The property of nonisotropic media, such as crystals, whereby a single incident beam of light traverses the medium as two beams, each plane-polarized, the planes being at right angles to each other. (Cline et al., Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)
Microscopy using polarized light in which phenomena due to the preferential orientation of optical properties with respect to the vibration plane of the polarized light are made visible and correlated parameters are made measurable.
An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.
Methods and procedures for the diagnosis of diseases of the eye or of vision disorders.
A specialized field of physics and engineering involved in studying the behavior and properties of light and the technology of analyzing, generating, transmitting, and manipulating ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION in the visible, infrared, and ultraviolet range.
A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights.
A technique of diagnostic imaging of RETINA or CORNEA of the human eye involving the measurement and interpretation of polarizing ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES such as radio or light waves. It is helpful in the diagnosis of GLAUCOMA; MACULAR DEGENERATION; and other retinal disorders.
Measurement of the index of refraction (the ratio of the velocity of light or other radiation in the first of two media to its velocity in the second as it passes from one into the other).
Slender processes of NEURONS, including the AXONS and their glial envelopes (MYELIN SHEATH). Nerve fibers conduct nerve impulses to and from the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.
An organization of cells into an organ-like structure. Organoids can be generated in culture. They are also found in certain neoplasms.
An optical source that emits photons in a coherent beam. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) is brought about using devices that transform light of varying frequencies into a single intense, nearly nondivergent beam of monochromatic radiation. Lasers operate in the infrared, visible, ultraviolet, or X-ray regions of the spectrum.
An order of the class Insecta. Wings, when present, number two and distinguish Diptera from other so-called flies, while the halteres, or reduced hindwings, separate Diptera from other insects with one pair of wings. The order includes the families Calliphoridae, Oestridae, Phoridae, SARCOPHAGIDAE, Scatophagidae, Sciaridae, SIMULIIDAE, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Trypetidae, CERATOPOGONIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; CULICIDAE; DROSOPHILIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE; MUSCIDAE; TEPHRITIDAE; and PSYCHODIDAE. The larval form of Diptera species are called maggots (see LARVA).
An imaging method using LASERS that is used for mapping subsurface structure. When a reflective site in the sample is at the same optical path length (coherence) as the reference mirror, the detector observes interference fringes.
A phylum of the most familiar marine invertebrates. Its class Stelleroidea contains two subclasses, the Asteroidea (the STARFISH or sea stars) and the Ophiuroidea (the brittle stars, also called basket stars and serpent stars). There are 1500 described species of STARFISH found throughout the world. The second class, Echinoidea, contains about 950 species of SEA URCHINS, heart urchins, and sand dollars. A third class, Holothuroidea, comprises about 900 echinoderms known as SEA CUCUMBERS. Echinoderms are used extensively in biological research. (From Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 5th ed, pp773-826)
Materials in intermediate state between solid and liquid.
Thin strands of transparent material, usually glass, that are used for transmitting light waves over long distances.
The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Gamma-Actinin, a new regulatory protein from rabbit skeletal muscle. I. Purification and characterization. (1/338)

A new regulatory protein which we have designated as gamma-actinin has been isolated from native thin filaments of rabbit skeletal muscle. Depolymerized native thin filaments were fractionated by salting out with ammonium sulfate, and the precipitates obtained at 40--60% ammonium sulfate saturation were further subjected to DEAE-Sephadex and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. The purified gamma-actinin was shown to have a chain weight of 35,000 daltons and had a strong inhibitory action on the polymerization of G-actin. The results of amino acid analysis indicated a unique amino acid composition of gamma-actinin as compared with other structural proteins of muscle. Non-polar and neutral amino acid residues were abundant. One cysteine residue was contained per one molecule of gamma-actinin and played a critical role in the maintenance of the inhibitory activity. Pelleting of gamma-actinin with F-actin showed that gamma-actinin binds to F-action.  (+info)

Single-polymer dynamics in steady shear flow. (2/338)

The conformational dynamics of individual, flexible polymers in steady shear flow were directly observed by the use of video fluorescence microscopy. The probability distribution for the molecular extension was determined as a function of shear rate, gamma;, for two different polymer relaxation times, tau. In contrast to the behavior in pure elongational flow, the average polymer extension in shear flow does not display a sharp coil-stretch transition. Large, aperiodic temporal fluctuations were observed, consistent with end-over-end tumbling of the molecule. The rate of these fluctuations (relative to the relaxation rate) increased as the Weissenberg number, gamma;tau, was increased.  (+info)

Electric birefringence of recombinant spectrin segments 14, 14-15, 14-16, and 14-17 from Drosophila alpha-spectrin. (3/338)

Members of the spectrin protein family can be found in many different cells and organisms. In all cases studied, the major functional role of these proteins is believed to be structural rather than enzymatic. All spectrin proteins are highly elongated and consist mainly of homologous repeats that constitute rigid segments connected in tandem. It is commonly believed that the details of the spectrin function depend critically on the flexibility of the links between the segments. Here we report on a work addressing this question by studying the transient electric birefringence of recombinant spectrin fragments consisting of segments 14, 14-15, 14-16, and 14-17, respectively, from Drosophila alpha-spectrin. Transient electric birefringence depends sharply on both molecular length and flexibility. We found that the birefringence relaxation time of segment 14 measured at 4 degrees C, but scaled to what is expected at 20 degrees C, equals 16 ns (+/-15%) at pH 7.5 and ionic strength 6 mM. This is consistent with this single segment being rigid, 5 nm long and having an axial ratio equal to about two. Under the same conditions, segments 14-15, 14-16 and 14-17 show relaxation times of 45, 39 and 164 ns (all +/-20%), respectively, scaled to what is expected at 20 degrees C. When the temperature is increased to 37 degrees C the main relaxation time for each of these multisegment fragments, scaled to what is expected at 20 degrees C, increased to 46, 80, and 229 ns (all +/-20%), respectively. When the ionic strength and the Debye shielding is low, the dynamics of these short fragments even at physiological temperature is nearly the same as for fully extended weakly bending rods with the same lengths and axial ratios. When the ionic strength is increased to 85 mM, the main relaxation time for each of these multisegment fragments is reduced 20-50% which suggests that at physiological salt and temperature conditions the links in 2-4-segment-long fragments exhibit significant thermally induced flexing. Provided that the recombinant spectrin fragments can serve as a model for native spectrin, this implies that, at physiological conditions, the overall conformational dynamics of a native spectrin protein containing 20-40 segments equals that of a flexible polymer.  (+info)

Designing conditions for in vitro formation of amyloid protofilaments and fibrils. (4/338)

We have been able to convert a small alpha/beta protein, acylphosphatase, from its soluble and native form into insoluble amyloid fibrils of the type observed in a range of pathological conditions. This was achieved by allowing slow growth in a solution containing moderate concentrations of trifluoroethanol. When analyzed with electron microscopy, the protein aggregate present in the sample after long incubation times consisted of extended, unbranched filaments of 30-50 A in width that assemble subsequently into higher order structures. This fibrillar material possesses extensive beta-sheet structure as revealed by far-UV CD and IR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the fibrils exhibit Congo red birefringence, increased fluorescence with thioflavine T and cause a red-shift of the Congo red absorption spectrum. All of these characteristics are typical of amyloid fibrils. The results indicate that formation of amyloid occurs when the native fold of a protein is destabilized under conditions in which noncovalent interactions, and in particular hydrogen bonding, within the polypeptide chain remain favorable. We suggest that amyloid formation is not restricted to a small number of protein sequences but is a property common to many, if not all, natural polypeptide chains under appropriate conditions.  (+info)

Electric field-induced transient birefringence and light scattering of synthetic liposomes. (5/338)

The dynamics of electric field-induced transient birefringence Deltan(t) and light scattering (detected as turbidity) of 190 nm diameter unilamellar vesicles of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine are investigated as a function of applied field strength E, length of the square pulse Deltat, lipid concentration, mean hydrodynamic diameter , ionic strength, and temperature. Generally, induced birefringence exclusively is observed at low lipid concentration and below certain threshold values of E and Deltat, whereas concomitant induced turbidity appears at high lipid concentration and above thresholds values of E and Deltat. Turbidity is monitored through the change in transmitted intensity DeltaS parallel(t) and DeltaS perpendicular(t) of light polarized parallel and perpendicular to the applied field E. The field-induced structural changes are reflected in double-exponential forward relaxation and triple-exponential reverse relaxation of the positive birefringence, and in non-exponential relaxations of DeltaS parallel (t) and DeltaS perpendicular(t). Under the field, the associated physical events are interpreted as elongation of the spherical bilayer shells in the direction of E, linear chain formation (pearling) of the induced dipolar liposomes parallel to E, and partial fusion of adjoining vesicles within the chains. Under conditions where electroporation can be detected, pore opening succeeds the elongation of the vesicles. After termination of the field, the vesicles return to their original time average spherical shape, the oriented chains randomize and disintegrate, and the fused structures are converted either to unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles.  (+info)

Biomechanical, histological and immunohistological studies of patellar cartilage in an ovine model of osteoarthritis induced by lateral meniscectomy. (6/338)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the biomechanical, histological and immunohistochemical changes induced in patellar articular cartilage (AC) in ovine stifle joints 3 months after bilateral lateral meniscectomy, a procedure known to induce experimental osteoarthritis (OA) in the femoro-tibial joint (FTJ). METHODOLOGY: Fifteen mature adult Merino female sheep were used in this study. Ten were subjected to bilateral-lateral meniscectomy, while the remaining five were used as 'non-operated controls' (NOC). All animals were killed 3 months post-surgery. Topographical biomechanical indentation tests were performed on each patellae using a UMIS-2000 micro-indentation system. Initial load, relaxed and unload shear moduli were determined using an elastic analytical model, while the permeability was assessed by comparing the indentation response to a simulated indentation test conducted using a poroelastic finite element model. Immunohistochemical, normal and polarized histological studies were performed on each specimen after biomechanical testing. RESULTS: Patellar AC from meniscectomized joints exhibited an overall decrease in initial (-34%), relaxed (-32%) and unload shear modulus (-22%), and an increase in the permeability (+72%) relative to NOC cartilage (P< 0.01). The most significant differences in mechanical properties occurred on the lateral and central aspects of the patellae. There were no significant histological difference in staining between sections from NOC and meniscectomized joint AC using Toluidine Blue, a dye which binds to proteoglycans. However immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibody MAb 3B3(-), a putative marker of early OA change in PGs, demonstrated increased binding in the lateral and central regions of patellar sections from meniscectomized joints relative to the same regions of NOC AC. Moreover polarized light microscopy of Picro Sirius red stained sections revealed a significant decrease in birefringence intensity in the superficial-middle zones of the lateral and central regions of the patellar cartilage derived from the meniscectomized joints. CONCLUSION: This study has demonstrated that lateral meniscectomy is a procedure which was known to induce classical OA like changes in AC and subchondral bone of the FTJ also produced an early pathological response in the patellar AC.  (+info)

Calculation of protein form birefringence using the finite element method. (7/338)

An approach based on the finite element method (FEM) is employed to calculate the optical properties of macromolecules, specifically form birefringence. Macromolecules are treated as arbitrarily shaped particles suspended in a solvent of refraction index n1. The form birefringence of the solution is calculated as the difference in its refractive index when all the particles of refractive index n2 are either parallel to or normal to the direction of the polarization of light. Since the particles of interest are small compared to the wavelength of light, a quasi-static approximation for the refractive index is used, i.e., that it is equal to the square root of the dielectric constant of the suspension. The average dielectric constant of the mixture is calculated using the finite element method. This approach has been tested for ellipsoidal particles and a good agreement with theoretical results has been obtained. Also, numerical results for the motor domains of ncd and kinesin, small arbitrarily shaped proteins with known x-ray structures, show reasonable agreement with the experimental data obtained from transient electric birefringence experiments.  (+info)

The effects of increasing the reverse curve of Spee in a lower archwire examined using a dynamic photo-elastic gelatine model. (8/338)

This paper describes the development and testing of a dynamic in vitro photo-elastic model for evaluating the effects of orthodontic mechanics on an entire arch of teeth. A model of a mandibular arch was made and the teeth were embedded in a gelatine material with a high level of mechanical creep which permitted tooth movement in response to orthodontic forces. The excellent photo-elastic properties of this material also facilitated the analysis of the stress distribution around the roots of the teeth. The model of a mandibular arch was used to investigate the tooth movements and stress distributions produced by increasing the reverse curve of Spee in a 0.018 x 0.025-inch stainless steel archwire. The results revealed that a 1-mm reverse curve of Spee increased the arch length by 1.6 mm, but increasing the reverse curve of Spee to 5 mm did not increase arch length further. Photo-elastic analysis showed an increased stress distribution around the roots of the incisors and molars as the reverse curve of Spee was increased in the archwire.  (+info)

Birefringence is a property of certain materials, such as crystals and some plastics, to split a beam of light into two separate beams with different polarization states and refractive indices when the light passes through the material. This phenomenon arises due to the anisotropic structure of these materials, where their physical properties vary depending on the direction of measurement.

When a unpolarized or partially polarized light beam enters a birefringent material, it gets separated into two orthogonally polarized beams called the ordinary and extraordinary rays. These rays propagate through the material at different speeds due to their distinct refractive indices, resulting in a phase delay between them. Upon exiting the material, the recombination of these two beams can produce various optical effects, such as double refraction or interference patterns, depending on the thickness and orientation of the birefringent material and the polarization state of the incident light.

Birefringence has numerous applications in optics, including waveplates, polarizing filters, stress analysis, and microscopy techniques like phase contrast and differential interference contrast imaging.

Polarized light microscopy is a type of microscopy that uses polarized light to enhance contrast and reveal unique optical properties in specimens. In this technique, a polarizing filter is placed under the light source, which polarizes the light as it passes through. The specimen is then illuminated with this linearly polarized light. As the light travels through the specimen, its plane of polarization may be altered due to birefringence, a property of certain materials that causes the light to split into two separate rays with different refractive indices.

A second polarizing filter, called an analyzer, is placed in the light path between the objective and the eyepiece. The orientation of this filter can be adjusted to either allow or block the transmission of light through the microscope. When the polarizer and analyzer are aligned perpendicularly, no light will pass through if the specimen does not exhibit birefringence. However, if the specimen has birefringent properties, it will cause the plane of polarization to rotate, allowing some light to pass through the analyzer and create a contrasting image.

Polarized light microscopy is particularly useful for observing structures in minerals, crystals, and certain biological materials like collagen fibers, muscle proteins, and starch granules. It can also be used to study stress patterns in plastics and other synthetic materials.

Congo Red is a synthetic diazo dye that is commonly used in histology and pathology for stainings and tests. It is particularly useful in identifying amyloid deposits in tissues, which are associated with various diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, and systemic amyloidosis.

When Congo Red binds to amyloid fibrils, it exhibits a characteristic apple-green birefringence under polarized light microscopy. Additionally, Congo Red stained amyloid deposits show a shift in their emission spectrum when excited with circularly polarized light, a phenomenon known as dichroism. These properties make Congo Red a valuable tool for the diagnosis and study of amyloidosis and other protein misfolding disorders.

It is important to note that Congo Red staining should be performed with care, as it can be toxic and carcinogenic if not handled properly.

Diagnostic techniques in ophthalmology refer to the various methods and tests used by eye specialists (ophthalmologists) to examine, evaluate, and diagnose conditions related to the eyes and visual system. Here are some commonly used diagnostic techniques:

1. Visual Acuity Testing: This is a basic test to measure the sharpness of a person's vision. It typically involves reading letters or numbers from an eye chart at a specific distance.
2. Refraction Test: This test helps determine the correct lens prescription for glasses or contact lenses by measuring how light is bent as it passes through the cornea and lens.
3. Slit Lamp Examination: A slit lamp is a microscope that allows an ophthalmologist to examine the structures of the eye, including the cornea, iris, lens, and retina, in great detail.
4. Tonometry: This test measures the pressure inside the eye (intraocular pressure) to detect conditions like glaucoma. Common methods include applanation tonometry and non-contact tonometry.
5. Retinal Imaging: Several techniques are used to capture images of the retina, including fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). These tests help diagnose conditions like macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal detachments.
6. Color Vision Testing: This test evaluates a person's ability to distinguish between different colors, which can help detect color vision deficiencies or neurological disorders affecting the visual pathway.
7. Visual Field Testing: This test measures a person's peripheral (or side) vision and can help diagnose conditions like glaucoma, optic nerve damage, or brain injuries.
8. Pupillary Reactions Tests: These tests evaluate how the pupils respond to light and near objects, which can provide information about the condition of the eye's internal structures and the nervous system.
9. Ocular Motility Testing: This test assesses eye movements and alignment, helping diagnose conditions like strabismus (crossed eyes) or nystagmus (involuntary eye movement).
10. Corneal Topography: This non-invasive imaging technique maps the curvature of the cornea, which can help detect irregularities, assess the fit of contact lenses, and plan refractive surgery procedures.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Optics and Photonics" is a broad field that encompasses various scientific and engineering disciplines. It doesn't have a specific medical definition, as it's not a term typically used in a medical context.

However, I can provide a general definition:

Optics is the study of light and its interactions with matter. This includes how light is produced, controlled, transmitted, and detected. It involves phenomena such as reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference.

Photonics, on the other hand, is a branch of optics that deals with the generation, detection, and manipulation of individual photons, the basic units of light. Photonics is often applied to technologies such as lasers, fiber optics, and optical communications.

In a medical context, these fields might be used in various diagnostic and therapeutic applications, such as endoscopes, ophthalmic devices, laser surgery, and imaging technologies like MRI and CT scans. But the terms "Optics" and "Photonics" themselves are not medical conditions or treatments.

Glycols are a type of organic compound that contain two hydroxyl (OH) groups attached to adjacent carbon atoms. They are colorless, odorless, and have a sweet taste. The most common glycols are ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. Ethylene glycol is widely used as an automotive antifreeze and in the manufacture of polyester fibers and resins, while propylene glycol is used as a food additive, in pharmaceuticals, and as a solvent in various industries. Glycols are also used as a coolant, humectant, and in the production of unsaturated polyester resins. Exposure to high levels of glycols can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, and ingestion can be harmful or fatal.

Scanning Laser Polarimetry (SLP) is not primarily a medical term, but a technique that has been applied in medical research and diagnostics. It's a non-invasive method used to analyze the polarization of light as it interacts with biological tissues.

In a simpler sense, SLP uses laser light, which is polarized (meaning all the light waves vibrate in the same plane), to scan tissue. As this light interacts with the tissue, changes in the polarization of the light can occur due to various factors such as the structure and composition of the tissue. By analyzing these changes, SLP can provide information about the tissue's properties, which can be useful in the detection and diagnosis of certain medical conditions.

For example, it has been used in research related to diagnosing diseases like glaucoma and Alzheimer's disease by analyzing the polarization changes in the eye's retina and the brain's cortex, respectively. However, it's important to note that while SLP has shown promise in these areas, it is not yet widely used in clinical settings.

Refractometry is a medical laboratory technique used to measure the refractive index of a substance, typically a liquid. The refractive index is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in the substance being measured. In a clinical setting, refractometry is often used to determine the concentration of total solids in a fluid, such as urine or serum, by measuring the angle at which light passes through the sample. This information can be useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of various medical conditions, including dehydration, kidney disease, and diabetes. Refractometry is also used in the field of optometry to measure the refractive error of the eye, or the amount and type of correction needed to provide clear vision.

Nerve fibers are specialized structures that constitute the long, slender processes (axons) of neurons (nerve cells). They are responsible for conducting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, away from the cell body and transmitting them to other neurons or effector organs such as muscles and glands. Nerve fibers are often surrounded by supportive cells called glial cells and are grouped together to form nerve bundles or nerves. These fibers can be myelinated (covered with a fatty insulating sheath called myelin) or unmyelinated, which influences the speed of impulse transmission.

Organoids are 3D tissue cultures grown from stem cells that mimic the structure and function of specific organs. They are used in research to study development, disease, and potential treatments. The term "organoid" refers to the fact that these cultures can organize themselves into structures that resemble rudimentary organs, with differentiated cell types arranged in a pattern similar to their counterparts in the body. Organoids can be derived from various sources, including embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), or adult stem cells, and they provide a valuable tool for studying complex biological processes in a controlled laboratory setting.

A laser is not a medical term per se, but a physical concept that has important applications in medicine. The term "LASER" stands for "Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation." It refers to a device that produces and amplifies light with specific characteristics, such as monochromaticity (single wavelength), coherence (all waves moving in the same direction), and high intensity.

In medicine, lasers are used for various therapeutic and diagnostic purposes, including surgery, dermatology, ophthalmology, and dentistry. They can be used to cut, coagulate, or vaporize tissues with great precision, minimizing damage to surrounding structures. Additionally, lasers can be used to detect and measure physiological parameters, such as blood flow and oxygen saturation.

It's important to note that while lasers are powerful tools in medicine, they must be used by trained professionals to ensure safe and effective treatment.

Diptera is an order of insects that includes flies, mosquitoes, and gnats. The name "Diptera" comes from the Greek words "di," meaning two, and "pteron," meaning wing. This refers to the fact that all members of this order have a single pair of functional wings for flying, while the other pair is reduced to small knob-like structures called halteres, which help with balance and maneuverability during flight.

Some common examples of Diptera include houseflies, fruit flies, horseflies, tsetse flies, and midges. Many species in this order are important pollinators, while others can be significant pests or disease vectors. The study of Diptera is called dipterology.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses low-coherence light to capture high-resolution cross-sectional images of biological tissues, particularly the retina and other ocular structures. OCT works by measuring the echo time delay of light scattered back from different depths within the tissue, creating a detailed map of the tissue's structure. This technique is widely used in ophthalmology to diagnose and monitor various eye conditions such as macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.

Echinodermata is a phylum in the animal kingdom that includes various marine organisms such as sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, brittle stars, and sea cucumbers. The name Echinodermata comes from the Greek words "echinos," meaning spiny, and "derma," meaning skin, which refers to the characteristic spiny skin of many echinoderms.

Echinoderms are bilaterally symmetrical as larvae but become radially symmetrical as adults, with their bodies organized around a central axis. They have a unique water vascular system that helps them move and respire, and most species have specialized structures called pedicellariae that help them clean and defend themselves.

Echinoderms are also known for their ability to regenerate lost body parts, and some species can even undergo asexual reproduction through fragmentation. They play important ecological roles in marine ecosystems, including grazing on algae and other organisms, breaking down organic matter, and serving as prey for larger animals.

Liquid crystals (LCs) are not exclusive to the medical field, but they do have important applications in medicine, particularly in the development of display technologies for medical devices. Here is a general definition:

Liquid crystals are a state of matter that possess properties between those of conventional liquids and solid crystals. They can flow like liquids but have molecules oriented in a way that they can reflect light, creating birefringence. This unique property makes them useful in various applications, such as LCDs (liquid crystal displays) found in many electronic devices, including medical equipment.

In the context of medicine, liquid crystals are primarily used in LCD screens for medical devices like monitors, imaging systems, and diagnostic equipment. They enable high-resolution, clear, and adjustable visualization of medical images, which is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

Medical Definition of Optical Fibers:

Optical fibers are thin, transparent strands of glass or plastic fiber that are designed to transmit light along their length. In the medical field, optical fibers are used in various applications such as illumination, imaging, and data transmission. For instance, they are used in flexible endoscopes to provide illumination and visualization inside the body during diagnostic or surgical procedures. They are also used in optical communication systems for transmitting information in the form of light signals within medical devices or between medical facilities. The use of optical fibers allows for minimally invasive procedures, improved image quality, and increased data transmission rates.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but there seems to be a misunderstanding. Mathematics is not a medical term; it is a branch of science dedicated to the study of numbers, shapes, and structures. However, mathematics does have many applications in medicine, such as in modeling disease spread, analyzing medical images, or designing clinical trials. If you have any questions related to mathematics in a medical context, I'd be happy to help clarify those for you!

... for facetors I: what is birefringence? Archived December 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine First published in ... "Birefringence". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham. The Birefringence of Thin Ice (Tom Wagner, ... For the 3D measurement of birefringence, a technique based on holographic tomography [1] can be used. Birefringence is used in ... Isotropic solids do not exhibit birefringence. When they are under mechanical stress, birefringence results. The stress can be ...
Values for giant birefringence exceed 0.3. Much bigger numbers (over 2.0) are termed "colossal birefringence". These are ... Some oxides, for example borate or iodate can have high birefringence. Also compounds containing C=O bonds have higher levels. ... When values of birefingence are very high, the property is termed giant birefringence which more generically is called giant ... Chalgogenides may have high birefringence, but only in the infrared. Halide perovskites such as CsPbBrxCl3-x have fairly high ...
In biochemistry, flow birefringence is a hydrodynamic technique for measuring the rotational diffusion constants (or, ... equivalently, the rotational drag coefficients). The birefringence of a solution sandwiched between two concentric cylinders is ...
... (RBS) is a method for detection the central fixation of the eye. The method can be used in ... Corneal birefringence varies widely from one individual to another, as well as from one location to another for the same ... The main contribution to the birefringence of the eye stems from the Henle fibers. These fibers (named after Friedrich Gustav ... "Optical Birefringence". Olympus Microscopy Resource Center. Olympus America Inc. Retrieved 2015-12-06. Gramatikov B (2013). " ...
X‑ray birefringence imaging (XBI) can be considered the X‑ray analogue of the polarizing optical microscope. XBI uses linearly ... March 2019). "Spatially resolved mapping of phase transitions in liquid-crystalline materials by X-ray birefringence imaging". ... "X-ray Birefringence from a Model Anisotropic Crystal". The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. 2 (18): 2346-2351. doi: ... "X-ray Birefringence: A New Strategy for Determining Molecular Orientation in Materials". The Journal of Physical Chemistry ...
Webster, Noah (1828). "Birefringence". Webster's Dictionary. Springfield, Massachusetts: C. & G. Merriam Co. Miers, Henry A., ... Iceland Spar is an ice-clear variety that demonstrates the effect of double refraction or birefringence ... Young mountain ... and it is remarkable for its birefringence. This means that the refractive index of the crystal is different for light of ...
Birefringence is 0.0685 at 1064 nm (NIR) to 0.0737 at 400 nm. The band gap is 5.23. PbB5O7F3 has a large birefringence and is a ... The birefringence is around 0.06 in the visible light region of the spectrum, but increases sharply in the UV t 0.093 at 200 nm ... The birefringence is 0.070 at 1084 nm increasing to 0.075 at 400 nm. The ultraviolet cutoff limit is below 180 nm. BaB5O8F·xH2O ... K3NaB10O16F2 has band gap 6.93 eV and birefringence Δn = 0.047 at 1064 nm. It has unit cell parameters a=12.0020 b=12.3563 c= ...
S2CID 6452268.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Inoué, S.; A. Bajer (1961). "Birefringence in ...
Its birefringence is .0340. Kochite is found in the alkaline igneous complex of East Greenland and is named after Danish ...
Weisstein, Eric W. "Birefringence". scienceworld.wolfram.com, Wolfram Research, 1996-2007. Retrieved 15 August 2013. ramesh ( ... as the stress will induce birefringence in the quartz and affect measurements. Analyses will perform by using a conventional ...
David Brewster discovers stress birefringence. Rev. Robert Stirling obtains a U.K. patent for the Stirling hot air engine. ...
Its birefringence value is 0.007. It has three refractive indices which are nα=1.531 nβ=1.534 nγ=1.538. Refractive indices are ...
The change in a dimension is −11×10−6 K−1. Birefringence drops as temperature rises. It varies from 0.0076 at −150 °C down to ... 0.0067 at 0 °C and 0.0061 at 100 °C. At the lower phase transition, birefringence steps down as the temperature drops; for the ...
... and its birefringence is .025. Grandreefite, while not a valuable mineral in terms of commercial use, is useful in the sense ...
Weisstein, Eric, 1996-2007, "Birefringence." http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Birefringence.html. Accessed 7 November ...
The maximum birefringence δ = 0. 011. Leifite is not luminescent. The type locality is the Narsaarsuk pegmatite on the ...
For additional coefficients in the photon sector leading to birefringence of light in vacuum, which cannot be redefined as the ... Lorentz violating dispersion relations due to the presence of an anisotropic space might also lead to vacuum birefringence and ... J. P. Leahy: (1997) Comment on the Measurement of Cosmological Birefringence, arXiv:astro-ph/9704285 Wardle; et al. (1997). " ... Borge Nodland, John P. Ralston (1997), Response to Leahy's Comment on the Data's Indication of Cosmological Birefringence, ...
The scandium salt has a giant birefringence of 0.348 at 546 nm. When discovered in 2021 it was a record high birefringence for ... All of these are beaten by hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) with birefringence of 0.7 in visible light. Wu, Chao; Wu, Tianhui; ... Highest giant birefringence in a bulk crystal through the mid-infrared to ultraviolet range". Physical Review Materials. 2 (2 ... "Large Second-Harmonic Response and Giant Birefringence of CeF 2 (SO 4 ) Induced by Highly Polarizable Polyhedra". Journal of ...
... exhibits the optical property birefringence; the difference in the two refractive indices of a mineral. Because this ...
SHG Effect and Birefringence". Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers: 10.1039.D3QI00230F. doi:10.1039/D3QI00230F. ISSN 2052-1553. S2CID ...
... in optics this is called birefringence. Crustal anisotropy is very important in the production of oil reservoirs, as the ...
Thevenaz, L.; Pellaux, J.-P.; Gisin, N.; Von Der Weid, J.-P. (August 1989). "Birefringence measurements in fibers without ...
The birefringence of the mineral is 0.01. Cymrite, being monoclinic is anisotropic with two optic axes. Cymrite was discovered ...
It is anisotropic and has high birefringence. Its crystal system is monoclinic. The green, chromium-rich variety is called ...
This is called birefringence or optical anisotropy. In the simplest form, uniaxial birefringence, there is only one special ... A change in birefringence alters the polarization and thereby the fraction of light that is transmitted through the second ... In gemology, a different type of refractometer is used to measure the index of refraction and birefringence of gemstones. The ... R. Paschotta, article on birefringence Archived 2015-07-03 at the Wayback Machine in the Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and ...
It also has the birefringence of 0.007. The birefringence means the decomposition of light into two rays when passing through a ...
It displays strong anisotropy and distinct birefringence. After being discovered in Canada, a few other samples have been found ...
This gives it a birefringence of 0.010. This article was submitted to WikiJournal of Science for external academic peer review ...
He also studied birefringence and molecular vibrations. He obtained his DSc in physics in 1912 the Sorbonne, Paris, under Marie ...
This gives it a birefringence of 0.066. Vanadinite is very brittle, producing small, conchoidal fragments when fractured. Its ...
Birefringence for facetors I: what is birefringence? Archived December 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine First published in ... "Birefringence". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham. The Birefringence of Thin Ice (Tom Wagner, ... For the 3D measurement of birefringence, a technique based on holographic tomography [1] can be used. Birefringence is used in ... Isotropic solids do not exhibit birefringence. When they are under mechanical stress, birefringence results. The stress can be ...
Burnett, J. , Levine, Z. and Shirley, E. (2002), Intrinsic Birefringence in Crystalline Optical Materials: A New Concern for ... https://www.nist.gov/publications/intrinsic-birefringence-crystalline-optical-materials-new-concern-lithography ...
Birefringence Control In Optical Disc Molding Author(s): S. J. Willey; M. G. Hansen; L. R. Cummins; C. M. Karas; A. S. Ulmer ... Processing effects on molded in birefringence have been approached from empirical [2], experimental [3], and theoretical [4,5,6 ... Concepts from flow birefringence in molten polymers [7] will be used to identify the significant process and melt rheological ... variables which influence molded in birefringence. Control strategies to minimize orientations produced during both mold ...
Here, we study the effect of birefringence in ice, which splits up the radio pulse in two orthogonal polarization components ... We calculated the effect of birefringence from first principles where the only free parameter is the dielectric tensor as a ...
This proposed paper presents a novel approach on spectroscopy using stress induced birefringence. The presented setup requires ...
... offer 149551-18-8 High Birefringence liquid crystal for import export ... 149551-18-8 High Birefringence liquid crystal. 149551-18-8 High Birefringence liquid crystal. More than 16 years of PDLC liquid ...
The birefringence power spectrum, measured using a curved-sky quadratic estimator, is consistent with zero. Our results provide ... Atacama cosmology telescope: constraints on cosmic birefringence. Physical Review D 101 (8) , 083527. 10.1103/PhysRevD. ... We present new constraints on anisotropic birefringence of the cosmic microwave background polarization using two seasons of ... We improve previous upper limits on the amplitude of a scale-invariant birefringence power spectrum by a factor of between 2 ...
Radiation-induced birefringence variations in polarization-maintaining fibers Yuanhong Yang, Hui Li, Lin Lu, Fuling Yang, and ... Laser-induced birefringence measurements by quantitative polarized-phase microscopy Thomas Doualle, Alexandre Ollé, Philippe ... Quantitative polarized phase microscopy for birefringence imaging Nicoleta M. Dragomir, Xiao M. Goh, Claire L. Curl, Lea. M. D ... Sensitive measurement of stress birefringence of fused silica substrates with cavity ring-down technique Shilei Xiao, Bincheng ...
The optical birefringence pattern obtained from lightly branched high density polyethyene (HDPE - produced by metallocene ... HDPE (CM1) optical birefringence pattern in cross-slot flow, piston speed 1.76mm/s, 155C. ... The optical birefringence pattern obtained from lightly branched high density polyethyene (HDPE - produced by metallocene ...
Giant birefringence is demonstrated in ensembles of randomly grown, vertically aligned semiconductor nanowires. Bottom-up ... Giant optical birefringence in ensembles of semiconductor nanowires O. L. Muskens; O. L. Muskens ... The birefringence in the material is shown to depend on the nanowire length. Short nanowires with a volume filling fraction ... O. L. Muskens, M. T. Borgström, E. P. A. M. Bakkers, J. Gómez Rivas; Giant optical birefringence in ensembles of semiconductor ...
The birefringence was reduced only at the site irradiated, and only on the spindle fibers irradiated. Areas of reduced ... Both the poleward and the chromosomal sides of the area of reduced birefringence on each chromosomal fiber moved poleward with ... On the average, the areas of reduced birefringence moved poleward with about the same velocities as did the chromosomes during ... The area of reduced birefringence was interpreted as a region in which most, though not necessarily all, of the previously ...
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"Birefringence" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Birefringence" by people in this website by year, and whether ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Birefringence" by people in Profiles. ...
Birefringence Imaging Microscopes are complete systems for measuring the retardance and azimuth of birefringent materials. With ... Laser-Induced Birefringence in a Polymer Wave Plate. Laser-Induced Birefringence Change in a Polymer Wave Plate. When a quartz ... Birefringence in Biological Tissue. The Cerna Birefringence Imaging Microscope is a powerful tool to reveal submicroscopic ... Products Home / Imaging Systems / Cerna® Birefringence Imaging Microscopes. Cerna® Birefringence Imaging Microscopes. . ...
Online birefringence system. By using KAMAKIRI, which combines a unique polarization high-speed camera and scanning system, it ... Stress birefringence system Maskless lithography machine Laser confocal microscope Wafer defect detection 3-dimensional ... is now possible to inspect and record birefringence in the film plane with high accuracy in an extremely short time, both on ...
Birefringence is a property in which a ray of light passing through a crystal is broken into two unequal waves, each of which ... In birefringence, two waves of light are generated. The first is the ordinary wave, and it will remain fixed in direction, with ... Birefringence can also be demonstrated with many types of glass; as the glass is moved, the indexes of refraction should change ... Birefringence is a property exhibited by certain types of crystalline structures in which a ray of light passing through the ...
... fiber in a direction at parallel to the fiber axis and in a direction at right angles to the fiber axis is called birefringence ...
Anonymous, "Deflection Estimation Using Birefringence", Technical Disclosure Commons, (August 17, 2020). https://www.tdcommons. ...
Photoinduced birefringence at low temperatures in Langmuir-Blodgett films of azobenzene-functionalized copolymers. Author(s): * ... The maximum birefringence increased with increasing temperature up to 120 K because the free volume fluctuation also increased ... The buildup and relaxation of the birefringence in the range from 20 to 296 K were fitted with a Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW ... In the latter range of temperature, an Arrhenius behavior is inferred for both build-up and decay of birefringence. In each ...
ZEISS Maximum Birefringence Projector From the Solutions Lab for mineralogy using light microscopes. Workflow for mineral ...
Determination of birefringence. Status : Published (Under review) This standard was last reviewed and confirmed in 2021. ... This International Standard describes the stress optical method for determining the birefringence in glass, especially in raw ...
... Articles *Overview ... It has been shown that high birefringence liquid crystals are potential candidates for generating phase shifts which are higher ... Phase modulation and optical anisotropy of high birefringence liquid crystal mixtures are studied in this work. Phase ...
Stress birefringence. The specifications on stress birefringence have been updated to cover a wider range of materials and ...
In this Moldflow Monday blog from MFS and Mason Myers youll learn how to run a birefringence analysis within Moldflow Insight! ... How to run a Birefringence analysis within Moldflow Insight!. Did you know that you can run a Birefringence analysis within ... If you select a material that has Optical Properties and you select the option to run a Birefringence analysis, you will ... How to run a Birefringence analysis within Moldflow Insight!. 7 months ago. ...
Owing to large from birefringence, these two types of birefringence in such PCFs may not only have opposite signs, but their ... Owing to large from birefringence, these two types of birefringence in such PCFs may not only have opposite signs, but their ... Owing to large from birefringence, these two types of birefringence in such PCFs may not only have opposite signs, but their ... Owing to large from birefringence, these two types of birefringence in such PCFs may not only have opposite signs, but their ...
Birefringence. δ = 0.119. 2V angle. Measured: 5°, Calculated: 16°. Solubility. Soluble in water. ...
Ultrafast time-resolved single-shot birefringence microscopy for laser-induced anisotropy. Eichi Terasawa*, Daisuke Satoh, Sena ... Ultrafast time-resolved single-shot birefringence microscopy for laser-induced anisotropy. Optics Letters. 2022 Aug 1;47(15): ... Ultrafast time-resolved single-shot birefringence microscopy for laser-induced anisotropy. In: Optics Letters. 2022 ; Vol. 47, ... In this study, ultrafast time-resolved single-shot birefringence microscopy is performed to observe laser-induced anisotropy. ...
Piezo-optic birefringence in CsCl-type crystals. R. Ethiraj, V. G. Krishna Murty and K. G. Bansigir ...
Compensation of the birefringence of a polymer by a birefringent crystal. Akihiro Tagaya, Hisanori Ohkita, Masaki Mukoh, ... Dive into the research topics of Compensation of the birefringence of a polymer by a birefringent crystal. Together they form ...
  • We discuss the phase and group modal birefringence in photonic crystal fibres (PCFs) with an elongated core. (sckcen.be)
  • We demonstrate both numerically and experimentally the strong wavelength dependence of phase and group modal birefringence in triple-defect photonic crystal fibres (PCFs). (sckcen.be)
  • We have investigated the modal birefringence behaviour of a near-elliptic core index-guiding photonic crystal fiber (PCF) intended for realizing high birefringence characteristics. (edu.hk)
  • Choudhuri, PR & Lu, C 2004, ' Design and realisation of asymmetric core index-guiding photonic crystal fiber with high birefringence characteristics ', Journal of Optics (India) , vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 187-194. (edu.hk)
  • We study the cross-correlation between the 21-cm and cosmic microwave background (CMB) B mode fluctuations which are induced by the cosmic birefringence when the nonconstant scalar field couples to the electromagnetic field strength. (tku.edu.tw)
  • In this study, ultrafast time-resolved single-shot birefringence microscopy is performed to observe laser-induced anisotropy. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Amyloid deposits stain pink with hematoxylin and eosin, contain carbohydrate constituents that stain with periodic acid-Schiff dye or with Alcian blue, but most characteristically have apple-green birefringence under polarized light microscopy after Congo red staining. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The consequence is that birefringence causes the highest modal crosstalk because it strongly couples groups with a lower propagation-constant mismatch. (unipr.it)
  • We present new constraints on anisotropic birefringence of the cosmic microwave background polarization using two seasons of data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope covering 456 square degrees of sky. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Combining birefringence and second-harmonic-generation measurements with theoretical modelling and simulations, we detect a highly anisotropic electronic state that simultaneously breaks three-fold rotational and inversion symmetry, and supports polar order. (nature.com)
  • The unpoled crystal shows almost no birefringence, indicating that the structure averaged over the optically anisotropic ferroelectric domains is optically isotropic. (montana.edu)
  • This paper will present experimental results obtained for several polycarbonates of bisphenol-A. Concepts from flow birefringence in molten polymers [7] will be used to identify the significant process and melt rheological variables which influence molded in birefringence. (spie.org)
  • Birefringence is responsible for the phenomenon of double refraction whereby a ray of light, when incident upon a birefringent material, is split by polarization into two rays taking slightly different paths. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thorlabs' Cerna ® Birefringence Imaging Microscopes are complete systems for measuring the retardance and azimuth of birefringent materials. (thorlabs.us)
  • In a classic example of how birefringence works, if a piece of birefringent material is placed onto a piece of paper with a dot on it, two versions of the dot will appear. (allthescience.org)
  • Birefringent optical filters can be installed on a variety of devices to harness birefringence, for example. (allthescience.org)
  • Specialized birefringent glass products are used in various scientific experiments and industrial processes, and calcite is also commonly utilized in applications where birefringence is desired. (allthescience.org)
  • Birefringence is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light. (wikipedia.org)
  • The birefringence is often quantified as the maximum difference between refractive indices exhibited by the material. (wikipedia.org)
  • With retardance measurements as low as ±1 nm, azimuth measurements as small as ±1°, spatial resolution of 1.055 μm with the included objective, and the flexible Cerna platform, these microscopes are a versatile solution for birefringence imaging. (thorlabs.us)
  • Please refer to the Microscope Add-Ons tab above for recommendations on sample holders and objectives whose accuracy has been verified for these birefringence measurements. (thorlabs.us)
  • Here, we study the effect of birefringence in ice, which splits up the radio pulse in two orthogonal polarization components with slightly different propagation speeds. (sissa.it)
  • We also show that PCFs offer the unique poosibility of having a large phase birefringence and a negligible polarization mode dispersion at the same time. (sckcen.be)
  • This proposed paper presents a novel approach on spectroscopy using stress induced birefringence. (uni-linz.ac.at)
  • This International Standard describes the stress optical method for determining the birefringence in glass, especially in raw optical glass in bulk and preshaped forms. (iso.org)
  • The specifications on stress birefringence have been updated to cover a wider range of materials and formats. (schott.com)
  • The cases of stress birefringence and core ellipticity are theoretically and numerically investigated. (unipr.it)
  • Phase modulation and optical anisotropy of high birefringence liquid crystal mixtures are studied in this work. (uc3m.es)
  • exceeding by a factor of 75 the natural birefringence of quartz and by more than a factor of 2 that of inverted artificial materials. (aip.org)
  • Irradiation of the mitotic spindle in living Nephrotoma suturalis (Loew) spermatocytes with an ultraviolet microbeam of controlled dose produced a localized area of reduced birefringence in the spindle fibers. (rupress.org)
  • The birefringence was reduced only at the site irradiated, and only on the spindle fibers irradiated. (rupress.org)
  • The poleward movement of the areas of reduced birefringence indicates that the spindle fibers are not static, nonchangeable structures. (rupress.org)
  • The temperature dependence has been investigated for the photoinduced birefringence in Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films from the azocopolymer 4-[N- ethyl -N-(2-hydroxyethyl)] amino-2'-chloro-4'-nitroazobenzene (MMA-DR13) mixed with cadmium stearate. (unesp.br)
  • The maximum birefringence increased with increasing temperature up to 120 K because the free volume fluctuation also increased with temperature. (unesp.br)
  • Above 120 K, the birefringence decreased with temperature as thermal diffusion dominates. (unesp.br)
  • In the latter range of temperature, an Arrhenius behavior is inferred for both build-up and decay of birefringence. (unesp.br)
  • The simplest type of birefringence is described as uniaxial, meaning that there is a single direction governing the optical anisotropy whereas all directions perpendicular to it (or at a given angle to it) are optically equivalent. (wikipedia.org)
  • The optical birefringence pattern obtained from lightly branched high density polyethyene (HDPE - produced by metallocene catalysis polymerisation) flowing in a cross-slot multi-pass rheometer cell. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Since high NA optics contribute residual birefringence and might impact the system accuracy, we only recommend these objectives whose accuracy we have verified. (thorlabs.us)
  • It has been shown that high birefringence liquid crystals are potential candidates for generating phase shifts which are higher (∼6pi) than those of conventional nematic liquid crystals (normally about 2pi). (uc3m.es)
  • The proposed PCF shows ultra-high birefringence, large negative dispersion and high nonlinearity over O+E+S+C+L, and U wavelength bands. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Using this analysis as a design recipe, we have realized PCF of reasonably high birefringence characteristics. (edu.hk)
  • Fibrinogen solutions are highly viscous and show strong flow birefringence. (britannica.com)
  • Birefringence is a property exhibited by certain types of crystalline structures in which a ray of light passing through the crystal is broken into two unequal waves which will pass through at different speeds. (allthescience.org)
  • In birefringence, two waves of light are generated. (allthescience.org)
  • Owing to large from birefringence, these two types of birefringence in such PCFs may not only have opposite signs, but their absolute value can also differ by several orders of magnitude. (sckcen.be)
  • How to run a Birefringence analysis within Moldflow Insight! (moldflow.eu)
  • Did you know that you can run a Birefringence analysis within Moldflow Insight to help with optical applications? (moldflow.eu)
  • If you select a material that has Optical Properties and you select the option to run a Birefringence analysis, you will generate several new optical plots. (moldflow.eu)
  • Have you ever solved a Birefringence analysis? (moldflow.eu)
  • The buildup and relaxation of the birefringence in the range from 20 to 296 K were fitted with a Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) function, with a beta-value of 0.78-0.98 for the build-up and 0.18-0.27 for the decay. (unesp.br)
  • I learned in college that birefringence is really useful in a lot of scientific applications, including medicine. (allthescience.org)
  • The birefringence in the material is shown to depend on the nanowire length. (aip.org)
  • The area of reduced birefringence was interpreted as a region in which most, though not necessarily all, of the previously oriented material was disoriented by the irradiation. (rupress.org)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Birefringence" by people in this website by year, and whether "Birefringence" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (wakehealth.edu)
  • Below are the most recent publications written about "Birefringence" by people in Profiles. (wakehealth.edu)
  • This is consistent with a distribution of time constants for the kinetics of the birefringence processes. (unesp.br)
  • People who wear eyeglasses can explore birefringence by experimenting with the edges of their lenses. (allthescience.org)
  • Birefringence plays an important role in achieving phase-matching for a number of nonlinear optical processes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Birefringence appears after an E-field poling and shows a "negative" uniaxial distortion. (montana.edu)
  • We improve previous upper limits on the amplitude of a scale-invariant birefringence power spectrum by a factor of between 2 and 3. (cardiff.ac.uk)
  • Areas of reduced birefringence, whether produced during metaphase or during anaphase, immediately began to move toward the pole in the direction of the chromosomal fiber, even though the associated chromosomes did not necessarily move poleward. (rupress.org)
  • A Windows ® -based software package is included with the birefringence imaging microscope that contains every feature needed for system control and data acquisition. (thorlabs.us)