British Columbia
District of Columbia
Canada
Northwestern United States
Salmon
Indians, North American
Cryptococcus gattii
Cryptococcus
Yukon Territory
Ocimum basilicum
Rural Health Services
Fisheries
Workers' Compensation
Oncorhynchus
Shellfish Poisoning
Exhibits as Topic
Product Recalls and Withdrawals
Legislation, Veterinary
Frozen Foods
Alberta
Fusariotoxicosis from barley in British Columbia. I. Natural occurrence and diagnosis. (1/1295)
Clinical sickness was observed in domestic ducks, geese, horses and swine during October 1973. All species showed upper alimentary distress with mortalities occurring in the geese. Barley derived from a common source had been fed. Examination of the barley revealed invasion by Fusarium spp and detection of a high level of dermatitic fusariotoxins. (+info)Fusariotoxicosis from barley in British Columbia. II. Analysis and toxicity of syspected barley. (2/1295)
Fusariotoxin T-2, a trichothecene, was tentatively identified in barley samples which caused field outbreaks of mycotoxicosis in British Columbia. Geese died when fed the contaminated barley experimentally but mice were little affected after long term feeding. The methods used in the laboratory for trichothecene extraction and identification of T-2 toxin are described. (+info)Some leptospira agglutinins detected in domestic animals in British Columbia. (3/1295)
During a period of six years 7,555 bovine sera, 421 canine sera, 251 porcine sera and 135 equine sera were tested for agglutinins to Leptospira interrogans serotypes canicola, grippotyphosa, hardjo, icterohemorrhagiae, pomona and sejroe. The bovine sera reacted predominantly with hardjo and/or sejroe at a rate of 15% compared to 3.5% with pomona. Breeding or abortion problems were associated with pomona but not with sejroe/hardjo agglutinins. The canine sera reacted to canicola (9.9%y and icterohemorrhagiae (5.4%), tcted predominantly with canicola (8.9%) and icterohemorrhagiae (8.1%). (+info)Screening Mammography Program of British Columbia: pattern of use and health care system costs. (4/1295)
BACKGROUND: The use of mammography for screening asymptomatic women has increased dramatically in the past decade. This report describes the changes that have occurred in the use of bilateral mammography in British Columbia since the provincial breast cancer screening program began in 1988. METHODS: Using province-wide databases from both the breast cancer screening program and the provincial health insurance plan in BC, the authors determined the number and costs of bilateral mammography services for women aged 40 years or older between Apr. 1, 1986, and Mar. 31, 1997. Unilateral mammography was excluded because it is used for investigating symptomatic disease and screening abnormalities, and for follow-up of women who have undergone mastectomy for cancer. RESULTS: As the provincial breast cancer screening program expanded from 1 site in 1988 to 23 in 1997, it provided an increasing proportion of the bilateral mammographic examinations carried out each year in BC. In fiscal year 1996/97, 65% of bilateral mammographic examinations were performed through the screening program. The cost per examination within the screening program dropped as volume increased. Thirty percent more bilateral mammography examinations were done in 1996/97 than in 1991/92, but health care system expenditures for these services increased by only 4% during the same period. In calendar year 1996, 21% of new breast cancers were diagnosed as a result of a screening program visit. INTERPRETATION: Substantial increases in health care expenditures have been avoided by shifting bilateral mammography services to the provincial screening program, which has a lower cost per screening visit. (+info)Pap screening clinics with native women in Skidegate, Haida Gwaii. Need for innovation. (5/1295)
PROBLEM ADDRESSED: First Nations women in British Columbia, especially elders, are underscreened for cancer of the cervix compared with the general population and are much more likely to die of the disease than other women. OBJECTIVE OF PROGRAM: To develop a pilot program, in consultation with community representatives, to address the Pap screening needs of First Nations women 40 years and older on a rural reserve. MAIN COMPONENTS OF PROGRAM: Identification of key links to the population; consultation with the community to design an outreach process; identification of underscreened women; implementation of community Pap screening clinics; evaluation of the pilot program. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a Pap screening outreach program that marked a departure from the usual screening approach in the community. First Nations community health representatives were key links for the process that involved family physicians and office staff at a local clinic on a rural reserve. Participation rate for the pilot program was 48%, resulting in an increase of 15% over the previously recorded screening rate for this population. More screening clinics of this type and evaluation for sustainability are proposed. (+info)Variation by body mass index and age in waist-to-hip ratio associations with glycemic status in an aboriginal population at risk for type 2 diabetes in British Columbia, Canada. (6/1295)
BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether obesity and age modify or confound relations between abdominal adiposity and metabolic risk factors for type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was assess the consistency of relations between abdominal adiposity and glycemic variables across discrete categories of obesity and age. DESIGN: We performed a stratified analysis of prevalence data from a rural screening initiative in British Columbia, Canada. Subjects were Salishan Indians, all healthy relatives of individuals with type 2 diabetes [n = 151; age: 18-80 y; body mass index (BMI, in kg/m2): 17.0-48.2]. We measured waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (2 categories); insulin, glycated hemoglobin (Hb A1c), and 2-h glucose concentrations (2 categories); and BMI (4 categories). BMI and age-specific odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated. RESULTS: WHR-glycemic variable relations were not consistent across BMI and age strata. Risks associated with high WHR were: for persons with BMIs from 25 to 29, elevated insulin (OR: 6.71; 95% CI: 1.41, 34.11) and Hb A1c (OR: 16.23; 95% CI: 2.04, 101.73) concentrations; for persons aged 18-34 y, elevated insulin concentrations [OR: indeterminate (+infinity); 95% CI: 1.89, +infinity]; and, for persons aged 35-49 y, elevated Hb A1c (OR: +infinity; 95% CI: 3.17, +infinity) and 2-h glucose (OR: 9.15; 95% CI: 1.74, 59.91) concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: WHR discriminates risk of type 2 diabetes in overweight but not obese individuals. Abdominal adiposity is associated with elevated insulin concentrations in younger age groups and with impaired glucose control in middle-aged groups, suggesting metabolic staging by age on a continuum from insulin resistance to impaired glucose tolerance. (+info)Relative virulence of three isolates of Piscirickettsia salmonis for coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch. (7/1295)
Piscirickettsia salmonis was first recognized as the cause of mortality among pen-reared coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Chile. Since the initial isolation of this intracellular Gram-negative bacterium in 1989, similar organisms have been described from several areas of the world, but the associated outbreaks were not reported to be as serious as those that occurred in Chile. To determine if this was due to differences in virulence among isolates of P. salmonis, we conducted an experiment comparing isolates from Chile, British Columbia, Canada, and Norway (LF-89, ATL-4-91 and NOR-92, respectively). For each of the isolates, 3 replicates of 30 coho salmon were injected intraperitoneally with each of 3 concentrations of the bacterium. Negative control fish were injected with MEM-10. Mortalities were collected daily for 41 d post-injection. Piscirickettsiosis was observed in fish injected with each of the 3 isolates, and for each isolate, cumulative mortality was directly related to the concentration of bacterial cells administered. The LF-89 isolate was the most virulent, with losses reaching 97% in the 3 replicates injected with 10(5.0) TCID50, 91% in the replicates injected with 10(4.0) TCID50, and 57% in the fish injected with 10(3.0) TCID50. The ATL-4-91 isolate caused losses of 92% in the 3 replicates injected with 10(5.0) TCID50, 76% in the fish injected with 10(4.0) TCID50, and 32% in those injected with 10(3.0) TCID50. The NOR-92 isolate was the least virulent, causing 41% mortality in the replicates injected with 10(4.6) TCID50. At 41 d post-injection, 6% of the fish injected with 10(3.6) TCID50 NOR-92 had died. Mortality was only 2% in the fish injected with 10(2.6) TCID50 NOR-92, which was the same as the negative control group. Because the group injected with the highest concentration (10(4.6) TCID50) of NOR-92 was still experiencing mortality at 41 d, it was held for an additional 46 d. At 87 d post-injection, the cumulative mortality in this group had reached 70%. These differences in virulence among the isolates were statistically significant (p < 0.0001), and are important for the management of affected stocks of fish. (+info)Improved survival among HIV-infected patients after initiation of triple-drug antiretroviral regimens. (8/1295)
BACKGROUND: The efficacy of triple-drug antiretroviral regimens in the treatment of patients infected with HIV has been established in several randomized clinical trials. However, the effectiveness of these new regimens in patient populations outside clinical trials remain unproven. This study compared mortality and AIDS-free survival among HIV-infected patients in British Columbia who were treated with double- and triple-drug regimens. METHODS: The authors used a prospective, population-based cohort design to study a population of HIV-positive men and women 18 years or older for whom antiretroviral therapy was first prescribed between Oct. 1, 1994, and Dec. 31, 1996; all patients were from British Columbia. Rates of progression from the initiation of antiretroviral therapy to death or to diagnosis of primary AIDS were determined for patients who initially received an ERA-II regimen (2 nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors [NRTIs] including lamivudine or stavudine, or both) and for those who initially received an ERA-III regimen (triple-drug regimen consisting of 2 NRTIs and a protease inhibitor [indinavir, ritonavir or saquinavir] or a non-NRTI [nevirapine]). RESULTS: A total of 500 men and women (312 receiving an ERA-III regimen and 188 an ERA-III regimen) were eligible. Patients in the ERA-III group survived significantly longer than those in the ERA-II group. As of Dec. 31, 1997, 40 patients had died (35 in the ERA-II group and 5 in the ERA-III group), for a crude mortality rate of 8.0%. The cumulative mortality rates at 12 months were 7.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.9% to 8.9%) for patients in the ERA-II group and 1.6% (95% CI 0.7% to 2.5%) for those in the ERA-III group (log rank p = 0.003). The likelihood of death was more than 3 times higher among patients in the ERA-II group (mortality risk ratio 3.82 [95% CI 1.48% to 9.84], p = 0.006). After adjustment for prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia or Mycobacterium avium infection, AIDS diagnosis, CD4+ cell count, sex and age at initiation of therapy, the likelihood of death among patients in the ERA-II group was 3.21 times higher (95% CI 1.24 to 8.30, p = 0.016) than in the ERA-III group. Cumulative rates of progression to AIDS or death at 12 months were 9.6% (95% CI 7.7% to 11.5%) in the ERA-II group and 3.3% (95% CI 1.8% to 4.8%) in the ERA-III group (log rank p = 0.006). After adjustment for prognostic variables (prophylaxis for P. carinii pneumonia or M. avium infection, CD4+ cell count, sex and age at initiation of treatment), the likelihood of progression to AIDS or death at 12 months among patients in the ERA-II group was 2.37 times higher (95% CI 1.04 to 5.38, p = 0.040) than in the ERA-III group. INTERPRETATION: This population-based cohort study confirms that patients initially treated with a triple-drug antiretroviral regimen comprising 2 NRTIs plus protease inhibitor or a non-NRTI have a lower risk of morbidity and death than patients treated exclusively with 2 NRTIs. (+info)British Columbia is a province located on the west coast of Canada. It is not a medical term or concept. The province has a diverse geography, with mountains, forests, and coastal areas. Its largest city is Vancouver, and its capital is Victoria. The province is known for its natural beauty and outdoor recreational opportunities, as well as its vibrant cities and cultural attractions. It is home to a number of medical facilities and healthcare providers, and the provincial government plays a role in regulating and funding healthcare services within the province.
The District of Columbia (DC) is a federal district and the capital of the United States. It is not a state, but rather a district that is under the exclusive jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress. DC is located between the states of Maryland and Virginia and has a population of approximately 700,000 people.
The medical definition of District of Columbia would not differ from its geographical and political definition. However, it is important to note that DC has its own unique healthcare system and challenges. As a federal district, DC has its own local government, but the U.S. Congress has the authority to review and approve its laws and budget. This can create some challenges in funding and implementing healthcare programs in DC.
DC has a high prevalence of chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and asthma, and also faces disparities in healthcare access and outcomes among different racial and ethnic groups. The District of Columbia Healthcare Alliance, which is the city's Medicaid program, provides health coverage to low-income residents, including children, pregnant women, and people with disabilities. DC also has a number of safety net hospitals and clinics that provide care to uninsured and underinsured patients.
I apologize, but "Canada" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country located in North America, known for its vast wilderness, multicultural cities, and significant natural resources. If you have any questions related to healthcare or medical terms, I would be happy to help answer those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Northwestern United States" is not a term that has a medical definition. It generally refers to a geographical region in the US, consisting of states like Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and sometimes Montana and Wyoming. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Salmon" is not a medical term. It is a common name for various species of fish that belong to the family Salmonidae and are known for their distinctive pink or red flesh. They are an important source of food and are popular in many cuisines around the world. If you have any questions about medical terminology, I'd be happy to help with those instead!
"Native Americans" is the preferred term for the indigenous peoples of the continental United States, including those from Alaska and Hawaii. The term "Indians" is often used to refer to this group, but it can be seen as misleading or inaccurate since it implies a connection to India rather than recognition of their unique cultures and histories. However, some Native Americans prefer to use the term "Indian" to describe themselves.
It's important to note that there is no single medical definition for this group, as they are not a homogeneous population. Instead, they consist of hundreds of distinct tribes with diverse cultures, languages, and traditions. Each tribe may have its own unique genetic makeup, which can influence health outcomes and responses to medical treatments.
Therefore, when discussing medical issues related to Native Americans, it's essential to consider the specific tribal affiliations and cultural factors that may impact their health status and healthcare needs.
'Cryptococcus gattii' is a species of encapsulated, yeast-like fungi belonging to the family Tremellaceae. It is an environmental pathogen that can cause pulmonary and central nervous system infections in humans and animals. The organism is typically found in soil and on trees in tropical and subtropical regions, but it has also been identified in temperate climates. Infection usually occurs through inhalation of the spores or desiccated yeast cells.
The disease caused by 'Cryptococcus gattii' is called cryptococcosis, which can manifest as a pulmonary infection (pneumonia) or a disseminated infection involving the central nervous system (meningitis). The symptoms of cryptococcosis may include cough, chest pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss, headache, stiff neck, confusion, and altered mental status.
Risk factors for developing cryptococcosis caused by 'Cryptococcus gattii' include underlying lung disease, immunosuppression (such as HIV/AIDS), and exposure to the fungus in endemic areas. Diagnosis typically involves microscopic examination of clinical specimens (e.g., sputum, cerebrospinal fluid) and culture isolation of the organism, followed by confirmation using biochemical or molecular methods. Treatment usually consists of antifungal therapy with agents such as amphotericin B and fluconazole.
'Cryptococcus' is a genus of encapsulated, budding yeast that are found in the environment, particularly in soil and bird droppings. The most common species that causes infection in humans is Cryptococcus neoformans, followed by Cryptococcus gattii.
Infection with Cryptococcus can occur when a person inhales the microscopic yeast cells, which can then lead to lung infections (pneumonia) or disseminated disease, particularly in people with weakened immune systems. The most common form of disseminated cryptococcal infection is meningitis, an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Cryptococcal infections can be serious and even life-threatening, especially in individuals with HIV/AIDS or other conditions that weaken the immune system. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as amphotericin B and fluconazole.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Yukon Territory" is not a medical term. It's actually a geographical location, specifically a territory in northwest Canada, known for its natural beauty and wilderness. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Forestry" is not a medical term. Forestry is the science and practice of managing forests, plantations, and associated resources for timber, wildlife, recreation, conservation, and other benefits. It involves the application of ecological principles, silvicultural techniques, and management strategies to ensure the sustainability and health of forest ecosystems.
'Ocimum basilicum' is the scientific name for the herb commonly known as sweet basil. While it is not a medical term itself, basil has been used in various traditional medicinal practices for its supposed benefits. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support many of these claims. It is more widely recognized as a culinary herb and essential oil source.
Rural health services refer to the healthcare delivery systems and facilities that are located in rural areas and are designed to meet the unique health needs of rural populations. These services can include hospitals, clinics, community health centers, mental health centers, and home health agencies, as well as various programs and initiatives aimed at improving access to care, addressing health disparities, and promoting health and wellness in rural communities.
Rural health services are often characterized by longer travel distances to healthcare facilities, a greater reliance on primary care and preventive services, and a higher prevalence of certain health conditions such as chronic diseases, injuries, and mental health disorders. As a result, rural health services must be tailored to address these challenges and provide high-quality, affordable, and accessible care to rural residents.
In many countries, rural health services are supported by government policies and programs aimed at improving healthcare infrastructure, workforce development, and telehealth technologies in rural areas. These efforts are critical for ensuring that all individuals, regardless of where they live, have access to the healthcare services they need to maintain their health and well-being.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Wolves" are not a medical term, but rather they refer to a large canine species. If you're asking about a medical condition that might be referred to as "wolf," the closest possible term I could find is "wolfian development." This term refers to the development of structures in the human body that originate from the wolfian ducts during embryonic development, such as the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles in males. However, I want to emphasize that this is not a common medical term and might not be what you're looking for.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Fisheries" is not a term typically used in medical definitions. Fisheries are places or practices concerned with the catching, processing, or selling of fish, shellfish, and other forms of aquatic life. They can refer to commercial operations, recreational activities, or scientific research related to aquatic species. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to help answer those for you!
Workers' compensation is a form of insurance that provides medical benefits, wage replacement, and rehabilitation expenses to employees who are injured or become ill as a direct result of their job. It is designed to compensate the employee for lost wages and cover medical expenses due to work-related injuries or illnesses, while also protecting employers from potential lawsuits. Workers' compensation laws vary by state but generally require employers to carry this insurance and provide coverage for eligible employees. The program is typically funded through employer premiums and is administered by individual states.
"Oncorhynchus" is a genus of fish that includes several species of salmon and trout. These are primarily freshwater fish that are native to the northern Pacific Ocean and its surrounding rivers and streams, but some species have been introduced widely throughout the world. They are known for their distinctive life cycle, which involves migrating from fresh water to the ocean and then returning to fresh water to spawn. Many Oncorhynchus species are highly valued as food fish and are also popular game fish.
Forensic pathology is a subspecialty of pathology that focuses on determining the cause and manner of death by examining a corpse. It involves applying scientific knowledge and techniques to investigate criminal or suspicious deaths, often in conjunction with law enforcement agencies. A forensic pathologist performs autopsies (postmortem examinations) to evaluate internal and external injuries, diseases, and other conditions that may have contributed to the individual's death. They also collect evidence such as tissue samples, which can be used for toxicological, microbiological, or histological analysis. The information gathered by forensic pathologists is crucial in helping to establish the facts surrounding a person's death and assisting legal proceedings.
Shellfish poisoning refers to illnesses caused by the consumption of shellfish contaminated with harmful toxins produced by certain types of microscopic algae. These toxins can accumulate in various species of shellfish, including mussels, clams, oysters, and scallops, and can cause a range of symptoms depending on the specific type of toxin involved.
There are several types of shellfish poisoning, each caused by different groups of algal toxins:
1. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP): Caused by saxitoxins produced by dinoflagellates such as Alexandrium spp., Gymnodinium catenatum, and Pyrodinium bahamense. Symptoms include tingling or numbness of the lips, tongue, and fingers, followed by weakness, difficulty swallowing, and potentially paralysis and respiratory failure in severe cases.
2. Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP): Caused by domoic acid produced by diatoms such as Pseudo-nitzschia spp. Symptoms include gastrointestinal distress, memory loss, disorientation, seizures, and in severe cases, coma or death.
3. Diarrheal Shellfish Poisoning (DSP): Caused by okadaic acid and its derivatives produced by dinoflagellates such as Dinophysis spp. and Prorocentrum spp. Symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, and occasionally chills and fever.
4. Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP): Caused by brevetoxins produced by dinoflagellates such as Karenia brevis. Symptoms include reversible neurological symptoms like tingling or numbness of the lips, tongue, and fingers, as well as respiratory irritation, coughing, and chest tightness in severe cases.
5. Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP): Caused by azaspiracids produced by dinoflagellates such as Azadinium spp. Symptoms include gastrointestinal distress, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
It is essential to note that shellfish contaminated with these toxins may not show visible signs of spoilage or illness-causing bacteria; therefore, it is crucial to avoid consuming them during harmful algal blooms (HABs) or red tide events. Public health authorities often issue warnings and close shellfish beds when HABs are detected in the water. Always check local advisories before consuming shellfish, especially if you have harvested them yourself. Cooking does not destroy these toxins, so they remain harmful even after cooking.
I'm not entirely sure what you're looking for with "Exhibits as Topic" in the context of medical definitions. However, I can provide some general information about how medical conditions or findings might be exhibited, as well as examples of medical resources that discuss various medical topics through exhibits.
In medical terminology, "exhibit" generally refers to something that is shown or displayed, such as a symptom, sign, finding, or condition. For example, a patient with diabetes might exhibit symptoms like increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue. In a laboratory setting, a sample might be examined for the presence of certain exhibits, such as bacteria or abnormal cells.
There are many medical resources that use exhibits to help illustrate various topics. For example, museums and educational centers often have exhibits on health-related topics, such as anatomy, disease processes, and medical technology. Medical schools and teaching hospitals may also have exhibits of specimens, models, or other materials used for educational purposes.
In addition, there are many online resources that use interactive exhibits to help explain complex medical concepts. For example, the National Library of Medicine's "Medical Museum" website has a variety of virtual exhibits on topics such as medical instruments, historical medical practices, and public health campaigns. The American Cancer Society also has an interactive exhibit on cancer cells and treatments that allows users to explore different types of cancer and learn about the latest research and treatment options.
Overall, "Exhibits as Topic" in a medical context can refer to a variety of resources and materials used to illustrate and explain medical concepts, findings, or conditions.
Hospital restructuring is a process that involves making significant changes to the organizational structure, operations, or financial management of a hospital or healthcare system. This can include mergers, acquisitions, partnerships, or consolidations with other hospitals or healthcare organizations, as well as changes to hospital services, staffing, or physical facilities. The goal of hospital restructuring is often to improve the quality and efficiency of care, reduce costs, and increase competitiveness in a rapidly changing healthcare environment. Restructuring may also be necessary in response to financial difficulties, regulatory changes, or shifts in patient demand.
In the context of medical billing and healthcare, remuneration refers to the payment or compensation received by healthcare professionals or facilities for the medical services or treatments provided to patients. This can include fees for office visits, procedures, surgeries, hospital stays, and other healthcare-related services. Remuneration can come from various sources such as insurance companies, government programs like Medicare and Medicaid, and out-of-pocket payments from patients. It is important to note that the rules and regulations regarding remuneration in healthcare are subject to strict compliance requirements to prevent fraud, abuse, and conflicts of interest.
A product recall or withdrawal in the medical context refers to the removal or correction of a medical device, equipment, or medication from the market or from use due to the discovery of defects, safety issues, or violations of regulatory standards that could pose potential harm to patients or users. This action is typically initiated by manufacturers, distributors, or regulatory authorities such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to protect public health and ensure patient safety.
A recall usually involves a situation where a product poses a significant risk to consumers, requiring immediate action to retrieve and correct the issue. In contrast, a withdrawal typically occurs when a product has a minor defect or violation that does not pose an immediate threat to consumer safety but still needs to be addressed. Both recalls and withdrawals can encompass various actions, such as repairing, replacing, or refunding the affected products.
Veterinary legislation refers to the laws, regulations, and policies that govern the practice of veterinary medicine, animal health and welfare, and related activities. These rules are designed to protect animals, humans, and the environment from harm, ensure the humane treatment of animals, and maintain a high standard of veterinary care.
Veterinary legislation covers various aspects, including:
1. Licensing and registration of veterinarians, veterinary technicians, and other animal health professionals.
2. Standards for veterinary education, training, and continuing education.
3. Regulation of veterinary drugs, devices, and biologicals, including their manufacture, distribution, and use.
4. Control and prevention of zoonotic diseases (diseases transmissible between animals and humans).
5. Animal welfare standards for housing, transportation, breeding, and slaughter.
6. Reporting and management of animal disease outbreaks and public health emergencies.
7. Importation and exportation of live animals and animal products.
8. Research involving animals.
9. Establishment of penalties for violations of veterinary legislation.
These laws and regulations are typically enacted and enforced by governmental bodies at the national, regional, or local level. Compliance with veterinary legislation is essential to maintain public trust in the veterinary profession, ensure animal health and welfare, and protect human health.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "personnel downsizing" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It is a business or organizational term that refers to the reduction of the number of employees in a company or organization, often as a cost-cutting measure. The health impacts on displaced employees can vary widely and may include stress, depression, anxiety, and financial difficulties.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "frozen foods" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. It generally refers to food that has been frozen and preserved at low temperatures. While there may be some medical concerns related to the consumption of certain types of frozen foods (such as those high in sodium or fat), it's not a term that would be used within a medical context. If you have any questions about the safety or nutritional content of specific frozen foods, I'd recommend consulting with a healthcare provider or a nutritionist.
A criminal abortion is an illegal abortion, which is a procedure performed with the intent to induce the termination of a pregnancy, carried out in violation of the law. In many jurisdictions, criminal abortions are defined as those performed outside of the legal parameters set forth by the relevant regulations, such as those that require the procedure to be performed by a licensed medical professional, within certain timeframes, and/or for specific reasons.
Criminal abortions may be motivated by various factors, including financial constraints, social stigma, or fear of repercussions. Engaging in criminal abortion practices can result in severe legal consequences, including fines, imprisonment, and in some cases, loss of medical license. It's important to note that the legality and accessibility of abortion vary significantly across different countries and regions, with varying restrictions and requirements.
If you require assistance or advice related to pregnancy termination, it is crucial to consult a licensed healthcare professional or a trusted reproductive health organization in your area to ensure that you receive accurate information and safe care within the legal framework of your jurisdiction.
I apologize, but "Alberta" is not a medical term. It is the name of a province in Canada, located in western Canada, and is known for its vast prairies, mountains, and coniferous forests. It is bordered by the provinces of British Columbia to the west and Saskatchewan to the east, as well as the Northwest Territories to the north, and the US state of Montana to the south.
If you have any questions related to medical terminology or health-related topics, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.
"Fish diseases" is a broad term that refers to various health conditions and infections affecting fish populations in aquaculture, ornamental fish tanks, or wild aquatic environments. These diseases can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors such as water quality, temperature, and stress.
Some common examples of fish diseases include:
1. Bacterial diseases: Examples include furunculosis (caused by Aeromonas salmonicida), columnaris disease (caused by Flavobacterium columnare), and enteric septicemia of catfish (caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri).
2. Viral diseases: Examples include infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in salmonids, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and koi herpesvirus (KHV).
3. Fungal diseases: Examples include saprolegniasis (caused by Saprolegnia spp.) and cotton wool disease (caused by Aphanomyces spp.).
4. Parasitic diseases: Examples include ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), costia, trichodina, and various worm infestations such as anchor worms (Lernaea spp.) and tapeworms (Diphyllobothrium spp.).
5. Environmental diseases: These are caused by poor water quality, temperature stress, or other environmental factors that weaken the fish's immune system and make them more susceptible to infections. Examples include osmoregulatory disorders, ammonia toxicity, and low dissolved oxygen levels.
It is essential to diagnose and treat fish diseases promptly to prevent their spread among fish populations and maintain healthy aquatic ecosystems. Preventative measures such as proper sanitation, water quality management, biosecurity practices, and vaccination can help reduce the risk of fish diseases in both farmed and ornamental fish settings.
British Columbia
Waldo, British Columbia
McGregor, British Columbia
Longview, British Columbia
Sandspit, British Columbia
Nelson, British Columbia
Comox, British Columbia
Bennett, British Columbia
Edgewater, British Columbia
Ymir, British Columbia
Roosville, British Columbia
Beaton, British Columbia
Crofton, British Columbia
Hixon, British Columbia
Fountain, British Columbia
Dewdney, British Columbia
Richfield, British Columbia
Rider, British Columbia
Guildford, British Columbia
Smithers, British Columbia
Pinegrove, British Columbia
Delta, British Columbia
Procter, British Columbia
Holberg, British Columbia
Lumby, British Columbia
Coldwater, British Columbia
Glacier, British Columbia
Robson, British Columbia
Oyama, British Columbia
Bighorn, British Columbia
British Columbia - Wikipedia
British Columbia - Canadian Culture
Spotted Lake, British Columbia - WorldAtlas
Cyndi's List - Canada - Provinces - British Columbia - Societies & Groups
Cyndi's List - Canada - Provinces - British Columbia - Societies & Groups
British Columbia Archives | PlanetSave
Richmond, British Columbia Hotels from $94 - Hotel Deals | Travelocity
British Columbia Treaty Commission Act
The University of British Columbia
West Shore detachment - British Columbia
2023 Butchart Gardens British Columbia Vacation Packages | Hotwire
Rogers accelerates investments in British Columbia to bring
Sep 17, 2024 - Partial Lunar Eclipse in British Columbia, Canada
Brice Royer - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada | about.me
Willkommen in Whistler, British Columbia, Kanada
British Columbia Archives - CME
British Columbia Wildfire Exhibiting 'Extreme Behavior' as Town Receives Evacuation Order
NYX Gaming Group Granted Registration by British Columbia Regulator
Masters in Rehabilitation Counseling Programs 2023+ in British Columbia
British Columbia to Offer Free Prescription Contraception
International Adventures Chilko River Kayaking | British Columbia
BGI, British Columbia Organizations to Collaborate on Precision Medicine | GenomeWeb
Jeremy Klassen - Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, JCK STUDIOS | about.me
British Columbia pays $5.45-million for Grace Islet - The Globe and Mail
Ways to donate | Alzheimer Society of British Columbia
Pterosaur Jaw Bone - Victoria, British Columbia - Atlas Obscura
Kategória:Vyučujúci na University of British Columbia - Wikipédia
Victoria, British Columbia
Vancouver10
- The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, while the province's largest city is Vancouver. (wikipedia.org)
- One of the earliest British settlements in the area was Fort Victoria, established in 1843, which gave rise to the city of Victoria, the capital of the Colony of Vancouver Island. (wikipedia.org)
- The colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia were incorporated in 1866, subsequent to which Victoria became the united colony's capital. (wikipedia.org)
- British Columbia exhibits high property values and is a significant centre for maritime trade: the Port of Vancouver is the largest port in Canada and the most diversified port in North America. (wikipedia.org)
- The technical institute has five campuses located in the Metro Vancouver region, with its main campus in Burnaby, British Columbia , Canada. (wikipedia.org)
- Taken in Greater Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. (istockphoto.com)
- Aerial View from an Airplane of Residential Homes Aerial View from an Airplane of Residential Homes in Surrey, Greater Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. (istockphoto.com)
- and from Alberta and the Rocky Mountains in the east,to the Pacific Ocean in the west.The total population of British Columbia is 3,282,061, about half of which lives in the Victoria/Vancouver area. (ohwy.com)
- Vancouver-based Forest Foods Ltd. is supporting several Indigenous communities in British Columbia that are engaged in the production of wild forest mushrooms and plant-based foods. (canada.ca)
- Increased invasive bloodstream infections caused by multidrug resistant Shigella sonnei were noted in Vancouver, British Columbia , Canada , during 2021-2023. (bvsalud.org)
Canada20
- British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1871, British Columbia entered Confederation as the sixth province of Canada, in enactment of the British Columbia Terms of Union. (wikipedia.org)
- British Columbia is home to 45% of all publicly listed companies in Canada. (wikipedia.org)
- The governments of Canada and British Columbia recognize Colombie-Britannique as the French name for the province. (wikipedia.org)
- A camera trap catches two moose crossing Ealue Lake in northwestern British Columbia, Canada. (nationalgeographic.com)
- Bridal Falls is a community in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia, located east of Rosedale and immediately adjacent to the on-ramps for the Agassiz-Rosedale Bridge , which connects the Trans-Canada Highway ( Highway 1 ) at Bridal Falls to Agassiz , on Highway 9 . (wikipedia.org)
- This article about a location on the Coast of British Columbia , Canada is a stub . (wikipedia.org)
- In 1960, the British Columbia Vocational School (BCVS) was established in Burnaby, opening at Willingdon and Canada Way. (wikipedia.org)
- This information on internet performance in Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada is updated regularly based on Speedtest ® data from millions of consumer-initiated tests taken every day. (speedtest.net)
- I am a Scientist and Author currently living in British Columbia, Canada. (about.me)
- Canada-based communications technology company TELUS Corp. TU has expanded 5G network to Quesnel as part of its C$13 billion investment in British Columbia through 2024. (nasdaq.com)
- Since 2000, TELUS has invested almost C$240 billion in network infrastructure, operations and spectrum across Canada, with more than C$47 billion in British Columbia. (nasdaq.com)
- Radio Amateurs of Canada ( RAC ) reports that it's monitoring the wildfire situation in British Columbia. (arrl.org)
- Prince Rupert is a port city in the province of British Columbia , Canada. (wikipedia.org)
- British Columbia) - In a historic move, British Columbia's Minister of Public Safety and Solicitor General, Mike Farnworth, announced today that the province will terminate its immigration detention contract with the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). (hrw.org)
- British Columbia's decision is a major milestone on the path to ending immigration detention in provincial jails in Canada, Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International said. (hrw.org)
- In a policy shift aimed at reducing deaths from overdoses, Canada is decriminalizing the possession of small amounts of drugs in the western province of British Columbia. (npr.org)
- The governments of Canada and British Columbia are supporting 14 new projects with more than $2.4 million through the Canada-British Columbia Agri-Innovation Program to help create opportunities in the province's agricultural and technology industries. (canada.ca)
- Projects under the Canada-British Columbia Agri-Innovation Program have received over $7.3 million in funding from the Canadian Agricultural Partnership. (canada.ca)
- Residents of British Columbia, Canada, BC COVID-19 informed about COVID-19 to determine what actions and next steps they should take. (who.int)
Victoria4
- The province's name was chosen by Queen Victoria, when the Colony of British Columbia (1858-1866), i.e., "the Mainland", became a British colony in 1858. (wikipedia.org)
- Queen Victoria chose British Columbia to distinguish what was the British sector of the Columbia District from the United States' ("American Columbia" or "Southern Columbia"), which became the Oregon Territory on August 8, 1848, as a result of the treaty. (wikipedia.org)
- If your notion of a perfect vacation involves taking high tea in an elegant dining room in Victoria and racing headlong on a Rocky Mountain river-rafting expedition, British Columbia can deliver. (frommers.com)
- Victoria retains more of the province's British heritage. (frommers.com)
Columbians4
- Though the province's ethnic majority originates from the British Isles, many British Columbians also trace their ancestors to continental Europe, East Asia, and South Asia. (wikipedia.org)
- The Franco-Columbian community is an officially recognized linguistic minority, and around one percent of British Columbians claim French as their mother tongue. (wikipedia.org)
- But, he continued, 'British Columbians just slammed the door on the most obvious other way, so now it's up to President Obama. (commondreams.org)
- This week, our government is unlocking loans to help build nearly 12,000 new apartments right across the country, including here in B.C., but it's always great to see you, to work with you for the future of British Columbians and indeed, all Canadians. (gc.ca)
Centre1
- The Columbia Glacier Centre offers a don't-miss experience of sightseeing tours aboard their humongous Ice Explorer buses that will deposit you onto the surface of the 1,000-foot thick Athabascsa Glacier for a frozen walkabout you won't soon forget. (koa.com)
20211
- The #WelcomeToCanada campaign began in British Columbia in October 2021 and has since expanded to Quebec and Nova Scotia. (hrw.org)
Burnaby2
- The British Columbia Institute of Technology (also referred to as BCIT ), is a public polytechnic institute in Burnaby, British Columbia . (wikipedia.org)
- British Columbia Institute of Technology is a 4-year institution located in Burnaby, BC, in an urban setting. (petersons.com)
Columbia's Minister1
- British Columbia's minister of mental health and addictions, Sheila Malcolmson, says the move will put the focus on health care. (npr.org)
Indigenous3
- British Columbia is a diverse and cosmopolitan province, drawing on a plethora of cultural influences from its British Canadian, European, and Asian diasporas, as well as the Indigenous population. (wikipedia.org)
- British Columbia is home to at least 34 distinct Indigenous languages. (wikipedia.org)
- A victory for environmentalists and indigenous communities who have aggressively opposed the pipeline, the rejection is a major setback for the multi-billion dollar infrastructure project in which Enbridge planned to lay pipe from Bruderheim, Alberta to Kitimat, British Columbia, passing through sensitive ecological watersheds and First Nation lands. (commondreams.org)
Search1
- Browse 2,700+ surrey british columbia stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. (istockphoto.com)
Alberta3
- British Columbia borders the province of Alberta to the east, the territories of Yukon and the Northwest Territories to the north, and the US states of Washington, Idaho and Montana to the south and Alaska to the northwest. (wikipedia.org)
- The Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia are like real-life television documentaries - only better. (koa.com)
- Well, allow us to suggest what is quite possibly the ideal antidote to all that television-induced indolence: Loading up the car or RV and heading for the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia . (koa.com)
Contract1
- British Columbia's landmark announcement came after the province concluded a review of its immigration detention contract. (hrw.org)
Province-wide1
- The British Columbia Schizophrenia Society (BCSS) is a non-profit, province-wide family support system dedicated to supporting individuals who have or are impacted by schizophrenia, educating the public, raising funds for research, and advocating for better services for people with schizophrenia and other serious and persistent mental illness. (healthlinkbc.ca)
Canada's1
- British Columbia, an important region in early fur trade, became Canada's sixth province in 1871. (ohwy.com)
Country1
- In partnership with equipment vendors like Ericsson ERIC , Nokia NOK and Samsung, TELUS is expanding its 5G network to more than 615 communities across the country, including 187 in British Columbia by the end of this year. (nasdaq.com)
Region1
- According to the CBC, wildfires burning out of control across the interior of British Columbia have prompted the evacuation of at least one airport, two hospitals, an entire town and hundreds more homes throughout the region. (arrl.org)
Adjacent1
- [8] A year later, plans were announced to establish the British Columbia Institute of Technology on adjacent land. (wikipedia.org)
Institute of Technol1
- Your submission to British Columbia Institute of Technology has been sent. (petersons.com)
Years4
- The first known human inhabitants of the area settled in British Columbia at least 10,000 years ago. (wikipedia.org)
- Over the past 30 years he has been involved in many of British Columbia's most significa. (bestlawyers.com)
- Over the past five years, CBSA has incarcerated hundreds of people on immigration grounds in British Columbia's provincial jails. (hrw.org)
- British Columbia has been the hardest-hit province- it declared fentanyl a public health crisis six years ago - and provincial officials asked for federal permission to decriminalize the possession of small amounts of opioids, cocaine and methamphetamines. (npr.org)
Area1
- Colangelo's camera trap was part of the Sacred Headwaters project, a five-year effort to document a largely unknown wilderness area in northern British Columbia before gas and mining projects change the area forever. (nationalgeographic.com)
Support1
- British Columbia companies continue to bring innovation to the farm, using technology to develop new products and processes that will support food production and food security in British Columbia. (canada.ca)
Open1
- This dramatically handsome confection of turrets, domes and stained glass is British Columbia's working legislature and is also open to visitors. (lonelyplanet.com)
Pacific Ocean1
- The Pacific Ocean laps against British Columbia's entire coastline, making fresh-caught ocean fish king of provincial menus. (frommers.com)
Coast2
- The MV Northern Adventure ferry weaves through the Inside Passage all along the British Columbia coast, where hidden fjords and Pacific cliffs are otherwise visited only by bald eagles and orcas. (frommers.com)
- It is the land, air, and water transportation hub of British Columbia's North Coast , and has a population of 12,220 people as of 2016. (wikipedia.org)
Year1
- With funding of over $380,000, BC Hot House is working to develop a feasible method to cultivate greenhouse strawberries commercially in British Columbia for people to enjoy year-round. (canada.ca)
School1
- BCIT was first established as the British Columbia Vocational School in 1960. (wikipedia.org)
Study1
- McLean W, Gillis J, Waller R. The BC community pharmacy asthma study: A study of clinical, economic, and holistic outcomes influenced by an asthma care protocol provided by specially trained community pharmacists in British Columbia. (cdc.gov)
Table1
- The table below shows the snow cover in British Columbia. (onthesnow.com)
Close1
- With the close cooperation of my counterpart Minister Popham, we will always get behind these forward-looking projects that will help achieve a bright future for the agriculture sector in British Columbia. (canada.ca)
Choose1
- All the information you need to choose the right ski resort for you in British Columbia. (onthesnow.com)
Long1
- I am always happy to be back in British Columbia, a place that has long been a leader in understanding that growing the economy and protecting the environment have to go together. (gc.ca)
Change1
- The policy change in British Columbia will apply to individuals 18 and older who are in possession of 2.5 grams or less of illicit drugs. (npr.org)