Bromine Radioisotopes
Bromine
Radioisotopes
Bromides
Zinc Radioisotopes
Kelp
Chlorine
Halogens
Radioisotope Dilution Technique
Laminaria
Strontium Radioisotopes
Bromobenzenes
Iodine Radioisotopes
Krypton Radioisotopes
Polybrominated Biphenyls
Indium Radioisotopes
Gabon
Distillation
Cosmetics
Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin
Esthetics
Treatment Outcome
Quality of Life
In vivo imaging of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in temporal lobe epilepsy with a new PET tracer: [76Br]4-bromodexetimide. (1/23)
Muscarinic acetyl cholinergic receptors (mAChRs) may be involved in the pathophysiology of partial epilepsy. Previous experimental and imaging studies have reported medial temporal abnormalities of mAChR in patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Suitable radiotracers for mAChR are required to evaluate these disturbances in vivo using PET. Dexetimide is a specific mAChR antagonist that has been labeled recently with 76Br. This first study in humans focused on regional distribution and binding kinetics of [76Br]4-bromodexetimide (BDEX) in patients with MTLE. METHODS: Ten patients with well-lateralized MTLE had combined MRI, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET and 76Br-BDEX PET studies. Time-activity curves were generated in PET-defined regions of interest, including the medial, polar and lateral regions of the temporal lobe; the basal ganglia; the external and medial occipital cortex; and the white matter. RESULTS: The highest radioactivity concentration was observed in the basal ganglia and in the cortical regions, whereas radioactivity was lower in the white matter. On late images of PET studies, 76Br-BDEX uptake was statistically significantly decreased only in the medial temporal region ipsilateral to the seizure focus (1.37 +/-0.28, P < 0.01) as determined by FDG PET imaging, anatomic MRI and electroencephalogram correlation, compared with the contralateral medial temporal region (1.46 +/- 0.31). CONCLUSION: 76Br-BDEX concentration is reduced in the temporal lobe ipsilateral to the seizure focus in patients with MTLE. This preliminary study suggests that 76Br-BDEX is a suitable radiotracer for studies of mAChR in humans. Further studies are required to investigate the potential value of 76Br-BDEX PET in other neurological disorders with muscarinic disturbances. (+info)Synthesis of [76Br]bromofluorodeoxyuridine and its validation with regard to uptake, DNA incorporation, and excretion modulation in rats. (2/23)
This investigation aimed to validate 5-[76Br]bromo-2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (BFU) as a proliferation marker using PET. METHODS: Five megabecquerels 76Br-BFU were injected into the tail vein of Sprague-Dawley rats. At 6 or 16 h after injection, the rats were killed and the radioactivity concentration was measured in 6 different organs and blood. The fraction of radioactivity incorporated into DNA was determined for the spleen and small intestine. In parallel experiments, the animals were pretreated with hydroxyurea. In a few experiments, the urinary excretion of radioactivity was measured from administration of 76Br-BFU until 6 h. A sample of urine was analyzed with HPLC. In separate experiments, rats were given different doses of cimetidine, and the organ uptake and the fraction of radioactivity in DNA were determined at 24 h. RESULTS: The highest organ uptake of radioactivity was found in the spleen, followed by the small intestine. Approximately 90% of the radioactivity in these organs was incorporated into DNA, and inhibition by hydroxyurea was pronounced. Intact tracer constituted more than 95% of the radioactivity in urine. With cimetidine, the uptake of radioactivity increased approximately 2-5 times at different doses, whereas the urine radioactivity decreased markedly. CONCLUSION: 76Br-BFU was predominantly incorporated into DNA after administration in vivo in rats. If cimetidine was given in combination with the tracer, an increased contrast of radioactivity concentration between organs of high proliferation and organs of low proliferation was observed. The investigation suggested that 76Br-BFU has good potential as a PET tracer for the assessment of proliferation in vivo. (+info)Rat studies comparing 11C-FMAU, 18F-FLT, and 76Br-BFU as proliferation markers. (3/23)
We analyzed and compared 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-[methyl-(11)C]thymine ((11)C-FMAU), 3'-deoxy-3'-[(18)F]fluorothymidine ((18)F-FLT) and 1-(2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-[(76)Br]bromouracil ((76)Br-BFU) with respect to tissue uptake, DNA incorporation, and excretion modulation in rats. The goal of the investigation was to evaluate the efficiency of the 3 nucleoside tracers as potential tracers for measuring proliferation. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups and administered 5 MBq (11)C-FMAU, 1 MBq (18)F-FLT, or 2 MBq (76)Br-BFU. For each tracer, a subgroup was also administered 6 mg/kg cimetidine. The rats in the (11)C-FMAU group were killed at 5, 20, 40, 60, and 80 min after injection; the rats in the (18)F-FLT group were killed at 80 min and 2 and 4 h; and the rats in the (76)Br-BFU group were killed at 5, 20, 40, and 80 min and 2, 4, 6, and 24 h. Samples of blood, liver, kidney, spleen, and intestine were taken, and the radioactivity was measured. DNA separation was made in the samples of spleen, and the radioactivity in the DNA fraction was measured. RESULTS: Maximal uptake of radioactivity was seen in the spleen and intestine, organs with active DNA synthesis. The highest relative radioactivity uptake was at 60 min in the (11)C-FMAU groups and at 4 h in the (18)F-FLT group. In the (76)Br-BFU group, the uptake increased gradually during the observation period, and uptake of radioactivity increased markedly in rats receiving cimetidine. Cimetidine did not affect radioactivity uptake in the (11)C-FMAU or (18)F-FLT groups. The fraction of radioactivity in DNA was 78% in spleen at 60 min in the (11)C-FMAU group, 80% at 60 min and 97% at 4 h in the (76)Br-BFU group. The DNA-incorporation was only 2% in the (18)F-FLT group. CONCLUSION: (76)Br-BFU predominantly incorporates into DNA and has great potential as a PET tracer for the assessment of proliferation in vivo. (11)C-FMAU also may have potential as a proliferation marker, but the observation time is limited. (18)F-FLT does not incorporate into DNA and is therefore not a direct marker of proliferation. (+info)Measurement of the extracellular space in brain tumors using 76Br-bromide and PET. (4/23)
Brain edema significantly contributes to the clinical course of human brain tumor patients. There is evidence that an enlargement of the extracellular space (ECS) is involved in the development of brain edema. Although T2-weighted magnetic resonance (T2-MR) images represent brain edema by its increased water content, they do not differentiate ECS enlargement from increased intracellular water content. METHODS: On the basis of the known distribution of bromide in the ECS, we used (76)Br-bromide and PET to measure the regional ECS in 9 brain tumor patients. Transport rate constants and the distribution volume (DV) of (76)Br-bromide in normal brain and tumor were derived from dynamic PET scans and the measured (76)Br-bromide concentration in arterial plasma. We evaluated different models regarding their reliability in estimating the ECS. RESULTS: Assuming that the DV of (76)Br-bromide represents the ECS, robust estimates were possible for all investigated regions. In normal brain, ECS was within a narrow range-for example, occipital lobe, 19.9% +/- 3.1%-and was lower in 2 dexamethasone-treated patients compared with untreated patients. In 7 of 9 tumors, increased ECS ranged between 43.8% and 61.1%. ECS increases were confined to the tumor mass and did not extend into peritumoral edematous brain. Two patients with large hyperintense lesions according to T2-MR images showed normal ECS values within the lesion. CONCLUSION: (76)Br-Bromide PET allows a quantitative measurement of the ECS in brain edema and in normal brain. The discrepancies between lesions shown by T2-MRI and regional ECS enlargement as measured with PET challenge the concept of tumor-induced brain edema. (+info)Metabolism of bromide and its interference with the metabolism of iodine. (5/23)
The present knowledge about the metabolism of bromide with respect to its goitrogenic effects, including some conclusions drawn from our recent research on this subject, is reviewed. Firstly, the biological behavior of bromide ion is compared with that of chloride and iodide. Secondly, the details about distribution and kinetics of bromide ions in the body and in 15 different organs and tissues of the rat are given. Significant correlation between the values of the steady-state concentration of bromide in the respective tissue and of the corresponding biological half-life was found in most tissues examined. A remarkably high concentration of radiobromide was found in the skin, which represents, due to its large mass, the most abundant depot of bromide in the body of the rat. Thirdly, the effects of excessive bromide on the rat thyroid are summarized, along with the interference of exogenous bromide with the whole-body metabolism of iodine. It is suggested that high levels of bromide in the organism of experimental animals can influence their iodine metabolism in two parallel ways: by a decrease in iodide accumulation in the thyroid and skin (and in the mammary glands in lactating dams), and by a rise in iodide excretion by kidneys. By accelerating the renal excretion of iodide, excessive bromide can also influence the pool of exchangeable iodide in the thyroid. Finally, our recent results concerning the influence of high bromide intake in the lactating rat dam on iodine and bromide transfer to the suckling, and the impact of seriously decreased iodine content and increased bromide concentration in mother's milk on the young are discussed. We must state, however, that the virtue of the toxic effects of excessive bromide on the thyroid gland and its interference with the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, as well as the exact mechanism of bromide interference with postnatal developmental processes remains to be elucidated. (+info)Biological half-life of bromide in the rat depends primarily on the magnitude of sodium intake. (6/23)
The parallel course of the excretion rates of bromide and sodium ions was demonstrated in adult male and female rats administered simultaneously with potassium 82Br-bromide and 24Na-sodium chloride. The animals were exposed to various intakes of sodium ions accompanied with five different anions: Br-, Cl-, HCO3-, ClO4-, and SCN-. Regardless of the anion accompanying the sodium ion, the excretion rates of 82Br- and 24Na+ ions were proportional to the magnitude of sodium intake in the animals. Hence, we have proved our hypothesis that the biological half-life of bromide depends on the magnitude of sodium intake rather than on the intake of chloride. (+info)Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of 2 high-affinity 76Br-labeled sigma2-receptor ligands. (7/23)
The sigma(2)-receptor has been shown to be upregulated in proliferating tumors cells. The purpose of this study was to compare 3'-deoxy-3'-(18)F-fluorothymidine ((18)F-FLT) and 2 new (76)Br-radiolabeled compounds that have a high affinity and selectivity for the sigma(2)-receptor. These are 5-bromo-N-(4-(3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)butyl)-2,3-dimethoxyb enzamide (compound (1)) and 5-bromo-N-(2-(3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxyisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)ethyl)-2-methoxybenza mide (compound (2)). METHODS: Two sigma(2)-receptor-binding ligands were prepared, from the corresponding tributylstannyl precursors using standard electrophilic chemistry, (76)Br-compound (1) ((76)Br-1) and (76)Br-compound (2) ((76)Br-2). (18)F-FLT, (76)Br-1, and (76)Br-2 were compared using allograft tumors of the EMT-6 cell line (mouse mammary adenocarcinoma) in biodistribution studies at 5 min, 0.5, 1, and 2 h. Imaging of (76)Br-1 and (18)F-FLT was also performed at 2 and 1 h, respectively. RESULTS: (76)Br-1 and (76)Br-2 were synthesized with yields between 50% and 70% with high specific activity. Both compounds showed uptake into the tumor with tumor-to-normal tissue ratios of (76)Br-1 being greater than both (76)Br-2 and (18)F-FLT. Except for the liver and kidney, all ratios were greater than 1 and uptake into the tumor was shown with microPET imaging for (76)Br-1. CONCLUSION: We were able to synthesize two (76)Br-radiolabeled compounds with a high yield and specific activity that target the sigma(2) receptor with high affinity and selectivity. The studies presented show that both of the flexible benzamide compounds can identify EMT-6 breast tumors in vivo. (76)Br-1 also has higher tumor-to-normal tissue ratios when compared with (76)Br-2 and (18)F-FLT. The high affinity and low nonspecific binding of (76)Br-1 indicates that it can be a potential PET radiotracer for imaging solid tumors. (+info)Noninvasive molecular imaging to detect transgene expression of lentiviral vector in nonhuman primates. (8/23)
Noninvasive imaging of a reporter gene is a new and promising technique to quantify transgene expression after gene therapy. This study was performed to demonstrate visualization of lentiviral-marked cells by PET. METHODS: We transduced nonhuman primate CD34+ hematopoietic cells with a lentiviral vector expressing a PET reporter gene, the mutant viral herpes simplex virus type 1-thymidine kinase (HSV1-sr39tk) gene. 1-(2-Fluoro-2-deoxy-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-76Br-5-bromouracil (76Br-FBAU) was used as the substrate for the viral tk enzyme. Upon phosphorylation, 76Br-FBAU was retained by cells and imaged by PET. The long half-life of 76Br, 16.2 h, permitted us to perform extended pharmacokinetic and imaging studies. RESULTS: 76Br-FBAU was retained in vascular tissues of the animals with transplanted tk lentiviral vector-transduced CD34+ cells. Elimination of 76Br-FBAU was through renal and hepatic excretion. CONCLUSION: Noninvasive molecular imaging using PET will help us, in the future, to define the contribution and distribution of cells and their progeny to tissue repair and development. (+info)Bromine radioisotopes are unstable forms of the element bromine that emit radiation as they decay into more stable forms. These isotopes can be used in various medical applications, such as diagnostic imaging and cancer treatment. Some commonly used bromine radioisotopes include Bromine-75, Bromine-76, and Bromine-77.
Bromine-75 is a positron-emitting radionuclide that can be used in positron emission tomography (PET) scans to image and diagnose various diseases, including cancer. It has a half-life of about 97 minutes.
Bromine-76 is also a positron-emitting radionuclide with a longer half-life of approximately 16.2 hours. It can be used in PET imaging to study the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of drugs, as well as for tumor imaging.
Bromine-77 is a gamma-emitting radionuclide with a half-life of about 57 hours. It can be used in various medical applications, such as in the labeling of antibodies and other biomolecules for diagnostic purposes.
It's important to note that handling and using radioisotopes require specialized training and equipment due to their potential radiation hazards.
Bromine is a chemical element with the symbol "Br" and atomic number 35. It belongs to the halogen group in the periodic table and is a volatile, reddish-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates easily into a red-brown gas with a strong, chlorine-like odor.
Bromine is not found free in nature, but it is present in many minerals, such as bromite and halite. It is produced industrially through the treatment of brine with chlorine gas. Bromine has a wide range of uses, including as a disinfectant, fumigant, flame retardant, and intermediate in the production of various chemicals.
In medicine, bromine compounds have been used historically as sedatives and anticonvulsants, although their use has declined due to the availability of safer and more effective drugs. Bromine itself is not used medically, but some of its compounds may have therapeutic applications in certain contexts. For example, bromide salts have been used as a mild sedative and anticonvulsant in veterinary medicine. However, their use in humans is limited due to the risk of toxicity.
Radioisotopes, also known as radioactive isotopes or radionuclides, are variants of chemical elements that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, or conversion electrons. These isotopes are formed when an element's nucleus undergoes natural or artificial radioactive decay.
Radioisotopes can be produced through various processes, including nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and particle bombardment in a cyclotron or other types of particle accelerators. They have a wide range of applications in medicine, industry, agriculture, research, and energy production. In the medical field, radioisotopes are used for diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy, and in the labeling of molecules for research purposes.
It is important to note that handling and using radioisotopes requires proper training, safety measures, and regulatory compliance due to their ionizing radiation properties, which can pose potential health risks if not handled correctly.
In medical terms, "bromides" refer to salts or compounds that contain bromine, a chemical element. Historically, potassium bromide was used as a sedative and anticonvulsant in the 19th and early 20th centuries. However, its use has largely been discontinued due to side effects such as neurotoxicity and kidney damage.
In modern medical language, "bromides" can also refer to something that is unoriginal, dull, or lacking in creativity, often used to describe ideas or expressions that are trite or clichéd. This usage comes from the fact that bromide salts were once commonly used as a sedative and were associated with a lack of excitement or energy.
Zinc radioisotopes are unstable isotopes or variants of the element zinc that undergo radioactive decay, emitting radiation in the process. These isotopes have a different number of neutrons than the stable isotope of zinc (zinc-64), which contributes to their instability and tendency to decay.
Examples of zinc radioisotopes include zinc-65, zinc-70, and zinc-72. These isotopes are often used in medical research and diagnostic procedures due to their ability to emit gamma rays or positrons, which can be detected using specialized equipment.
Zinc radioisotopes may be used as tracers to study the metabolism and distribution of zinc in the body, or as therapeutic agents to deliver targeted radiation therapy to cancer cells. However, it is important to note that the use of radioisotopes carries potential risks, including exposure to ionizing radiation and the potential for damage to healthy tissues.
Bromine compounds refer to chemical substances that contain bromine, a halogen element with the atomic number 35 and symbol Br. Bromine is a volatile, reddish-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates easily into a red-brown gas with a strong, chlorine-like odor.
Bromine compounds can be formed when bromine combines with other elements or compounds. These compounds have various properties and uses depending on the other elements or groups involved. Some common examples of bromine compounds include:
1. Bromides: These are salts of hydrobromic acid, which contains bromide ions (Br-). They are commonly used as sedatives, anticonvulsants, and in photography.
2. Organobromines: These are organic compounds that contain bromine atoms. They have various uses, including as flame retardants, fumigants, and intermediates in the production of other chemicals.
3. Bromates: These are oxides of bromine that contain the bromate ion (BrO3-). They are used as oxidizing agents in water treatment and bleaching.
4. Bromine pentafluoride (BrF5): This is a highly reactive and corrosive compound that is used as a fluorinating agent in chemical reactions.
5. Bromine trifluoride (BrF3): This is another reactive and corrosive compound that is used as a fluorinating agent, particularly in the production of uranium hexafluoride for nuclear reactors.
It's important to note that some bromine compounds can be toxic, corrosive, or environmentally harmful, so they must be handled with care and disposed of properly.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Kelp" is not a medical term. It is a type of large brown seaweed that grows in underwater forests called kelp beds or kelp forests. Kelps are important in the aquatic ecosystem as they provide food and shelter for many marine organisms. They are also used in various industries such as food, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals. If you have any medical term or concept you would like me to define or explain, I'd be happy to help!
Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. It is a member of the halogen group of elements and is the second-lightest halogen after fluorine. In its pure form, chlorine is a yellow-green gas under standard conditions.
Chlorine is an important chemical compound that has many uses in various industries, including water treatment, disinfection, and bleaching. It is also used in the production of a wide range of products, such as plastics, solvents, and pesticides.
In medicine, chlorine compounds are sometimes used for their antimicrobial properties. For example, sodium hypochlorite (bleach) is a common disinfectant used to clean surfaces and equipment in healthcare settings. Chlorhexidine is another chlorine compound that is widely used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in medical and dental procedures.
However, it's important to note that exposure to high concentrations of chlorine gas can be harmful to human health, causing respiratory irritation, coughing, and shortness of breath. Long-term exposure to chlorine can also lead to more serious health effects, such as damage to the lungs and other organs.
Halogenation is a general term used in chemistry and biochemistry, including medical contexts, to refer to the process of introducing a halogen atom into a molecule. Halogens are a group of non-metallic elements that include fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At).
In medical terms, halogenation is often discussed in the context of pharmaceuticals or biological molecules. For example, the halogenation of aromatic compounds can increase their lipophilicity, which can affect their ability to cross cell membranes and interact with biological targets. This can be useful in drug design and development, as modifying a lead compound's halogenation pattern may enhance its therapeutic potential or alter its pharmacokinetic properties.
However, it is essential to note that halogenation can also impact the safety and toxicity profiles of compounds. Therefore, understanding the effects of halogenation on a molecule's structure and function is crucial in drug design and development processes.
Halogens are a group of nonmetallic elements found in the seventh group of the periodic table. They include fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). Tennessine (Ts) is sometimes also classified as a halogen, although it has not been extensively studied.
In medical terms, halogens have various uses in medicine and healthcare. For example:
* Chlorine is used for disinfection and sterilization of surgical instruments, drinking water, and swimming pools. It is also used as a medication to treat certain types of anemia.
* Fluoride is added to drinking water and toothpaste to prevent dental caries (cavities) by strengthening tooth enamel.
* Iodine is used as a disinfectant, in medical imaging, and in the treatment of thyroid disorders.
* Bromine has been used in the past as a sedative and anticonvulsant, but its use in medicine has declined due to safety concerns.
Halogens are highly reactive and can be toxic or corrosive in high concentrations, so they must be handled with care in medical settings.
The Radioisotope Dilution Technique is a method used in nuclear medicine to measure the volume and flow rate of a particular fluid in the body. It involves introducing a known amount of a radioactive isotope, or radioisotope, into the fluid, such as blood. The isotope mixes with the fluid, and samples are then taken from the fluid at various time points.
By measuring the concentration of the radioisotope in each sample, it is possible to calculate the total volume of the fluid based on the amount of the isotope introduced and the dilution factor. The flow rate can also be calculated by measuring the concentration of the isotope over time and using the formula:
Flow rate = Volume/Time
This technique is commonly used in medical research and clinical settings to measure cardiac output, cerebral blood flow, and renal function, among other applications. It is a safe and reliable method that has been widely used for many years. However, it does require the use of radioactive materials and specialized equipment, so it should only be performed by trained medical professionals in appropriate facilities.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Pentanones" is not a recognized medical term. It is a chemical term that refers to a class of compounds known as ketones, where the parent compound contains five carbon atoms and a ketone functional group. Ketones are organic compounds containing a carbonyl group (a functional group consisting of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom: C=O) with the carbon atom also being bonded to two other carbon atoms.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, please feel free to ask!
"Laminaria" is a genus of brown algae that grows in cooler waters and is often used in medical procedures as a preparation for dilating the cervix. The dried and sterilized form of Laminaria japonica, a species of this seaweed, is known as "Laminaria tents" or "Laminaria sticks." These are gradually inserted into the cervix where they absorb water and expand over a period of hours, dilating the cervix. This is most commonly done in preparation for a surgical procedure such as a dilation and curettage (D&C) or an abortion. It's important to note that this process should be performed by a healthcare professional in a clinical setting.
Strontium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element strontium. Strontium is an alkaline earth metal that is found in nature and has several isotopes, some of which are stable and some of which are radioactive. The radioactive isotopes of strontium, also known as strontium radionuclides, decay and emit radiation in the form of beta particles.
Strontium-89 (^89Sr) and strontium-90 (^90Sr) are two common radioisotopes of strontium that are used in medical applications. Strontium-89 is a pure beta emitter with a half-life of 50.5 days, which makes it useful for the treatment of bone pain associated with metastatic cancer. When administered, strontium-89 is taken up by bones and irradiates the bone tissue, reducing pain and improving quality of life in some patients.
Strontium-90, on the other hand, has a longer half-life of 28.8 years and emits more powerful beta particles than strontium-89. It is used as a component in radioactive waste and in some nuclear weapons, but it is not used in medical applications due to its long half-life and high radiation dose.
It's important to note that exposure to strontium radioisotopes can be harmful to human health, especially if ingested or inhaled. Therefore, handling and disposal of strontium radioisotopes require special precautions and regulations.
Bromobenzenes are a group of chemical compounds that consist of a benzene ring (a cyclic structure with six carbon atoms and alternating double bonds) substituted with one or more bromine atoms. The simplest and most common member of this group is bromobenzene itself, which contains a single bromine atom attached to a benzene ring.
Other members of the bromobenzenes family include dibromobenzene (with two bromine atoms), tribromobenzene (with three bromine atoms), and tetrabromobenzene (with four bromine atoms). These compounds are used in various industrial applications, such as in the production of flame retardants, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals.
It is important to note that bromobenzenes can be harmful or toxic to humans and other organisms, and should be handled with care. Exposure to high levels of these compounds can cause a range of health effects, including irritation of the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract, headaches, dizziness, nausea, and damage to the liver and kidneys.
Hydrobromic acid is not typically considered a medical term, but rather a chemical one. However, it can have medical relevance in certain contexts, such as in the production of some pharmaceuticals or in chemical peels used in dermatology.
Medically, hydrobromic acid might be defined as a strong mineral acid that is highly corrosive and can cause severe burns and tissue damage upon contact with skin or mucous membranes. It is typically produced by the reaction of bromine with water, and it consists of hydrogen bromide (HBr) in its aqueous solution form.
It's worth noting that exposure to hydrobromic acid should be avoided, and medical attention should be sought immediately in case of accidental contact or ingestion.
Iodine radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element iodine, which decays and emits radiation in the form of gamma rays. Some commonly used iodine radioisotopes include I-123, I-125, I-131. These radioisotopes have various medical applications such as in diagnostic imaging, therapy for thyroid disorders, and cancer treatment.
For example, I-131 is commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid cancer due to its ability to destroy thyroid tissue. On the other hand, I-123 is often used in nuclear medicine scans of the thyroid gland because it emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera, allowing for detailed images of the gland's structure and function.
It is important to note that handling and administering radioisotopes require specialized training and safety precautions due to their radiation-emitting properties.
Krypton is a noble gas with the symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It exists in various radioisotopes, which are unstable isotopes of krypton that undergo radioactive decay. A few examples include:
1. Krypton-81: This radioisotope has a half-life of about 2.1 x 10^5 years and decays via electron capture to rubidium-81. It is produced naturally in the atmosphere by cosmic rays.
2. Krypton-83: With a half-life of approximately 85.7 days, this radioisotope decays via beta decay to bromine-83. It can be used in medical imaging for lung ventilation studies.
3. Krypton-85: This radioisotope has a half-life of about 10.7 years and decays via beta decay to rubidium-85. It is produced as a byproduct of nuclear fission and can be found in trace amounts in the atmosphere.
4. Krypton-87: With a half-life of approximately 76.3 minutes, this radioisotope decays via beta decay to rubidium-87. It is not found naturally on Earth but can be produced artificially.
It's important to note that while krypton radioisotopes have medical applications, they are also associated with potential health risks due to their radioactivity. Proper handling and safety precautions must be taken when working with these substances.
Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) are a group of chemically related compounds that were widely used as flame retardants in various consumer products, such as electronics, appliances, and textiles. Structurally, they consist of two benzene rings with bromine atoms attached to them in different positions. PBBs have been banned or restricted in many countries due to their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential adverse health effects.
Here is a medical definition for Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs):
A class of brominated aromatic compounds that were historically used as flame retardants in various industrial and consumer applications. Due to their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity concerns, their production and use have been significantly restricted or banned in many countries. Exposure to PBBs can occur through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact and may lead to a variety of health issues, including endocrine disruption, reproductive and developmental effects, neurodevelopmental toxicity, and immune system alterations. Long-term exposure to high levels of PBBs can result in skin irritation, liver damage, and thyroid hormone disruption.
Indium radioisotopes refer to specific types of radioactive indium atoms, which are unstable and emit radiation as they decay. Indium is a chemical element with the symbol In and atomic number 49. Its radioisotopes are often used in medical imaging and therapy due to their unique properties.
For instance, one commonly used indium radioisotope is Indium-111 (^111In), which has a half-life of approximately 2.8 days. It emits gamma rays, making it useful for diagnostic imaging techniques such as single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). In clinical applications, indium-111 is often attached to specific molecules or antibodies that target particular cells or tissues in the body, allowing medical professionals to monitor biological processes and identify diseases like cancer.
Another example is Indium-113m (^113mIn), which has a half-life of about 99 minutes. It emits low-energy gamma rays and is used as a source for in vivo counting, typically in the form of indium chloride (InCl3) solution. This radioisotope can be used to measure blood flow, ventilation, and other physiological parameters.
It's important to note that handling and using radioisotopes require proper training and safety measures due to their ionizing radiation properties.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Gabon" is not a medical term. It is the name of a country located in Central Africa, known officially as the Gabonese Republic. If you have any questions about medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to help with those!
Distillation is a laboratory technique or industrial process in which a mixture is heated to produce a vapor, which is then condensed and collected as a purified liquid. In the medical context, distillation may refer to the process of extracting or purifying certain substances, such as essential oils from plants or alcohol for use in medicinal preparations. It is also used in the production of pharmaceuticals and chemical compounds. The process works by taking advantage of differences in volatility between components in a mixture: those with lower boiling points vaporize first and are condensed separately, allowing for their isolation.
Cosmetics are defined in the medical field as products that are intended to be applied or introduced to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, and altering the appearance. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), cosmetics include skin creams, lotions, makeup, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail polishes, eye and facial makeup preparations, shampoos, permanent waves, hair colors, toothpastes, and deodorants, as well as any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product.
It's important to note that the FDA classifies cosmetics and drugs differently. Drugs are defined as products that are intended to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease, and/or affect the structure or function of the body. Some products, such as anti-dandruff shampoos or toothpastes with fluoride, can be considered both a cosmetic and a drug because they have both cleansing and therapeutic properties. These types of products are subject to regulation by both the FDA's Office of Cosmetics and Colors and its Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.
Cosmetics must not be adulterated or misbranded, meaning that they must be safe for use under labeled or customary conditions, properly packaged and labeled, and not contain any harmful ingredients. However, the FDA does not have the authority to approve cosmetic products before they go on the market, with the exception of color additives. Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring that their products are safe and properly labeled.
Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin is a radiopharmaceutical preparation used in diagnostic imaging. It consists of radioactive technetium-99m (^99m^Tc) chemically bonded to human serum albumin, which has been aggregated to increase its size and alter its clearance from the body.
The resulting compound is injected into the patient's bloodstream, where it accumulates in the reticuloendothelial system (RES), including the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. The radioactive emission of technetium-99m can then be detected by a gamma camera, producing images that reflect the distribution and function of the RES.
This imaging technique is used to diagnose and monitor various conditions, such as liver disease, inflammation, or tumors. It provides valuable information about the patient's health status and helps guide medical decision-making.
"Esthetics" is a term that refers to the branch of knowledge dealing with the principles of beauty and artistic taste, particularly as they relate to the appreciation of beauty in the visual arts. However, it is important to note that "esthetics" is not typically used as a medical term.
In the context of healthcare and medicine, the term that is more commonly used is "aesthetics," which refers to the study and theory of beauty and taste, but in relation to medical treatments or procedures that aim to improve or restore physical appearance. Aesthetic medicine includes procedures such as cosmetic surgery, dermatology, and other treatments aimed at enhancing or restoring physical appearance for reasons that are not related to medical necessity.
Therefore, the term "esthetics" is more appropriately used in the context of art, beauty, and culture rather than medicine.
Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.
Quality of Life (QOL) is a broad, multidimensional concept that usually includes an individual's physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships, personal beliefs, and their relationship to salient features of their environment. It reflects the impact of disease and treatment on a patient's overall well-being and ability to function in daily life.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines QOL as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns." It is a subjective concept, meaning it can vary greatly from person to person.
In healthcare, QOL is often used as an outcome measure in clinical trials and other research studies to assess the impact of interventions or treatments on overall patient well-being.
A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.
Bromine
Cyclotron
Mushroom cloud
Viking program
Isotopes of bromine
List of MeSH codes (D01)
Chlorine
Selenium
Halogen
Schilling test
Strontium fluoride
William Valentine Mayneord
Tungsten
Cobalt
Molecular imaging
Iodine
Period 5 element
CI chondrite
Radioactive tracer
Technetium
John M. Edwards
WAY-100635
Industrial gas
Gold
SCK CEN
Fission products (by element)
X-10 Graphite Reactor
Carbon group
Arsenic
Inulin
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Isotopes2
- Radioisotopes or radioactivity isotopes are isotopes that are made artificially by bombarding neutrons or protons or deuterons at elements. (stoplearn.com)
- Isotopes lighter than the stable isotopes primarily undergo beta plus decay to isotopes of arsenic, and isotopes heavier than the stable isotopes undergo beta minus decay to isotopes of bromine, with some minor neutron emission branches in the heaviest known isotopes. (w3we.com)
Iodine3
- The seaweed was used to produce iodine, but also contained bromine. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1840, bromine was discovered to have some advantages over the previously used iodine vapor to create the light sensitive silver halide layer in daguerreotypy. (wikipedia.org)
- IRE said that the conversion process to LEU radioisotope production will soon include the manufacture of iodine-131, which is used in the treatment of thyroid cancer. (ans.org)
Compounds5
- At high temperatures, organobromine compounds readily dissociate to yield free bromine atoms, a process that stops free radical chemical chain reactions. (wikipedia.org)
- This effect makes organobromine compounds useful as fire retardants, and more than half the bromine produced worldwide each year is put to this purpose. (wikipedia.org)
- The same property causes ultraviolet sunlight to dissociate volatile organobromine compounds in the atmosphere to yield free bromine atoms, causing ozone depletion. (wikipedia.org)
- Bromine compounds are still used in well drilling fluids, in photographic film, and as an intermediate in the manufacture of organic chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
- In the early years of the First World War, bromine compounds such as xylyl bromide were used as poison gas. (wikipedia.org)
Chemicals1
- Balard found bromine chemicals in the ash of seaweed from the salt marshes of Montpellier. (wikipedia.org)
Secondary1
- As for scores of simulations, we wanted primary proton fluency, produced radioisotopes, and secondary particles existing after interactions. (hindawi.com)
Tracer1
- Equally reliable, user and patient friendly, magnetic tracer super paramagnetic iron oxide, was compared with the radioisotope tracer in detection of Sentinel lymph node in a clinically node negative axilla in early breast cancer in this meta-analysis, with emphasis on the utility and safety of both techniques. (ijsurgery.com)
Occurs2
- Domestic production of radioisotopes occurs mainly at IPEN's IEA-R1 reactor, which has a maximum power of 5 megawatts (MW) and is located at the University of São Paulo (USP). (fapesp.br)
- The non-primordial radioisotope 79Se also occurs in minute quantities in uranium ores as a product of nuclear fission. (w3we.com)
Production8
- The recommended options for the production of relatively short half-life radionuclides are 77 As by capture on germanium or 76 As via (n,α) reaction on bromine, while two different ways are applicable for the production of 74 As, longer-lived radioisotope. (springer.com)
- Bromine was not produced in large quantities until 1858, when the discovery of salt deposits in Stassfurt enabled its production as a by-product of potash. (wikipedia.org)
- The ECA project "Production of 99m Tc using a medical cyclotron" enabled me to get started with solid targets for the accelerator production of radioisotopes. (energy.gov)
- The data and knowledge gained through this project paved the way for additional isotope production related projects including funded proposals related to 64 Cu, 52 Mn, 76,77 Br and 43,47 Sc as well as our training program at UAB. (energy.gov)
- Its production chain depends largely on imported radioisotopes-radioactive substances manufactured in nuclear reactors that serve as the raw material for radiopharmaceuticals. (fapesp.br)
- According to IRE, the production of Mo-99, which was done using LEU targets irradiated in the Belgian Reactor-2 (BR-2) at the Nuclear Research Center (SCK-CEN) in Mol, Belgium, was completed despite the additional burdens imposed by restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. (ans.org)
- Belgian Minister of Energy, Environment, and Sustainable Development Marie-Christine Marghem, who is responsible for IRE, said, "Despite the restrictions related to the health crisis, IRE has continued its efforts and has made it possible to collaborate in the implementation of our national strategy for the production of medical radioisotopes. (ans.org)
- The Strategic Collaboration for Innovation in Medical Imaging and Theranostics will focus on four core areas, including the rapid acceleration of the development and clinical translation of advanced Magnetic Resonance technologies and techniques through AI enabled exams, and the integration of precise imaging and dosimetry of highly targeted theranostic agents, enabling broader access and more efficient radioisotope production. (mddionline.com)
Nuclear medicine2
- Over 80% of nuclear medicine procedures require the use of the radioisotope 99mTc. (energy.gov)
- According to an April 20 communication from a Nuclear Medicine Europe (NMEu) emergency response team, organizations involved in the supply of Mo-99 and other medical radioisotopes, including research reactors, Mo-99 producers, Tc-99m generator manufacturers, and ground transportation, have reported regular operations. (ans.org)
Tumor1
- As such, providing means of carrying nanoparticles for specific endovascular drug or radioisotopes delivery at the site of the tumor mass would be extremely attractive. (polymtl.ca)
Drawbacks1
- The comparative advantages and drawbacks of some reactor-produced arsenic radioisotopes having favourable characteristics for their use as tracers are discussed. (springer.com)
Drugs1
- As a pharmaceutical, the simple bromide ion (Br−) has inhibitory effects on the central nervous system, and bromide salts were once a major medical sedative, before replacement by shorter-acting drugs. (wikipedia.org)
Cancer1
- Finlay I.G., Mason M.D., Shelley M., Radioisotopes for the palliation of metastatic bone cancer: a systematic review. (eia.edu.co)
Decay1
- This study investigated the distribution of 226Ra and 228Ra, radioisotopes from the 232U and 232Th decay chains in bottom sediment of the Santos basin. (usp.br)
Year2
- According to IPEN, it spends roughly US$15 million (approximately R$82.6 million) on radioisotope imports per year. (fapesp.br)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Cesium Radioisotopes" by people in this website by year, and whether "Cesium Radioisotopes" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (ucdenver.edu)
Mass1
- The mass of bromine in the oceans is about one three-hundredth that of chlorine. (wikipedia.org)
Medical1
- Cesium Radioisotopes" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ucdenver.edu)
Research2
- The RMB would be six times more powerful, at 30 MW, and in addition to producing radioisotopes for use in medicine, industry, and agriculture, would also be used to test nuclear materials and fuels and to generate neutron beams for research in various fields of science. (fapesp.br)
- Dr. Steven Liang's research is focused on novel labeling platforms to introduce radioisotopes into molecules of interest. (ucla.edu)
Publications2
- It also helped me expand my group with the addition of a new postdoctoral fellow and gain visibility in the radioisotope community via our presentations and publications. (energy.gov)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Cesium Radioisotopes" by people in Profiles. (ucdenver.edu)
Industrial1
- Campos T.P.R., and Macedo R.D., Compósito Ósseo Radioativo, Patent, PI 0605721-7 A2, INPI-Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (2006), http://www.inpi.gov.br . (eia.edu.co)
Atoms1
- Sn atoms with atomic weights 108-111, 113, 120-121, 123 and 125-128 are tin radioisotopes. (childrensmercy.org)
Radioactive2
- In terms of radioactive sources (radioisotopes, radionuclides) what is alpha decay in terms of nuclear equations? (docbrown.info)
- generated by the radioactive decay of 99 Mo (radioisotope generator system). (iaea.org)
Radionuclides1
- The non-traditional PET radioisotopes such as Br-76, Y-86, Cu-64, Zr-89, and I-124 and SPECT radionuclides such as I-123 and In-111 offer longer half-lives that may be more useful for this application. (nih.gov)
Tracers1
- We have developed methods for the incorporation of fluorine-18 and bromine-76 into small molecule tracers with applications for studies of brain function and disease and for diagnosis, staging, and treatment management in oncology. (nih.gov)
Radiation2
- Gamma, X-ray and beta emissions are sucessively followed by Bharat radiation and UV dominant optical emission from one and the same excited atom of radioisotopes or XRF source by a previously unknown atomic phenomenon. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
- 3.Bharat Radiation and the UV dominant optical radiation emissions from radioisotopes and XRF sources join the list of emissions: gamma, X-ray, and beta. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Bromide2
- While it is rather rare in the Earth's crust, the high solubility of the bromide ion (Br−) has caused its accumulation in the oceans. (wikipedia.org)
- As a pharmaceutical, the simple bromide ion (Br−) has inhibitory effects on the central nervous system, and bromide salts were once a major medical sedative, before replacement by shorter-acting drugs. (wikipedia.org)
MeSH1
- Yttrium Radioisotopes" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ucdenver.edu)
Assay1
- Although the 3[H]thymidine-uptake assay is regarded as a reliable cell viability assay, the use of a radioisotope causes various concerns. (dojindo.com)
Atomic1
- Bromine is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. (wikipedia.org)
Found2
- Balard found bromine chemicals in the ash of seaweed from the salt marshes of Montpellier. (wikipedia.org)
- No protein bound bromine was found in either. (edu.au)
Emission1
- Bromine-76-radiolabeled analogues of previously reported high-affinity A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) nucleoside ligands have been prepared as potential radiotracers for positron emission tomography. (nih.gov)
Previously1
- In 1840, bromine was discovered to have some advantages over the previously used iodine vapor to create the light sensitive silver halide layer in daguerreotypy. (wikipedia.org)
Present1
- The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether bromine has a physiological role in the mammalian body. (edu.au)
Free1
- Elemental bromine is very reactive and thus does not occur as a free element in nature. (wikipedia.org)
Sources1
- 1.Essentially, two more emissions were reported from radioisotopes and XRF sources. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Studies1
- lt;br />In 1809, Zeise commenced his studies in medicine, physics, and chemistry. (blogspot.com)
Environment1
- release of radioisotopes into the environment has received less attention. (nih.gov)
Cancer2
- 16. [Radioisotope renography with I-131 hippuran in evaluation of the condition of the urinary system in cervical cancer]. (nih.gov)
- lt;br />Tragically, Joseph William Kennedy's life was prematurely curtailed by cancer on May 5, 1957, when he was just 40 years old. (blogspot.com)
University3
- lt;br />After the conclusion of World War II, Kennedy embarked on an academic career at Washington University in St. Louis. (blogspot.com)
- lt;br />Subsequent to his departure from school, Zeise engaged in an apprenticeship under Gottfried Becker, the Royal Court pharmacist in Copenhagen, who was also involved in teaching chemistry at the university. (blogspot.com)
- lt;br />Following the completion of his doctorate, William Christopher Zeise chose to relocate abroad due to the absence of a chemistry lectureship and a specialized scientific laboratory for the subject at the University of Copenhagen. (blogspot.com)
Management3
- 14. Radioisotope renography in the surgical management of carcinoma of the cervix. (nih.gov)
- Coordinator, Admin Program br br Job Summary br br This position will help coordinate and manage different aspects of lab operations including project management, grant management, scheduling, (more. (taylorsvillerecruiter.com)
- Handling and disposal of radioisotopes are also severe challenges for hospital management. (biomedcentral.com)
Evaluation1
- Preparation and evaluation of NOTA-CTHRSSVVC with the radioisotopes [68Ga]Ga and. (usp.br)