unilateral...
Bupivacaine HCl | API Products | Cambrex
Bupivacaine HCl | API Products | Cambrex
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Bupivacaine HCl | API Products | Cambrex
Bupivacaine Liposome (Exparel) | Davis's Drug Guide
LIDOCAINE AND BUPIVACAINE PLASMA LEVELS AFTER EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA IN NEWBORNS | Anesthesiology | American Society of...
Hydrochloride Injection12
- In order to address ongoing shortages of Bupivacaine Hydrochloride Injection, Areva Pharmaceuticals (Areva), is coordinating with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to make available 5 mL and 10 mL Bupivacaine Hydrochloride Injection 0.25% and 0.5% Single-Dose ampules manufactured by Areva's supplier, Fisiopharma, in Italy. (nih.gov)
- At this time, no other entity except Areva is authorized by the FDA to import or distribute Bupivacaine Hydrochloride Injection, 2.5 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL (equivalent to 0.25% and 0.5%), 5 mL and 10 mL Single-Dose Ampules in the United States. (nih.gov)
- There are key differences between the labeling of the FDA approved Bupivacaine Hydrochloride Injection and Areva's imported Bupivicana Fisiopharma. (nih.gov)
- There is a risk of contamination by glass particles when opening the 5 mL and 10 mL Bupivacaine Hydrochloride Injection ampules. (nih.gov)
- Please refer to the FDA-approved package insert for the full prescribing information of Bupivacaine Hydrochloride Injection. (nih.gov)
- These highlights do not include all the information needed to use BUPIVACAINE HYDROCHLORIDE INJECTION safely and effectively. (nih.gov)
- Bupivacaine hydrochloride injection contains bupivacaine hydrochloride, an amide local anesthetic indicated in adults for the production of local or regional anesthesia or analgesia for surgery, oral surgery procedures, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and for obstetrical procedures. (nih.gov)
- Recommended concentrations and dosages of bupivacaine hydrochloride injection according to type of block. (nih.gov)
- Bupivacaine hydrochloride injection is available in multiple concentrations. (nih.gov)
- Known hypersensitivity to bupivacaine or to any local anesthetic agent of the amide-type or to other components of bupivacaine hydrochloride injection. (nih.gov)
- Hospira, Inc., a Pfizer company, is voluntarily recalling one lot of 0.25% Bupivacaine Hydrochloride Injection, USP (NDC: 0409-1159-02, Lot 59-064- DK, Expiry 1NOV2017) at the hospital/retail level due to the presence of particulate matter within a single vial. (asahq.org)
- Meitheal will offer Bupivacaine Hydrochloride Injection, USP in 0.25%, 125mg/50mL and 0.5%, 250mg/50mL multiple dose vials in 1 Case (1 x 50). (meithealpharma.com)
0.255
- Areva's product is labeled Bupivacaina Fisiopharma 2,5 mg/mL which means 2.5 mg/mL and is equivalent to 0.25% bupivacaine hydrochloride. (nih.gov)
- The highest no-effect dose (HNED) for the local anaesthetic effect of bupivacaine was determined to be 0.25 mg by using an abaxial sesamoid local anaesthetic model. (illinois.edu)
- Here, we examine dose-duration relationships and sciatic nerve histology following local nerve blocks with combinations of Tectin with bupivacaine 0.25% (2.5 mg/mL) solutions, with or without epinephrine 5 μg/mL (1:200,000) in rats. (wustl.edu)
- Combinations of Tectin in bupivacaine 0.25% with epinephrine 5 μg/mL appear promising for prolonged duration of local anesthesia. (wustl.edu)
- In another 35 patients, ultrasound guided field block performed using 20 ml of 0.25% plain bupivacaine at the end of surgery. (ipmj.org)
Anesthesia13
- There have been reports of cardiac arrest with difficult resuscitation or death during use of bupivacaine hydrochloride for epidural anesthesia in obstetrical patients. (nih.gov)
- The 0.75% (7.5 mg/mL) concentration of bupivacaine hydrochloride is not recommended for obstetrical anesthesia and should be reserved for surgical procedures where a high degree of muscle relaxation and prolonged effect are necessary ( 5.1 ). (nih.gov)
- There have been reports of cardiac arrest and death during the use of bupivacaine for intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier Block). (nih.gov)
- Bupivacaine is a prescription medication used to prevent pain and induce spinal anesthesia. (rxwiki.com)
- Bupivacaine injection should not be used in obstetrical paracervical block (local anesthetic injection around cervix) anesthesia. (rxwiki.com)
- To compare the effects of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine spinal anesthesia on hemodynamics and heart rate variability (HRV) in nonobstetric surgery. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- Group I (n = 30) received 15 mg (3 mL) of hyperbaric bupivacaine and Group II (n = 30) received 15 mg (3 mL) of isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- Bupivacaine Noridem is used to create long-term local anesthesia through percutaneous infiltration, intra-articular blockade, peripheral nerve block (s) and central neural block (caudal or epidural). (frostpharma.se)
- Bupivacaine hydrochloride, when administered properly, via the epidural route in doses 10 to 12 times the amount used in spinal anesthesia has been used for obstetrical analgesia and anesthesia without evidence of adverse effects on the fetus. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
- The mean dose of bupivacaine used for spinal anesthesia in parturients of short stature was 9.8 ± 1.0 mg (P (bvsalud.org)
- The mean intrathecal bupivacaine dose used in combined spinal epidural anesthesia was 10.5 mg (interquartile range, 9-10.9) in parturients of short stature (P = .002). (bvsalud.org)
- Adequate surgical anesthesia was achieved with reduced dosing of spinal bupivacaine in parturients of short stature without an increase in adverse outcomes. (bvsalud.org)
- Intervention: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either conventional IV anesthesia (CON) or general anesthesia combined with thoracic epidural anesthesia followed by postoperative epidural analgesia (TEA) with bupivacaine. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
Including bupivacaine hydrochloride1
- Intra-articular infusions of local anesthetics including bupivacaine hydrochloride following arthroscopic and other surgical procedures is an unapproved use, and there have been post-marketing reports of chondrolysis in patients receiving such infusions. (nih.gov)
Contraindicated in patients with1
- Bupivacaine is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity reactions to bupivacaine or amino-amide anesthetics. (wikipedia.org)
Postoperative pain control4
- This retrospective study compares the effect of using LB versus plain bupivacaine on postoperative pain control, length of hospital stay and cost among patients undergoing vaginal reconstructive surgery. (canjurol.com)
- SABERâ„¢ Bupivacaine, a novel extended-release formulation of bupivacaine for postoperative pain control. (clinicaltrialsnz.com)
- SABERâ„¢- Bupivacaine, a novel extended-release formulation of bupivacaine for postoperative pain control demonstrates dose-response, safety and no impact on surgical wound healing following inguinal herniorrhaphy. (clinicaltrialsnz.com)
- Bupivacaine and lidocaine compared for postoperative pain control. (bvsalud.org)
Plain bupivacaine5
- Liposomal formulations of bupivacaine (brand name EXPAREL) have not shown clinical benefit compared to plain bupivacaine when used in traditional perineural injections, although some industry-funded studies have suggested benefits when used in local infiltration. (wikipedia.org)
- Patients who underwent vaginal reconstructive surgery with levatorplasty and received an injection of 20 cc of either plain bupivacaine or LB for pudendal nerve block were included. (canjurol.com)
- Between June 2016 and December 2021, 25 patients had received LB as a pudendal nerve block and 25 had received plain bupivacaine. (canjurol.com)
- LB is not superior to plain bupivacaine for controlling pain following vaginal reconstructive surgery, and justification for the exponentially greater cost of LB is not supported. (canjurol.com)
- In 37 of them 10 ml of 0.5% plain bupivacaine was instilled (irrigated) into the wound by the surgeon for 1 minute. (ipmj.org)
Liposomal bupivacaine17
- Using liposomal bupivacaine to control pain in patients after gynecological surgery reduced the amount of narcotics needed and may lead to faster recovery times, a recent study found. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
- In the study, which included about 400 surgical patients, researchers compared the efficacy of liposomal bupivacaine and bupivacaine hydrochloride (HCl) for controlling postoperative pain after laparotomy for gynecological malignancies. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
- The use of liposomal bupivacaine, compared with use of bupivacaine HCl, following gynecologic surgery decreased the need for narcotics and reduced the use of patient-controlled analgesia. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
- Bupivacaine HCl treats pain for about 6 to 8 hours, whereas liposomal bupivacaine works for multiple days. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
- Unsurprisingly, the researchers found that patients who received liposomal bupivacaine following complex cytoreductive surgery required significantly fewer doses of intravenous opioids during the first and second postoperative days than those whose pain was managed with bupivacaine HCl. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
- During the first day following surgery, 21.5% of the patients treated with liposomal bupivacaine required opioids, while 46.9% of patients who received bupivacaine HCI were given opioids to control pain. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
- By day two, just 7.4% of patients treated with liposomal bupivacaine were given opioids compared with 27.2% in the other group. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
- Similarly, when the researchers looked at opioid use among women who underwent staging laparotomy, they found that pain scores were similar between those who received liposomal bupivacaine and those who were given bupivacaine HCl. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
- Still, the data pointed to a reduction in use of patient-controlled analgesia among those who were treated with liposomal bupivacaine (1.4% vs 8.3%, P=.05). (contemporaryobgyn.net)
- This was also found among women who underwent cytoreductive surgeries, with 4.1% of the women treated with liposomal bupivacaine using patient-controlled analgesia compared with 33.3% of women in the control group. (contemporaryobgyn.net)
- Liposomal bupivacaine (LB) is a depot formulation of bupivacaine, which releases the drug over 72 hours to prolong local pain control. (canjurol.com)
- Liposomal bupivacaine-a new tool in our armamentarium? (ox.ac.uk)
- Liposomal bupivacaine has been integrated into clinical practice within many surgical disciplines to reduce post-operative pain and opioid consumption. (openmedicalpublishing.org)
- The purpose of the present investigation is to summarize the current use of liposomal bupivacaine after total hip arthroplasty and to shed light on the prospect of liposomal bupivacaine to reduce opioid use after total hip arthroplasty. (openmedicalpublishing.org)
- A total of 9 articles were included regarding the use of liposomal bupivacaine in total hip arthroplasty. (openmedicalpublishing.org)
- Liposomal bupivacaine reduces postoperative opioid use, patient-reported outcomes, length of stay, and time to ambulation, yet is more expensive than traditional bupivacaine. (openmedicalpublishing.org)
- Liposomal bupivacaine represents a useful adjunct for multimodal pain strategies in total hip arthroplasty with sufficient evidence to suggest that it may be useful in decreasing postoperative opioid use. (openmedicalpublishing.org)
Epinephrine4
- Bupivacaine Hydrochloride is available in sterile isotonic solutions with and without epinephrine (as bitartrate) 1:200,000 for injection via local infiltration, peripheral nerve block, and caudal and lumbar epidural blocks. (nih.gov)
- Solutions of Bupivacaine Hydrochloride may be autoclaved if they do not contain epinephrine. (nih.gov)
- The Test Dose formulation of Bupivacaine Hydrochloride contains 15 mg of bupivacaine and 15 mcg of epinephrine in a volume of 3 mL. (druglib.com)
- Percutaneous sciatic blockade was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats, and intensity and duration of sensory blockade was tested blindly with different Tectin-bupivacaine-epinephrine combinations. (wustl.edu)
Marcaine2
- Bupivacaine, marketed under the brand name Marcaine among others, is a medication used to decrease feeling in a specific area. (wikipedia.org)
- The bupivacaine from Fisiopharma is approved in Italy for intrathecal use and differs from the US-approved Marcaine Spinal in that the Fisiopharma bupivacaine formulation is an isobaric solution and has two presentations: a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL. (nih.gov)
Formulation5
- An implantable formulation of bupivacaine (Xaracoll) was approved for medical use in the United States in August 2020. (wikipedia.org)
- SABER-Bupivacaine is an extended release formulation of bupivacaine in a resorbable matrix which provides delivery of bupivacaine at the site of administration over a period of 3 days. (clinicaltrialsnz.com)
- The formulation consists of three components: common local anesthetic bupivacaine (12%), organic matrix sucrose acetate isobutyrate, and a diluent, benzyl alcohol. (clinicaltrialsnz.com)
- SABER-Bupivacaine formulation, a translucent thick solution, is designed to provide continuous delivery of bupivacaine once placed in the surgical wound at the same rate of 10-20 mg/h as delivered by elastomeric pumps through indwelling catheters. (clinicaltrialsnz.com)
- Liposome bupivacaine (Exparel) is a multivesicular liposomal formulation of bupivacaine currently approved in the United States for single-dose administration into the surgical site to provide postsurgical analgesia. (anesthesiaexperts.com)
Toxicity6
- Our study has shown an increased survival time with both levosimendan and dobutamine infusion following bupivacaine toxicity in rats. (medscape.com)
- Shenfu injection reduces toxicity of bupivacaine in rats. (qxmd.com)
- To investigate the effects of injecting Shenfu, an extract of traditional Chinese herbal medicines, on the central nervous system (CNS) and the cardiac toxicity of bupivacaine in rats. (qxmd.com)
- The Shenfu injection is able to reduce the toxicity of bupivacaine to CNS and cardiac system in rats. (qxmd.com)
- Genetic Toxicity Evaluation of Bupivacaine in Salmonella/E.coli Mutagenicity Test or Ames Test. (nih.gov)
- Bupivacaine hydrochloride produced developmental toxicity when administered subcutaneously to pregnant rats and rabbits at doses 30-times the MHRD. (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
Spinal2
- Objective: To compare two different doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine in unilateral spinal anaesthesia among geriatric patients in hemiarthroplasty surgery. (fortuneonline.org)
- Bupivacaine is often administered by spinal injection prior to total hip arthroplasty. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
Monohydrate4
- 2.5 mg / m 5 ampoules x20 ml contains bupivacaine hydrochloride (as monohydrate) equivalent to 50 mg anhydrous bupivacaine hydrochloride. (frostpharma.se)
- Bupivacaine Hydrochloride is 2-Piperidinecarboxamide, 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-, monohydrochloride, monohydrate, a white crystalline powder that is freely soluble in 95 percent ethanol, soluble in water, and slightly soluble in chloroform or acetone. (nih.gov)
- If you are allergic (hypersensitive) to bupivacaine hydrochloride monohydrate or local anaesthetics of the amide type or to any of the other ingredients in this medicine. (imedi.co.uk)
- This will normally between 15-150mg of Bupivacaine hydrochloride monohydrate. (imedi.co.uk)
Thoracic epidural3
- The comparison of analgesic efficacy between ultrasound-guided continuous thoracic paravertebral block and continuous thoracic epidural block using bupivacaine - fentanyl in patients undergoing lung surgery: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. (iasp-pain.org)
- The aim of this prospective, double blind, randomised trial was to compare the analgesic and adverse effectsof three concentrations of the thoracic epidural sufentanil with bupivacaine in patients undergoing thoracotomy . (bvsalud.org)
- We studied 60 (randomised) patients who were to receive a 10 ml bolus dose of sufentanil , 1µg/ml, 2 µg/ml and3 µg/ml, in bupivacaine 0.125%, via thoracic epidural. (bvsalud.org)
Inguinal hernia3
- The fixed-dose combination of bupivacaine with Type I collagen (brand name Xaracoll) is indicated for acute postsurgical analgesia (pain relief) for up to 24 hours in adults following open inguinal hernia repair. (wikipedia.org)
- To compare the postoperative pain relief provided by simple bupivacaine wound instillation and ultrasound guided inguinal hernia field block. (ipmj.org)
- Bupivacaine instillation is as effective as ultrasound guided field block for inguinal hernia repair pain. (ipmj.org)
Surgical4
- Bupivacaine (Posimir) is indicated in adults for administration into the subacromial space under direct arthroscopic visualization to produce post-surgical analgesia for up to 72 hours following arthroscopic subacromial decompression. (wikipedia.org)
- Multiple trials are ongoing to investigate safety and efficacy of SABER-Bupivacaine in various surgical procedures. (clinicaltrialsnz.com)
- Liposome bupivacaine has a similar safety and side effect profile to bupivacaine HCl and normal saline, suggesting that most of the more common AEs are related to either opioid rescue or the surgical procedure itself. (anesthesiaexperts.com)
- Xaracoll is placed directly into the surgical site during surgery and, after placement, releases bupivacaine immediately and over time. (med-chemist.com)
Fentanyl6
- Overall, it appears that with good breastfeeding support epidural bupivacaine with or without fentanyl or one of its derivatives has little or no adverse effect on breastfeeding success. (nih.gov)
- Group A was received 10 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine plus 20 µg fentanyl and Group B was received 7.50 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine plus 20 µg fentanyl. (fortuneonline.org)
- Group I recived 9 mg bupivacaine 0.5% and 20 mcg fentanil (total 2 ml), and Group II received 9 mg levobupivacaine 0.5% and 20 mcg fentanyl (total 2.6 ml). (jceionline.org)
- Comparison of continuous epidural infusion of fentanyl and fentanyl-bupivacaine for post cholecystectomy pain control. (tmu.edu.tw)
- We tried to combine low concentrations of fentanyl with bupivacaine to minimize side effects and to see if synergistic effect existed. (tmu.edu.tw)
- In conclusion, the continuous infusion of dilute bupivacaine with fentanyl provides synergistic analgesia with minimal side effects. (tmu.edu.tw)
Injection of bupivacaine2
- Monitor cardiovascular and respiratory vital signs and patient's state of consciousness after injection of bupivacaine hydrochloride. (nih.gov)
- Recent clinical reports and animal research suggest that these cardiovascular changes are more likely to occur after unintended intravascular injection of bupivacaine. (nih.gov)
Concentration of bupivacaine1
- The concentration of bupivacaine or its metabolites after administration of a HNED dose are detectable by mass spectrometric techniques. (illinois.edu)
Pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine1
- The aim of this work was to determine the effects of different time of tobacco smoke exposure on pharmacokinetics of bupivacaine in mice. (lih.lu)
Infusion3
- Additionally, bupivacaine can cause chondrolysis after continuous infusion into a joint space. (wikipedia.org)
- Animals in the control group received a saline injection 10 ml/kg while animals in the Shenfu group received an injection of Shenfu 10 ml/kg intraperitoneally 30 minutes before intravenous infusion of bupivacaine. (qxmd.com)
- The femoral vein was cannulated for the infusion of bupivacaine. (qxmd.com)
Dose4
- The dose of bupivacaine was then calculated at the corresponding time point. (qxmd.com)
- The test dose should also contain 10 mg to 15 mg of Bupivacaine Hydrochloride or an equivalent amount of another local anesthetic to detect an unintended intrathecal administration. (druglib.com)
- Bupivacaine contains 3.15 mg/ml (0.14 mmol) sodium per dose. (imedi.co.uk)
- The primary outcome was dose of intrathecal bupivacaine . (bvsalud.org)
Cardiotoxicity1
- Predicting inter-individual variability during lipid resuscitation of bupivacaine cardiotoxicity in rats: a virtual populatio. (ornl.gov)
Intrathecal1
- During epidural administration of Bupivacaine Hydrochloride, 0.5% and 0.75% solutions should be administered in incremental doses of 3 mL to 5 mL with sufficient time between doses to detect toxic manifestations of unintentional intravascular or intrathecal injection. (druglib.com)
Rats2
- Bupivacaine hydrochloride was administered subcutaneously to rats at doses of 4.4, 13.3, and 40 mg/kg and to rabbits at doses of 1.3, 5.8, and 22.2 mg/kg during the period of organogenesis (implantation to closure of the hard palate). (pfizermedicalinformation.com)
- Previous studies showed that in rats, combinations of tetrodotoxin (TTX) with bupivacaine had supra-additive effects on sciatic block durations. (wustl.edu)
Amide2
- Five crystal forms of the amide-type local anesthetic S-bupivacaine hydrochloride (levobupivacaine) were prepared and characterized by means of thermal analytical methods, FTIR- and Raman-spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffractometry, and moisture sorption analysis. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Bupivacaine hydrochloride is a long-acting local anesthetic of the amide type with both anesthetic and analgesic effects. (frostpharma.se)
Infiltration1
- Bupivacaine is indicated for local infiltration, peripheral nerve block, sympathetic nerve block, and epidural and caudal blocks. (wikipedia.org)
Benzocaine1
- benzocaine, bupivacaine implant. (medscape.com)
Hyperbaric2
- A comparison of the effects of hyperbaric and isobaric bupivacaine spi" by MEHMET TOPTAÅž, SÄ°NAN UZMAN et al. (tubitak.gov.tr)
- Conclusion: Hyperbaric bupivacaine caused a significantly greater decrease in LF/HF ratios and a significantly greater increase in HF values. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Medication4
- Bupivacaine is available as a generic medication. (wikipedia.org)
- In the case of bupivacaine, there are no specific foods that you must exclude from your diet when receiving this medication. (rxwiki.com)
- Bupivacaine solution, a medication used to decrease feeling in a specific area, alongside sodium chloride used as a saline solution. (pslhub.org)
- At least 1 serious AE occurred in 8% of subjects receiving liposome bupivacaine compared with 10% of those receiving placebo (none assessed by investigators as related to study medication). (anesthesiaexperts.com)
Hemodynamic1
- We aimed to compare the anesthetic potencies and hemodynamic effects of levobupivacaine and bupivacaine with fentanil intrathecally administered in patients undergoing ano-rectal surgery. (jceionline.org)
Levobupivacaine3
- Levobupivacaine is a derivative, specifically an enantiomer, of bupivacaine. (the-medical-dictionary.com)
- Motor block onset time was longer in bupivacaine group than levobupivacaine group but motor block regression time was shorter in group levobupivacaine. (jceionline.org)
- Our results shows that levobupivacaine which has similar features with bupivacaine in terms of sensory block may be a good alternative to bupivacaine in the operations in which development of the motor blocks is unwanted. (jceionline.org)
Conclusions1
- An overview of Genetic Toxicology Bacterial Mutagenicity study conclusions related to Bupivacaine (38396-39-3). (nih.gov)
PRECAUTIONS1
- See the "Bupivacaine Precautions" section. (rxwiki.com)
Belongs to a group1
- Bupivacaine belongs to a group of drugs called local anesthetics. (rxwiki.com)