Blood Platelets
Platelet Aggregation
Platelet Adhesiveness
Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins
Platelet Factor 4
Adenosine Diphosphate
Platelet Transfusion
Serotonin
Platelet Glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa Complex
Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex
beta-Thromboglobulin
Platelet Activation
Platelet Activating Factor
Platelet Function Tests
Fibrinogen
Prostanoic Acids
P-Selectin
von Willebrand Factor
Adenine Nucleotides
Aspirin
Thrombopoiesis
Collagen
Anonyms and Pseudonyms
Thromboxane A2
Blood Coagulation
Hemostasis
Antigens, Human Platelet
Thrombopoietin
Rabbits
Alphaprodine
Thromboxanes
Ergoloid Mesylates
Mopidamol
Blood Preservation
Photinia
Bleeding Time
Cycloheptanes
Ergotamine
Iprindole
Receptors, Thromboxane
Blood Proteins
Calcium
Epinephrine
Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb
Epoprostenol
Arachidonic Acids
Cell Membrane
Platelet Factor 3
Imipramine
Microscopy, Electron
Organoids
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Cytoskeleton
Adenosine Triphosphate
Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors
Prostaglandins
Calcimycin
Arachidonic Acid
Isonipecotic Acids
Receptors, Thrombopoietin
Edetic Acid
Methysergide
Immunochemistry
Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12
Receptors, Prostaglandin
Air Pollution, Radioactive
Platelet Storage Pool Deficiency
Heparin
Ristocetin
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Thrombasthenia
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Acaridae
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic
Glycoproteins
Binding, Competitive
Actins
Pseudopodia
Flow Cytometry
Phosphorylation
Crotalid Venoms
Reserpine
Endothelium
Molecular Sequence Data
Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
Protein Binding
Tritium
Peptide Fragments
Blood Coagulation Factors
Platelet-Rich Plasma
Thromboxane B2
Cells, Cultured
Amino Acid Sequence
Prostaglandin Endoperoxides, Synthetic
Alkaloids
Swine
Leukocyte Count
Erythrocytes
Endothelium, Vascular
Carbon Isotopes
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Membrane Proteins
Phospholipids
Clonal Evolution
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome
Peptides
Dimethyl Sulfoxide
Stress, Mechanical
Receptors, Thrombin
Dogs
Chromatography, Affinity
Chromatography, Gel
Binding Sites
Serotonin Antagonists
Signal Transduction
Plateletpheresis
Apyrase
Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid
Indium
Microtubules
Receptors, Collagen
Receptors, Drug
Hemorheology
Cytoplasm
Enzyme Activation
Models, Biological
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic
Thrombospondins
Gray Platelet Syndrome
Values of three coagulation screening tests of precolostral calves. (1/11030)
Prothrombin times, partial thromboplastin times and platelet counts were performed to determine normal values and to screen for coagulation defects of precolostral calves. The precolostral calves were in two groups: one group of a few calves was tested two years before the second larger group. The results for both groups were similar. The tests were performed on postcolostral calves and on mature cows to compare their values with those of precolostral calves. The mean values of prothrombin times and partial thromboplastin times of precolostral calves in the first group were 18.8 seconds and 54.8 seconds respectively. The mean values of prothrombin times and partial thromboplastin times of precolostral calves in the second group were 18.8 seconds and 50.8 seconds respectively. The mean platelet count was 422,400/cmm for the first group and 482,800/cmm for the second group. (+info)Enhanced myocardial glucose use in patients with a deficiency in long-chain fatty acid transport (CD36 deficiency). (2/11030)
CD36 is a multifunctional, 88 kDa glycoprotein that is expressed on platelets and monocytes/macrophages. CD36 also has high homology with the long-chain fatty acid (LFA) transporter in the myocardium. Although platelet and monocyte CD36 levels can indicate a CD36 deficiency, they cannot predict specific clinical manifestations in the myocardium of a given person. We examined the hypothesis that a deficiency in LFA transport augments myocardial glucose uptake in patients with a type I CD36 deficiency. METHODS: Seven fasting patients with a type I CD36 deficiency and 9 controls were assessed by cardiac radionuclide imaging using beta-methyl-p-iodophenyl-pentadecanoic acid (BMIPP) as a LFA tracer and by PET with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). RESULTS: None of the patients with a CD36 deficiency showed myocardial uptake of BMIPP. The percentage dose uptake of BMIPP in these subjects was significantly lower than that in normal controls (1.31+/-0.24 versus 2.90+/-0.2; P < 0.005). PET studies revealed that myocardial FDG accumulation was substantially increased in patients with a CD36 deficiency. Quantitative analysis showed that the percentage dose uptake of FDG in patients with a CD36 deficiency was significantly higher than that in normal controls (1.28+/-0.35 versus 0.43+/-0.22; P< 0.01). CONCLUSION: CD36 functions as a major myocardial LFA transporter and its absence may cause a compensatory upregulation of myocardial glucose uptake. (+info)Tyrosine phosphorylation of SLP-76 is downstream of Syk following stimulation of the collagen receptor in platelets. (3/11030)
Collagen-related peptide (CRP), a collagen homologue, induces platelet activation through a tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway, leading to sequential tyrosine phosphorylation of Fc receptor (FcR) gamma-chain, Syk, and phospholipase C-gamma2. Here we report that CRP and the platelet low affinity immune receptor FcgammaRIIA stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of the T cell adapter SLP-76, whereas the G protein-coupled receptor agonist thrombin induces only minor tyrosine phosphorylation. This suggests that SLP-76 has a specific role downstream of receptors that signal via an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif. Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrate association of SLP-76 with SLAP-130, Vav, Fyn, Lyn, and the FcR gamma-chain in CRP-stimulated platelets. Several of these proteins, including SLP-76, undergo tyrosine phosphorylation in in vitro kinase assays performed on SLP-76 immunoprecipitates. Tyrosine phosphorylation of all of these proteins in the in vitro kinase assay was abrogated by the Src family kinase inhibitor PP1, suggesting that it is mediated by either Fyn or Lyn. The physiological significance of this is uncertain, however, since tyrosine phosphorylation of SLP-76 in vivo is not altered in either Fyn- or Lyn-deficient platelets. CRP stimulation of Syk-deficient platelets demonstrated that in vivo tyrosine phosphorylation of SLP-76 is downstream of Syk. The absence of Syk in the SLP-76 immunoprecipitates raises the possibility that another protein is responsible for bringing SLP-76 to Syk. Candidates for this include those proteins that co-immunoprecipitate with SLP-76, including the FcR gamma-chain. Tyrosine phosphorylation of PLC-gamma2 and Ca2+ mobilization is markedly attenuated in SLP-76-deficient platelets following CRP stimulation, suggesting that the adapter plays a critical role in the regulation of the phospholipase. The increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of SLAP-130 in response to CRP is also inhibited in SLP-76-deficient platelets, placing it downstream of SLP-76. This work identifies SLP-76 as an important adapter molecule that is regulated by Syk and lies upstream of SLAP-130 and PLC-gamma2 in CRP-stimulated platelets. (+info)Changes in haematological parameters and iron metabolism associated with a 1600 kilometre ultramarathon. (4/11030)
OBJECTIVE: To investigate haematological variations and iron related changes in the serum of participants in a 1600 kilometre ultramarathon run. PARTICIPANTS: Seven male and two female participants in a 1600 km foot race. METHODS: Blood samples were obtained from the participants before, after four and 11 days of running, and at the end of the event. Samples were analysed by standard methods for haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total red cell count, mean red cell volume, mean red cell haemoglobin, total white cell count and differential, platelets, reticulocytes, iron, ferritin, total iron binding capacity, percentage transferrin saturation, haptoglobin, and bilirubin and corrected for changes in plasma volume. RESULTS: The following variables decreased during the event (p < 0.05): haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean red cell volume, percentage lymphocytes, percentage monocytes, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and percentage transferrin saturation. Increases (p < 0.05) were found in plasma volume, total red cell count (day 4 only), total white cell count, percentage and absolute numbers of neutrophils and reticulocytes, absolute numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes (day 4 only), absolute numbers of eosinophils (day 11 and race end), absolute numbers of basophils (race end only), platelets, ferritin, haptoglobin, and bilirubin (day 4 only). CONCLUSION: Ultramarathon running is associated with a wide range of changes in haematological parameters, many of which are related to the normal acute phase response to injury. These should not be confused with indicators of disease. (+info)The Megakaryocyte/Platelet-specific enhancer of the alpha2beta1 integrin gene: two tandem AP1 sites and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade. (5/11030)
The alpha2beta1 integrin, a collagen receptor on platelets and megakaryocytes, is required for normal platelet function. Transcriptional regulation of the alpha2 integrin gene in cells undergoing megakaryocytic differentiation requires a core promoter between bp -30 and -92, a silencer between bp -92 and -351, and megakaryocytic enhancers in the distal 5' flank. We have now identified a 229-bp region of the distal 5' flank of the alpha2 integrin gene required for high-level enhancer activity in cells with megakaryocytic features. Two tandem AP1 binding sites with dyad symmetry are required for enhancer activity and for DNA-protein complex formation with members of the c-fos/c-jun family. The requirement for AP1 activation suggested a role for the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in regulating alpha2 integrin gene expression. Inhibition of the MAP kinase cascade with PD98059, a specific inhibitor of MAPK kinase 1, prevented the expression of the alpha2 integrin subunit in cells induced to become megakaryocytic. We provide a model of megakaryocytic differentiation in which expression of the alpha2 integrin gene requires signaling via the MAP kinase pathway to activate two tandem AP1 binding sites in the alpha2 integrin enhancer. (+info)Activation of stimulus-specific serine esterases (proteases) in the initiation of platelet secretion. I. Demonstration with organophosphorus inhibitors. (6/11030)
The effect of organophosphorus inhibitors of serine esterases (proteases) on secretion from washed rabbit platelets was examined. Five noncytotoxic stimuli were employed: collagen, thrombin, heterologous anti-platelet antibody (in the absence of complement), rabbit C3 bound to zymosan, and platelet activating factor derived from antigen-stimulated, IgE-sensitized rabbit basophils. Diisoprophyl phosphofluoridate, three series of p-nitrophenyl ethyl phosphonates, and a series of cyclohexyl phenylalkylphosphonofluridates were all found to be inhibitory to the platelet secretion. These are irreversible inhibitors of serine proteases but in this system were only inhibitory if added to the platelets concurrently with the stimuli. Pretreatment of either the platelets or the stimuli with the inhibitors followed by washing, was without effect on the subsequent reaction. This suggested the involvement of stimulus-activatable serine proteases in the secretory process. The concept was supported by finding that nonphosphorylating phosphonates or hydrolyzed phosphonates or phosphonofluoridates were without inhibitory action. The effect of a series of phosphonates or phosphonoflouridates in inhibiting each stimulus exhibited a unique activity-structure profile. The demonstration of such unique profiles with four series of inhibitors for each of the five stimuli was interpreted as demonstrating that a specific activatable serine protease was involved in the platelet secretory response to each stimulus. (+info)Glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-transfected cells roll on a von Willebrand factor matrix under flow. Importance of the GPib/actin-binding protein (ABP-280) interaction in maintaining adhesion under high shear. (7/11030)
Adhesion of platelets to sites of vascular injury is critical for hemostasis and thrombosis and is dependent on the binding of the vascular adhesive protein von Willebrand factor (vWf) to the glycoprotein (GP) Ib-V-IX complex on the platelet surface. A unique but poorly defined characteristic of this receptor/ligand interaction is its ability to support platelet adhesion under conditions of high shear stress. To examine the structural domains of the GPIb-V-IX complex involved in mediating cell adhesion under flow, we have expressed partial (GPIb-IX), complete (GPIb-V-IX), and mutant (GPIbalpha cytoplasmic tail mutants) receptor complexes on the surface of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and examined their ability to adhere to a vWf matrix in flow-based adhesion assays. Our studies demonstrate that the partial receptor complex (GPIb-IX) supports CHO cell tethering and rolling on a bovine or human vWf matrix under flow. The adhesion was specifically inhibited by an anti-GPIbalpha blocking antibody (AK2) and was not observed with CHO cells expressing GPIbbeta and GPIX alone. The velocity of rolling was dependent on the level of shear stress, receptor density, and matrix concentration and was not altered by the presence of GPV. In contrast to selectins, which mediate cell rolling under conditions of low shear (20-200 s-1), GPIb-IX was able to support cell rolling at both venous (150 s-1) and arterial (1500-10,500 s-1) shear rates. Studies with a mutant GPIbalpha receptor subunit lacking the binding domain for actin-binding protein demonstrated that the association of the receptor complex with the membrane skeleton is not essential for cell tethering or rolling under low shear conditions, but is critical for maintaining adhesion at high shear rates (3000-6000 s-1). These studies demonstrate that the GPIb-IX complex is sufficient to mediate cell rolling on a vWf matrix at both venous and arterial levels of shear independent of other platelet adhesion receptors. Furthermore, our results suggest that the association between GPIbalpha and actin-binding protein plays an important role in enabling cells to remain tethered to a vWf matrix under conditions of high shear stress. (+info)Activation of G12/G13 results in shape change and Rho/Rho-kinase-mediated myosin light chain phosphorylation in mouse platelets. (8/11030)
Platelets respond to various stimuli with rapid changes in shape followed by aggregation and secretion of their granule contents. Platelets lacking the alpha-subunit of the heterotrimeric G protein Gq do not aggregate and degranulate but still undergo shape change after activation through thromboxane-A2 (TXA2) or thrombin receptors. In contrast to thrombin, the TXA2 mimetic U46619 led to the selective activation of G12 and G13 in Galphaq-deficient platelets indicating that these G proteins mediate TXA2 receptor-induced shape change. TXA2 receptor-mediated activation of G12/G13 resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of pp72(syk) and stimulation of pp60(c-src) as well as in phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) in Galphaq-deficient platelets. Both MLC phosphorylation and shape change induced through G12/G13 in the absence of Galphaq were inhibited by the C3 exoenzyme from Clostridium botulinum, by the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 and by cAMP-analogue Sp-5,6-DCl-cBIMPS. These data indicate that G12/G13 couple receptors to tyrosine kinases as well as to the Rho/Rho-kinase-mediated regulation of MLC phosphorylation. We provide evidence that G12/G13-mediated Rho/Rho-kinase-dependent regulation of MLC phosphorylation participates in receptor-induced platelet shape change. (+info)Blood platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that play an essential role in normal blood clotting. They are formed in the bone marrow from large cells called megakaryocytes and circulate in the blood in an inactive state until they are needed to help stop bleeding. When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets become activated and change shape, releasing chemicals that attract more platelets to the site of injury. These activated platelets then stick together to form a plug, or clot, that seals the wound and prevents further blood loss. In addition to their role in clotting, platelets also help to promote healing by releasing growth factors that stimulate the growth of new tissue.
Platelet aggregation is the clumping together of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood, which is an essential step in the process of hemostasis (the stopping of bleeding) after injury to a blood vessel. When the inner lining of a blood vessel is damaged, exposure of subendothelial collagen and tissue factor triggers platelet activation. Activated platelets change shape, become sticky, and release the contents of their granules, which include ADP (adenosine diphosphate).
ADP then acts as a chemical mediator to attract and bind additional platelets to the site of injury, leading to platelet aggregation. This forms a plug that seals the damaged vessel and prevents further blood loss. Platelet aggregation is also a crucial component in the formation of blood clots (thrombosis) within blood vessels, which can have pathological consequences such as heart attacks and strokes if they obstruct blood flow to vital organs.
A platelet count is a laboratory test that measures the number of platelets, also known as thrombocytes, in a sample of blood. Platelets are small, colorless cell fragments that circulate in the blood and play a crucial role in blood clotting. They help to stop bleeding by sticking together to form a plug at the site of an injured blood vessel.
A normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter (µL) of blood. A lower than normal platelet count is called thrombocytopenia, while a higher than normal platelet count is known as thrombocytosis.
Abnormal platelet counts can be a sign of various medical conditions, including bleeding disorders, infections, certain medications, and some types of cancer. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider if you have any concerns about your platelet count or if you experience symptoms such as easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, or excessive menstrual flow.
Platelet adhesiveness refers to the ability of platelets, which are small blood cells that help your body form clots to prevent excessive bleeding, to stick to other cells or surfaces. This process is crucial in hemostasis, the process of stopping bleeding after injury to a blood vessel.
When the endothelium (the lining of blood vessels) is damaged, subendothelial structures are exposed, which can trigger platelet adhesion. Platelets then change shape and release chemical signals that cause other platelets to clump together, forming a platelet plug. This plug helps to seal the damaged vessel and prevent further bleeding.
Platelet adhesiveness is influenced by several factors, including the presence of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a protein in the blood that helps platelets bind to damaged vessels, and the expression of glycoprotein receptors on the surface of platelets. Abnormalities in platelet adhesiveness can lead to bleeding disorders or thrombotic conditions.
Platelet membrane glycoproteins are specialized proteins found on the surface of platelets, which are small blood cells responsible for clotting. These glycoproteins play crucial roles in various processes related to hemostasis and thrombosis, including platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation.
There are several key platelet membrane glycoproteins, such as:
1. Glycoprotein (GP) Ia/IIa (also known as integrin α2β1): This glycoprotein mediates the binding of platelets to collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix, facilitating platelet adhesion and activation.
2. GP IIb/IIIa (also known as integrin αIIbβ3): This is the most abundant glycoprotein on the platelet surface and functions as a receptor for fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive proteins. Upon activation, GP IIb/IIIa undergoes conformational changes that enable it to bind these ligands, leading to platelet aggregation and clot formation.
3. GPIb-IX-V: This glycoprotein complex is involved in the initial tethering and adhesion of platelets to von Willebrand factor (vWF) in damaged blood vessels. It consists of four subunits: GPIbα, GPIbβ, GPIX, and GPV.
4. GPVI: This glycoprotein is essential for platelet activation upon contact with collagen. It associates with the Fc receptor γ-chain (FcRγ) to form a signaling complex that triggers intracellular signaling pathways, leading to platelet activation and aggregation.
Abnormalities in these platelet membrane glycoproteins can lead to bleeding disorders or thrombotic conditions. For example, mutations in GPIIb/IIIa can result in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, a severe bleeding disorder characterized by impaired platelet aggregation. On the other hand, increased expression or activation of these glycoproteins may contribute to the development of arterial thrombosis and cardiovascular diseases.
Platelet Factor 4 (PF4), also known as CXCL4, is a chemokine that is primarily secreted by activated platelets and involved in hemostasis and inflammation. It is a small protein with a molecular weight of approximately 8 kDa and is stored in the alpha granules of resting platelets. Upon activation, platelets release PF4 into the bloodstream, where it plays a role in attracting immune cells to sites of injury or infection.
PF4 can bind to various negatively charged molecules, including heparin, DNA, and RNA, which can lead to the formation of immune complexes. In some cases, these immune complexes can trigger an abnormal immune response, resulting in conditions such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT).
In summary, Platelet Factor 4 is a chemokine released by activated platelets that plays a role in hemostasis and inflammation but can also contribute to the development of certain immune-related disorders.
Thrombin is a serine protease enzyme that plays a crucial role in the coagulation cascade, which is a complex series of biochemical reactions that leads to the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) to prevent excessive bleeding during an injury. Thrombin is formed from its precursor protein, prothrombin, through a process called activation, which involves cleavage by another enzyme called factor Xa.
Once activated, thrombin converts fibrinogen, a soluble plasma protein, into fibrin, an insoluble protein that forms the structural framework of a blood clot. Thrombin also activates other components of the coagulation cascade, such as factor XIII, which crosslinks and stabilizes the fibrin network, and platelets, which contribute to the formation and growth of the clot.
Thrombin has several regulatory mechanisms that control its activity, including feedback inhibition by antithrombin III, a plasma protein that inactivates thrombin and other serine proteases, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), which inhibits the activation of factor Xa, thereby preventing further thrombin formation.
Overall, thrombin is an essential enzyme in hemostasis, the process that maintains the balance between bleeding and clotting in the body. However, excessive or uncontrolled thrombin activity can lead to pathological conditions such as thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is a chemical compound that plays a crucial role in energy transfer within cells. It is a nucleotide, which consists of a adenosine molecule (a sugar molecule called ribose attached to a nitrogenous base called adenine) and two phosphate groups.
In the cell, ADP functions as an intermediate in the conversion of energy from one form to another. When a high-energy phosphate bond in ADP is broken, energy is released and ADP is converted to adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which serves as the main energy currency of the cell. Conversely, when ATP donates a phosphate group to another molecule, it is converted back to ADP, releasing energy for the cell to use.
ADP also plays a role in blood clotting and other physiological processes. In the coagulation cascade, ADP released from damaged red blood cells can help activate platelets and initiate the formation of a blood clot.
A platelet transfusion is the process of medically administering platelets, which are small blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. Platelet transfusions are often given to patients with low platelet counts or dysfunctional platelets due to various reasons such as chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and other medical conditions leading to increased consumption or destruction of platelets. This procedure helps to prevent or treat bleeding complications in these patients. It's important to note that platelet transfusions should be given under the supervision of a healthcare professional, taking into account the patient's clinical condition, platelet count, and potential risks associated with transfusion reactions.
Serotonin, also known as 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine neurotransmitter that is found primarily in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood platelets, and the central nervous system (CNS) of humans and other animals. It is produced by the conversion of the amino acid tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), and then to serotonin.
In the CNS, serotonin plays a role in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, memory, learning, and behavior, among other functions. It also acts as a vasoconstrictor, helping to regulate blood flow and blood pressure. In the GI tract, it is involved in peristalsis, the contraction and relaxation of muscles that moves food through the digestive system.
Serotonin is synthesized and stored in serotonergic neurons, which are nerve cells that use serotonin as their primary neurotransmitter. These neurons are found throughout the brain and spinal cord, and they communicate with other neurons by releasing serotonin into the synapse, the small gap between two neurons.
Abnormal levels of serotonin have been linked to a variety of disorders, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and migraines. Medications that affect serotonin levels, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are commonly used to treat these conditions.
The platelet glycoprotein GPIIb-IIIa complex, also known as integrin αIIbβ3 or CD41/CD61, is a heterodimeric transmembrane receptor found on the surface of platelets and megakaryocytes. It plays a crucial role in platelet aggregation and thrombus formation during hemostasis and pathological conditions such as arterial thrombosis.
The GPIIb-IIIa complex is composed of two non-covalently associated subunits, GPIIb (αIIb or CD41) and IIIa (β3 or CD61). Upon platelet activation by various agonists like ADP, thrombin, or collagen, the GPIIb-IIIa complex undergoes a conformational change that allows it to bind fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive proteins. This binding event leads to platelet aggregation and the formation of a hemostatic plug or pathological thrombus.
Inhibition of the GPIIb-IIIa complex has been a target for antiplatelet therapy in the prevention and treatment of arterial thrombosis, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Several pharmacological agents, including monoclonal antibodies and small molecule antagonists, have been developed to block this complex and reduce platelet aggregation.
The platelet glycoprotein GPIb-IX complex is a crucial receptor on the surface of platelets that plays a vital role in hemostasis and thrombosis. It is a heterotetrameric transmembrane protein complex composed of two disulfide-linked glycoprotein subunits, GPIbα, GPIbβ, GPV (Glycoprotein V), and GPIX (Glycoprotein IX).
The GPIb-IX complex is responsible for the initial interaction between platelets and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in the circulation. When blood vessels are damaged, exposed collagen recruits vWF to the site of injury, where it binds to the GPIbα subunit of the GPIb-IX complex, leading to platelet adhesion and activation. This interaction is critical for primary hemostasis, which helps prevent excessive blood loss from injured vessels.
Genetic mutations or deficiencies in the genes encoding these glycoproteins can lead to bleeding disorders such as Bernard-Soulier syndrome, a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia and large platelets with impaired vWF binding and platelet adhesion.
Megakaryocytes are large, specialized bone marrow cells that are responsible for the production and release of platelets (also known as thrombocytes) into the bloodstream. Platelets play an essential role in blood clotting and hemostasis, helping to prevent excessive bleeding during injuries or trauma.
Megakaryocytes have a unique structure with multilobed nuclei and abundant cytoplasm rich in organelles called alpha-granules and dense granules, which store various proteins, growth factors, and enzymes necessary for platelet function. As megakaryocytes mature, they extend long cytoplasmic processes called proplatelets into the bone marrow sinuses, where these extensions fragment into individual platelets that are released into circulation.
Abnormalities in megakaryocyte number, size, or function can lead to various hematological disorders, such as thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), thrombocytosis (high platelet count), and certain types of leukemia.
Beta-thromboglobulin is a type of protein that is released from platelets (a component of blood) when they are activated. It is often used as a marker for platelet activation, which can occur in various physiological and pathological conditions such as hemostasis, thrombosis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.
Beta-thromboglobulin is a member of the thromboglobulin family, which also includes platelet factor 4 (PF4) and other proteins that are involved in hemostasis and thrombosis. These proteins play important roles in the regulation of blood clotting and wound healing, but their excessive release or activation can contribute to the development of various cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction (heart attack) and stroke.
Elevated levels of beta-thromboglobulin have been found in patients with thromboembolic disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and other conditions associated with platelet activation. Therefore, the measurement of beta-thromboglobulin can be useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of these diseases.
Platelet activation is the process by which platelets (also known as thrombocytes) become biologically active and change from their inactive discoid shape to a spherical shape with pseudopodia, resulting in the release of chemical mediators that are involved in hemostasis and thrombosis. This process is initiated by various stimuli such as exposure to subendothelial collagen, von Willebrand factor, or thrombin during vascular injury, leading to platelet aggregation and the formation of a platelet plug to stop bleeding. Platelet activation also plays a role in inflammation, immune response, and wound healing.
Blood platelet disorders are conditions that affect the number and/or function of platelets, which are small blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. Normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. A lower-than-normal platelet count is called thrombocytopenia, while a higher-than-normal platelet count is called thrombocytosis.
There are several types of platelet disorders, including:
1. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): A condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys platelets, leading to a low platelet count. ITP can be acute (lasting less than six months) or chronic (lasting longer than six months).
2. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP): A rare but serious condition that causes blood clots to form in small blood vessels throughout the body, leading to a low platelet count, anemia, and other symptoms.
3. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS): A condition that is often caused by a bacterial infection, which can lead to the formation of blood clots in the small blood vessels of the kidneys, resulting in kidney damage and a low platelet count.
4. Hereditary platelet disorders: Some people inherit genetic mutations that can affect the number or function of their platelets, leading to bleeding disorders such as von Willebrand disease or Bernard-Soulier syndrome.
5. Medication-induced thrombocytopenia: Certain medications can cause a decrease in platelet count as a side effect.
6. Platelet dysfunction disorders: Some conditions can affect the ability of platelets to function properly, leading to bleeding disorders such as von Willebrand disease or storage pool deficiency.
Symptoms of platelet disorders may include easy bruising, prolonged bleeding from cuts or injuries, nosebleeds, blood in urine or stools, and in severe cases, internal bleeding. Treatment for platelet disorders depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or other therapies.
Thrombocytopenia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low platelet count (thrombocytes) in the blood. Platelets are small cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting, helping to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged. A healthy adult typically has a platelet count between 150,000 and 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. Thrombocytopenia is usually diagnosed when the platelet count falls below 150,000 platelets/µL.
Thrombocytopenia can be classified into three main categories based on its underlying cause:
1. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): An autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys its own platelets, leading to a decreased platelet count. ITP can be further divided into primary or secondary forms, depending on whether it occurs alone or as a result of another medical condition or medication.
2. Decreased production: Thrombocytopenia can occur when there is insufficient production of platelets in the bone marrow due to various causes, such as viral infections, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, leukemia, aplastic anemia, or vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
3. Increased destruction or consumption: Thrombocytopenia can also result from increased platelet destruction or consumption due to conditions like disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), or severe bacterial infections.
Symptoms of thrombocytopenia may include easy bruising, prolonged bleeding from cuts, spontaneous nosebleeds, bleeding gums, blood in urine or stools, and skin rashes like petechiae (small red or purple spots) or purpura (larger patches). The severity of symptoms can vary depending on the degree of thrombocytopenia and the presence of any underlying conditions. Treatment for thrombocytopenia depends on the cause and may include medications, transfusions, or addressing the underlying condition.
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent phospholipid mediator that plays a significant role in various inflammatory and immune responses. It is a powerful lipid signaling molecule released mainly by activated platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, endothelial cells, and other cell types during inflammation or injury.
PAF has a molecular structure consisting of an alkyl chain linked to a glycerol moiety, a phosphate group, and an sn-2 acetyl group. This unique structure allows PAF to bind to its specific G protein-coupled receptor (PAF-R) on the surface of target cells, triggering various intracellular signaling cascades that result in cell activation, degranulation, and aggregation.
The primary functions of PAF include:
1. Platelet activation and aggregation: PAF stimulates platelets to aggregate, release their granules, and activate the coagulation cascade, which can lead to thrombus formation.
2. Neutrophil and monocyte activation: PAF activates these immune cells, leading to increased adhesion, degranulation, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
3. Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability: PAF can cause vasodilation by acting on endothelial cells, leading to an increase in blood flow and facilitating the extravasation of immune cells into inflamed tissues.
4. Bronchoconstriction: In the respiratory system, PAF can induce bronchoconstriction and recruitment of inflammatory cells, contributing to asthma symptoms.
5. Neurotransmission modulation: PAF has been implicated in neuroinflammation and may play a role in neuronal excitability, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive functions.
Dysregulated PAF signaling has been associated with several pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), ischemia-reperfusion injury, and neuroinflammatory disorders. Therefore, targeting the PAF pathway may provide therapeutic benefits in these diseases.
Platelet function tests are laboratory tests that measure how well platelets, which are small blood cells responsible for clotting, function in preventing or stopping bleeding. These tests are often used to investigate the cause of abnormal bleeding or bruising, or to monitor the effectiveness of antiplatelet therapy in patients with certain medical conditions such as heart disease or stroke.
There are several types of platelet function tests available, including:
1. Platelet count: This test measures the number of platelets present in a sample of blood. A low platelet count can increase the risk of bleeding.
2. Bleeding time: This test measures how long it takes for a small cut to stop bleeding. It is used less frequently than other tests due to its invasiveness and variability.
3. Platelet aggregation tests: These tests measure how well platelets clump together (aggregate) in response to various agents that promote platelet activation, such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, or epinephrine.
4. Platelet function analyzer (PFA): This test measures the time it takes for a blood sample to clot under shear stress, simulating the conditions in an injured blood vessel. The PFA can provide information about the overall platelet function and the effectiveness of antiplatelet therapy.
5. Thromboelastography (TEG) or rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM): These tests measure the kinetics of clot formation, strength, and dissolution in whole blood samples. They provide information about both platelet function and coagulation factors.
These tests can help healthcare providers diagnose bleeding disorders, assess the risk of bleeding during surgery or other invasive procedures, monitor antiplatelet therapy, and guide treatment decisions for patients with abnormal platelet function.
Fibrinogen is a soluble protein present in plasma, synthesized by the liver. It plays an essential role in blood coagulation. When an injury occurs, fibrinogen gets converted into insoluble fibrin by the action of thrombin, forming a fibrin clot that helps to stop bleeding from the injured site. Therefore, fibrinogen is crucial for hemostasis, which is the process of stopping bleeding and starting the healing process after an injury.
Prostanoic acids are a type of fatty acid that are produced naturally in the body as part of the prostaglandin metabolic pathway. They are derived from arachidonic acid, a type of omega-6 fatty acid, and are involved in various physiological processes such as inflammation, blood flow regulation, and platelet aggregation. Prostanoic acids include compounds such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), prostacyclin (PGI2), and thromboxane A2 (TXA2). These compounds act as signaling molecules, binding to specific receptors on the surface of cells and triggering a variety of cellular responses. They are synthesized and released by cells in response to various stimuli, such as injury or infection, and play important roles in the body's response to these stressors.
P-Selectin is a type of cell adhesion molecule, specifically a member of the selectin family, that is involved in the inflammatory response. It is primarily expressed on the surface of activated platelets and endothelial cells. P-Selectin plays a crucial role in the initial interaction between leukocytes (white blood cells) and the vascular endothelium, which is an essential step in the recruitment of leukocytes to sites of inflammation or injury. This process helps to mediate the rolling and adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial surface, facilitating their extravasation into the surrounding tissue. P-Selectin's function is regulated by its interaction with specific ligands on the surface of leukocytes, such as PSGL-1 (P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand-1).
Von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a large multimeric glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in hemostasis, the process which leads to the cessation of bleeding and the formation of a blood clot. It was named after Erik Adolf von Willebrand, a Finnish physician who first described the disorder associated with its deficiency, known as von Willebrand disease (vWD).
The primary functions of vWF include:
1. Platelet adhesion and aggregation: vWF mediates the initial attachment of platelets to damaged blood vessel walls by binding to exposed collagen fibers and then interacting with glycoprotein Ib (GPIb) receptors on the surface of platelets, facilitating platelet adhesion. Subsequently, vWF also promotes platelet-platelet interactions (aggregation) through its interaction with platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) receptors under high shear stress conditions found in areas of turbulent blood flow, such as arterioles and the capillary bed.
2. Transport and stabilization of coagulation factor VIII: vWF serves as a carrier protein for coagulation factor VIII (FVIII), protecting it from proteolytic degradation and maintaining its stability in circulation. This interaction between vWF and FVIII is essential for the proper functioning of the coagulation cascade, particularly in the context of vWD, where impaired FVIII function can lead to bleeding disorders.
3. Wound healing: vWF contributes to wound healing by promoting platelet adhesion and aggregation at the site of injury, which facilitates the formation of a provisional fibrin-based clot that serves as a scaffold for tissue repair and regeneration.
In summary, von Willebrand factor is a vital hemostatic protein involved in platelet adhesion, aggregation, coagulation factor VIII stabilization, and wound healing. Deficiencies or dysfunctions in vWF can lead to bleeding disorders such as von Willebrand disease.
Adenine nucleotides are molecules that consist of a nitrogenous base called adenine, which is linked to a sugar molecule (ribose in the case of adenosine monophosphate or AMP, and deoxyribose in the case of adenosine diphosphate or ADP and adenosine triphosphate or ATP) and one, two, or three phosphate groups. These molecules play a crucial role in energy transfer and metabolism within cells.
AMP contains one phosphate group, while ADP contains two phosphate groups, and ATP contains three phosphate groups. When a phosphate group is removed from ATP, energy is released, which can be used to power various cellular processes such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis. The reverse reaction, in which a phosphate group is added back to ADP or AMP to form ATP, requires energy input and often involves the breakdown of nutrients such as glucose or fatty acids.
In addition to their role in energy metabolism, adenine nucleotides also serve as precursors for other important molecules, including DNA and RNA, coenzymes, and signaling molecules.
Aspirin is the common name for acetylsalicylic acid, which is a medication used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. It works by inhibiting the activity of an enzyme called cyclooxygenase (COX), which is involved in the production of prostaglandins, hormone-like substances that cause inflammation and pain. Aspirin also has an antiplatelet effect, which means it can help prevent blood clots from forming. This makes it useful for preventing heart attacks and strokes.
Aspirin is available over-the-counter in various forms, including tablets, capsules, and chewable tablets. It is also available in prescription strengths for certain medical conditions. As with any medication, aspirin should be taken as directed by a healthcare provider, and its use should be avoided in children and teenagers with viral infections due to the risk of Reye's syndrome, a rare but serious condition that can affect the liver and brain.
Thrombopoiesis is the process of formation and development of thrombocytes or platelets, which are small, colorless cell fragments in our blood that play an essential role in clotting. Thrombopoiesis occurs inside the bone marrow, where stem cells differentiate into megakaryoblasts, then progressively develop into promegakaryocytes and megakaryocytes. These megakaryocytes subsequently undergo a process called cytoplasmic fragmentation to produce platelets.
The regulation of thrombopoiesis is primarily controlled by the hormone thrombopoietin (TPO), which is produced mainly in the liver and binds to the thrombopoietin receptor (c-Mpl) on megakaryocytes and their precursors. This binding stimulates the proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of megakaryocytes, leading to an increase in platelet production.
Abnormalities in thrombopoiesis can result in conditions such as thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) or thrombocytosis (high platelet count), which may be associated with bleeding disorders or increased risk of thrombosis, respectively.
Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body, and it is a major component of connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, and bones. Collagen provides structure and strength to these tissues and helps them to withstand stretching and tension. It is made up of long chains of amino acids, primarily glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which are arranged in a triple helix structure. There are at least 16 different types of collagen found in the body, each with slightly different structures and functions. Collagen is important for maintaining the integrity and health of tissues throughout the body, and it has been studied for its potential therapeutic uses in various medical conditions.
Anonymity and pseudonymity are terms used to describe the use of a false or altered name in place of one's true identity. Here are the medical definitions:
1. Anonymity: The state or quality of being anonymous, which means that the individual's true identity is not known or disclosed. In medical contexts, anonymity may be used to protect a patient's privacy and confidentiality when sharing health information for research or other purposes. For example, a patient's medical records may be de-identified by removing personally identifiable information and replacing it with a unique identifier, such as a study ID number.
2. Pseudonymity: The use of a false name or pseudonym to maintain confidentiality while still allowing for some level of identification. In medical contexts, pseudonyms may be used when collecting data from patients who wish to remain anonymous but still want their responses to be linked over time. For example, a patient participating in a longitudinal study may be assigned a unique pseudonym that is used to identify their responses across multiple survey waves.
It's important to note that while anonymity and pseudonymity can help protect patient privacy, they also come with some limitations. For instance, it may be more difficult to obtain informed consent from patients whose identities are not known or to follow up with them for additional information or data collection. Healthcare providers must balance the need for confidentiality with other ethical considerations when using anonymity and pseudonymity in medical research and practice.
Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is a potent prostanoid, a type of lipid compound derived from arachidonic acid. It is primarily produced and released by platelets upon activation during the process of hemostasis (the body's response to stop bleeding). TXA2 acts as a powerful vasoconstrictor, causing blood vessels to narrow, which helps limit blood loss at the site of injury. Additionally, it promotes platelet aggregation, contributing to the formation of a stable clot and preventing further bleeding. However, uncontrolled or excessive production of TXA2 can lead to thrombotic events such as heart attacks and strokes. Its effects are balanced by prostacyclin (PGI2), which is produced by endothelial cells and has opposing actions, acting as a vasodilator and inhibiting platelet aggregation. The balance between TXA2 and PGI2 helps maintain vascular homeostasis.
Blood coagulation, also known as blood clotting, is a complex process that occurs in the body to prevent excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged. This process involves several different proteins and chemical reactions that ultimately lead to the formation of a clot.
The coagulation cascade is initiated when blood comes into contact with tissue factor, which is exposed after damage to the blood vessel wall. This triggers a series of enzymatic reactions that activate clotting factors, leading to the formation of a fibrin clot. Fibrin is a protein that forms a mesh-like structure that traps platelets and red blood cells to form a stable clot.
Once the bleeding has stopped, the coagulation process is regulated and inhibited to prevent excessive clotting. The fibrinolytic system degrades the clot over time, allowing for the restoration of normal blood flow.
Abnormalities in the blood coagulation process can lead to bleeding disorders or thrombotic disorders such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.
Hemostasis is the physiological process that occurs to stop bleeding (bleeding control) when a blood vessel is damaged. This involves the interaction of platelets, vasoconstriction, and blood clotting factors leading to the formation of a clot. The ultimate goal of hemostasis is to maintain the integrity of the vascular system while preventing excessive blood loss.
Human platelet antigens (HPAs) are a group of cell surface proteins found on platelets and megakaryocytes, which are the precursor cells that produce platelets. These antigens can stimulate an immune response when they are recognized as foreign by the body's immune system, leading to the production of antibodies against them.
HPAs are classified into several different systems based on their genetic inheritance and immunological properties. The most well-known HPA systems are HPA-1, HPA-2, HPA-3, HPA-4, and HPA-5. Each system consists of a pair of alleles, one inherited from each parent, that code for different variants of the antigen.
HPAs can play a role in the development of certain bleeding disorders, such as neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) and post-transfusion purpura (PTP). NAIT occurs when a pregnant woman develops antibodies against her fetus's HPAs, leading to low platelet counts and bleeding in the newborn. PTP can occur after a transfusion of blood products containing HPAs that are not compatible with the recipient's HPAs, leading to an immune response and destruction of the transfused platelets.
It is important for healthcare providers to consider HPA compatibility when performing platelet transfusions or managing pregnant women at risk of developing antibodies against HPAs.
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. When a clot forms in an artery, it can cut off the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues served by that artery, leading to damage or tissue death. If a thrombus forms in the heart, it can cause a heart attack. If a thrombus breaks off and travels through the bloodstream, it can lodge in a smaller vessel, causing blockage and potentially leading to damage in the organ that the vessel supplies. This is known as an embolism.
Thrombosis can occur due to various factors such as injury to the blood vessel wall, abnormalities in blood flow, or changes in the composition of the blood. Certain medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle factors can increase the risk of thrombosis. Treatment typically involves anticoagulant or thrombolytic therapy to dissolve or prevent further growth of the clot, as well as addressing any underlying causes.
Thrombopoietin (TPO) is a glycoprotein hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of platelet production, also known as thrombopoiesis. It is primarily produced by the liver and to some extent by megakaryocytes, which are the cells responsible for producing platelets.
TPO binds to its receptor, c-Mpl, on the surface of megakaryocytes and their precursor cells, stimulating their proliferation, differentiation, and maturation into platelets. By regulating the number of platelets in circulation, TPO helps maintain hemostasis, the process that prevents excessive bleeding after injury.
In addition to its role in thrombopoiesis, TPO has been shown to have potential effects on other cell types, including hematopoietic stem cells and certain immune cells. However, its primary function remains the regulation of platelet production.
Cytoplasmic granules are small, membrane-bound organelles or inclusions found within the cytoplasm of cells. They contain various substances such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and genetic material. Cytoplasmic granules have diverse functions depending on their specific composition and cellular location. Some examples include:
1. Secretory granules: These are found in secretory cells and store hormones, neurotransmitters, or enzymes before they are released by exocytosis.
2. Lysosomes: These are membrane-bound organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion of waste materials, foreign substances, and damaged organelles.
3. Melanosomes: Found in melanocytes, these granules produce and store the pigment melanin, which is responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
4. Weibel-Palade bodies: These are found in endothelial cells and store von Willebrand factor and P-selectin, which play roles in hemostasis and inflammation.
5. Peroxisomes: These are single-membrane organelles that contain enzymes for various metabolic processes, such as β-oxidation of fatty acids and detoxification of harmful substances.
6. Lipid bodies (also called lipid droplets): These are cytoplasmic granules that store neutral lipids, such as triglycerides and cholesteryl esters. They play a role in energy metabolism and intracellular signaling.
7. Glycogen granules: These are cytoplasmic inclusions that store glycogen, a polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals.
8. Protein bodies: Found in plants, these granules store excess proteins and help regulate protein homeostasis within the cell.
9. Electron-dense granules: These are found in certain immune cells, such as mast cells and basophils, and release mediators like histamine during an allergic response.
10. Granules of unknown composition or function may also be present in various cell types.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Rabbits" is a common name used to refer to the Lagomorpha species, particularly members of the family Leporidae. They are small mammals known for their long ears, strong legs, and quick reproduction.
However, if you're referring to "rabbits" in a medical context, there is a term called "rabbit syndrome," which is a rare movement disorder characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements of the fingers, resembling those of a rabbit chewing. It is also known as "finger-chewing chorea." This condition is usually associated with certain medications, particularly antipsychotics, and typically resolves when the medication is stopped or adjusted.
Alphaprodine is a synthetic opioid medication that is primarily used for its analgesic (pain-relieving) effects. It belongs to the class of drugs known as narcotic analgesics, which work by binding to specific receptors in the brain and spinal cord to reduce the perception of pain.
Alphaprodine is a controlled substance due to its potential for abuse and dependence. It can produce euphoria, drowsiness, respiratory depression, and constipation, among other side effects. Long-term use or misuse of alphaprodine can lead to physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation.
Alphaprodine is not commonly used in clinical practice today due to the availability of safer and more effective pain medications. It is also not available as a generic medication, and only one branded formulation (Nisentil) was approved by the FDA for use in the United States, but it has been discontinued from the market.
Thromboxanes are a type of lipid compound that is derived from arachidonic acid, a type of fatty acid found in the cell membranes of many organisms. They are synthesized in the body through the action of an enzyme called cyclooxygenase (COX).
Thromboxanes are primarily produced by platelets, a type of blood cell that plays a key role in clotting. Once formed, thromboxanes act as powerful vasoconstrictors, causing blood vessels to narrow and blood flow to decrease. They also promote the aggregation of platelets, which can lead to the formation of blood clots.
Thromboxanes are involved in many physiological processes, including hemostasis (the process by which bleeding is stopped) and inflammation. However, excessive production of thromboxanes has been implicated in a number of pathological conditions, such as heart attacks, strokes, and pulmonary hypertension.
There are several different types of thromboxanes, including thromboxane A2 (TXA2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2). TXA2 is the most biologically active form and has a very short half-life, while TXB2 is a more stable metabolite that can be measured in the blood to assess thromboxane production.
Ergoloid mesylates are a type of medication that is used to treat symptoms of dementia, particularly in the elderly. They are a combination of several ergot alkaloids, which are derived from a type of fungus called Claviceps purpurea. These alkaloids have been chemically modified to create a preparation that can help improve cognitive function and reduce confusion in people with dementia.
Ergoloid mesylates work by stimulating certain receptors in the brain, which can help improve blood flow and increase the availability of oxygen and nutrients to brain cells. This can help improve mental clarity, memory, and overall cognitive function. The medication can also help reduce agitation and aggression in people with dementia.
Ergoloid mesylates are typically prescribed in low doses and are taken orally, usually several times a day. Common side effects of the medication include dizziness, headache, nausea, and vomiting. In some cases, ergoloid mesylates may interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting this treatment.
It's worth noting that the use of ergoloid mesylates for dementia has been a subject of controversy in recent years, as some studies have suggested that they may not be effective in improving cognitive function or reducing behavioral symptoms. Therefore, it is important to discuss the potential benefits and risks of this medication with your healthcare provider before deciding whether to use it.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mopidamol" does not appear to be a recognized medication or substance in the field of medicine. It is possible that there may be a spelling error or typo in your query. If you meant "Moclobemide," which is an antidepressant drug, I can provide a medical definition for that.
Moclobemide is a type of antidepressant known as a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA). It works by blocking the breakdown of certain chemicals in the brain, such as serotonin and noradrenaline, which helps to elevate mood and reduce symptoms of depression. Moclobemide is typically used to treat major depressive disorders, and it may also be used off-label for other conditions like social anxiety disorder or panic disorder.
Please let me know if you have any further questions or if there's something else I can help you with!
Blood preservation refers to the process of keeping blood viable and functional outside of the body for transfusion purposes. This is typically achieved through the addition of various chemical additives, such as anticoagulants and nutrients, to a storage solution in which the blood is contained. The preserved blood is then refrigerated or frozen until it is needed for transfusion.
The goal of blood preservation is to maintain the structural integrity and functional capacity of the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, as well as the coagulation factors, in order to ensure that the transfused blood is safe and effective. Different storage conditions and additives are used for the preservation of different components of blood, depending on their specific requirements.
It's important to note that while blood preservation extends the shelf life of donated blood, it does not last indefinitely. The length of time that blood can be stored depends on several factors, including the type of blood component and the storage conditions. Regular testing is performed to ensure that the preserved blood remains safe and effective for transfusion.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Photinia" is not a medical term. It is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the rose family, Rosaceae. The most commonly cultivated species is Photinia x fraseri, also known as Fraser photinia or Red Robin, which is often used in landscaping due to its attractive, glossy green leaves and clusters of white flowers followed by bright red berries.
If you have any medical concerns or questions, I would be happy to try to help with those.
Afibrinogenemia is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the complete absence or severely decreased levels of fibrinogen, a protein involved in blood clotting. This condition leads to an increased risk of excessive bleeding due to the inability to form proper blood clots. It is caused by mutations in the genes that provide instructions for making the three chains (Aα, Bβ, and γ) that make up the fibrinogen protein. Inheritance is autosomal recessive, meaning an individual must inherit two copies of the defective gene, one from each parent, to have the condition.
Bleeding time is a medical test that measures the time it takes for a small blood vessel to stop bleeding after being cut. It's used to evaluate platelet function and the effectiveness of blood clotting. The most common method used to measure bleeding time is the Ivy method, which involves making a standardized incision on the forearm and measuring the time it takes for the bleeding to stop. A normal bleeding time ranges from 2 to 9 minutes, but this can vary depending on the specific method used. Prolonged bleeding time may indicate an impairment in platelet function or clotting factor deficiency.
Cycloheptanes are organic compounds that consist of a seven-membered carbon ring, also known as a heptane ring, with each carbon atom bonded to either another carbon atom or a hydrogen atom. The chemical structure of cycloheptanes can be represented by the formula C7H14.
Cycloheptanes are classified as saturated hydrocarbons because all of the carbon-carbon bonds in the ring are single bonds. This means that there are no double or triple bonds between any of the carbon atoms in the ring.
Cycloheptanes have a variety of uses in the chemical industry, including as intermediates in the synthesis of other chemicals and as solvents. They can also be found in some natural sources, such as certain essential oils.
It is worth noting that cycloheptanes are not commonly encountered in medical contexts, as they do not have direct relevance to human health or disease. However, like all chemical compounds, cycloheptanes can potentially have toxic effects if ingested, inhaled, or otherwise introduced into the body in large enough quantities.
Ergotamine is a type of ergopeptine alkaloid, derived from the ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea) that parasitizes certain grains, particularly rye. It is a potent vasoconstrictor and has been used medically to prevent migraines and treat cluster headaches, as well as for other uses such as controlling postpartum hemorrhage and reducing symptoms of orthostatic hypotension.
Ergotamine works by binding to serotonin receptors in the brain and causing vasoconstriction of cranial blood vessels, which can help to relieve migraine headaches. However, it can also cause serious side effects such as nausea, vomiting, muscle pain, numbness or tingling in the extremities, and in rare cases, more severe reactions such as ergotism, a condition characterized by vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels leading to gangrene.
Ergotamine is usually taken orally, but can also be administered rectally or by inhalation. It is important to follow the dosage instructions carefully and avoid taking excessive amounts, as this can increase the risk of serious side effects. Ergotamine should not be taken during pregnancy or while breastfeeding, and it may interact with other medications, so it is important to inform your healthcare provider of all medications you are taking before starting ergotamine therapy.
Iprindole is a tricyclic antidepressant that was used for the treatment of depression. It works by increasing the levels of neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) in the brain, such as serotonin and noradrenaline, which help to regulate mood and emotion.
Iprindole has been discontinued in many countries due to its limited efficacy and unfavorable side effect profile compared to other antidepressants. Some of the common side effects associated with iprindole include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, and weight gain.
It is important to note that iprindole should only be taken under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as it can interact with other medications and have serious side effects if not used properly.
Thromboxane receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor that binds thromboxane A2 (TXA2), a powerful inflammatory mediator and vasoconstrictor synthesized in the body from arachidonic acid. These receptors play a crucial role in various physiological processes, including platelet aggregation, smooth muscle contraction, and modulation of immune responses.
There are two main types of thromboxane receptors: TPα and TPβ. The TPα receptor is primarily found on platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells, while the TPβ receptor is expressed in various tissues such as the kidney, lung, and brain. Activation of these receptors by thromboxane A2 leads to a variety of cellular responses, including platelet activation and aggregation, vasoconstriction, and inflammation.
Abnormalities in thromboxane receptor function have been implicated in several pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, asthma, and cancer. Therefore, thromboxane receptors are an important target for the development of therapeutic agents to treat these disorders.
In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."
1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.
2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.
3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.
4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).
Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.
Blood proteins, also known as serum proteins, are a group of complex molecules present in the blood that are essential for various physiological functions. These proteins include albumin, globulins (alpha, beta, and gamma), and fibrinogen. They play crucial roles in maintaining oncotic pressure, transporting hormones, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals, providing immune defense, and contributing to blood clotting.
Albumin is the most abundant protein in the blood, accounting for about 60% of the total protein mass. It functions as a transporter of various substances, such as hormones, fatty acids, and drugs, and helps maintain oncotic pressure, which is essential for fluid balance between the blood vessels and surrounding tissues.
Globulins are divided into three main categories: alpha, beta, and gamma globulins. Alpha and beta globulins consist of transport proteins like lipoproteins, hormone-binding proteins, and enzymes. Gamma globulins, also known as immunoglobulins or antibodies, are essential for the immune system's defense against pathogens.
Fibrinogen is a protein involved in blood clotting. When an injury occurs, fibrinogen is converted into fibrin, which forms a mesh to trap platelets and form a clot, preventing excessive bleeding.
Abnormal levels of these proteins can indicate various medical conditions, such as liver or kidney disease, malnutrition, infections, inflammation, or autoimmune disorders. Blood protein levels are typically measured through laboratory tests like serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) and immunoelectrophoresis (IEP).
Calcium is an essential mineral that is vital for various physiological processes in the human body. The medical definition of calcium is as follows:
Calcium (Ca2+) is a crucial cation and the most abundant mineral in the human body, with approximately 99% of it found in bones and teeth. It plays a vital role in maintaining structural integrity, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, hormonal secretion, blood coagulation, and enzyme activation.
Calcium homeostasis is tightly regulated through the interplay of several hormones, including parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D. Dietary calcium intake, absorption, and excretion are also critical factors in maintaining optimal calcium levels in the body.
Hypocalcemia refers to low serum calcium levels, while hypercalcemia indicates high serum calcium levels. Both conditions can have detrimental effects on various organ systems and require medical intervention to correct.
Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and a neurotransmitter that is produced in the body. It is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress or excitement, and it prepares the body for the "fight or flight" response. Epinephrine works by binding to specific receptors in the body, which causes a variety of physiological effects, including increased heart rate and blood pressure, improved muscle strength and alertness, and narrowing of the blood vessels in the skin and intestines. It is also used as a medication to treat various medical conditions, such as anaphylaxis (a severe allergic reaction), cardiac arrest, and low blood pressure.
Glycoprotein IIb (also known as integrin αIIbβ3 or CD41/CD61) is a type of protein found on the surface of platelets, which are small cell fragments involved in blood clotting. This glycoprotein plays a crucial role in the final pathway of platelet activation and aggregation, which ultimately leads to the formation of a clot to stop bleeding.
More specifically, Glycoprotein IIb is responsible for binding fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and other adhesive proteins in the blood, allowing platelets to bind together and form a clot. Mutations or defects in this glycoprotein can lead to bleeding disorders such as Glanzmann thrombasthenia, which is characterized by abnormal platelet function and excessive bleeding.
Epoprostenol is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called prostaglandins. It is a synthetic analog of a natural substance in the body called prostacyclin, which widens blood vessels and has anti-platelet effects. Epoprostenol is used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the arteries that supply blood to the lungs.
Epoprostenol works by relaxing the smooth muscle in the walls of the pulmonary arteries, which reduces the resistance to blood flow and lowers the pressure within these vessels. This helps improve symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and chest pain, and can also prolong survival in people with PAH.
Epoprostenol is administered continuously through a small pump that delivers the medication directly into the bloodstream. It is a potent vasodilator, which means it can cause a sudden drop in blood pressure if not given carefully. Therefore, it is usually started in a hospital setting under close medical supervision.
Common side effects of epoprostenol include headache, flushing, jaw pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and muscle or joint pain. More serious side effects can include bleeding, infection at the site of the catheter, and an allergic reaction to the medication.
Arachidonic acids are a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid that is primarily found in the phospholipids of cell membranes. They contain 20 carbon atoms and four double bonds (20:4n-6), with the first double bond located at the sixth carbon atom from the methyl end.
Arachidonic acids are derived from linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through dietary sources such as meat, fish, and eggs. Once ingested, linoleic acid is converted to arachidonic acid in a series of enzymatic reactions.
Arachidonic acids play an important role in various physiological processes, including inflammation, immune response, and cell signaling. They serve as precursors for the synthesis of eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules that include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. These eicosanoids have diverse biological activities, such as modulating blood flow, platelet aggregation, and pain perception, among others.
However, excessive production of arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids has been implicated in various pathological conditions, including inflammation, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Therefore, the regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism is an important area of research for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
A cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a thin semi-permeable phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells in animals, plants, and microorganisms. It functions as a barrier to control the movement of substances in and out of the cell, allowing necessary molecules such as nutrients, oxygen, and signaling molecules to enter while keeping out harmful substances and waste products. The cell membrane is composed mainly of phospholipids, which have hydrophilic (water-loving) heads and hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails. This unique structure allows the membrane to be flexible and fluid, yet selectively permeable. Additionally, various proteins are embedded in the membrane that serve as channels, pumps, receptors, and enzymes, contributing to the cell's overall functionality and communication with its environment.
Platelet Factor 3 (PF3) is not a separate protein entity but rather refers to the complex formed when platelets are activated and expose their inner membrane, specifically a phospholipid-rich granule called the granule membrane particle, to the outside. This complex of platelet membrane with coagulation factors then serves as a catalytic surface for the acceleration of thrombin formation in the coagulation cascade.
In other words, PF3 is a part of the activated platelet's surface that plays an important role in blood clotting by promoting the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and the subsequent fibrin formation, which helps to strengthen the clot.
Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) medication that is primarily used to treat depression. It works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and norepinephrine, in the brain. Imipramine has been found to be effective in treating various types of depression, including major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and depression that is resistant to other treatments.
In addition to its antidepressant effects, imipramine is also used off-label for the treatment of several other conditions, such as anxiety disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), enuresis (bedwetting), and chronic pain.
Imipramine was first synthesized in the 1950s and has been widely used since then. It is available in various forms, including immediate-release tablets, extended-release capsules, and liquid solutions. As with all medications, imipramine can have side effects, which may include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, dizziness, and sedation. In rare cases, it can cause more serious side effects, such as cardiac arrhythmias or seizures.
It is important to use imipramine under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as dosages may need to be adjusted based on individual patient needs and responses to treatment. Additionally, imipramine should not be stopped abruptly, as doing so can lead to withdrawal symptoms or a recurrence of depression.
Electron microscopy (EM) is a type of microscopy that uses a beam of electrons to create an image of the sample being examined, resulting in much higher magnification and resolution than light microscopy. There are several types of electron microscopy, including transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and reflection electron microscopy (REM).
In TEM, a beam of electrons is transmitted through a thin slice of the sample, and the electrons that pass through the sample are focused to form an image. This technique can provide detailed information about the internal structure of cells, viruses, and other biological specimens, as well as the composition and structure of materials at the atomic level.
In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of the sample, and the electrons that are scattered back from the surface are detected to create an image. This technique can provide information about the topography and composition of surfaces, as well as the structure of materials at the microscopic level.
REM is a variation of SEM in which the beam of electrons is reflected off the surface of the sample, rather than scattered back from it. This technique can provide information about the surface chemistry and composition of materials.
Electron microscopy has a wide range of applications in biology, medicine, and materials science, including the study of cellular structure and function, disease diagnosis, and the development of new materials and technologies.
Organoids are 3D tissue cultures grown from stem cells that mimic the structure and function of specific organs. They are used in research to study development, disease, and potential treatments. The term "organoid" refers to the fact that these cultures can organize themselves into structures that resemble rudimentary organs, with differentiated cell types arranged in a pattern similar to their counterparts in the body. Organoids can be derived from various sources, including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), or adult stem cells, and they provide a valuable tool for studying complex biological processes in a controlled laboratory setting.
Blood coagulation disorders, also known as bleeding disorders or clotting disorders, refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the body's ability to form blood clots properly. Normally, when a blood vessel is injured, the body's coagulation system works to form a clot to stop the bleeding and promote healing.
In blood coagulation disorders, there can be either an increased tendency to bleed due to problems with the formation of clots (hemorrhagic disorder), or an increased tendency for clots to form inappropriately even without injury, leading to blockages in the blood vessels (thrombotic disorder).
Examples of hemorrhagic disorders include:
1. Hemophilia - a genetic disorder that affects the ability to form clots due to deficiencies in clotting factors VIII or IX.
2. Von Willebrand disease - another genetic disorder caused by a deficiency or abnormality of the von Willebrand factor, which helps platelets stick together to form a clot.
3. Liver diseases - can lead to decreased production of coagulation factors, increasing the risk of bleeding.
4. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) - a serious condition where clotting and bleeding occur simultaneously due to widespread activation of the coagulation system.
Examples of thrombotic disorders include:
1. Factor V Leiden mutation - a genetic disorder that increases the risk of inappropriate blood clot formation.
2. Antithrombin III deficiency - a genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to break down clots, increasing the risk of thrombosis.
3. Protein C or S deficiencies - genetic disorders that lead to an increased risk of thrombosis due to impaired regulation of the coagulation system.
4. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) - an autoimmune disorder where the body produces antibodies against its own clotting factors, increasing the risk of thrombosis.
Treatment for blood coagulation disorders depends on the specific diagnosis and may include medications to manage bleeding or prevent clots, as well as lifestyle changes and monitoring to reduce the risk of complications.
The cytoskeleton is a complex network of various protein filaments that provides structural support, shape, and stability to the cell. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular integrity, intracellular organization, and enabling cell movement. The cytoskeleton is composed of three major types of protein fibers: microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments, and microtubules. These filaments work together to provide mechanical support, participate in cell division, intracellular transport, and help maintain the cell's architecture. The dynamic nature of the cytoskeleton allows cells to adapt to changing environmental conditions and respond to various stimuli.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a high-energy molecule that stores and transports energy within cells. It is the main source of energy for most cellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and protein synthesis. ATP is composed of a base (adenine), a sugar (ribose), and three phosphate groups. The bonds between these phosphate groups contain a significant amount of energy, which can be released when the bond between the second and third phosphate group is broken, resulting in the formation of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate. This process is known as hydrolysis and can be catalyzed by various enzymes to drive a wide range of cellular functions. ATP can also be regenerated from ADP through various metabolic pathways, such as oxidative phosphorylation or substrate-level phosphorylation, allowing for the continuous supply of energy to cells.
Platelet aggregation inhibitors are a class of medications that prevent platelets (small blood cells involved in clotting) from sticking together and forming a clot. These drugs work by interfering with the ability of platelets to adhere to each other and to the damaged vessel wall, thereby reducing the risk of thrombosis (blood clot formation).
Platelet aggregation inhibitors are often prescribed for people who have an increased risk of developing blood clots due to various medical conditions such as atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, stroke, or a history of heart attack. They may also be used in patients undergoing certain medical procedures, such as angioplasty and stenting, to prevent blood clot formation in the stents.
Examples of platelet aggregation inhibitors include:
1. Aspirin: A nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that irreversibly inhibits the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which is involved in platelet activation and aggregation.
2. Clopidogrel (Plavix): A P2Y12 receptor antagonist that selectively blocks ADP-induced platelet activation and aggregation.
3. Prasugrel (Effient): A third-generation thienopyridine P2Y12 receptor antagonist, similar to clopidogrel but with faster onset and greater potency.
4. Ticagrelor (Brilinta): A direct-acting P2Y12 receptor antagonist that does not require metabolic activation and has a reversible binding profile.
5. Dipyridamole (Persantine): An antiplatelet agent that inhibits platelet aggregation by increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels in platelets, which leads to decreased platelet reactivity.
6. Iloprost (Ventavis): A prostacyclin analogue that inhibits platelet aggregation and causes vasodilation, often used in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
7. Cilostazol (Pletal): A phosphodiesterase III inhibitor that increases cAMP levels in platelets, leading to decreased platelet activation and aggregation, as well as vasodilation.
8. Ticlopidine (Ticlid): An older P2Y12 receptor antagonist with a slower onset of action and more frequent side effects compared to clopidogrel or prasugrel.
In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.
For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.
Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.
Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.
Prostaglandins are naturally occurring, lipid-derived hormones that play various important roles in the human body. They are produced in nearly every tissue in response to injury or infection, and they have diverse effects depending on the site of release and the type of prostaglandin. Some of their functions include:
1. Regulation of inflammation: Prostaglandins contribute to the inflammatory response by increasing vasodilation, promoting fluid accumulation, and sensitizing pain receptors, which can lead to symptoms such as redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
2. Modulation of gastrointestinal functions: Prostaglandins protect the stomach lining from acid secretion and promote mucus production, maintaining the integrity of the gastric mucosa. They also regulate intestinal motility and secretion.
3. Control of renal function: Prostaglandins help regulate blood flow to the kidneys, maintain sodium balance, and control renin release, which affects blood pressure and fluid balance.
4. Regulation of smooth muscle contraction: Prostaglandins can cause both relaxation and contraction of smooth muscles in various tissues, such as the uterus, bronchioles, and vascular system.
5. Modulation of platelet aggregation: Some prostaglandins inhibit platelet aggregation, preventing blood clots from forming too quickly or becoming too large.
6. Reproductive system regulation: Prostaglandins are involved in the menstrual cycle, ovulation, and labor induction by promoting uterine contractions.
7. Neurotransmission: Prostaglandins can modulate neurotransmitter release and neuronal excitability, affecting pain perception, mood, and cognition.
Prostaglandins exert their effects through specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) found on the surface of target cells. There are several distinct types of prostaglandins (PGs), including PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α, PGI2 (prostacyclin), and thromboxane A2 (TXA2). Each type has unique functions and acts through specific receptors. Prostaglandins are synthesized from arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid derived from membrane phospholipids, by the action of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, inhibit COX activity, reducing prostaglandin synthesis and providing analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects.
Calcimycin is a ionophore compound that is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces chartreusensis. It is also known as Calcineurin A inhibitor because it can bind to and inhibit the activity of calcineurin, a protein phosphatase. In medical research, calcimycin is often used to study calcium signaling in cells.
It has been also used in laboratory studies for its antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on certain types of cancer cells. However, it is not approved for use as a drug in humans.
Arachidonic acid is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acid that is found naturally in the body and in certain foods. It is an essential fatty acid, meaning that it cannot be produced by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. Arachidonic acid is a key component of cell membranes and plays a role in various physiological processes, including inflammation and blood clotting.
In the body, arachidonic acid is released from cell membranes in response to various stimuli, such as injury or infection. Once released, it can be converted into a variety of bioactive compounds, including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes, which mediate various physiological responses, including inflammation, pain, fever, and blood clotting.
Arachidonic acid is found in high concentrations in animal products such as meat, poultry, fish, and eggs, as well as in some plant sources such as certain nuts and seeds. It is also available as a dietary supplement. However, it is important to note that excessive intake of arachidonic acid can contribute to the development of inflammation and other health problems, so it is recommended to consume this fatty acid in moderation as part of a balanced diet.
Iso Nipecotic Acids are a type of organic compound that are structurally related to nipecotic acid, which is a GABAergic agent. Iso Nipecotic Acids have a similar chemical structure to nipecotic acid, but with the position of the amino group and the carboxylic acid group reversed.
These compounds are known to act as potent and selective antagonists at certain subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are important targets for the development of drugs for various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia.
Iso Nipecotic Acids have been used in research to study the role of nAChRs in the brain and to investigate their potential as therapeutic agents for various neurological disorders. However, it is important to note that these compounds are not approved for use in humans and should only be used in a controlled laboratory setting under the guidance of trained researchers.
Thrombopoietin receptors are a type of cell surface receptor found on megakaryocytes and platelets. They are also known as MPL (myeloproliferative leukemia virus) receptors. Thrombopoietin is a hormone that regulates the production of platelets in the body, and it binds to these receptors to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of megakaryocytes, which are large bone marrow cells that produce platelets.
The thrombopoietin receptor is a type I transmembrane protein with an extracellular domain that contains the thrombopoietin-binding site, a single transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain that contains several tyrosine residues that become phosphorylated upon thrombopoietin binding. This triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the activation of various downstream pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival.
Mutations in the thrombopoietin receptor gene have been associated with certain myeloproliferative neoplasms, such as essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis, which are characterized by excessive platelet production and bone marrow fibrosis.
Edetic acid, also known as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), is not a medical term per se, but a chemical compound with various applications in medicine. EDTA is a synthetic amino acid that acts as a chelating agent, which means it can bind to metallic ions and form stable complexes.
In medicine, EDTA is primarily used in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning, such as lead or mercury toxicity. It works by binding to the toxic metal ions in the body, forming a stable compound that can be excreted through urine. This helps reduce the levels of harmful metals in the body and alleviate their toxic effects.
EDTA is also used in some diagnostic tests, such as the determination of calcium levels in blood. Additionally, it has been explored as a potential therapy for conditions like atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, although its efficacy in these areas remains controversial and unproven.
It is important to note that EDTA should only be administered under medical supervision due to its potential side effects and the need for careful monitoring of its use.
Methysergide is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called ergot alkaloids. It is primarily used for the prophylaxis (prevention) of migraine headaches. Methysergide works by narrowing blood vessels around the brain, which is thought to help prevent migraines.
The medical definition of Methysergide is:
A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid derivative used in the prophylaxis of migraine and cluster headaches. It has both agonist and antagonist properties at serotonin receptors, and its therapeutic effects are thought to be related to its ability to block the binding of serotonin to its receptors. However, methysergide can have serious side effects, including fibrotic reactions in various organs, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys, so it is usually used only for short periods of time and under close medical supervision.
Immunochemistry is a branch of biochemistry and immunology that deals with the chemical basis of antigen-antibody interactions. It involves the application of chemical techniques and principles to the study of immune system components, particularly antibodies and antigens. Immunochemical methods are widely used in various fields such as clinical diagnostics, research, and forensic science for the detection, quantification, and characterization of different molecules, cells, and microorganisms. These methods include techniques like ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemistry.
Molecular weight, also known as molecular mass, is the mass of a molecule. It is expressed in units of atomic mass units (amu) or daltons (Da). Molecular weight is calculated by adding up the atomic weights of each atom in a molecule. It is a useful property in chemistry and biology, as it can be used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution, or to calculate the amount of a substance that will react with another in a chemical reaction.
Purinergic P2Y12 receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor that bind to and are activated by adenosine diphosphate (ADP). These receptors play an important role in regulating platelet activation and aggregation, which is crucial for the normal hemostatic response to vascular injury.
The P2Y12 receptor is a key component of the platelet signaling pathway that leads to the activation of integrin αIIbβ3, which mediates platelet aggregation. Inhibition of the P2Y12 receptor with drugs such as clopidogrel or ticagrelor is a standard treatment for preventing thrombosis in patients at risk of arterial occlusion, such as those with acute coronary syndrome or following percutaneous coronary intervention.
P2Y12 receptors are also expressed on other cell types, including immune cells and neurons, where they play roles in inflammation, neurotransmission, and other physiological processes.
Prostaglandin receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind and respond to prostaglandins, which are hormone-like lipid compounds that play important roles in various physiological and pathophysiological processes in the body. Prostaglandins are synthesized from arachidonic acid by the action of enzymes called cyclooxygenases (COX) and are released by many different cell types in response to various stimuli.
There are four major subfamilies of prostaglandin receptors, designated as DP, EP, FP, and IP, each of which binds specifically to one or more prostaglandins with high affinity. These receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which means that they activate intracellular signaling pathways through the interaction with heterotrimeric G proteins.
The activation of prostaglandin receptors can lead to a variety of cellular responses, including changes in ion channel activity, enzyme activation, and gene expression. These responses can have important consequences for many physiological processes, such as inflammation, pain perception, blood flow regulation, and platelet aggregation.
Prostaglandin receptors are also targets for various drugs used in clinical medicine, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and prostaglandin analogs. NSAIDs work by inhibiting the enzymes that synthesize prostaglandins, while prostaglandin analogs are synthetic compounds that mimic the effects of natural prostaglandins by activating specific prostaglandin receptors.
In summary, prostaglandin receptors are a class of cell surface receptors that bind and respond to prostaglandins, which are important signaling molecules involved in various physiological processes. These receptors are targets for various drugs used in clinical medicine and play a critical role in the regulation of many bodily functions.
Stilbenes are a type of chemical compound that consists of a 1,2-diphenylethylene backbone. They are phenolic compounds and can be found in various plants, where they play a role in the defense against pathogens and stress conditions. Some stilbenes have been studied for their potential health benefits, including their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. One well-known example of a stilbene is resveratrol, which is found in the skin of grapes and in red wine.
It's important to note that while some stilbenes have been shown to have potential health benefits in laboratory studies, more research is needed to determine their safety and effectiveness in humans. It's always a good idea to talk to a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.
Radioactive air pollution refers to the presence of radioactive particles or radionuclides in the air. These substances emit ionizing radiation, which can be harmful to human health and the environment. Radioactive air pollution can come from a variety of sources, including nuclear power plants, nuclear weapons testing, industrial activities, and natural processes such as the decay of radon gas.
Exposure to radioactive air pollution can increase the risk of developing cancer and other diseases, particularly in cases of prolonged or high-level exposure. It is important to monitor and regulate radioactive air pollution to protect public health and ensure compliance with safety standards.
Platelet Storage Pool Deficiency (PSPD) is a group of bleeding disorders characterized by a decrease in the number or function of secretory granules (storage pools) in platelets, which are small blood cells that play a crucial role in clotting. These granules contain various substances such as ADP (adenosine diphosphate), ATP (adenosine triphosphate), calcium ions, and serotonin, which are released during platelet activation to help promote clot formation.
In PSPD, the quantitative or qualitative deficiency of these granules leads to impaired platelet function and increased bleeding tendency. The condition can be inherited or acquired, and it is often classified based on the type of granule affected: dense granules (delta granules) or alpha granules.
Delta granule deficiency, also known as Dense Granule Deficiency (DGD), results in decreased levels of ADP, ATP, and calcium ions, while alpha granule deficiency leads to reduced levels of von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, and other clotting factors.
Symptoms of PSPD can vary from mild to severe and may include easy bruising, prolonged bleeding after injury or surgery, nosebleeds, and gum bleeding. The diagnosis typically involves platelet function tests, electron microscopy, and genetic testing. Treatment options depend on the severity of the condition and may include desmopressin (DDAVP), platelet transfusions, or other medications to manage bleeding symptoms.
Heparin is defined as a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan (a type of polysaccharide) that is widely present in many tissues, but is most commonly derived from the mucosal tissues of mammalian lungs or intestinal mucosa. It is an anticoagulant that acts as an inhibitor of several enzymes involved in the blood coagulation cascade, primarily by activating antithrombin III which then neutralizes thrombin and other clotting factors.
Heparin is used medically to prevent and treat thromboembolic disorders such as deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and certain types of heart attacks. It can also be used during hemodialysis, cardiac bypass surgery, and other medical procedures to prevent the formation of blood clots.
It's important to note that while heparin is a powerful anticoagulant, it does not have any fibrinolytic activity, meaning it cannot dissolve existing blood clots. Instead, it prevents new clots from forming and stops existing clots from growing larger.
Ristocetin is not a medical condition but a type of antibiotic used to treat infections caused by certain Gram-positive bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics. Ristocetin is an glycopeptide antibiotic, which works by binding to the bacterial cell wall and inhibiting its synthesis, leading to bacterial death. It is not commonly used due to its potential to cause blood disorders, such as thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) and platelet aggregation.
In medical literature, ristocetin is also known for its use in the laboratory setting as a reagent for the platelet function test, called the ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) assay. This test is used to evaluate the ability of platelets to aggregate and form clots in response to ristocetin, which can help diagnose certain bleeding disorders such as Bernard-Soulier syndrome and von Willebrand disease.
Electrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel (EPG) is a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze complex mixtures of proteins or nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) based on their size and electrical charge. This technique utilizes a matrix made of cross-linked polyacrylamide, a type of gel, which provides a stable and uniform environment for the separation of molecules.
In this process:
1. The polyacrylamide gel is prepared by mixing acrylamide monomers with a cross-linking agent (bis-acrylamide) and a catalyst (ammonium persulfate) in the presence of a buffer solution.
2. The gel is then poured into a mold and allowed to polymerize, forming a solid matrix with uniform pore sizes that depend on the concentration of acrylamide used. Higher concentrations result in smaller pores, providing better resolution for separating smaller molecules.
3. Once the gel has set, it is placed in an electrophoresis apparatus containing a buffer solution. Samples containing the mixture of proteins or nucleic acids are loaded into wells on the top of the gel.
4. An electric field is applied across the gel, causing the negatively charged molecules to migrate towards the positive electrode (anode) while positively charged molecules move toward the negative electrode (cathode). The rate of migration depends on the size, charge, and shape of the molecules.
5. Smaller molecules move faster through the gel matrix and will migrate farther from the origin compared to larger molecules, resulting in separation based on size. Proteins and nucleic acids can be selectively stained after electrophoresis to visualize the separated bands.
EPG is widely used in various research fields, including molecular biology, genetics, proteomics, and forensic science, for applications such as protein characterization, DNA fragment analysis, cloning, mutation detection, and quality control of nucleic acid or protein samples.
Thrombasthenia is a rare bleeding disorder that is inherited and caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex. This complex plays a crucial role in platelet aggregation, which is necessary for blood clotting. When it's defective or absent, platelets are unable to aggregate properly, leading to prolonged bleeding times and symptoms such as easy bruising, nosebleeds, and excessive bleeding following injury or surgery. There are two main types of thrombasthenia: Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and pseudo-thrombasthenia.
A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.
The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.
The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.
In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.
Acaridae is a family of mites, also known as "grain mites" or "flour mites." These mites are tiny arthropods that are commonly found in stored food products such as grains, cereals, and dried fruits. Some species of Acaridae can cause allergic reactions in humans, and they have been known to contaminate food and cause spoilage. They are also capable of carrying and transmitting various diseases.
Here is a medical definition for Acaridae:
"A family of mites that includes several species commonly found in stored food products such as grains, cereals, and dried fruits. These mites can cause allergic reactions in humans and contaminate food, leading to spoilage. Some species are capable of carrying and transmitting diseases."
Oligopeptides are defined in medicine and biochemistry as short chains of amino acids, typically containing fewer than 20 amino acid residues. These small peptides are important components in various biological processes, such as serving as signaling molecules, enzyme inhibitors, or structural elements in some proteins. They can be found naturally in foods and may also be synthesized for use in medical research and therapeutic applications.
Thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare blood disorder characterized by the abnormal breakdown of platelets, leading to a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). Platelets are small blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. A low platelet count can cause purple spots on the skin (purpura) and easy or excessive bruising or bleeding.
TTP is caused by the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body, which can lead to serious complications such as damage to the heart, brain, and kidneys if left untreated. The condition can be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long-term).
TTP is often caused by an autoimmune response where the body's immune system produces antibodies that attack and destroy a protein called ADAMTS13, which is necessary for breaking down large von Willebrand factor proteins in the blood. Without enough ADAMTS13, these proteins can form clots and deplete platelets, leading to thrombocytopenia and purpura.
Treatment typically involves plasma exchange therapy to replace the missing or nonfunctional ADAMTS13 protein and suppress the immune system's production of antibodies. Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and rituximab may also be used in treatment.
Glycoproteins are complex proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to their polypeptide backbone. These glycans are linked to the protein through asparagine residues (N-linked) or serine/threonine residues (O-linked). Glycoproteins play crucial roles in various biological processes, including cell recognition, cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion, and signal transduction. They are widely distributed in nature and can be found on the outer surface of cell membranes, in extracellular fluids, and as components of the extracellular matrix. The structure and composition of glycoproteins can vary significantly depending on their function and location within an organism.
"Competitive binding" is a term used in pharmacology and biochemistry to describe the behavior of two or more molecules (ligands) competing for the same binding site on a target protein or receptor. In this context, "binding" refers to the physical interaction between a ligand and its target.
When a ligand binds to a receptor, it can alter the receptor's function, either activating or inhibiting it. If multiple ligands compete for the same binding site, they will compete to bind to the receptor. The ability of each ligand to bind to the receptor is influenced by its affinity for the receptor, which is a measure of how strongly and specifically the ligand binds to the receptor.
In competitive binding, if one ligand is present in high concentrations, it can prevent other ligands with lower affinity from binding to the receptor. This is because the higher-affinity ligand will have a greater probability of occupying the binding site and blocking access to the other ligands. The competition between ligands can be described mathematically using equations such as the Langmuir isotherm, which describes the relationship between the concentration of ligand and the fraction of receptors that are occupied by the ligand.
Competitive binding is an important concept in drug development, as it can be used to predict how different drugs will interact with their targets and how they may affect each other's activity. By understanding the competitive binding properties of a drug, researchers can optimize its dosage and delivery to maximize its therapeutic effect while minimizing unwanted side effects.
Actin is a type of protein that forms part of the contractile apparatus in muscle cells, and is also found in various other cell types. It is a globular protein that polymerizes to form long filaments, which are important for many cellular processes such as cell division, cell motility, and the maintenance of cell shape. In muscle cells, actin filaments interact with another type of protein called myosin to enable muscle contraction. Actins can be further divided into different subtypes, including alpha-actin, beta-actin, and gamma-actin, which have distinct functions and expression patterns in the body.
Pseudopodia are temporary projections or extensions of the cytoplasm in certain types of cells, such as white blood cells (leukocytes) and some amoebas. They are used for locomotion and engulfing particles or other cells through a process called phagocytosis.
In simpler terms, pseudopodia are like "false feet" that some cells use to move around and interact with their environment. The term comes from the Greek words "pseudes," meaning false, and "podos," meaning foot.
Flow cytometry is a medical and research technique used to measure physical and chemical characteristics of cells or particles, one cell at a time, as they flow in a fluid stream through a beam of light. The properties measured include:
* Cell size (light scatter)
* Cell internal complexity (granularity, also light scatter)
* Presence or absence of specific proteins or other molecules on the cell surface or inside the cell (using fluorescent antibodies or other fluorescent probes)
The technique is widely used in cell counting, cell sorting, protein engineering, biomarker discovery and monitoring disease progression, particularly in hematology, immunology, and cancer research.
Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group (a molecule consisting of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms) to a protein or other organic molecule, which is usually done by enzymes called kinases. This post-translational modification can change the function, localization, or activity of the target molecule, playing a crucial role in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, metabolism, and regulation of gene expression. Phosphorylation is reversible, and the removal of the phosphate group is facilitated by enzymes called phosphatases.
Crotalid venoms are the toxic secretions produced by the members of the Crotalinae subfamily, also known as pit vipers. This group includes rattlesnakes, cottonmouths (or water moccasins), and copperheads, which are native to the Americas, as well as Old World vipers found in Asia and Europe, such as gaboon vipers and saw-scaled vipers.
Crotalid venoms are complex mixtures of various bioactive molecules, including enzymes, proteins, peptides, and other low molecular weight components. They typically contain a variety of pharmacologically active components, such as hemotoxic and neurotoxic agents, which can cause extensive local tissue damage, coagulopathy, cardiovascular dysfunction, and neuromuscular disorders in the victim.
The composition of crotalid venoms can vary significantly between different species and even among individual specimens within the same species. This variability is influenced by factors such as geographic location, age, sex, diet, and environmental conditions. As a result, the clinical manifestations of crotalid envenomation can be highly variable, ranging from mild local reactions to severe systemic effects that may require intensive medical treatment and supportive care.
Crotalid venoms have been the subject of extensive research in recent years due to their potential therapeutic applications. For example, certain components of crotalid venoms have shown promise as drugs for treating various medical conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases, pain, and inflammation. However, further studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action of these venom components and to develop safe and effective therapies based on them.
Reserpine is an alkaloid derived from the Rauwolfia serpentina plant, which has been used in traditional medicine for its sedative and hypotensive effects. In modern medicine, reserpine is primarily used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) due to its ability to lower both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Reserpine works by depleting catecholamines, including norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine, from nerve terminals in the sympathetic nervous system. This leads to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and heart rate, ultimately resulting in reduced blood pressure.
Reserpine is available in various forms, such as tablets or capsules, and is typically administered orally. Common side effects include nasal congestion, dizziness, sedation, and gastrointestinal disturbances like diarrhea and nausea. Long-term use of reserpine may also lead to depression in some individuals. Due to its potential for causing depression, other antihypertensive medications are often preferred over reserpine when possible.
I apologize, but I am not able to provide a medical definition for "Egtazic Acid" because it is not a term that is recognized in the field of medicine or pharmacology. It is possible that you may have meant "Egтарic Acid," which also does not have a specific medical meaning, or "Ethylene Glycol Tetraacetic Acid (EGTA)," which is a chemical compound used in research and medicine for its ability to bind calcium ions. If you have any other questions, I would be happy to try to help answer them.
Cell size refers to the volume or spatial dimensions of a cell, which can vary widely depending on the type and function of the cell. In general, eukaryotic cells (cells with a true nucleus) tend to be larger than prokaryotic cells (cells without a true nucleus). The size of a cell is determined by various factors such as genetic makeup, the cell's role in the organism, and its environment.
The study of cell size and its relationship to cell function is an active area of research in biology, with implications for our understanding of cellular processes, evolution, and disease. For example, changes in cell size have been linked to various pathological conditions, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, measuring and analyzing cell size can provide valuable insights into the health and function of cells and tissues.
The endothelium is the thin, delicate tissue that lines the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels. It is a single layer of cells called endothelial cells that are in contact with the blood or lymph fluid. The endothelium plays an essential role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating blood flow, coagulation, platelet activation, immune function, and angiogenesis (the formation of new blood vessels). It also acts as a barrier between the vessel wall and the circulating blood or lymph fluid. Dysfunction of the endothelium has been implicated in various cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, inflammation, and cancer.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a type of electron microscopy that uses a focused beam of electrons to scan the surface of a sample and produce a high-resolution image. In SEM, a beam of electrons is scanned across the surface of a specimen, and secondary electrons are emitted from the sample due to interactions between the electrons and the atoms in the sample. These secondary electrons are then detected by a detector and used to create an image of the sample's surface topography. SEM can provide detailed images of the surface of a wide range of materials, including metals, polymers, ceramics, and biological samples. It is commonly used in materials science, biology, and electronics for the examination and analysis of surfaces at the micro- and nanoscale.
Protein binding, in the context of medical and biological sciences, refers to the interaction between a protein and another molecule (known as the ligand) that results in a stable complex. This process is often reversible and can be influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, and concentration of the involved molecules.
In clinical chemistry, protein binding is particularly important when it comes to drugs, as many of them bind to proteins (especially albumin) in the bloodstream. The degree of protein binding can affect a drug's distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which in turn influence its therapeutic effectiveness and potential side effects.
Protein-bound drugs may be less available for interaction with their target tissues, as only the unbound or "free" fraction of the drug is active. Therefore, understanding protein binding can help optimize dosing regimens and minimize adverse reactions.
Thrombocytosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high platelet count (also known as thrombocytes) in the blood. Platelets are small cell fragments that play a crucial role in blood clotting. A normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. Thrombocytosis is typically defined as a platelet count exceeding 450,000-500,000 platelets/µL.
Thrombocytosis can be classified into two types: reactive (or secondary) thrombocytosis and primary (or essential) thrombocytosis. Reactive thrombocytosis is more common and occurs as a response to an underlying condition, such as infection, inflammation, surgery, or certain types of cancer. Primary thrombocytosis, on the other hand, is caused by intrinsic abnormalities in the bone marrow cells responsible for platelet production (megakaryocytes), and it is often associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms like essential thrombocythemia.
While mild thrombocytosis may not cause any symptoms, higher platelet counts can increase the risk of blood clots (thrombosis) and bleeding disorders due to excessive platelet aggregation. Symptoms of thrombocytosis may include headaches, dizziness, visual disturbances, or chest pain if a blood clot forms in the brain or heart. Bleeding symptoms can manifest as easy bruising, nosebleeds, or gastrointestinal bleeding.
Treatment for thrombocytosis depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In cases of reactive thrombocytosis, treating the underlying disorder often resolves the high platelet count. For primary thrombocytosis, medications like aspirin or cytoreductive therapy (such as hydroxyurea) may be used to reduce the risk of blood clots and control platelet production. Regular monitoring of platelet counts is essential for managing this condition and preventing potential complications.
Tritium is not a medical term, but it is a term used in the field of nuclear physics and chemistry. Tritium (symbol: T or 3H) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen with two neutrons and one proton in its nucleus. It is also known as heavy hydrogen or superheavy hydrogen.
Tritium has a half-life of about 12.3 years, which means that it decays by emitting a low-energy beta particle (an electron) to become helium-3. Due to its radioactive nature and relatively short half-life, tritium is used in various applications, including nuclear weapons, fusion reactors, luminous paints, and medical research.
In the context of medicine, tritium may be used as a radioactive tracer in some scientific studies or medical research, but it is not a term commonly used to describe a medical condition or treatment.
A peptide fragment is a short chain of amino acids that is derived from a larger peptide or protein through various biological or chemical processes. These fragments can result from the natural breakdown of proteins in the body during regular physiological processes, such as digestion, or they can be produced experimentally in a laboratory setting for research or therapeutic purposes.
Peptide fragments are often used in research to map the structure and function of larger peptides and proteins, as well as to study their interactions with other molecules. In some cases, peptide fragments may also have biological activity of their own and can be developed into drugs or diagnostic tools. For example, certain peptide fragments derived from hormones or neurotransmitters may bind to receptors in the body and mimic or block the effects of the full-length molecule.
Blood coagulation factors, also known as clotting factors, are a group of proteins that play a crucial role in the blood coagulation process. They are essential for maintaining hemostasis, which is the body's ability to stop bleeding after injury.
There are 13 known blood coagulation factors, and they are designated by Roman numerals I through XIII. These factors are produced in the liver and are normally present in an inactive form in the blood. When there is an injury to a blood vessel, the coagulation process is initiated, leading to the activation of these factors in a specific order.
The coagulation cascade involves two pathways: the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. The intrinsic pathway is activated when there is damage to the blood vessel itself, while the extrinsic pathway is activated by tissue factor released from damaged tissues. Both pathways converge at the common pathway, leading to the formation of a fibrin clot.
Blood coagulation factors work together in a complex series of reactions that involve activation, binding, and proteolysis. When one factor is activated, it activates the next factor in the cascade, and so on. This process continues until a stable fibrin clot is formed.
Deficiencies or abnormalities in blood coagulation factors can lead to bleeding disorders such as hemophilia or thrombosis. Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that affects one or more of the coagulation factors, leading to excessive bleeding and difficulty forming clots. Thrombosis, on the other hand, occurs when there is an abnormal formation of blood clots in the blood vessels, which can lead to serious complications such as stroke or pulmonary embolism.
Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) is a portion of the plasma fraction of autologous blood that has a platelet concentration above baseline. It is often used in the medical field for its growth factor content, which can help to stimulate healing and tissue regeneration in various types of injuries and degenerative conditions. The preparation process involves drawing a patient's own blood, centrifuging it to separate the platelets and plasma from the red and white blood cells, and then extracting the platelet-rich portion of the plasma. This concentrated solution is then injected back into the site of injury or damage to promote healing.
Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) is a stable metabolite of thromboxane A2 (TXA2), which is a potent vasoconstrictor and platelet aggregator synthesized by activated platelets. TXA2 has a very short half-life, quickly undergoing spontaneous conversion to the more stable TXB2.
TXB2 itself does not have significant biological activity but serves as a marker for TXA2 production in various physiological and pathophysiological conditions, such as thrombosis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. It can be measured in blood or other bodily fluids to assess platelet activation and the status of hemostatic and inflammatory processes.
Cell adhesion refers to the binding of cells to extracellular matrices or to other cells, a process that is fundamental to the development, function, and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Cell adhesion is mediated by various cell surface receptors, such as integrins, cadherins, and immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules (Ig-CAMs), which interact with specific ligands in the extracellular environment. These interactions lead to the formation of specialized junctions, such as tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes, that help to maintain tissue architecture and regulate various cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. Disruptions in cell adhesion can contribute to a variety of diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and degenerative disorders.
"Cells, cultured" is a medical term that refers to cells that have been removed from an organism and grown in controlled laboratory conditions outside of the body. This process is called cell culture and it allows scientists to study cells in a more controlled and accessible environment than they would have inside the body. Cultured cells can be derived from a variety of sources, including tissues, organs, or fluids from humans, animals, or cell lines that have been previously established in the laboratory.
Cell culture involves several steps, including isolation of the cells from the tissue, purification and characterization of the cells, and maintenance of the cells in appropriate growth conditions. The cells are typically grown in specialized media that contain nutrients, growth factors, and other components necessary for their survival and proliferation. Cultured cells can be used for a variety of purposes, including basic research, drug development and testing, and production of biological products such as vaccines and gene therapies.
It is important to note that cultured cells may behave differently than they do in the body, and results obtained from cell culture studies may not always translate directly to human physiology or disease. Therefore, it is essential to validate findings from cell culture experiments using additional models and ultimately in clinical trials involving human subjects.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
Prostaglandin endoperoxides are naturally occurring lipid compounds that play important roles as mediators in the body's inflammatory and physiological responses. They are intermediate products in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins and thromboxanes, which are synthesized by the action of enzymes called cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2).
Synthetic prostaglandin endoperoxides, on the other hand, are chemically synthesized versions of these compounds. They are used in medical research and therapeutic applications to mimic or inhibit the effects of naturally occurring prostaglandin endoperoxides. These synthetic compounds can be used to study the mechanisms of prostaglandin action, develop new drugs, or as stand-in agents for the natural compounds in experimental settings.
It's important to note that while synthetic prostaglandin endoperoxides can serve as useful tools in research and medicine, they also carry potential risks and side effects, much like their naturally occurring counterparts. Therefore, their use should be carefully monitored and regulated to ensure safety and efficacy.
Alkaloids are a type of naturally occurring organic compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. They are often found in plants, and are known for their complex ring structures and diverse pharmacological activities. Many alkaloids have been used in medicine for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, quinine, nicotine, and caffeine.
"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
A leukocyte count, also known as a white blood cell (WBC) count, is a laboratory test that measures the number of leukocytes in a sample of blood. Leukocytes are a vital part of the body's immune system and help fight infection and inflammation. A high or low leukocyte count may indicate an underlying medical condition, such as an infection, inflammation, or a bone marrow disorder. The normal range for a leukocyte count in adults is typically between 4,500 and 11,000 cells per microliter (mcL) of blood. However, the normal range can vary slightly depending on the laboratory and the individual's age and sex.
Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells (RBCs), are the most common type of blood cell in circulating blood in mammals. They are responsible for transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
Erythrocytes are formed in the bone marrow and have a biconcave shape, which allows them to fold and bend easily as they pass through narrow blood vessels. They do not have a nucleus or mitochondria, which makes them more flexible but also limits their ability to reproduce or repair themselves.
In humans, erythrocytes are typically disc-shaped and measure about 7 micrometers in diameter. They contain the protein hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and gives blood its red color. The lifespan of an erythrocyte is approximately 120 days, after which it is broken down in the liver and spleen.
Abnormalities in erythrocyte count or function can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, polycythemia, and sickle cell disease.
The endothelium is a thin layer of simple squamous epithelial cells that lines the interior surface of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and heart chambers. The vascular endothelium, specifically, refers to the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating vasomotor tone, coagulation, platelet activation, inflammation, and permeability of the vessel wall. They also contribute to the growth and repair of the vascular system and are involved in various pathological processes such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes.
Carbon isotopes are variants of the chemical element carbon that have different numbers of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. The most common and stable isotope of carbon is carbon-12 (^{12}C), which contains six protons and six neutrons. However, carbon can also come in other forms, known as isotopes, which contain different numbers of neutrons.
Carbon-13 (^{13}C) is a stable isotope of carbon that contains seven neutrons in its nucleus. It makes up about 1.1% of all carbon found on Earth and is used in various scientific applications, such as in tracing the metabolic pathways of organisms or in studying the age of fossilized materials.
Carbon-14 (^{14}C), also known as radiocarbon, is a radioactive isotope of carbon that contains eight neutrons in its nucleus. It is produced naturally in the atmosphere through the interaction of cosmic rays with nitrogen gas. Carbon-14 has a half-life of about 5,730 years, which makes it useful for dating organic materials, such as archaeological artifacts or fossils, up to around 60,000 years old.
Carbon isotopes are important in many scientific fields, including geology, biology, and medicine, and are used in a variety of applications, from studying the Earth's climate history to diagnosing medical conditions.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of chromatography that separates and analyzes compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase under high pressure. The mobile phase, which can be a gas or liquid, carries the sample mixture through a column containing the stationary phase.
In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid, and it is pumped through the column at high pressures (up to several hundred atmospheres) to achieve faster separation times and better resolution than other types of liquid chromatography. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid, and it interacts differently with each component in the sample mixture, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.
HPLC is widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other fields to separate, identify, and quantify compounds present in complex mixtures. It can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, including drugs, hormones, vitamins, pigments, flavors, and pollutants. HPLC is also used in the preparation of pure samples for further study or use.
Membrane proteins are a type of protein that are embedded in the lipid bilayer of biological membranes, such as the plasma membrane of cells or the inner membrane of mitochondria. These proteins play crucial roles in various cellular processes, including:
1. Cell-cell recognition and signaling
2. Transport of molecules across the membrane (selective permeability)
3. Enzymatic reactions at the membrane surface
4. Energy transduction and conversion
5. Mechanosensation and signal transduction
Membrane proteins can be classified into two main categories: integral membrane proteins, which are permanently associated with the lipid bilayer, and peripheral membrane proteins, which are temporarily or loosely attached to the membrane surface. Integral membrane proteins can further be divided into three subcategories based on their topology:
1. Transmembrane proteins, which span the entire width of the lipid bilayer with one or more alpha-helices or beta-barrels.
2. Lipid-anchored proteins, which are covalently attached to lipids in the membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor or other lipid modifications.
3. Monotopic proteins, which are partially embedded in the membrane and have one or more domains exposed to either side of the bilayer.
Membrane proteins are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and are targets for various therapeutic interventions, including drug development and gene therapy. However, their structural complexity and hydrophobicity make them challenging to study using traditional biochemical methods, requiring specialized techniques such as X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM).
Phospholipids are a major class of lipids that consist of a hydrophilic (water-attracting) head and two hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails. The head is composed of a phosphate group, which is often bound to an organic molecule such as choline, ethanolamine, serine or inositol. The tails are made up of two fatty acid chains.
Phospholipids are a key component of cell membranes and play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity and function of the cell. They form a lipid bilayer, with the hydrophilic heads facing outwards and the hydrophobic tails facing inwards, creating a barrier that separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
Phospholipids are also involved in various cellular processes such as signal transduction, intracellular trafficking, and protein function regulation. Additionally, they serve as emulsifiers in the digestive system, helping to break down fats in the diet.
Clonal evolution is a process in which cancer cells acquire and accumulate genetic mutations over time, leading to the development of distinct subpopulations within a tumor. This phenomenon is driven by the continuous proliferation and selection of cells with a growth advantage due to their genetic changes. These genetic alterations can include point mutations, copy number variations, or structural rearrangements that affect the function of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes.
The evolution of cancer cell clones can result in intratumoral heterogeneity, where different regions of a single tumor may contain distinct subpopulations of cells with unique genetic profiles. This diversity among cancer cells can contribute to treatment resistance and disease progression, as some subclones may be more resistant to therapy than others.
Understanding clonal evolution is crucial for developing effective cancer treatments that target multiple cell populations within a tumor and prevent the emergence of resistant clones.
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or dysfunction of the glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex, which is a crucial component of platelet function. This complex plays a role in the initial adhesion of platelets to the damaged endothelium at the site of blood vessel injury.
The deficiency or dysfunction of this complex leads to abnormalities in platelet aggregation and results in prolonged bleeding times, increased bruising, and excessive blood loss during menstruation, surgery, or trauma. Additionally, individuals with Bernard-Soulier Syndrome often have giant platelets and a decreased platelet count (thrombocytopenia).
The syndrome is named after Jean J. Bernard and Jean-Pierre Soulier, who first described the disorder in 1948. It has an estimated prevalence of about 1 in one million individuals worldwide.
Recombinant proteins are artificially created proteins produced through the use of recombinant DNA technology. This process involves combining DNA molecules from different sources to create a new set of genes that encode for a specific protein. The resulting recombinant protein can then be expressed, purified, and used for various applications in research, medicine, and industry.
Recombinant proteins are widely used in biomedical research to study protein function, structure, and interactions. They are also used in the development of diagnostic tests, vaccines, and therapeutic drugs. For example, recombinant insulin is a common treatment for diabetes, while recombinant human growth hormone is used to treat growth disorders.
The production of recombinant proteins typically involves the use of host cells, such as bacteria, yeast, or mammalian cells, which are engineered to express the desired protein. The host cells are transformed with a plasmid vector containing the gene of interest, along with regulatory elements that control its expression. Once the host cells are cultured and the protein is expressed, it can be purified using various chromatography techniques.
Overall, recombinant proteins have revolutionized many areas of biology and medicine, enabling researchers to study and manipulate proteins in ways that were previously impossible.
Peptides are short chains of amino acid residues linked by covalent bonds, known as peptide bonds. They are formed when two or more amino acids are joined together through a condensation reaction, which results in the elimination of a water molecule and the formation of an amide bond between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another.
Peptides can vary in length from two to about fifty amino acids, and they are often classified based on their size. For example, dipeptides contain two amino acids, tripeptides contain three, and so on. Oligopeptides typically contain up to ten amino acids, while polypeptides can contain dozens or even hundreds of amino acids.
Peptides play many important roles in the body, including serving as hormones, neurotransmitters, enzymes, and antibiotics. They are also used in medical research and therapeutic applications, such as drug delivery and tissue engineering.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) is an organosulfur compound with the formula (CH3)2SO. It is a polar aprotic solvent, which means it can dissolve both polar and nonpolar compounds. DMSO has a wide range of uses in industry and in laboratory research, including as a cryoprotectant, a solvent for pharmaceuticals, and a penetration enhancer in topical formulations.
In medicine, DMSO is used as a topical analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. It works by increasing the flow of blood and other fluids to the site of application, which can help to reduce pain and inflammation. DMSO is also believed to have antioxidant properties, which may contribute to its therapeutic effects.
It's important to note that while DMSO has been studied for various medical uses, its effectiveness for many conditions is not well established, and it can have side effects, including skin irritation and a garlic-like taste or odor in the mouth after application. It should be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider.
Mechanical stress, in the context of physiology and medicine, refers to any type of force that is applied to body tissues or organs, which can cause deformation or displacement of those structures. Mechanical stress can be either external, such as forces exerted on the body during physical activity or trauma, or internal, such as the pressure changes that occur within blood vessels or other hollow organs.
Mechanical stress can have a variety of effects on the body, depending on the type, duration, and magnitude of the force applied. For example, prolonged exposure to mechanical stress can lead to tissue damage, inflammation, and chronic pain. Additionally, abnormal or excessive mechanical stress can contribute to the development of various musculoskeletal disorders, such as tendinitis, osteoarthritis, and herniated discs.
In order to mitigate the negative effects of mechanical stress, the body has a number of adaptive responses that help to distribute forces more evenly across tissues and maintain structural integrity. These responses include changes in muscle tone, joint positioning, and connective tissue stiffness, as well as the remodeling of bone and other tissues over time. However, when these adaptive mechanisms are overwhelmed or impaired, mechanical stress can become a significant factor in the development of various pathological conditions.
Thrombin receptors are a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that play a crucial role in hemostasis and thrombosis. They are activated by the protease thrombin, which is generated during the coagulation cascade. There are two main types of thrombin receptors: protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) and PAR-4.
PAR-1 is expressed on various cell types including platelets, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells, while PAR-4 is primarily expressed on platelets. Activation of these receptors triggers a variety of intracellular signaling pathways that lead to diverse cellular responses such as platelet activation, aggregation, and secretion; vasoconstriction; and inflammation.
Dysregulation of thrombin receptor signaling has been implicated in several pathological conditions, including arterial and venous thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Therefore, thrombin receptors are considered important therapeutic targets for the treatment of these disorders.
I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.
If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.
Affinity chromatography is a type of chromatography technique used in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate and purify proteins based on their biological characteristics, such as their ability to bind specifically to certain ligands or molecules. This method utilizes a stationary phase that is coated with a specific ligand (e.g., an antibody, antigen, receptor, or enzyme) that selectively interacts with the target protein in a sample.
The process typically involves the following steps:
1. Preparation of the affinity chromatography column: The stationary phase, usually a solid matrix such as agarose beads or magnetic beads, is modified by covalently attaching the ligand to its surface.
2. Application of the sample: The protein mixture is applied to the top of the affinity chromatography column, allowing it to flow through the stationary phase under gravity or pressure.
3. Binding and washing: As the sample flows through the column, the target protein selectively binds to the ligand on the stationary phase, while other proteins and impurities pass through. The column is then washed with a suitable buffer to remove any unbound proteins and contaminants.
4. Elution of the bound protein: The target protein can be eluted from the column using various methods, such as changing the pH, ionic strength, or polarity of the buffer, or by introducing a competitive ligand that displaces the bound protein.
5. Collection and analysis: The eluted protein fraction is collected and analyzed for purity and identity, often through techniques like SDS-PAGE or mass spectrometry.
Affinity chromatography is a powerful tool in biochemistry and molecular biology due to its high selectivity and specificity, enabling the efficient isolation of target proteins from complex mixtures. However, it requires careful consideration of the binding affinity between the ligand and the protein, as well as optimization of the elution conditions to minimize potential damage or denaturation of the purified protein.
Gel chromatography is a type of liquid chromatography that separates molecules based on their size or molecular weight. It uses a stationary phase that consists of a gel matrix made up of cross-linked polymers, such as dextran, agarose, or polyacrylamide. The gel matrix contains pores of various sizes, which allow smaller molecules to penetrate deeper into the matrix while larger molecules are excluded.
In gel chromatography, a mixture of molecules is loaded onto the top of the gel column and eluted with a solvent that moves down the column by gravity or pressure. As the sample components move down the column, they interact with the gel matrix and get separated based on their size. Smaller molecules can enter the pores of the gel and take longer to elute, while larger molecules are excluded from the pores and elute more quickly.
Gel chromatography is commonly used to separate and purify proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules based on their size and molecular weight. It is also used in the analysis of polymers, colloids, and other materials with a wide range of applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine.
In the context of medical and biological sciences, a "binding site" refers to a specific location on a protein, molecule, or cell where another molecule can attach or bind. This binding interaction can lead to various functional changes in the original protein or molecule. The other molecule that binds to the binding site is often referred to as a ligand, which can be a small molecule, ion, or even another protein.
The binding between a ligand and its target binding site can be specific and selective, meaning that only certain ligands can bind to particular binding sites with high affinity. This specificity plays a crucial role in various biological processes, such as signal transduction, enzyme catalysis, or drug action.
In the case of drug development, understanding the location and properties of binding sites on target proteins is essential for designing drugs that can selectively bind to these sites and modulate protein function. This knowledge can help create more effective and safer therapeutic options for various diseases.
Serotonin antagonists are a class of drugs that block the action of serotonin, a neurotransmitter, at specific receptor sites in the brain and elsewhere in the body. They work by binding to the serotonin receptors without activating them, thereby preventing the natural serotonin from binding and transmitting signals.
Serotonin antagonists are used in the treatment of various conditions such as psychiatric disorders, migraines, and nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. They can have varying degrees of affinity for different types of serotonin receptors (e.g., 5-HT2A, 5-HT3, etc.), which contributes to their specific therapeutic effects and side effect profiles.
Examples of serotonin antagonists include ondansetron (used to treat nausea and vomiting), risperidone and olanzapine (used to treat psychiatric disorders), and methysergide (used to prevent migraines). It's important to note that these medications should be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, as they can have potential risks and interactions with other drugs.
Signal transduction is the process by which a cell converts an extracellular signal, such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, into an intracellular response. This involves a series of molecular events that transmit the signal from the cell surface to the interior of the cell, ultimately resulting in changes in gene expression, protein activity, or metabolism.
The process typically begins with the binding of the extracellular signal to a receptor located on the cell membrane. This binding event activates the receptor, which then triggers a cascade of intracellular signaling molecules, such as second messengers, protein kinases, and ion channels. These molecules amplify and propagate the signal, ultimately leading to the activation or inhibition of specific cellular responses.
Signal transduction pathways are highly regulated and can be modulated by various factors, including other signaling molecules, post-translational modifications, and feedback mechanisms. Dysregulation of these pathways has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.
Plateletpheresis is a medical procedure that involves the collection of platelets from a donor's blood through a process called apheresis. In this process, whole blood is withdrawn from the donor, and the platelets are separated from other blood components using a specialized machine. The separated platelets are then collected in a sterile bag, while the remaining blood components (red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma) are returned to the donor's body.
Plateletpheresis is often used to collect platelets for transfusion purposes, particularly for patients who require large volumes of platelets due to conditions such as leukemia, aplastic anemia, or other forms of cancer. It is also used in the treatment of thrombocytopenia, a condition characterized by abnormally low levels of platelets in the blood.
The procedure typically takes between one to two hours and requires the use of a specialized machine and trained medical staff. Donors may experience mild side effects such as fatigue, bruising, or discomfort at the site where the needle was inserted, but serious complications are rare.
Apyrase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates (like ATP or GTP) to nucleoside diphosphates (like ADP or GDP), releasing inorganic phosphate in the process. It can also hydrolyze nucleoside diphosphates to nucleoside monophosphates, releasing inorganic pyrophosphate.
This enzyme is widely distributed in nature and has been found in various organisms, including bacteria, plants, and animals. In humans, apyrases are present in different tissues, such as the brain, platelets, and red blood cells. They play essential roles in several biological processes, including signal transduction, metabolism regulation, and inflammatory response modulation.
There are two major classes of apyrases: type I (also known as nucleoside diphosphate kinase) and type II (also known as NTPDase). Type II apyrases have higher substrate specificity for nucleoside triphosphates, while type I apyrases can hydrolyze both nucleoside tri- and diphosphates.
In the medical field, apyrases are sometimes used in research to study platelet function or neurotransmission, as they can help regulate purinergic signaling by controlling extracellular levels of ATP and ADP. Additionally, some studies suggest that apyrase activity might be involved in certain pathological conditions, such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and neurological disorders.
Immunoglobulin (Ig) Fab fragments are the antigen-binding portions of an antibody that result from the digestion of the whole antibody molecule by enzymes such as papain. An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a Y-shaped protein produced by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign substances like bacteria, viruses, or toxins. The antibody has two identical antigen-binding sites, located at the tips of the two shorter arms, which can bind specifically to a target antigen.
Fab fragments are formed when an antibody is cleaved by papain, resulting in two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment. Each Fab fragment contains one antigen-binding site, composed of a variable region (Fv) and a constant region (C). The Fv region is responsible for the specificity and affinity of the antigen binding, while the C region contributes to the effector functions of the antibody.
Fab fragments are often used in various medical applications, such as immunodiagnostics and targeted therapies, due to their ability to bind specifically to target antigens without triggering an immune response or other effector functions associated with the Fc region.
Indium is not a medical term, but it is a chemical element with the symbol In and atomic number 49. It is a soft, silvery-white, post-transition metal that is rarely found in its pure form in nature. It is primarily used in the production of electronics, such as flat panel displays, and in nuclear medicine as a radiation source for medical imaging.
In nuclear medicine, indium-111 is used in the labeling of white blood cells to diagnose and locate abscesses, inflammation, and infection. The indium-111 labeled white blood cells are injected into the patient's body, and then a gamma camera is used to track their movement and identify areas of infection or inflammation.
Therefore, while indium itself is not a medical term, it does have important medical applications in diagnostic imaging.
Microtubules are hollow, cylindrical structures composed of tubulin proteins in the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. They play crucial roles in various cellular processes such as maintaining cell shape, intracellular transport, and cell division (mitosis and meiosis). Microtubules are dynamic, undergoing continuous assembly and disassembly, which allows them to rapidly reorganize in response to cellular needs. They also form part of important cellular structures like centrioles, basal bodies, and cilia/flagella.
Collagen receptors are a type of cell surface receptor that bind to collagen molecules, which are the most abundant proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissues. These receptors play important roles in various biological processes, including cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, and survival.
Collagen receptors can be classified into two major groups: integrins and discoidin domain receptors (DDRs). Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that consist of an alpha and a beta subunit. They bind to collagens via their arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif, which is located in the triple-helical domain of collagen molecules. Integrins mediate cell-collagen interactions by clustering and forming focal adhesions, which are large protein complexes that connect the ECM to the cytoskeleton.
DDRs are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that contain a discoidin domain in their extracellular region, which is responsible for collagen binding. DDRs bind to collagens via their non-RGD motifs and induce intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cell behavior.
Abnormalities in collagen receptor function have been implicated in various diseases, including fibrosis, cancer, and inflammation. Therefore, understanding the structure and function of collagen receptors is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies to treat these conditions.
Drug receptors are specific protein molecules found on the surface of cells, to which drugs can bind. These receptors are part of the cell's communication system and are responsible for responding to neurotransmitters, hormones, and other signaling molecules in the body. When a drug binds to its corresponding receptor, it can alter the receptor's function and trigger a cascade of intracellular events that ultimately lead to a biological response.
Drug receptors can be classified into several types based on their function, including:
1. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): These are the largest family of drug receptors and are involved in various physiological processes such as vision, olfaction, neurotransmission, and hormone signaling. They activate intracellular signaling pathways through heterotrimeric G proteins.
2. Ion channel receptors: These receptors form ion channels that allow the flow of ions across the cell membrane when activated. They are involved in rapid signal transduction and can be directly gated by ligands or indirectly through G protein-coupled receptors.
3. Enzyme-linked receptors: These receptors have an intracellular domain that functions as an enzyme, activating intracellular signaling pathways when bound to a ligand. Examples include receptor tyrosine kinases and receptor serine/threonine kinases.
4. Nuclear receptors: These receptors are located in the nucleus and function as transcription factors, regulating gene expression upon binding to their ligands.
Understanding drug receptors is crucial for developing new drugs and predicting their potential therapeutic and adverse effects. By targeting specific receptors, drugs can modulate cellular responses and produce desired pharmacological actions.
"Cold temperature" is a relative term and its definition can vary depending on the context. In general, it refers to temperatures that are lower than those normally experienced or preferred by humans and other warm-blooded animals. In a medical context, cold temperature is often defined as an environmental temperature that is below 16°C (60.8°F).
Exposure to cold temperatures can have various physiological effects on the human body, such as vasoconstriction of blood vessels near the skin surface, increased heart rate and metabolic rate, and shivering, which helps to generate heat and maintain body temperature. Prolonged exposure to extreme cold temperatures can lead to hypothermia, a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by a drop in core body temperature below 35°C (95°F).
It's worth noting that some people may have different sensitivities to cold temperatures due to factors such as age, health status, and certain medical conditions. For example, older adults, young children, and individuals with circulatory or neurological disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of cold temperatures.
Hemorheology is the study of the flow properties of blood and its components, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Specifically, it examines how these components interact with each other and with the walls of blood vessels to affect the flow characteristics of blood under different conditions. Hemorheological factors can influence blood viscosity, which is a major determinant of peripheral vascular resistance and cardiac workload. Abnormalities in hemorheology have been implicated in various diseases such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and sickle cell disease.
Cytoplasm is the material within a eukaryotic cell (a cell with a true nucleus) that lies between the nuclear membrane and the cell membrane. It is composed of an aqueous solution called cytosol, in which various organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vacuoles are suspended. Cytoplasm also contains a variety of dissolved nutrients, metabolites, ions, and enzymes that are involved in various cellular processes such as metabolism, signaling, and transport. It is where most of the cell's metabolic activities take place, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of the cell.
Enzyme activation refers to the process by which an enzyme becomes biologically active and capable of carrying out its specific chemical or biological reaction. This is often achieved through various post-translational modifications, such as proteolytic cleavage, phosphorylation, or addition of cofactors or prosthetic groups to the enzyme molecule. These modifications can change the conformation or structure of the enzyme, exposing or creating a binding site for the substrate and allowing the enzymatic reaction to occur.
For example, in the case of proteolytic cleavage, an inactive precursor enzyme, known as a zymogen, is cleaved into its active form by a specific protease. This is seen in enzymes such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, which are initially produced in the pancreas as inactive precursors called trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, respectively. Once they reach the small intestine, they are activated by enteropeptidase, a protease that cleaves a specific peptide bond, releasing the active enzyme.
Phosphorylation is another common mechanism of enzyme activation, where a phosphate group is added to a specific serine, threonine, or tyrosine residue on the enzyme by a protein kinase. This modification can alter the conformation of the enzyme and create a binding site for the substrate, allowing the enzymatic reaction to occur.
Enzyme activation is a crucial process in many biological pathways, as it allows for precise control over when and where specific reactions take place. It also provides a mechanism for regulating enzyme activity in response to various signals and stimuli, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or changes in the intracellular environment.
Biological models, also known as physiological models or organismal models, are simplified representations of biological systems, processes, or mechanisms that are used to understand and explain the underlying principles and relationships. These models can be theoretical (conceptual or mathematical) or physical (such as anatomical models, cell cultures, or animal models). They are widely used in biomedical research to study various phenomena, including disease pathophysiology, drug action, and therapeutic interventions.
Examples of biological models include:
1. Mathematical models: These use mathematical equations and formulas to describe complex biological systems or processes, such as population dynamics, metabolic pathways, or gene regulation networks. They can help predict the behavior of these systems under different conditions and test hypotheses about their underlying mechanisms.
2. Cell cultures: These are collections of cells grown in a controlled environment, typically in a laboratory dish or flask. They can be used to study cellular processes, such as signal transduction, gene expression, or metabolism, and to test the effects of drugs or other treatments on these processes.
3. Animal models: These are living organisms, usually vertebrates like mice, rats, or non-human primates, that are used to study various aspects of human biology and disease. They can provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of diseases, the mechanisms of drug action, and the safety and efficacy of new therapies.
4. Anatomical models: These are physical representations of biological structures or systems, such as plastic models of organs or tissues, that can be used for educational purposes or to plan surgical procedures. They can also serve as a basis for developing more sophisticated models, such as computer simulations or 3D-printed replicas.
Overall, biological models play a crucial role in advancing our understanding of biology and medicine, helping to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention, develop novel drugs and treatments, and improve human health.
Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.
In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is a medical condition characterized by a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) in the blood without an identifiable cause. Platelets are small blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. When you don't have enough platelets, you may bleed excessively or spontaneously, causing purpura, which refers to purple-colored spots on the skin that result from bleeding under the skin.
In ITP, the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys platelets, leading to their decreased levels in the blood. This condition can occur at any age but is more common in children following a viral infection, and in adults after the age of 30-40 years. Symptoms may include easy or excessive bruising, prolonged bleeding from cuts, spontaneous bleeding from the gums or nose, blood blisters, and small red or purple spots on the skin (petechiae).
Depending on the severity of thrombocytopenia and the presence of bleeding symptoms, ITP treatment may include observation, corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), or other medications that modify the immune system's response. In severe cases or when other treatments are ineffective, surgical removal of the spleen (splenectomy) might be considered.
Thrombospondins (TSPs) are a family of multifunctional glycoproteins that are involved in various biological processes, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and angiogenesis. They were initially identified as calcium-binding proteins that are secreted by platelets during blood clotting (thrombosis), hence the name thrombospondin.
There are five members in the TSP family, designated as TSP-1 to TSP-5, and they share a common structure consisting of several domains, including an N-terminal domain, a series of type 1 repeats, a type 2 (von Willebrand factor C) repeat, a type 3 repeat, and a C-terminal domain.
TSP-1 and TSP-2 are secreted proteins that have been extensively studied for their roles in the regulation of angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation. They bind to various extracellular matrix components, growth factors, and cell surface receptors, and can either promote or inhibit angiogenesis depending on the context.
TSP-3 to TSP-5 are expressed in a variety of tissues and play roles in cell adhesion, migration, and differentiation. They have been implicated in various pathological conditions, including cancer, fibrosis, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Overall, thrombospondins are important regulators of extracellular matrix dynamics and cell-matrix interactions, and their dysregulation has been associated with a variety of diseases.
Gray Platelet Syndrome (GPS) is a rare inherited platelet disorder, characterized by the presence of large, gray-blue or purple staining platelets in blood smears due to the absence or decreased amount of alpha granules, which are normally present in platelets. This condition was first described in 1971.
The main features of GPS include:
1. Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) - Platelet counts can range from normal to very low levels.
2. Bleeding tendency - Patients with GPS usually have a bleeding diathesis, which varies in severity from mild to severe. The bleeding tendency is due to the impaired function of platelets caused by the absence of alpha granules.
3. Bone abnormalities - GPS can also be associated with bone abnormalities such as osteopenia (low bone density) and/or skeletal dysplasia (abnormal bone growth).
4. Neurological symptoms - Some patients may develop neurological symptoms, including ataxia (lack of muscle coordination), hearing loss, and intellectual disability.
GPS is caused by mutations in the NBEAL2 gene, which encodes a protein involved in the transport and secretion of alpha granules in megakaryocytes, the precursor cells of platelets. The disorder is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, meaning that affected individuals have inherited two defective copies of the gene, one from each parent.
Diagnosis of GPS typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, blood tests (including complete blood count and peripheral blood smear), and genetic testing to confirm the presence of pathogenic NBEAL2 mutations. Management of GPS primarily focuses on addressing bleeding symptoms through platelet transfusions, antifibrinolytic agents, or other hemostatic therapies as needed.
Hemorrhage is defined in the medical context as an excessive loss of blood from the circulatory system, which can occur due to various reasons such as injury, surgery, or underlying health conditions that affect blood clotting or the integrity of blood vessels. The bleeding may be internal, external, visible, or concealed, and it can vary in severity from minor to life-threatening, depending on the location and extent of the bleeding. Hemorrhage is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment to prevent further blood loss, organ damage, and potential death.
Platelet (disambiguation)
Platelet-activating factor
Harris platelet syndrome
Platelet-rich plasma
Gray platelet syndrome
Pseudo gray platelet syndrome
Platelet membrane glycoprotein
Giant platelet disorder
Platelet transfusion
Platelet lysate
Platelet-poor plasma
Platelet
WASF3
Glutathione peroxidase
Sphingosine kinase
12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
ALOX12
Fibrin
1910 in science
Apheresis
Platelet transfusion refractoriness
Tachykinin receptor 3
Georges Hayem
Copper deficiency
Transient myeloproliferative disease
Thomas P. Stossel
Human platelet antigen
Alpha granule
Deep vein thrombosis
CD109
Stem Cells Used to Produce Blood Platelets | IBTimes
Platelet antibodies blood test: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
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Miscarriages Caused by Blood Coagulation Protein or Platelet Deficits: Practice Essentials, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology
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Cold platelets vs. room temp - which stops blood loss better? - University of Mississippi Medical Center
Cold platelets vs. room temp - which stops blood loss better? - University of Mississippi Medical Center
The effect of low-intensity exercise on respiration of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and platelets and the development of...
Erowid.org: Erowid Reference 1562 : Release of serotonin from blood platelets by reserpine in vitro : Carlsson A, Shore PA,...
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Transfusions15
- Platelets used for transfusions are derived from donated blood but they have a short shelf life since they must be stored at room temperature and cannot be frozen. (ibtimes.com)
- She currently receives platelet transfusions weekly and red blood cells about every two weeks. (redcross.org)
- Up to 2.9 million transfusions of platelets take place each year in Europe. (nhsbt.nhs.uk)
- In most high-income countries, there is an adequate supply of blood with its use largely pre-planned and predictable, with most blood transfusions (79%) taking place in the over 60 group. (nhsbt.nhs.uk)
- However, there are major ongoing issues in lower-income countries , where most blood transfusions (67%) are given to children below the age of 5, reflecting the different demands on medical care in different parts of the world. (nhsbt.nhs.uk)
- Gary Myers has donated 25 units of platelets, after his wife, Lisa, received 25 blood transfusions. (1011now.com)
- With the diagnosis, came regular blood transfusions, 25 to be exact. (1011now.com)
- In fact, cancer is the #1 patient group that needs Platelet transfusions. (giveapint.org)
- Some treatments can result in anemia and a loss of Platelets, and many cancer patients require daily Platelet transfusions for several weeks. (giveapint.org)
- Platelet transfusions may be given for thrombocytopenia or platelet dysfunction to treat active platelet-related bleeding or as prophylaxis in those at serious risk of bleeding. (medscape.com)
- Prophylactic platelet transfusions may be appropriate at 5,000- 10,000/uL to prevent spontaneous bleeding. (medscape.com)
- Platelet transfusions are used to support patients having chemotherapy for leukemia or cancer, and for aplastic anemia and bone marrow transplant patients. (northshore.org)
- Many patients who undergo these treatments are given platelet transfusions to protect them from bleeding. (ox.ac.uk)
- Platlets can be destroyed when passing through machines used for bypass surgery or blood transfusions, as well as human-made heart valves. (healthline.com)
- Do you have questions about the INTERCEPT™ Blood System, blood safety or blood transfusions? (interceptbloodsystem.com)
Transfusion42
- His treatment included blood transfusion. (redcross.org)
- CONCORD, Calif.--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Cerus Corporation (NASDAQ:CERS) announced today that AABB has granted the first requests of U.S. blood centers and hospitals to use INTERCEPT pathogen reduction in place of irradiation to satisfy AABB's requirement to reduce the risk of transfusion-associated graft versus host disease (TA-GVHD). (businesswire.com)
- AABB's Blood Bank and Transfusion Service standards are followed by most U.S. blood centers and major medical institutions, as well as a growing number of international blood centers. (businesswire.com)
- Cerus Corporation is a biomedical products company focused in the field of blood transfusion safety. (businesswire.com)
- The INTERCEPT Blood System is designed to reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections by inactivating a broad range of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria and parasites that may be present in donated blood. (businesswire.com)
- He went to a small rural hospital, he received a transfusion of red blood cells, and AirCare brought him to us. (umc.edu)
- UMMC is the state's sole Level I Trauma Center and was chosen for the study because of its experience in trauma care, helicopter critical care transport and blood product transfusion protocols and practices. (umc.edu)
- Platelet transfusion strategies are driven by either the need to stop active bleeding (therapeutic) or to prevent its occurrence in at-risk groups (prophylactic). (nhsbt.nhs.uk)
- The most common situations are for patients receiving chemotherapy, requiring surgery (especially cardiac surgery) or having experienced severe haemorrhage (e.g. from pregnancy or childbirth, trauma, largely from road traffic accidents, or severe anaemia in the young, often caused by malaria), often being combined with other blood products such as fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and red blood cells (RBCs) in a massive transfusion protocol. (nhsbt.nhs.uk)
- Blood donors and their donated blood are rigorously screened, and so the frequency of disease transmission through transfusion is low, although tragically marred by recent scandals in the 1980s when strict screening and testing for infectious agents was less common. (nhsbt.nhs.uk)
- In sub-Saharan Africa, blood shortages (the leading cause of maternal mortality due to post-partum haemorrhage) and unsafe blood (leading to many instances of transmission of HIV and hepatitis) represent major challenges in transfusion medicine. (nhsbt.nhs.uk)
- Genomic analysis revealed that L. monocytogenes isolates from the donor blood unit, the transfused platelets, and the patient's blood culture were genetically closely related, confirming transfusion transmission. (cdc.gov)
- Conversely, 2 case reports describe platelet products contaminated by L. monocytogenes , but the contamination was intercepted before transfusion ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- We describe a case of transfusion-related L. monocytogenes infection in a patient who received a pooled-platelet concentrate. (cdc.gov)
- On June 14, 2022, the patient underwent a transfusion of buffy coat-pooled platelet derived from 5 different donors. (cdc.gov)
- After transfusion of ≈150 mL of platelet products, the woman experienced chills, nausea, and fever of 37.8°C. Treatment was stopped and hydrocortisone was administered, based on the diagnosis of transfusion reaction. (cdc.gov)
- Roughly one in seven hospital admissions require a blood transfusion. (kclyradio.com)
- Terumo Blood and Cell Technologies' latest innovation aims to increase the availability of platelets for transfusion. (terumobct.com)
- IMUGARD opens the possibility for U.S. blood centers to use the platelets from their whole blood donations to increase the number of platelets available for transfusion. (terumobct.com)
- Bacterial Risk Control Strategies for Blood Collection Establishments and Transfusion Services to Enhance the Safety and Availability of Platelets for Transfusion. (terumobct.com)
- https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/bacterial-risk-control-strategies-blood-collection-establishments-and-transfusion-services-enhance. (terumobct.com)
- they aren't normally harmful to the person who acquires them, but they can be harmful for a patient who receives a platelet or plasma transfusion. (nybc.org)
- Typical indications include leukemia, myelodysplasia, aplastic anemia, solid tumors, congenital or acquired/medication-induced platelet dysfunction, central nervous system trauma, and patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or cardiopulmonary bypass may also need platelet transfusion. (medscape.com)
- Higher transfusion thresholds may be appropriate for patients with platelet dysfunction. (medscape.com)
- Patients with autoimmune destruction of platelets, such as ITP, may not receive therapeutic benefit from prophylactic transfusion, but may however benefit from transfusion if bleeding. (medscape.com)
- Transfusion of 5-10 mL/kg should raise the platelet count by 50,000-100,000/uL. (medscape.com)
- Platelets can be made from whole blood donations, but it takes 4 to 8 pints of whole blood to yield one platelet transfusion. (northshore.org)
- It only takes one apheresis donation to make an entire platelet transfusion, so the patient has a lower risk of many complications of transfusion. (northshore.org)
- The machine then returns the plasma and red blood cells to the donor, only retaining the platelets for transfusion. (northshore.org)
- an estimated one in 1,000--3,000 platelet units are contaminated with bacteria, resulting in transfusion-associated sepsis in many recipients ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
- To reduce this risk, AABB (formerly the American Association of Blood Banks) adopted a new standard on March 1, 2004, that requires member blood banks and transfusion services to implement measures to detect and limit bacterial contamination in all platelet components ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- This report summarizes two fatal cases of transfusion-associated sepsis in platelet recipients in 2004 and describes results of a 2004 survey of infectious-disease consultants regarding their knowledge of transfusion-associated bacterial infections and the new AABB standard. (cdc.gov)
- Health-care providers should be aware of the new standard and the need for bacterial testing of platelets to improve transfusion safety. (cdc.gov)
- Patient A. In October 2004, a man aged 74 years in Ohio with leukemia received a transfusion consisting of a pool of five platelet unit concentrates. (cdc.gov)
- Before transfusion, the pooled platelet unit had been tested for bacterial contamination with a reagent strip test (Multistix ® , Bayer Diagnostics, Tarrytown, New York) to determine the pH level, a means for detecting the presence of bacteria. (cdc.gov)
- 6.4) of the clinic's blood bank, the pooled unit was approved for transfusion. (cdc.gov)
- Patient B. In December 2004, a man aged 79 years in Utah received a transfusion of pheresis platelets for thromobocytopenia after coronary artery bypass surgery. (cdc.gov)
- Before transfusion, platelets from the unit bag were tested for bacterial contamination with liquid culture media (BacT/Alert ® , BioMerieux Inc., Durham, North Carolina) by using 4 mL in a standard aerobic blood culture bottle and were found to be negative after 5 days' incubation. (cdc.gov)
- A total of 143 (36%) respondents reported they were aware that bacterial contamination of platelets is one of the most common infectious risks of transfusion therapy. (cdc.gov)
- White cells and platelets in blood transfusion : proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Symposium on Blood Transfusion, Groningen 1986, organized by the Red Cross Blood Bank Groningen-Drenthe / edited by C. Th. (who.int)
- Blood typing is performed in the event that a transfusion is needed. (medscape.com)
- Every two seconds, a patient somewhere in the U.S. needs a blood transfusion. (cdc.gov)
Clots12
- Platelets are a component of human blood that form clots and stop bleeding. (terumobct.com)
- Platelets play an important role in blood coagulation - the process through which clots are formed to curb bleeding whenever we suffer a cut. (herbalpapaya.com)
- The platelets are plate-shaped cells that are normally found circulating in the blood, and they are the first cells to respond to any damage in the blood vessels by binding to the site of the damage and forming blood clots. (healthcheckup.com)
- Essential thrombocythemia increases the risk of blood clots that can lead to a stroke or a heart attack . (mrlabtest.com)
- When your skin is injured or broken , your platelets clump together and form clots to stop the bleeding . (healthline.com)
- When you don't have enough platelets in your blood supply, your body can't form clots. (healthline.com)
- Normal hemostasis helps stop bleeding at infringement of integrity of the vascular wall and the dissolution of blood clots. (vsebolezni.com)
- The increase in the number of these cells increases the risk of blood clots, and decrease the likelihood of bleeding. (vsebolezni.com)
- How Blood Clots Hemostasis is the body's way of stopping injured blood vessels from bleeding. (msdmanuals.com)
- Bruising and Bleeding Bruising or bleeding after an injury is normal (see also How Blood Clots). (msdmanuals.com)
- So, the discussion around this issue or awareness of this issue originated from reports of a rare but serious condition following AstraZeneca's COVID-19 vaccine, and this condition initially recognized was CVST in the presence of thrombocytopenia, so, blood clots in the brain with low platelets. (cdc.gov)
- You donate the tiny cells in your blood that form clots. (cdc.gov)
Human platelets5
- Researchers at the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application at Kyoto University in Japan presented data at a meeting of the American Society of Hematology showing they were able to create the cells in the laboratory and confirm they had the same life span as normal human platelets when infused in mice. (ibtimes.com)
- They then tested the cultured platelets by infusing them into immunodeficient mouse models and confirmed that they had the same life span as human platelets infused in mice. (ibtimes.com)
- Human platelets collected from healthy donors according to standard international protocols were pooled and stored at 4ºC during 7 days. (mendeley.com)
- If human platelets perform a similar function, patients with already-suppressed immune systems might suffer further from drugs that inhibit platelet function, such as aspirin, Kubes said. (the-scientist.com)
- A low molecular weight platelet inhibitor of factor XIa (PIXI) has been purified 250-fold from releasates of washed and stimulated human platelets. (qxmd.com)
Thrombocytopenia16
- Thrombocytopenia caused by hypersplenism, platelet destruction, or surgery/hemodilution. (medlineplus.gov)
- Conclusion: Immunofluorescence microscopy on blood smears is an effective screening tool for 9 forms of IPD, which include the most frequent forms of inherited thrombocytopenia. (lu.se)
- However, some people have thrombocytopenia, or a low platelet count, which means they have to find ways to increase their levels. (herbalpapaya.com)
- When the blood platelets count is below 150,000, the platelet count is considered to be low, and the condition is referred to as thrombocytopenia . (healthcheckup.com)
- The thrombocytopenia in dengue is caused by the suppression of the platelet producing ability of the bone marrow, the damage of platelets by blood cells affected by the dengue virus, and the destruction of platelets by the antibodies produced by the body during a dengue infection. (healthcheckup.com)
- Thrombocytopenia is one of the most common complications of both types of malarial infections, and a platelets count below 150,000per microliter of blood is indicative of malaria. (healthcheckup.com)
- The thrombocytopenia in malaria is said to be caused by coagulation disturbances, splenomegaly, alterations in the bone marrow, platelet destruction mediated by antibodies, and oxidative stress. (healthcheckup.com)
- A low platelet count is called thrombocytopenia. (healthline.com)
- Thrombocytopenia can be caused by a range of factors such as pregnancy, medical conditions such as leukemia , or certain medications (such as blood thinners). (healthline.com)
- Whether or not you experience symptoms of thrombocytopenia may depend on how low your platelet count is. (healthline.com)
- Platelets live about 7-10 days in people without thrombocytopenia. (healthline.com)
- The normal level of platelet cells is shifted in the direction of increasing(thrombocytosis) or decrease (thrombocytopenia). (vsebolezni.com)
- Overview of Thrombocytopenia Thrombocytopenia is a low number of platelets (thrombocytes) in the blood, which increases the risk of bleeding. (msdmanuals.com)
- Thrombocytopenia occurs when the bone marrow makes too few platelets or when. (msdmanuals.com)
- Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a type of platelet disorder . (nih.gov)
- And thrombocytopenia is a condition in which you have low blood platelet count, defined as less than 150. (cdc.gov)
Normal platelet count1
- The normal platelet count for men and women are different. (vsebolezni.com)
Inducing platelet aggregation1
- These impingements presumably caused haemolysis, with ADP originating from haemolysed red blood cells inducing platelet aggregation. (witpress.com)
Donors30
- During Trauma Awareness Month in May, the Red Cross urges eligible blood and platelet donors to roll up a sleeve on behalf of those in need. (redcross.org)
- The Red Cross salutes the heroes who donate blood or platelets on a regular basis to ensure a readily available supply, including donors like 19-year-old Felix Lilly of Portland, Ore. (redcross.org)
- Platelets must be transfused within just five days after donation - so there is a constant, often critical, need for new and current donors to give to keep up with hospital demand. (redcross.org)
- The American Red Cross has a severe winter blood shortage and is issuing an emergency call for blood and platelet donors to make a donation appointment now and help save patient lives. (redcross.org)
- Hectic holiday schedules for many regular blood donors contributed to about 37,000 fewer donations in November and December than what was needed. (redcross.org)
- The Red Cross is extending hours at many donation sites for more donors to give blood or platelets. (redcross.org)
- The short shelf life of platelets - just 5 days after they're collected, tested and processed - also means we need donors every day of the year , including holidays. (obi.org)
- Platelets are most often given at donor centers, where we can make donors comfortable with reclining chairs and individual televisions. (obi.org)
- Because only platelets are removed, donors can give more often - as often as every 7 days. (obi.org)
- Because platelets must be used within 5 days, new donors are needed every day. (obi.org)
- These are thought to be due to the result of a relative scarcity of donors (combined with a free market, quickly leading to blood products becoming unaffordable for many), the unwillingness of relatives to donate due to cultural differences as well as inadequate supply chains, storage and transport infrastructure. (nhsbt.nhs.uk)
- After Whitney facilitated many blood drives, three of his previous donors contacted him. (army.mil)
- Hospitals and patients rely upon a steady flow of donors to receive life-saving blood donations, but these factors have caused the blood supply to become unstable. (kclyradio.com)
- To recruit donors, CBC is partnering with local breweries for their "Pint for a Pint" campaign, which runs from August 1st - September 10th at all donor centers and community blood drives. (kclyradio.com)
- As a part of this campaign, all presenting blood donors will receive a voucher to redeem a free or discounted pint of beer, cider, wine, or soft drink at their local participating brewery or restaurant. (kclyradio.com)
- Since March 2020, the number of first-time donors has dropped dramatically and campaigns like "Pint for Pint" aim to raise awareness as well as amplify the need for new blood donors. (kclyradio.com)
- Blood donors cannot redeem their voucher for alcohol on the day of their blood donation. (kclyradio.com)
- CBC hosts blood drives every day in addition to their 7 area donor centers in order to reach donors and meet local hospital needs. (kclyradio.com)
- To make an appointment, donors can call 1-877-468-6844 or visit www.savealifenow.org/donate-blood/pint-pint/ . (kclyradio.com)
- 1 IMUGARD is the first platelet pooling set approved for seven-day storage in the U.S. and provides an alternate source of platelet supply at a time when demand continues to increase while the supply remains challenged by the lack of blood donors. (terumobct.com)
- This is especially important now with the increased demand for platelets and the challenges blood centers face with recruiting new apheresis platelet donors. (terumobct.com)
- It takes six to ten blood donors to obtain the same amount of platelets collected from a single platelet donation. (nybc.org)
- So, instead of six to ten blood donors, it takes just one platelet donor to provide a patient with one treatment of platelets. (nybc.org)
- Platelet donors must sign an additional consent form at the time of donation. (nybc.org)
- Female donors found to be negative for HLA will be eligible to donate platelets. (nybc.org)
- The presence of autoantibodies may interfere with blood typing because they may react with the RBCs of potential donors, making detection of alloantibodies difficult. (medscape.com)
- The questionnaire is used by most U.S. blood centers to screen potential blood donors. (cdc.gov)
- Observances like World Blood Donor Day on June 14 are a time to thank donors and remind people of the importance of blood donation. (cdc.gov)
- The app also records an individual's donation history, blood type, and notifies donors of the results of their blood screening. (cdc.gov)
- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ensures the safety of blood donations and protects the health of donors. (cdc.gov)
Microliter7
- Platelet count is the number of platelets you have (per microliter of blood). (yuvaap.com)
- Now, platelets are produced in our bone marrow by megakaryocytes and normally number between approximately 150,000-350,000 per microliter (mcL) of blood. (herbalpapaya.com)
- It is vital to maintain a healthy platelet count (150,000-450,000 platelets/microliter of blood). (herbalpapaya.com)
- The normal range for platelets count is considered to be 150,000 to 450,000 per microliter of blood. (healthcheckup.com)
- Dengue is usually suspected when the platelet counts fall below 10,000 platelets per microliter of blood. (healthcheckup.com)
- It is characterized by platelet counts lower than 150,000 platelets per microliter of blood. (healthcheckup.com)
- Dangerous internal bleeding can occur when your platelet count follows below 10,000 or below 10 platelets per microliter. (cdc.gov)
Amount of platelets2
- If suboptimal increases are suspected, the corrected count increment (CCI) can help determine if the response is truly suboptimal based on amount of platelets transfused compared to body surface area. (medscape.com)
- Healthy blood flow requires an optimum amount of platelets within this range that become sticky and coagulative only when needed. (herbalpapaya.com)
Overview of Platelet Disorders1
- Overview of Platelet Disorders Platelets (sometimes called thrombocytes) are cell fragments produced in the bone marrow that circulate in the bloodstream and help blood to clot. (msdmanuals.com)
Thrombus formation3
- Red blood cells (RBCs) are thought to play a significant role in the dynamics and the activation of the platelets and hence thrombus formation in the human arterial system. (asme.org)
- Savage, B., Almus-Jacobs, F. & Ruggeri, Z.M. Specific synergy of multiple substrate-receptor interactions in platelet thrombus formation under flow. (nature.com)
- The unbalance between the birth and the utilization of platelets is manifested as a tendency to increased thrombus formation or disposition to bleeding. (vsebolezni.com)
Disorders20
- Platelet and blood vessel disorders. (medlineplus.gov)
- Platelets give strength to patients with blood disorders and those with transplants. (obi.org)
- RMS due to blood protein or platelet defects may come about through either of two mechanisms: (1) disorders associated with a hemorrhagic tendency or (2) defects associated with a thrombotic tendency. (medscape.com)
- Blood Platelet Disorders" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
- Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function. (umassmed.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Blood Platelet Disorders" by people in this website by year, and whether "Blood Platelet Disorders" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Blood Platelet Disorders" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)
- Clinical Cytometry for Platelets and Platelet Disorders. (umassmed.edu)
- M, Gresele P. Expert opinion on the use of platelet secretion assay for the diagnosis of inherited platelet function disorders: Communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on Platelet Physiology. (umassmed.edu)
- Mumford AD, Frelinger AL, Gachet C, Gresele P, Noris P, Harrison P, Mezzano D. A review of platelet secretion assays for the diagnosis of inherited platelet secretion disorders. (umassmed.edu)
- Application of flow cytometry to platelet disorders. (umassmed.edu)
- Background: Inherited platelet disorders (IPDs) are rare diseases characterized by reduced blood platelet counts and/or impaired platelet function. (lu.se)
- For the other 11 forms of IPD, we describe alterations of platelet structure in 9 disorders and normal findings in 2 disorders. (lu.se)
- The ultimate goal is to use the synthetic platelets in humans for surviving surgeries, traumatic injuries or blood disorders. (abc11.com)
- A platelets count test is used by doctors to get an insight into the health of a person suffering from conditions that affect effective clotting such as infections, bleeding disorders, and blood cancers. (healthcheckup.com)
- If there are no evident blood disorders in a person, the condition may be referred to as Essential Thrombocythemia. (healthcheckup.com)
- If you have a high number of platelets in the blood you will experience vasomotor symptoms, including headache, visual changes, syncope or chest pain) and cardiovascular disorders. (mrlabtest.com)
- People with inherited disorders of platelet dysfunction may have a lifelong history of easy bruising or excessive bleeding after minor injuries or minor surgery such as dental extractions. (msdmanuals.com)
- Other symptoms of platelet disorders include tiny red dots (petechiae) on the skin and bruising after minor injuries. (msdmanuals.com)
- Platelet disorders lead to defects in primary hemostasis and produce signs and symptoms different from coagulation factor deficiencies (disorders of secondary hemostasis). (medscape.com)
Clot7
- Platelets are particles in the blood that help the blood clot. (medlineplus.gov)
- Thrombocytosis increase the risk to suffer a stroke, a heart attack or a clot in the blood vessels. (mrlabtest.com)
- Platelets help the blood to clot by clumping together at the site of bleeding. (ox.ac.uk)
- Having a low platelet count can affect your blood's ability to clot. (healthline.com)
- In this case glued with each other and with the vessel wall, forming a blood clot - a clot that prevents further blood loss. (vsebolezni.com)
- In ITP, your blood does not clot as it should, because you have a low platelet count. (nih.gov)
- This plug is called a blood clot. (nih.gov)
Donor16
- Schedule an appointment to donate blood or platelets using the Red Cross Blood Donor App , visiting redcrossblood.org , or calling 1-800-RED CROSS (1-800-733-2767). (redcross.org)
- Find a blood donation opportunity and schedule an appointment to donate by using the free Blood Donor App , visiting redcrossblood.org or calling 1-800-RED CROSS (1-800-733-2767). (redcross.org)
- That's why we need you to be a platelet donor! (obi.org)
- The UCLA Blood & Platelet Center follows procedures for cleaning and disinfecting all areas and increase the frequency, such as cleaning the donor bed and other surfaces in the collection area after each donor. (uclahealth.org)
- 1 / 2 Show Caption + Hide Caption - Ty Allen, from the Fort Bragg Blood Donor Center prepares Al Whintey for his platelet donation. (army.mil)
- On May 12, Whitney donated his 1,030th unit of platelets at the Fort Bragg Blood Donor Center in North Carolina. (army.mil)
- For over half a century, he has been a constant blood donor to the Armed Services Blood Program and other donor locations throughout the United States. (army.mil)
- For those interested in donating at the Fort Bragg Blood Donor Center, call 910-396-9925, visit https://www.militarydonor.com/, or walk-in to 8- 4156 Souter Place, Fort Bragg, N.C. 28307. (army.mil)
- All of our donor centers and blood drives are air-conditioned and donating blood could serve as a great break from record-breaking heat. (kclyradio.com)
- Talk with one of our donor specialists at 1.800.933.2566 or schedule an appointment today to make a platelet donation. (nybc.org)
- Typical dosing for an adult is a pool of 6 whole blood derived (sometimes referred to as random donor) platelets or one apheresis platelet. (medscape.com)
- Instead, at NorthShore University HealthSystem we try to use only 'Single-Donor-Platelets', which are made by a process called 'apheresis' (A-fur-E-sis). (northshore.org)
- Donor criteria are essentially the same as for whole blood donation. (northshore.org)
- Given current scrutiny of the blood donor deferral policy of Men who have Sex with Men (MSM), interpretations between MSM and non-MSM respondents also were compared. (cdc.gov)
- June 14 is World Blood Donor Day. (cdc.gov)
- The Red Cross Blood Donor app is another way to find a place to donate and get notified of blood drives in your area. (cdc.gov)
Donate platelets9
- Who can donate platelets? (obi.org)
- If you have A+, B+, AB+, or O+ blood type, your blood will have the greatest impact when you donate platelets. (obi.org)
- If you meet the requirements for giving blood, then you can usually donate platelets. (obi.org)
- What is it like to donate platelets? (obi.org)
- Which means, you may be able to donate platelets up to 24 times a year compared to a maximum of 6 times a year for a whole blood donation. (obi.org)
- From registration through refreshment, when you donate platelets you should allow about 2.5 hours. (nybc.org)
- How often can I donate platelets? (nybc.org)
- You can donate platelets every seven days, up to 24 times a year! (nybc.org)
- If you're going to donate platelets, do not take aspirin products for two days prior to your appointment. (cdc.gov)
Healthy platelet count3
- So we must have a healthy platelet count. (yuvaap.com)
- The viral disease can reduce your platelet count by a significant amount, and after witnessing severe episodes of Covid, it has become more critical to have a healthy platelet count. (yuvaap.com)
- Vitamin A- Vitamin A promotes the production and activities of blood cells, so it is necessary for a healthy platelet count. (yuvaap.com)
Increase the platelet count2
- But for those with an average platelet count, these food items can help increase the platelet count naturally. (yuvaap.com)
- Which factors can increase the platelet count in the blood? (mrlabtest.com)
10,0001
- The Cleveland office of the Red Cross says another 10,000 blood and platelet donations are needed to meet demand. (whbc.com)
Naturally Increase Blood Platelets1
- Carica papaya leaves are a good way to naturally increase blood platelets too, and they are even more potent than the fruit itself. (herbalpapaya.com)
Antibodies7
- This blood test shows if you have antibodies against platelets in your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- Sometimes the body may produce antibodies that affect its own platelets. (medlineplus.gov)
- In the case of anti-platelet antibodies, your body creates antibodies that attack or coat your own platelets. (medlineplus.gov)
- This means that you do not have anti-platelet antibodies in your blood. (medlineplus.gov)
- Abnormal results show that you have anti-platelet antibodies. (medlineplus.gov)
- Females interested in donating platelets will be screened for HLA antibodies. (nybc.org)
- You also may have a blood test to check for the antibodies that attack platelets. (nih.gov)
Vessel8
- In normal clotting, platelets stick together and form a plug at the site of an injured blood vessel, allowing the injured site to heal. (ibtimes.com)
- Previous experimental works indicate that RBCs cause platelets to migrate and move toward the vessel walls [3]. (asme.org)
- Uncoagulable blood and life-threatening bleeding can result from the action of some snake venom toxins on haemostatic components of blood and vessel walls. (ox.ac.uk)
- Under the influence of active thromboplastin in the damaged vessel wall within 1-3 minutes it starts to adhesion (adhesion) and bonding(aggregation) of platelets. (vsebolezni.com)
- Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory connective tissue disorder that can involve joints, kidneys, skin, mucous membranes, and blood vessel walls. (msdmanuals.com)
- This initial interaction (platelet adhesion) sets the stage for other adhesive reactions that allow the platelets to interact with other agonists in the vicinity of vessel injury, such as adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), subendothelial collagen, and thrombin. (medscape.com)
- The body's reaction to vessel wall injury is rapid adhesion of platelets to the subendothelium. (medscape.com)
- Platelets stop bleeding by clumping and forming plugs in blood vessel injuries. (cdc.gov)
Thrombocytes1
- Conversely, if we have too few thrombocytes ( under 130,000/mcL ), this then thins the blood too much. (herbalpapaya.com)
Counts5
- The treatments high school freshman Payton Kannarr receives to fight leukemia cause her blood counts to drop. (redcross.org)
- Platelet counts of >100,000/uL are recommended for ophthalmic and neurosurgery. (medscape.com)
- Clinical trials have clearly demonstrated a significant benefit of papaya leaf extract in increasing platelet counts in viral fever. (yuvaap.com)
- Eliminating inflammatory, autoimmune triggers and blood thinners from one's diet may be the simplest, first-line step towards re-normalizing platelet counts and mitigating symptoms. (herbalpapaya.com)
- Laboratory findings include low white blood cell and platelet counts and elevated liver enzymes. (who.int)
Activate platelets2
- Though previous research had demonstrated that bacteria can activate platelets, "this work emphasizes that platelets play a day-to-day role in innate immune defense by helping remove bacteria in the liver. (the-scientist.com)
- These interactions further activate platelets. (medscape.com)
Cells and platelets2
- The solid part of our blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. (yuvaap.com)
- These cells can copy themselves (self-renew) and give rise to all the different cell types that make up the blood system, including white and red blood cells, and platelets. (ox.ac.uk)
Aplastic anemia1
- I developed severe aplastic anemia, which is when your blood stops, or your body rather, stops producing blood. (1011now.com)
Units of platelets1
- In 2021, more than 2.5 million units of platelets were transfused in the U.S., up from 2.3 million in 2019, according to the National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey (NBCUS). (terumobct.com)
Patient's blood3
- In situations where there isn't time to determine a patient's blood type, emergency personnel reach for type O negative red blood cells and type AB plasma - which can be transfused to patients with any blood type. (redcross.org)
- The patient's blood cultures grew Staphylococcus aureus , and the patient died 21 days after hospital admission. (cdc.gov)
- isolates from the patient's blood and the platelet bag were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). (cdc.gov)
Raise your platelet1
- Here is a list of 10 foods that can naturally raise your platelet levels. (herbalpapaya.com)
Alterations of platelet1
- Cigarette smoking modifies haemostatic parameters via thrombosis with a consequently higher rate of cardiovascular events, but smoking-induced alterations of platelet membrane fluidity and other changes have not been studied. (nih.gov)
Adhesion6
- It has been suggested that platelet activation, aggregation and adhesion to the surface of the implants result in the formation of the mural thrombi [2]. (asme.org)
- Savage, B., Saldivar, E. & Ruggeri, Z.M. Initiation of platelet adhesion by arrest onto fibrinogen or translocation on von Willebrand factor. (nature.com)
- Distinct glycoprotein Ib/V/IX and integrin αIIbβ3-dependent calcium signals cooperatively regulate platelet adhesion under flow. (nature.com)
- High-density lipoprotein modulates thrombosis by preventing von Willebrand factor self-association and subsequent platelet adhesion. (bvsalud.org)
- The ability of von Willebrand factor (VWF) to initiate platelet adhesion depends on the number of monomers in individual VWF multimers and on the self - association of individual VWF multimers into larger structures. (bvsalud.org)
- Platelet adhesion to VWF fibers was reduced in proportion to the reduction in self -associated VWF. (bvsalud.org)
Coagulation6
- A low molecular weight platelet inhibitor of factor XIa: purification, characterization, and possible role in blood coagulation. (qxmd.com)
- The inhibition by PIXI of factor XIa-catalyzed activation of factor IX and its capacity to prevent factor XIa inactivation by alpha 1-protease inhibitor, combined with the specificity of PIXI for factor XIa among serine proteases found in blood, suggest a role for PIXI in the regulation of intrinsic coagulation. (qxmd.com)
- The inhibition of platelet aggregation and blood coagulation by Micropechis ikaheka venom. (ox.ac.uk)
- The process of coagulation is a protective reaction of the organism from blood loss. (vsebolezni.com)
- The hemostatic system consists of platelets, coagulation factors, and the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels. (medscape.com)
- Under physiological circumstances, the resistance of the endothelial cell lining to interactions with platelets and coagulation factors prevents thrombosis. (medscape.com)
Thrombosis3
- Platelet aggregation at sites of vascular injury is essential for hemostasis and arterial thrombosis. (nature.com)
- Once-daily low-dose aspirin (80 mg/day) is often recommended as a means of reducing thrombosis risk and reduce high platelet count. (mrlabtest.com)
- As they grow, their content slightly decreases for men of Mature age characterized by stable indicators of the level of platelet cells 180-380×10⁹/L. aging of the human platelet count it increases, blood becomes more viscous and less fluid, which increases the risk of thrombosis. (vsebolezni.com)
Bone14
- Research found that by transplanting just one specific bone marrow cell, it was possible to regenerate the entire blood forming system. (nhsbt.nhs.uk)
- This special cell is a blood stem cell and we now routinely use radiation and bone marrow transplantation to cure many blood cancers. (nhsbt.nhs.uk)
- Since platelets help control bleeding, they are very important for heart surgery patients, burn victims, organ transplant patients, bone marrow transplant patients, accident victims, premature babies, and especially cancer patients. (giveapint.org)
- Vitamin K- Vitamin K is an essential nutrient that promotes blood clotting and bone health, so you better not ignore it. (yuvaap.com)
- Primary thrombocythemia where abnormal platelets are produced by the bone marrow in large numbers. (healthcheckup.com)
- Primary or essential: Abnormal cells in the bone marrow cause an increase in platelets. (mrlabtest.com)
- A new type of bone marrow stem cell in mice that is primed to produce large numbers of vital blood-clotting platelets has been discovered. (ox.ac.uk)
- The breakthrough could lead to the development of new treatments to restore platelets in patients who have undergone chemotherapy or a bone marrow transplant. (ox.ac.uk)
- Blood cells are made by a small pool of stem cells in the bone marrow, which replenish the blood at a rate of millions of cells per second. (ox.ac.uk)
- This can be life-threatening in the weeks immediately following chemotherapy or a bone marrow transplant as it takes time for blood stem cells to replenish platelets to safe levels. (ox.ac.uk)
- Transplanting just one platelet-primed stem cell into mice that lacked their own bone marrow was enough to stably restore more than 10% of their platelets. (ox.ac.uk)
- Your bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside the bone where all the components of blood, including platelets, are produced. (healthline.com)
- Platelets are tiny blood cells that are made in the bone marrow. (nih.gov)
- The platelets arise from the fragmentation of the cytoplasm of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and circulate in blood as disc-shaped anucleate particles for 7-10 days. (medscape.com)
Thrombocytosis4
- When the blood platelets count is above 450,000, the platelet count is said to be high, and this condition is called thrombocytosis or thrombocythemia. (healthcheckup.com)
- A platelet count above the normal rate in blood test is called thrombocytosis. (mrlabtest.com)
- Reactive thrombocytosis does not usually exceed 800 x 10 3 platelets/µl in adults compared with primary thrombocytosis, which has much higher platelet count. (mrlabtest.com)
- The diagnosis is based on a platelet count above 1000 x 10 3 /µl and when a reactive or secondary thrombocytosis is excluded. (mrlabtest.com)
Count53
- This test is often ordered because you have a bleeding problem or a low platelet count. (medlineplus.gov)
- When seconds count, it is the blood products already on the shelves that help save lives in an emergency situation. (redcross.org)
- We will check your platelet count to see if platelet donation is right for you. (obi.org)
- In addition to general eligibility requirements, your platelet count, blood volume (based on height and weight), and medications you may take also play a role. (nybc.org)
- Using one of your blood samples that we take during a donation, a simple test is run to determine if your platelet count meets the eligibility criteria to donate this special product. (nybc.org)
- When normalized to individual hematocrits and platelet count, the data indicated that platelets contribute approximately 18%-25% of the factor V found in whole blood. (nih.gov)
- This is expected to raise the platelet count by 30,000-60,000/uL in a 70 kg patient. (medscape.com)
- We will be discussing platelets here and, most importantly, the foods that can help in increasing platelet count. (yuvaap.com)
- Low platelet count can lead to uncontrolled bleeding, which can become a life-threatening situation. (yuvaap.com)
- You can opt for a complete blood count test to assess your platelet count. (yuvaap.com)
- The following nutrients can help you increase your platelet count. (yuvaap.com)
- The iron deficiency can lead to anemia and a decrease in platelet count. (yuvaap.com)
- Vitamin C can be a great nutrient when it comes to increasing platelet count naturally. (yuvaap.com)
- Now that we know nutrients essential for increasing platelet count, we will discuss some food items in which these nutrients are found in abundance. (yuvaap.com)
- However, it is challenging to increase platelet count through diet and exercise alone when you have a meager platelet count. (yuvaap.com)
- Pomegranates are packed with iron and can improve blood circulation and cell count tremendously. (yuvaap.com)
- Papaya leaf extract is the most advised food for increasing platelet count. (yuvaap.com)
- Giloy is another excellent product for increasing the platelet count naturally, gioly is a powerhouse of all the essential qualities to boost immunity. (yuvaap.com)
- Wheatgrass juice is quite famous for increasing platelet count. (yuvaap.com)
- The juice is loaded with magnesium, potassium, vitamins, sodium, and amino acids, making it a good choice for increasing immunity and blood cell count. (yuvaap.com)
- Then it's time to embrace a natural food diet that will boost your platelet count without any side effects whatsoever. (herbalpapaya.com)
- The best way to naturally boost your platelet count is to consume foods rich in certain vitamins and minerals that aid the body in the manufacture and maintenance of platelets in the blood. (herbalpapaya.com)
- Papaya fruit is a known treasure trove of vitamins and minerals and making it part of your regular diet will help keep your platelet count in good balance. (herbalpapaya.com)
- Pumpkin is another great natural way to increase your platelet count. (herbalpapaya.com)
- Wheatgrass is a proven remedy for low platelet count, and it comes with a slew of other nutritional and medicinal benefits to boot. (herbalpapaya.com)
- Blood platelets count is a lab test that is conducted to measure the number of platelets present in the blood. (healthcheckup.com)
- Secondary thrombocythemia is a condition which occurs when an external factor causes high platelets count. (healthcheckup.com)
- What is a high count of platelets in the blood called? (mrlabtest.com)
- It may be due to iron deficiency anemia where platelets count does not usually exceed 500 x 10 3 /µl in adults. (mrlabtest.com)
- Which diseases can increase your platelet count in the blood? (mrlabtest.com)
- What can I do to lower the platelet count in the blood? (mrlabtest.com)
- Where can I find more information about platelet count in the blood? (mrlabtest.com)
- Which values are considered a high platelet count in the blood? (mrlabtest.com)
- What is a low platelet count? (healthline.com)
- What are the symptoms of a low platelet count? (healthline.com)
- Talk to a healthcare professional if you have a low platelet count and experience headaches or neurological problems. (healthline.com)
- What are the causes of a low platelet count? (healthline.com)
- A low platelet count can be a result of the body destroying too many platelets too quickly. (healthline.com)
- If you think you may be experiencing symptoms of low platelet count, talk to a healthcare professional - especially if you're experiencing serious symptoms, such as wounds or cuts that won't stop bleeding, or blood in your stools or urine. (healthline.com)
- How is a low platelet count diagnosed? (healthline.com)
- If your doctor suspects a low platelet count, they will first do a physical exam. (healthline.com)
- Your doctor will check your body for unusual bruising or evidence of petechiae (small red and purple dots), which is a sign of capillary bleeding that often accompanies a low platelet count. (healthline.com)
- If you are diagnosed with low platelet count, this information can help your healthcare professional treat your condition effectively. (healthline.com)
- All this can cause the platelet count to normal. (vsebolezni.com)
- To determine the platelet count in men can a laboratory test. (vsebolezni.com)
- When you have a low platelet count, you may have trouble stopping bleeding. (nih.gov)
- This test measures your platelet count and the number of other blood cells in your blood. (nih.gov)
- Most people who have chronic ITP can stop treatment at some point and maintain a safe platelet count. (nih.gov)
- Treatment depends on your platelet count and whether you have any symptoms. (nih.gov)
- In mild cases, you may not need any treatment, and your provider will monitor your condition to make sure that your platelet count does not become too low. (nih.gov)
- If your ITP was caused by an infection, treating the infection may help increase your platelet count and lower your risk of bleeding problems. (nih.gov)
- Repeating the complete blood count (CBC) after warming the blood to 37°C avoids this problem. (medscape.com)
- The results of the reticulocyte count are usually increased in patients with cold agglutinin disease, with polychromasia in the peripheral blood smear. (medscape.com)
Enough platelets1
- Without enough platelets, then you can either have spontaneous bleeding or if you got a cut or something, then it could maybe not stop bleeding. (1011now.com)
Aspirin4
- If you are eligible to give platelets, we ask you to refrain from aspirin or products containing aspirin for 48 hours prior to donation. (nybc.org)
- Although it may be safe for you to take aspirin, it can compromise the platelets being collected and your donation cannot be given to a patient. (nybc.org)
- But he noted that there are many ways of activating GpIIb binding, making it unlikely that aspirin drastically affects platelets' immune functions in healthy people. (the-scientist.com)
- The most common drugs that affect platelet function are aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), along with antiplatelet drugs such as clopidogrel and similar drugs that are used to prevent strokes and heart attacks. (msdmanuals.com)
Colorless2
- Platelets are tiny, colorless, disc-shaped particles circulating in blood that help control bleeding and bruising. (giveapint.org)
- Platelets - plate, Bizzozero, colorless and non-nuclear blood cells, size is much less red and more polymorphic. (vsebolezni.com)
Aggregation occurs2
- Figure 5: Stabilized discoid platelet aggregation occurs via restructuring of membrane tethers. (nature.com)
- We conclude that platelet aggregation occurs independently of shape change and that shape change is not necessarily followed by aggregation. (nature.com)
Vessels2
- Kupffer cells sit in liver blood vessels, helping to capture and kill bacteria streaming past in the blood. (the-scientist.com)
- During the violation of the integrity of blood vessels they activate and immediately headed to the site of injury. (vsebolezni.com)
Dysfunction4
- How platelets work: platelet function and dysfunction. (umassmed.edu)
- Platelet dysfunction may be due to a problem in the platelets themselves or to an external factor that alters the function of normal platelets. (msdmanuals.com)
- Some people can develop platelet dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass during open-heart surgery. (msdmanuals.com)
- Symptoms depend on the cause and severity of platelet dysfunction. (msdmanuals.com)
Patients22
- Every day, the American Red Cross must collect nearly 14,000 blood donations to meet the needs of trauma patients and others with serious medical conditions. (redcross.org)
- When asked why he donates, Lilly said, "The fact that I know I'm helping save the lives of cancer patients, burn victims and anyone else who needs platelets to survive. (redcross.org)
- CREATE A SLEEVESUP CAMPAIGN Creating a SleevesUp virtual blood drive online at redcrossblood.org/SleevesUp is another way to help patients in need. (redcross.org)
- Blood and platelet donations are critically needed in the coming days so that patients can continue to receive the lifesaving treatments they are counting on," said Nick Gehrig, communications director, Red Cross Blood Services. (redcross.org)
- Accident and burn victims, heart surgery and organ transplant patients, and patients receiving treatment for leukemia, cancer or sickle cell disease may all require blood to save their lives. (redcross.org)
- The standards require that patients identified as at risk for TA-GVHD must receive blood components which have been irradiated to inactivate T-cells. (businesswire.com)
- Both his large artery and the large vein supplying blood to one of his legs were injured," said Kutcher, an assistant professor of surgery who treats critically ill or injured patients in UMMC's intensive care units. (umc.edu)
- It's buoyed by previous studies that show giving traumatically injured patients a combination of red blood cells, plasma and platelets is the best way to keep their blood pressure up while the trauma team works to stop their bleeding. (umc.edu)
- Ronda Larrys, medical technologist, prepares blood products in UMMC's blood bank for infusion into patients. (umc.edu)
- What we're trying to find out is whether using platelets early in injured patients with major bleeding will help stop bleeding faster, and whether refrigeration will allow us to keep platelets on the shelf longer in order to keep our supply up," said Kutcher, co-investigator of the UMMC site. (umc.edu)
- The Medical Center is one of 29 members of the Department of Defense-funded Linking Investigations in Trauma and Emergency Services research network that focuses on blood, breathing and brain research to advance the care of injured patients. (umc.edu)
- The treatment for some immunodeficiency conditions can require the administration of blood products, which pose additional risks for patients' health, although not generally connected with L. monocytogenes bacteremia. (cdc.gov)
- When Platelet levels fall too low, they are transfused into patients to replenish their supply and prevent life-threatening hemorrhages. (giveapint.org)
- We continue to invest in innovations that help blood centers to positively impact patients. (terumobct.com)
- Our employees worldwide believe in the potential of blood and cells to do even more for patients than they do today. (terumobct.com)
- This extra time is vitally important for the platelets patients rely on every day. (nybc.org)
- Platelets also are used during and after surgery to help stop bleeding and by trauma patients. (northshore.org)
- Having too few platelets can result in excessive bleeding and is a common side effect in cancer patients, whose natural reservoir of platelets has been destroyed by the disease or by treatment. (ox.ac.uk)
- He says the nation's need for blood donations is constant, "Each day, the Red Cross must collect nearly 13,000 blood donations for patients at about 2,500 hospitals nationwide. (cdc.gov)
- You give a concentrated donation of red blood cells which can have a greater impact on patients. (cdc.gov)
- You donate the part of your blood used to treat patients in emergencies. (cdc.gov)
- Right now, the Red Cross asks eligible individuals to give blood or platelets to help meet the everyday needs of hospitals and patients, including survivors of trauma, people with cancer , and people with sickle cell disease . (cdc.gov)
Endothelial cells1
- These results suggest that, by inhibiting procoagulant activities of platelets and endothelial cells, a 17 kDa PLA2 plays an important role in the anticoagulant action of M. ikaheka venom. (ox.ac.uk)
Donation15
- He is also passionate about blood and platelet donation. (redcross.org)
- It only takes a few minutes to start a campaign and invite colleagues, friends and family to pledge their support by making an appointment to donate at a blood drive or donation center convenient for them. (redcross.org)
- Those who are not eligible to give blood, do not have a Red Cross blood donation opportunity nearby or simply want to do more can support a SleevesUp campaign by making a financial donation. (redcross.org)
- Overall, the Red Cross has added nearly 200 hours to blood donation centers and community blood drives across the country over the next few weeks. (redcross.org)
- Why is platelet donation so important? (obi.org)
- Because of this constant and critical demand, platelets are one of the most needed donation types. (obi.org)
- Platelet donation requires additional criteria to ensure you're a good candidate for this type of donation. (obi.org)
- Platelet donation is done through apheresis, a process in which blood is removed, spun through a machine to remove the needed part, and then returned to the body. (obi.org)
- Whole blood donations are the most common form of donation. (obi.org)
- Unlike a whole blood donation, where you give whole blood with all three blood components-platelet donations use a special automated process called apheresis (AYfur-EE-sis) to collect only your platelets. (nybc.org)
- The apheresis process uses a cell separator that collects platelets by spinning the blood during your donation, separating the platelets from the other blood components. (nybc.org)
- Why not take my platelets from my whole blood donation? (nybc.org)
- This is the most common and flexible type of donation where they simply take approximately one pint of your blood. (cdc.gov)
- These donations can only be done at Red Cross donation centers, not at blood drives. (cdc.gov)
- Blood donations can occur at a blood bank, blood donation center, mobile facility, or hospital. (cdc.gov)
Glycoprotein3
- Kupffer cells collect von Willebrand Factor (vWF), a free-floating blood glycoprotein, on their surface. (the-scientist.com)
- The "touch and go" behavior Kubes's team saw involved the binding of vWF to platelets' glycoprotein Ib (GpIb), which facilitates platelet aggregation at wound sites. (the-scientist.com)
- Platelets play a primary role in this process, interacting with subendothelium-bound von Willebrand factor (vWf) via the membrane glycoprotein (GP) Ib complex. (medscape.com)
Bacterial5
- 2 Delage G, Bernier F, Beaudoin J, Thibault S, Dion J, Gagné L. Improved bacterial culture of platelet product: preliminary results after implementation of a two-bottle system with 48-hour sampling. (terumobct.com)
- The cell fragments play a role in the body's first line of defense against bacterial infection, helping white blood cells grab blood-borne bacteria in the liver. (the-scientist.com)
- DONALD BLISS/NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE Platelets may contribute to protection against bacterial infection, according to new research published today (June 16) in Nature Immunology . (the-scientist.com)
- Scientists found that in the livers of mice, platelets collaborated with specialized white blood cells to capture and engulf blood-borne bacteria, and this interaction helped protect the animals from bacterial infection. (the-scientist.com)
- Unlike wild type mice, mice lacking GpIb also couldn't clear bacteria from their blood within 4 hours, suggesting that the platelets' ability to interact with Kupffer cells was integral to fighting bacterial infection. (the-scientist.com)
Plasma16
- Type O negative red blood cells, type AB plasma and platelets play a critical role in hospitals. (redcross.org)
- Plasma is the liquid component of blood, which carries red blood cells and nutrients to the parts of the body that need it. (obi.org)
- Cerus currently markets and sells the INTERCEPT Blood System for both platelets and plasma in the United States, Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Middle East and selected countries in other regions around the world. (businesswire.com)
- Despite transfusing several times the man's normal volume of blood with a combination of red blood cells and plasma, and using all of the platelets available in the hospital blood bank, the man ultimately died," he said. (umc.edu)
- Reserpine incubated at 37degrees C with platelet-enriched plasma caused the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine from the platelets. (erowid.org)
- A relatively new phenomenon in the treatment of this condition is the use of autologous blood injections (ABI) and platelet-rich plasma injections (PRPI). (humankinetics.com)
- Homogeneous, single-chain human factor V was used to develop a double antibody competition radioimmunoassay to measure factor V concentrations in plasma and platelets. (nih.gov)
- Platelet aggregometry is a standard clinical technique that measures the in vitro aggregability of platelets in response to agonists by using the amount of light transmitted through platelet-rich plasma (PRP) ( Holmsen, 1987 ). (nature.com)
- The plasma lipid profile, platelet carbonyls, sulfhydryl groups, Na(+)/k(+)-ATPase activity, fluidity using a fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), total cholesterol and phospholipids as well individual phospholipids were determined. (nih.gov)
- Increases in the platelet membrane cholesterol phospholipid (C/P) ratio, phosphotidylethanolamine, phosphotidylserine with decreased phosphotidylcholine, Na(+)/k(+)-ATPase activity, fluidity and no significant change in phosphotidylinositol and sphingomylein, as well as increases in plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, protein carbonyls with decreased HDL-cholesterol and sulfhydryl groups were observed in cigarette smokers. (nih.gov)
- Platelet membrane total phospholipids were positively correlated with plasma LDL-cholesterol (r=0.568) and VLDL-cholesterol (r=0.614) in cigarette smokers. (nih.gov)
- Increased plasma LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol might have resulted in the increased C/P ratio and decreased platelet membrane fluidity of cigarette smokers. (nih.gov)
- In the sterile tubing and bags of the machine the donor's blood is separated into platelets, red blood cells, and plasma. (northshore.org)
- Blood is made up of several types of cells which float in a liquid called plasma. (healthline.com)
- The INTERCEPT™ Blood System allows you to efficiently control the safety of your platelets and plasma by implementing pathogen inactivation technology right in your own blood center or hospital blood bank. (interceptbloodsystem.com)
- INTERCEPT is designed for high throughput processing of platelets and plasma from whole blood and apheresis collections (up to 40 units/hour/illuminator). (interceptbloodsystem.com)
Shelf life5
- But what if platelets were also kept in a blood bank refrigerator, which could extend their shelf life to 14 days? (umc.edu)
- Platelets have the shortest shelf life of all blood components, lasting only 7 days. (giveapint.org)
- Today, Terumo Blood and Cell Technologies announces U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance and official launch of its IMUGARD ® WB Platelet Pooling Set, which supports extended shelf life of whole blood-derived platelets from five days to seven days. (terumobct.com)
- IMUGARD enables extended shelf life of platelets from the standard five days to seven days. (terumobct.com)
- We are the first company to provide seven-day shelf life of both apheresis and whole blood-derived platelets in the U.S., adding flexibility to the platelet supply. (terumobct.com)
Adult2
- Reuters) - Scientists have for the first time created blood platelet cells by reprogramming stem cells derived from adult cells, offering the potential for a renewable supply of the fragile blood component. (ibtimes.com)
- Autologous and allogeneic platelet (PLT) preparations, in particular a blood component termed "platelet gel", traditionally obtained from adult blood platelets, are rich in regenerative growth factors, which are valu-able for the treatment of chronic wounds (5). (medicaljournals.se)
Severe1
- Severe abnormalities in platelet function, such as Bernard-Soulier syndrome, Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, or platelet storage-pool deficiency, are characterized by the inability of platelets to aggregate in response to certain agonists. (nature.com)
Proteins4
- The inhibitor does not appear to be one of the platelet-specific, heparin-binding proteins, since it neither bound to nor was affected by heparin. (qxmd.com)
- As with its orange cousin, the papaya, this seedy fruit is packed with vitamin A which plays the crucial role of facilitating healthy platelet development, not to mention the regulation of proteins manufactured in the body. (herbalpapaya.com)
- Platelet activation allows binding of these proteins, which bridges adjacent platelets. (medscape.com)
- The alpha granules contain hemostatic proteins such as fibrinogen, vWf, and growth factors (eg, platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factors). (medscape.com)
Thrombin2
- Figure 2: Platelet aggregation induced shear microgradients occurs independently of ADP, TXA 2 and thrombin. (nature.com)
- Platelets were activated with ADP, thrombin, or the thrombin receptor agonist peptide SFLLRN (TRAP 1-6 ). (nature.com)
Centers4
- Issuance of the interim standard would obviate the need for blood centers and hospitals to request a variance to use the INTERCEPT Blood System for platelets in place of irradiation. (businesswire.com)
- Internationally, the first variances for replacement of irradiation were issued in 2013 to AABB-accredited blood centers in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia upon implementation of the INTERCEPT Blood System. (businesswire.com)
- That's the subject of the Cold Stored Platelet Early Intervention for Hemorrhagic Shock Trial, CriSP-HS for short, to be conducted by six U.S. trauma centers, including UMMC. (umc.edu)
- Terumo Blood and Cell Technologies' customers include blood centers, hospitals, therapeutic apheresis clinics, cell collection and processing organizations, researchers and private medical practices. (terumobct.com)
Symptoms1
- This is followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, symptoms of impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases internal and external bleeding (e.g., oozing from the gums, blood in the stool). (who.int)
Diagnosis1
- Methods: We performed a blinded comparison between the diagnosis made using immunofluorescence microscopy on blood smears and genetic findings in a cohort of 43 families affected with 20 different genetically confirmed IPDs. (lu.se)
Hospitals4
- Right now, blood and platelet donations are being distributed to hospitals faster than they are coming in. (redcross.org)
- Platelets are in constant demand by hospitals. (obi.org)
- For the first time, this month, the American Red Cross declared a 'blood crisis' as supply runs out at hospitals and blood banks. (abc11.com)
- The supply of blood must be refilled regularly to keep up with the demand of hospitals and emergency treatment facilities. (cdc.gov)
Pathogens2
- In addition to expressing many receptors important to combating pathogens, platelets have been shown to aggregate with. (the-scientist.com)
- Acutely in children, this may typically follow viral infection (or possibly vaccines ), as platelet rank temporarily get depleted fighting pathogens. (herbalpapaya.com)
Interactions3
- But when mice were infected with certain types of bacteria-either Bacillus cereus or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), though not methicillin-susceptible S. aureus -the platelets formed long-term interactions with the Kupffer cells, engulfing the bacteria snagged from the blood. (the-scientist.com)
- Two different platelet receptors-already known to be important in platelets' ability to staunch bleeding-mediated the two types of interactions the researchers saw. (the-scientist.com)
- The platelet GP IIb/IIIa complex mediates platelet-to-platelet interactions (platelet aggregation). (medscape.com)
Stem cells5
- Induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells, are produced by manipulating ordinary human skin or blood cells back to a state in which they are able to differentiate into a number of different cell types. (ibtimes.com)
- The limitation in using stem cells to produce platelets has been the ability to find a method that creates a large number of high-quality, functional platelets. (ibtimes.com)
- The Japanese researchers set out to create an immortalized cell line with a large number of high-quality megakaryocytes -- precursor cells that develop into platelets -- from stem cells that can be grown indefinitely and differentiate into a variety of cell types in the body. (ibtimes.com)
- Mr Souradip Mookerjee is an MB/PhD student in Dr Cedric Ghevaert's Lab at the University of Cambridge, working on the translational research of making platelets from stem cells. (nhsbt.nhs.uk)
- Now that we know these cells exist, we can start thinking about devising new strategies to enhance platelet output - either by generating and transplanting more of this type of cell into a recipient, or by somehow stimulating their own pool of stem cells to restore platelet levels more quickly. (ox.ac.uk)
Activation3
- Stehbens and Biscoe, 1967 ), platelet shape change was, and still is, generally regarded to be the initial stage of platelet activation. (nature.com)
- The venom inhibited platelet aggregation in response to ADP and collagen, and also delayed clotting dependent on platelet activation or endothelial cell tissue factor expression. (ox.ac.uk)
- Platelet activation pathways. (medscape.com)