Biological Availability
Advanced analysis of biotin metabolites in body fluids allows a more accurate measurement of biotin bioavailability and metabolism in humans. (1/3985)
In previous studies, the bioavailability of biotin in humans was estimated from the recovery of biotin in urine; urinary biotin was measured by microbial growth assays or assays of avidin-binding activity. These assays underestimate concentrations of biotin metabolites, which originate from beta-oxidation, sulfur oxidation or a combination. We have developed an HPLC/avidin-binding assay that is specific for biotin and its metabolites. With the use of the HPLC/avidin-binding assay, TLC and derivatization with p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, we have identified and quantitated biotin and metabolites in urine from six healthy adults. Of that total, biotin accounted for 32+/-12%, bisnorbiotin for 52+/-15%, bisnorbiotin methyl ketone for 7.9+/-5.8%, biotin-d,l-sulfoxide for 4.0+/-3.2% and biotin sulfone for 3.6+/-1.9%. After intravenous administration of 18.4 micromol of biotin, the urinary excretion of biotin metabolites increased 21-130 times above baseline values. Because the biliary excretion of biotin is quantitatively minor (1.9+/-0.2% of an intravenous [14C]biotin dose in rats), intravenously administered biotin is not exposed to intestinal microorganisms. Thus we conclude that biotin metabolites in human urine originate from biotin catabolism in human tissues rather than biotin catabolism by intestinal microorganisms. With the use of the HPLC/avidin-binding assay, we estimated the bioavailability of biotin in adults from the urinary excretion of biotin and metabolites after ingestion of 2.1, 8.2 and 81.9 micromol of biotin. These data provide evidence that biotin is nearly completely absorbed. (+info)The importance of pyruvate availability to PDC activation and anaplerosis in human skeletal muscle. (2/3985)
No studies have singularly investigated the relationship between pyruvate availability, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) activation, and anaplerosis in skeletal muscle. This is surprising given the functional importance attributed to these processes in normal and disease states. We investigated the effects of changing pyruvate availability with dichloroacetate (DCA), epinephrine, and pyruvate infusions on PDC activation and accumulation of acetyl groups and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates (TCAI) in human muscle. DCA increased resting PDC activity sixfold (P < 0.05) but decreased the muscle TCAI pool (mmol/kg dry muscle) from 1.174 +/- 0.042 to 0.747 +/- 0.055 (P < 0.05). This was probably a result of pyruvate being diverted to acetyl-CoA and acetylcarnitine after near-maximal activation of PDC by DCA. Conversely, neither epinephrine nor pyruvate activated PDC. However, both increased the TCAI pool (1.128 +/- 0.076 to 1.614 +/- 0.188, P < 0.05 and 1.098 +/- 0.059 to 1.385 +/- 0.114, P < 0.05, respectively) by providing a readily available pool of pyruvate for anaplerosis. These data support the hypothesis that TCAI pool expansion is principally a reflection of increased muscle pyruvate availability and, together with our previous work (J. A. Timmons, S. M. Poucher, D. Constantin-Teodosiu, V. Worrall, I. A. Macdonald, and P. L. Greenhaff. J. Clin. Invest. 97: 879-883, 1996), indicate that TCA cycle expansion may be of little functional significance to TCA cycle flux. It would appear therefore that the primary effect of DCA on oxidative ATP provision is to provide a readily available pool of acetyl groups to the TCA cycle at the onset of exercise rather than increasing TCA cycle flux by expanding the TCAI pool. (+info)Busulphan is active against neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma xenografts in athymic mice at clinically achievable plasma drug concentrations. (3/3985)
High-dose busulphan-containing chemotherapy regimens have shown high response rates in children with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma, Ewing's sarcoma and medulloblastoma. However, the anti-tumour activity of busulfan as a single agent remains to be defined, and this was evaluated in athymic mice bearing advanced stage subcutaneous paediatric solid tumour xenografts. Because busulphan is highly insoluble in water, the use of several vehicles for enteral and parenteral administration was first investigated in terms of pharmacokinetics and toxicity. The highest bioavailability was obtained with busulphan in DMSO administered i.p. When busulphan was suspended in carboxymethylcellulose and given orally or i.p., the bioavailability was poor. Then, in the therapeutic experiments, busulphan in DMSO was administered i.p. on days 0 and 4. At the maximum tolerated total dose (50 mg kg(-1)), busulphan induced a significant tumour growth delay, ranging from 12 to 34 days in the three neuroblastomas evaluated and in one out of three medulloblastomas. At a dose level above the maximum tolerated dose, busulphan induced complete and partial tumour regressions. Busulphan was inactive in a peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET) xenograft. When busulphan pharmacokinetics in mice and humans were considered, the estimated systemic exposure at the therapeutically active dose in mice (113 microg h ml(-1)) was close to the mean total systemic exposure in children receiving high-dose busulphan (102.4 microg h ml(-1)). In conclusion, busulphan displayed a significant anti-tumour activity in neuroblastoma and medulloblastoma xenografts at plasma drug concentrations which can be achieved clinically in children receiving high-dose busulphan-containing regimens. (+info)Bioavailability and toxicity after oral administration of m-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG). (4/3985)
meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) radiolabelled with iodine-131 is used for diagnosis and treatment of neuroadrenergic neoplasms such as phaeochromocytoma and neuroblastoma. In addition, non-radiolabelled MIBG, administered i.v., is used in several clinical studies. These include palliation of the carcinoid syndrome, in which MIBG proved to be effective in 60% of the patients. Oral MIBG administration might be convenient to maintain palliation and possibly improve the percentage of responders. We have, therefore, investigated the feasibility of oral administration of MIBG in an animal model. Orally administered MIBG demonstrated a bioavailability of 59%, with a maximal tolerated dose of 60 mg kg(-1). The first and only toxicity encountered was a decrease in renal function, measured by a reduced clearance of [51Cr]EDTA and accompanied by histological tubular damage. Repeated MIBG administration of 40 mg kg(-1) for 5 sequential days or of 20 mg kg(-1) for two courses of 5 sequential days with a 2-day interval did not affect renal clearance and was not accompanied by histological abnormalities in kidney, stomach, intestines, liver, heart, lungs, thymus, salivary glands and testes. Because of a sufficient bioavailability in absence of gastrointestinal toxicity, MIBG is considered suitable for further clinical investigation of repeated oral administration in patients. (+info)A phase I study of the lipophilic thymidylate synthase inhibitor Thymitaq (nolatrexed dihydrochloride) given by 10-day oral administration. (5/3985)
2-Amino-3,4-dihydro-6-methyl-4-oxo-5-(4-pyridylthio)-quinazoline dihydrochloride (nolatrexed dihydrochloride, Thymitaq, AG337), a specific inhibitor of thymidylate synthase, was developed using protein structure-based drug design. Intravenously administered nolatrexed is active clinically. As oral bioavailability is high (70-100%), nolatrexed was administered orally, 6 hourly for 10 days, at 3-week intervals, and dose escalated from 80 to 572 mg m(-2) day(-1) in 23 patients. Common toxicity criteria (CTC) grade 3 toxicities included nausea, vomiting, stomatitis and liver function test (LFT) abnormalities. Thrombocytopenia (grade 1 or 2) occurred at doses > or = 318 mg m(-2) day(-1) and neutropenia (grade 2) at 429 and 572 mg m(-2) day(-1). An erythematous maculopapular rash occurred at dosages > or = 318 mg m(-2) day(-1) (7 out of 19 patients). LFT abnormalities occurred in two out of six patients (grade 3 or 4 bilirubin and grade 3 alanine transaminase) at 572 mg m(-2) day(-1). Nolatrexed plasma concentrations 1 h after dosing were 6-16 microg ml(-1), and trough 3-8 microg ml(-1), at 572 mg m(-2) day(-1). Inhibition of thymidylate synthase was demonstrated by elevation of plasma deoxyuridine. Six-hourly oral nolatrexed for 10 days was associated with antiproliferative effects, but nausea and vomiting was dose limiting at 572 mg m(-2) day(-1). Nine patients were treated at 429 mg m(-2) day(-1); three out of nine experienced grade 3 nausea, but 17 out of 22 treatment courses were completed (with the co-administration of prophylactic antiemetics) and this dose level could be considered for phase II testing. (+info)Pharmacokinetics of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in rabbits and mice. (6/3985)
AIM: To study the pharmacokinetics of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhGCSF) in rabbits and mice. METHODS: 125I-rhGCSF was prepared by iodogen method and determined by size exclusive HPLC (SEHPLC). RESULTS: Concentration-time curves after i.v. 125I-rhGCSF in rabbits were best fitted with 2-compartment open model. The alpha and terminal elimination T1/2 were 0.25-0.33 and 3.2-4.6 h, respectively. AUC increased with doses, and Cls and K10 were similar. Tpeak was 0.59 +/- 0.25 h after s.c., and elimination T1/2 was similar to that after i.v. The bioavailability after sc was 1.0. In mice the highest level was found in renal system, the next was bile-enteric system. Levels in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen were approximately equal to or slightly lower than that in plasma, while the levels in brain, fat, and muscles were the lowest. About 68%-86% were recovered in urine and feces. CONCLUSION: Pharamcokinetics of 125I-rhGCSF in rabbits and mice provided a useful index for clinical trial. (+info)Pharmacokinetics of bendazac lysine in 10 Chinese young men. (7/3985)
AIM: To compare the pharmacokinetics of domestic and imported tablets of bendazao lysine (BL). METHODS: A single oral dose of 500 mg BL of this 2 kinds of tablets was given to 10 Chinese volunteers of Han nationality in a randomized crossover study. Plasma levels were determined with HPLC-UV method. Data were analyzed automatically by using a CAPP program on microcomputer. RESULTS: The plasma concentration-time curve was fitted to 2-compartment open model, and the major pharmacokinetic parameters of domestic and imported BL tablets were shown respectively as following: Cmax 66 +/- 16 and 65 +/- 8 mg.L-1; Tmax 0.98 +/- 0.22 and 0.98 +/- 0.21 h; T1/2 beta 6.2 +/- 1.8 and 6.2 +/- 1.7 h; AUC 335 +/- 47 and 337 +/- 58 mg.h.L-1. There was no significant difference between domestic and imported tablets. The bioavailability of the domestic vs that of the imported tablet was 99 +/- 12%. The unchanged BL in urine were about 5.4% and 5.6% respectively of the dosage in 24 h after a single oral dose. CONCLUSION: The two kinds of tablets had the same biological effects. (+info)A study of the relative bioavailability of cysteamine hydrochloride, cysteamine bitartrate and phosphocysteamine in healthy adult male volunteers. (8/3985)
AIMS: Cysteamine, the only drug available for the treatment of cystinosis in paediatric patients, is available as the hydrochloride, the bitartrate and as sodium phosphocysteamine salts. It has been suggested that cysteamine bitartrate and phosphocysteamine are better tolerated and may have a better bioavailability than cysteamine hydrochloride. This has, however, never been demonstrated. METHODS: We compared the pharmacokinetics and tolerance of these three formulations of cysteamine in 18 healthy adult male volunteers in a double-blind, latin-square, three-period, single oral dose cross-over relative bioavailability study. RESULTS: No statistical difference was found between relative bioavailabilities, AUC (0, infinity) (geometric mean and s.d. in micromol l(-1) h: 169+/-51, 158+/-46, 173+/-49 with cysteamine hydrochloride, phosphocysteamine and cysteamine bitartrate respectively), Cmax (geometric mean and s.d. in micromol l(-1); 66+/-25.5, 59+/-12, 63+/-20) and tmax (median and range in h: 0.88 (0.25-2), 1.25 (0.25-2), 0.88 (0.25-2)) with each of the three forms of cysteamine tested. Bioequivalence statistics (90% confidence intervals) showed non equivalence of Cmax of cysteamine base as the only non equivalence of pharmacokinetics between the three formulations: 90% CI for Cmax relative ratios to cysteamine hydrochloride were [75.6-105.81 for phosphocysteamine and [74.2-124.2] for cysteamine bitartrate. The only significant adverse event was vomiting whose frequency was inversely correlated with body weight (Spearman's r=-0.76, P<0.001). The nature of the salt tested did not influence vomiting. CONCLUSIONS: While none of the three forms of cysteamine tested has a clear advantage over the others in terms of pharmacokinetics and tolerance profile, this should now however be addressed in patients treated for cystinosis during repeat administrations. (+info)Biological availability is a term used in pharmacology and toxicology that refers to the degree and rate at which a drug or other substance is absorbed into the bloodstream and becomes available at the site of action in the body. It is a measure of the amount of the substance that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged, after administration by any route (such as oral, intravenous, etc.).
The biological availability (F) of a drug can be calculated using the area under the curve (AUC) of the plasma concentration-time profile after extravascular and intravenous dosing, according to the following formula:
F = (AUCex/AUCiv) x (Doseiv/Doseex)
where AUCex is the AUC after extravascular dosing, AUCiv is the AUC after intravenous dosing, Doseiv is the intravenous dose, and Doseex is the extravascular dose.
Biological availability is an important consideration in drug development and therapy, as it can affect the drug's efficacy, safety, and dosage regimen. Drugs with low biological availability may require higher doses to achieve the desired therapeutic effect, while drugs with high biological availability may have a more rapid onset of action and require lower doses to avoid toxicity.
Biopharmaceutics is a branch of pharmaceutical sciences that deals with the study of the properties of biological, biochemical, and physicochemical systems and their interactions with drug formulations and delivery systems. It encompasses the investigation of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs in biological systems, as well as the factors that affect these processes.
The main goal of biopharmaceutics is to understand how the physical and chemical properties of a drug and its formulation influence its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, with the aim of optimizing drug delivery and improving therapeutic outcomes. Biopharmaceutical studies are essential for the development and optimization of new drugs, as well as for the improvement of existing drug products.
Some key areas of study in biopharmaceutics include:
1. Drug solubility and dissolution: The ability of a drug to dissolve in biological fluids is critical for its absorption and bioavailability. Biopharmaceutical studies investigate the factors that affect drug solubility, such as pH, ionic strength, and the presence of other molecules, and use this information to optimize drug formulations.
2. Drug permeability: The ability of a drug to cross biological membranes is another key factor in its absorption and bioavailability. Biopharmaceutical studies investigate the mechanisms of drug transport across cell membranes, including passive diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis, and use this information to design drugs and formulations that can effectively penetrate target tissues.
3. Drug metabolism: The metabolic fate of a drug in the body is an important consideration for its safety and efficacy. Biopharmaceutical studies investigate the enzymes and pathways involved in drug metabolism, as well as the factors that affect these processes, such as genetic polymorphisms, age, sex, and disease state.
4. Drug interactions: The interaction between drugs and biological systems can lead to unexpected effects, both beneficial and harmful. Biopharmaceutical studies investigate the mechanisms of drug-drug and drug-biological interactions, and use this information to design drugs and formulations that minimize these risks.
5. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: The study of how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (pharmacokinetics) and how it interacts with its target receptors or enzymes to produce its effects (pharmacodynamics) is an essential component of biopharmaceutical research. Biopharmaceutical studies use a variety of techniques, including in vitro assays, animal models, and clinical trials, to characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs and formulations.
Overall, biopharmaceutical research is an interdisciplinary field that combines principles from chemistry, biology, physics, mathematics, and engineering to develop new drugs and therapies. By understanding the complex interactions between drugs and biological systems, biopharmaceutical researchers can design more effective and safer treatments for a wide range of diseases and conditions.
Biosimilar
Adderall
Ometepe Biological Field School
La Suerte Biological Field School
Food-entrainable oscillator
Institute of Biological Engineering
Melatonin as a medication and supplement
Biological dispersal
Haematoxylin
Lapalala Wilderness
Cysteine
Too Tough to Care
Bernard L. Oser
Metabolomics
Tumbling Creek cavesnail
Biological exponential growth
Common firecrest
Colchicine
Loop diuretic
Aquatic ecosystem
Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn
Biological soil crust
Ecosystem
Eurasian woodcock
Biological interaction
Susan Golden
Buprenorphine
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems
Bacteria
Acartia
Single-molecule fingerprinting of protein-drug interaction using a funneled biological nanopore | Nature Communications
Searching for a compromise between biological and economic demands to protect vulnerable habitats | Scientific Reports
Biological Services | Chemistry
Biological Anchorage and Canine Orthodontic Movement Rate with a New Technique for Micro-Osteoperforations
Characterization of the Biological Fingerprint and Identification of Associated Parameters in Stress Fractures by FTIR...
LUNAR EFFECT - BIOLOGICAL TIDES AND HUMAN EMOTIONS | Office of Justice Programs
Girl Scout Workshop: Biological Drawings by Discover Science Center - Class - Dates & Availability | ActivityHero.com
Increasing access to microfluidics for studying fungi and other branched biological structures | Fungal Biology and...
Frontiers | Together Is Better: The Rumen Microbial Community as Biological Toolbox for Degradation of Synthetic Polyesters
Frontiers | Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Denitrification in Rhizosphere of Potato Plants in Response to the Fertilization...
PSYC3004 - Biological Psychology - 2023 - SCU
Biological Brain Age Prediction Using Machine Learning on Structural Neuroimaging Data: Multi-Cohort Validation Against...
biological clock meaning: Latest News & Videos, Photos about biological clock meaning | The Economic Times - Page 1
A dynamical low-rank approach to solve the chemical master equation for biological reaction networks | bioRxiv
Biological Sciences (Biochemistry) BSc | University of Leicester
Rheological Properties of Biological Flow Systems. | RAND
Promoting health and productivity among ageing workers: a longitudinal study on work ability, biological and cognitive age in...
Hydro-biological characterization and efficiency of natural waste stabilization ponds in a desert climate (city of Assa,...
2011 Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) biological analyses of Marine Scotland (MS) Southern Trench benthic camera and grab survey...
Molecules | Free Full-Text | Biological Evaluation and In Silico Study of Benzoic Acid Derivatives from Bjerkandera adusta...
Biological availability of carotenoids
Organic and Biological Molecular Layers on Functionalised Sensor Surfaces Studies with Atomic Force Microscopy</em>...
The Economics of Biological Invasions
Overview of the development of biological methods of forest protection in Canada | Canadian Forest Service Publications |...
Biological Time, Historical Time - Transfers and Transformations in 19th Century Literature | Brill
Relationships of internet gaming reasons to biological indicators and risk of internet gaming addiction in Korean adolescent...
Wortmannin, (PI3 Kinase inhibitor) The Wortmannin, (PI3 Kinase inhibitor) controls the biological activity of PI3 Kinase. This...
Giant Toad, Living, Pack of 3 | Carolina Biological Supply
CARM1 Inhibitor The CARM1 Inhibitor controls the biological activity of CARM1. This small molecule/inhibitor is primarily used...
Sciences8
- By studying biochemistry alongside options in other biological sciences specialisms, you will be able to apply your knowledge across the boundaries of traditional disciplines and become a valuable and powerful asset in scientific environments and in many other walks of life. (le.ac.uk)
- This course is identical to the first three years of the MBiolSci in Biological Sciences (Biochemistry) . (le.ac.uk)
- Our Biological Sciences (Zoology) degree is aimed at anyone interested in the broad field of animal biology. (cardiff.ac.uk)
- Your degree title also remains flexible up until your final year, so that you can either continue with BSc Biological Sciences (Zoology) to graduation, or switch to another of our bioscience degrees during your first two years of study. (cardiff.ac.uk)
- The Life Sciences (Biological and Agricultural) Major provides a strong foundation in the basic biological sciences. (mcgill.ca)
- Graduates with high academic achievement may go on to postgraduate studies in research, or professional programs in the biological, veterinary, medical, and health sciences fields. (mcgill.ca)
- However, studies from the biological sciences indicate that much of the brain's. (lu.se)
- However, studies from the biological sciences indicate that much of the brain's processes are in place to maintain allostasis, both of the brain itself and of the organism as a whole. (lu.se)
Antibody3
- The only available countermeasure that can provide immediate immunity against a biological agent is passive antibody. (cdc.gov)
- This article proposes a biological defense initiative based on developing, producing, and stockpiling specific antibody reagents that can be used to protect the population against biological warfare threats. (cdc.gov)
- This article reviews the activity of humoral immunity against several biological agents, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of an antibody-based defense strategy ( Table ), and proposes stockpiling specific antibodies for use in the event of biological attacks. (cdc.gov)
Controls the biological activity2
- Wortmannin, (PI3 Kinase inhibitor) The Wortmannin, (PI3 Kinase inhibitor) controls the biological activity of PI3 Kinase. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- CARM1 Inhibitor The CARM1 Inhibitor controls the biological activity of CARM1. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Cognition1
- This means that energy is at the centre of all biological processes, including cognition. (lu.se)
Application of biological1
- Medical Science allows you to select specialist modules that focus more closely on the application of biological principles to medicine. (le.ac.uk)
Warfare8
- To make a deterrent threat credible, a state would not only have to admit that it was violating international norms and laws but it would also have to reveal details about its offensive biological warfare capabilities such as the types of agents it has developed and their means of delivery. (thebulletin.org)
- The potential threat of biological warfare with a specific agent is proportional to the susceptibility of the population to that agent. (cdc.gov)
- The potential threat of biological warfare and bioterrorism is inversely proportional to the number of immune persons in the targeted population. (cdc.gov)
- Drugs can provide protection when administered after exposure to certain agents, but none are available against many potential agents of biological warfare. (cdc.gov)
- The potential spectrum of bioterrorism ranges from hoaxes and actual use of agents by individuals or groups against others, to state-sponsored terrorism that employs biological warfare (BW) agents and delivery systems that can produce mass casualties. (medscape.com)
- Before the 20th century, biological warfare took three main forms: (1) deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious or toxic material, (2) use of microorganisms or toxins in some form of weapon system, and (3) use of biologically inoculated fabrics. (medscape.com)
- Biological warfare became more sophisticated against both animals and humans during the 20th century. (medscape.com)
- During World War II, the Japanese operated a secret biological warfare research facility in Manchuria and carried out human experiments on Chinese prisoners. (medscape.com)
Biology5
- Biological Services is a Biohazard Containment Level 2 departmental facility and resource designed to help researchers take advantage of molecular biology, biochemistry, genetics, microbiology and cell biology approaches in order to realize their research goals. (ualberta.ca)
- Biological Science covers major aspects of biology and molecular science across a wide range of organisms from bacteria and fungi to humans and plants. (le.ac.uk)
- Recent emergence of systems biology has brought biological networks into focus. (biomedcentral.com)
- 1974. In: Biological handbooks: Biology data book. (cdc.gov)
- In biology, the availability of energy is typically both precarious and highly variable. (lu.se)
Processes2
- Microfluidic systems are well-suited for studying mixed biological communities for improving industrial processes of fermentation, biofuel production, and pharmaceutical production. (springer.com)
- In your first year, you will focus on understanding of the fundamental biological processes that occur in cells, including DNA and protein synthesis, as well as the metabolic reactions that sustain cells and organisms. (le.ac.uk)
Vitro1
- Cloning of human genetic material and development of in vitro biological production systems has allowed the production of virtually any recombinant DNA based biological substance for eventual development of a drug. (wikipedia.org)
Exposure5
- Masks and filters can prevent exposure to biological agents. (thebulletin.org)
- Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. (cdc.gov)
- This exposure investigation included both biological testing and selected environmental sampling (See Appendix B: Panther Creek Exposure Investigation Protocol). (cdc.gov)
- Preventing disease after exposure to a biological agent is partially a function of the immunity of the exposed individual. (cdc.gov)
- It begins with general points concerning toxicological data availability and hazard identification, then moves on to risk assessment and occupational exposure limits, and finally looks briefly at three specific toxicological issues, asthma, chronic toxic encephalopathy, and ``low toxicity'' dust effects on the lung, where the science is far from resolved. (cdc.gov)
Fundamental1
- Insoluble particles can adsorb components of that pulmonary hypophase surfactant, resulting in fundamental changes in the particles' biological disposition and expression of toxicity. (cdc.gov)
Molecular3
- Moreover, new available molecular markers permit the measurement of biological age and age-related changes. (biomedcentral.com)
- Biological and organic molecular layers related to two specific sensor surfaces have been studied with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). (dtu.dk)
- We describe here the results of studies on the potencies of tryptamines on three different biological systems and the molecular electronic correlates of the potencies. (erowid.org)
Describe3
- To propose and describe a new technique for biological anchorage, which involves six MOPs performed every four weeks, and to present its results in a clinical case of upper premolar extraction. (hindawi.com)
- However, it is also well known that in a number of problems the ODE formulation is insufficient to describe important features of the biological system [ 48 , 25 , 36 , 38 ]. (biorxiv.org)
- We sought to (1) identify categories of internet gaming reasons, (2) examine the relationship of gaming reasons to risk of IGA, and (3) describe biological indicators associated with reasons for gaming. (biomedcentral.com)
Plague1
- They also developed a plague biological weapon by breeding fleas fed on plague-infected rats, and releasing millions of fleas in aerial attacks on Chinese cities. (medscape.com)
Evaluation4
- Economic Evaluation in Classical Biological Control Part III: Conclusions 12. (e-elgar.com)
- Introducing the BS EN ISO 10993-18:2020+A1:2023 , a comprehensive standard that provides an in-depth guide to the biological evaluation of medical devices. (en-standard.eu)
- The BS EN ISO 10993-18:2020+A1:2023 standard is known for its comprehensive coverage of the biological evaluation of medical devices. (en-standard.eu)
- Remember, when it comes to the biological evaluation of medical devices, don't settle for less. (en-standard.eu)
Chemical4
- Solving the chemical master equation is an indispensable tool in understanding the behavior of biological and chemical systems. (biorxiv.org)
- This was the first multilateral agreement that extended prohibition of chemical agents to biological agents. (medscape.com)
- Knowing how to handle different kind of waste such as chemical, biological, radioactive etc. (lu.se)
- Compounds that bind to and reduce the biological availability of a chemical or pharmaceutical agent. (bvsalud.org)
Species4
- A likely better alternative for choosing areas to be protected is to spatially identify ecological and/or biological criteria that could help replenish a variety of relevant species simultaneously. (nature.com)
- The approach is guided by partitioning the network into biological relevant subsets and thus avoids the use of single species basis functions that are known to give inaccurate results for biological systems. (biorxiv.org)
- An underwater video and still photograph survey was conducted by Heriot-Watt University and SNH for MS between the 6th and 11th September 2011 to collect detailed biological information on the seabed species and habitat features present. (data.gov.uk)
- The Economics of Biological Invasions provides an important first step towards codification of the advice needed to develop decision rules, tools and protocols for the effective management of invasive biological species. (e-elgar.com)
Threats1
- First, the secrecy required to retain the element of surprise in a biological attack reduces a state's ability to issue credible threats to inflict unacceptable damage against an adversary. (thebulletin.org)
Interaction1
- Most studies analysed one aspect at time (psychological, biological, labour productivity), without considering their interaction. (biomedcentral.com)
Weapon1
- For example, smallpox virus would not be considered a useful biological weapon against a population universally immunized with vaccinia. (cdc.gov)
Behaviour1
- The proposed protocol involving six MOPs every four weeks improved the behaviour of biological anchorage and increased distalization on the intervention side in this clinical case. (hindawi.com)
Ecological1
- Once again, Charles Perrings and colleagues have broken new ground by applying economic and ecological analysis to the very real problem of biological invasions. (e-elgar.com)
Analytical2
- According to them, analytical studies demonstrate that the biological product is highly similar to the reference product, despite minor differences in clinically inactive components, animal studies (including the assessment of toxicity), and a clinical study or studies (including the assessment of immunogenicity and pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics). (wikipedia.org)
- These criteria include recommendations for preventing dermal contact, sampling and analytical methods, medical monitoring, biological monitoring, engineering controls and work practices, and protective clothing and equipment. (cdc.gov)
Systems2
- Rheological Properties of Biological Flow Systems. (rand.org)
- Network visualization and analysis tools aid in better understanding of complex biological systems. (biomedcentral.com)
Agents9
- Defense strategies against biological weapons include such measures as enhanced epidemiologic surveillance, vaccination, and use of antimicrobial agents, with the important caveat that the final line of defense is the immune system of the exposed individual. (cdc.gov)
- Thus, biological agents are potential weapons only against populations with a substantial proportion of susceptible persons. (cdc.gov)
- In the section below the evidence that humoral immunity is active against important biological agents is reviewed. (cdc.gov)
- The use of biological agents is not a new concept, and history is replete with examples of biological weapons use. (medscape.com)
- The German-American physician Anton Dilger established a secret biological laboratory in Chevy Chase, Maryland, with the intent to grow the causative agents of anthrax and glanders. (medscape.com)
- In addition to epidemics that occur naturally, outbreaks might result from intentional or accidental release of biological agents. (who.int)
- Natural epidemics and those due to the release of biological agents both present in the same manner. (who.int)
- Before 1999, CDC performed all tests to detect and confirm the presence of biological threat agents such as anthrax. (cdc.gov)
- Today, more than 150 laboratories across the nation belong to CDC's Laboratory Response Network and can test for biological agents, saving both time and money. (cdc.gov)
Populations2
- He writes that non-contagious biological weapons "could work well if deterrence required threatening large human populations" without posing the risk of a global catastrophe like nuclear winter or a pandemic. (thebulletin.org)
- Although civilian populations will remain more vulnerable to biological weapons than will military forces, damage limitation remains a viable option for larger, more advanced states facing less sophisticated adversaries. (thebulletin.org)
Demonstrate1
- They are sufficient to demonstrate safety, purity, and potency in one or more appropriate conditions of use for which the reference product is licensed and is intended to be used and for which licensure is sought for the biological product. (wikipedia.org)
Phenomena2
- A brief description of some of the non-Newtonian flow phenomena encountered in the flow of biological fluids. (rand.org)
- Because of the close relationship between chemistry and manybiological phenomena, Organic Chemistry with Biological Topics presentsan approach to traditional organic chemistry that incorporates the discussionof biological applications that are understood using the fundamentals oforganic chemistry. (mheducation.com)
Accessibility2
- Biological weapons are often characterized by low visibility, high potency, substantial accessibility, and relatively easy delivery. (medscape.com)
- lack of qualified personnel and import restrictions for key supplies and equipment, which combined have reduced the availability and accessibility of health services. (who.int)
Biotechnology1
- For a quarter century, Carolina Biological Supply has been committed to bringing biotechnology into the classroom. (carolina.com)
Studies1
- This pre-packaging approach provides a simple, one step process to initiate microfluidics in any setting for fungal studies, bacteria-fungal interactions, and other biological inquiries. (springer.com)
Facility2
- The School of Medicine Biological Imaging Facility (SoM-BIF) provides optical imaging equipment for Deakin researchers and students, as well as researchers in the greater Geelong region. (edu.au)
- If you have any questions about our Biological Imaging Facility please contact Dr Sanna Barrand, SoM-BIF Manager. (edu.au)
Discusses1
- The volume discusses the theoretical and methodological issues raised by invasion, including control strategies, modelling options, and a study of the economic, institutional and policy conditions that predispose countries to biological invasions. (e-elgar.com)
Economics1
- Some cost and amount differences exist, so users should make decisions based on availability and economics. (kodak.com)
Laboratory1
- Knowing what protective equipment should be used, ensuring the availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g. laboratory coat, gloves, eye protection, etc. (lu.se)
Methods1
- This work was given impetus with the availability of more sophisticated quantom mechanical methods. (erowid.org)
Sensor1
- Here, we develop a biological nanopore sensor for single-molecule detection of proteins and PDIs using the pore-forming toxin YaxAB. (nature.com)
Consequences2
- This book represents the first concerted effort to understand the economic causes and consequences of biological invasions. (e-elgar.com)
- There are, however, a number of countermeasures that can be taken before, during, and after a biological attack that can mitigate the consequences of such an attack. (thebulletin.org)
Health6
- There is ample evidence that your biological clock is critical to your health. (indiatimes.com)
- By bringing better insights into the relationship between risk factors and their impact on perceived and biological health, this study also aims at identifying possible interventions and protective measures to ensure aged workers' well-being, consistent with all the eminent calls for actions promoted by key International and European labour organizations. (biomedcentral.com)
- A presentation by Tara Kirk Sell of the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security on Technologies to Address Global Catastrophic Biological Risks. (slideshare.net)
- The National Institutes of Health will fund six projects to identify biological factors that affect neural regeneration in the retina. (nih.gov)
- Drug-related authorities such as the European Medicines Agency (EMA) of the European Union, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Health Products and Food Branch of Health Canada hold their own guidance on requirements for demonstration of the similar nature of two biological products in terms of safety and efficacy. (wikipedia.org)
- Results from this investigation were used to identify appropriate follow-up health activities for participants whose biological testing or environmental sampling results indicated elevated levels of arsenic or other metals. (cdc.gov)
Aspects1
- anyone interested in biological invasions will learn from this book, and many readers may be inspired to further consideration of economic aspects of invasions. (e-elgar.com)
Identification1
- Identification and interpretation of these variations are therefore crucial in understanding the respective biological system. (biomedcentral.com)
Main1
- Biological invasions - the introduction of living organisms beyond their original range - are one of the main drivers of biodiversity loss. (e-elgar.com)
Vaccines1
- Biological weapons are also unique in that vaccines can be used to protect soldiers and civilians before an actual attack occurs. (thebulletin.org)
International1
- This myth is based on the simplistic notion that because biological weapons could potentially cause mass casualties on par with those caused by nuclear weapons, these weapons should have similar political effects and implications for international security. (thebulletin.org)
Time2
- The test sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, may vary based on the time of the day and the our body's biological clock, according to a study. (indiatimes.com)
- Biological Time, Historical Time presents a new approach to 19th century thought and literature: by focussing on the subject of time, it offers a new perspective on the exchanges between French and German literary texts on the one hand and scientific disciplines on the other. (brill.com)
Results2
- Clinical and radiographic results suggest that the MOPs had a positive effect in reducing the loss of biological anchorage of the posterior sector and in the rate of canine tooth movement, without damaging changes in the soft and hard tissues. (hindawi.com)
- Internet gaming reasons or motivations have been studied as a potential predictor of IGA, but the results have been inconsistent and biological indicators of gaming reasons have rarely been studied. (biomedcentral.com)
Research1
- Biological Services staff can also be asked to prepare biological samples or to undertake research projects. (ualberta.ca)
Medical4
- It is possible to switch between a Biological Science course and a Medical Bioscience course during the first half of your first year, but after that the two fields diverge. (le.ac.uk)
- Choosing the BS EN ISO 10993-18:2020+A1:2023 standard means choosing a tool that is recognized and respected in the medical field. (en-standard.eu)
- Invest in the BS EN ISO 10993-18:2020+A1:2023 standard today and equip yourself with a powerful tool that can help you ensure the safety and effectiveness of medical devices. (en-standard.eu)
- Additionally, CDC's Strategic National Stockpile now ensures the availability of key medical supplies and all states have plans to receive, distribute, and dispense these assets. (cdc.gov)
Factors that influence1
- We set out to identify broadscale and easily measured biological and economic factors that influence the release of these exotic pets by their owners. (researchgate.net)
Important1
- Although biological and nuclear weapons are both considered weapons of mass destruction, biological weapons differ from nuclear weapons in three important ways that undermine the utility of biological weapons for deterrence: uncertainty of effects, availability of defenses, and the need for secrecy and surprise. (thebulletin.org)
Environmental1
- The effects of biological weapons, on the other hand, are delayed, variable, and difficult to predict due to their sensitivity to environmental conditions and the importance of pathogen-host interactions. (thebulletin.org)